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AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

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10932597476endergonic reactionreaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds0
10932597477exergonic reactionreaction where energy is released from chemical bonds1
10932597478Prokaryotic CellsBacteria; no nucleus or organelles2
10932597479Eukaryotic cellscomplex; have organelles3
10932597480Ribosome2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis4
10932597481Golgi BodyPart of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles5
10932597482Rough ERaids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes6
10932597483Smooth ERsite of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells7
10932597484Vacuolesstorage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells8
10932597485Central VacuoleWhen filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells9
10932597486Chloroplastsite of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light10
10932597487mitochondriafound in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made11
10932597488lysosomea vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste12
10932597489nucleushome of the genetic information (DNA)13
10932597490nucleolussite of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus14
10932597491chromatinthe form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle15
10932597492nuclear envelopesurrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus16
10932597493animals, plants, fungi, protistaeukaryotic17
10932597494bacteriaprokaryotic18
10932597495bacillus (plural: bacilli)rod shaped bacteria19
10932597496coccus (plural: cocci)round shaped bacteria20
10932597497spirillum (spirilla)spiral shaped bacteria21
10932597498cell membranefound in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability22
10932597499cell wallFound in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume23
10932597500turgor pressureexerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)24
10932597501photosynthesisuses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)25
10932597502cellular respirationconversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria26
10932597503cytoskeletoncomposed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure27
10932597504centriolessmall structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division28
10932597505flagellalong whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells29
10932597506ciliashort hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system30
10932597507pseudopodia"false-feet;" extensions of the cytoplasm that move the cell membrane allowing for slow movement of cells; found in amoeba (protists)31
10932597508catabolic reactionschemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)32
10932597509anabolic reactionschemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)33
10932597510Gibbs Free EnergyAvailable energy to use for chemical reactions34
10932597511enthalpythe total energy within a system35
10932597512entropya measure of the disorder within a system36
10932597513high entropyA great amount of disorder; low available energy as it has been released from chemical bonds37
10932597514low entropya large amount of stored energy; an anabolic reaction has occurred38
10932597515osmosismovement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins39
10932597516diffusionmovement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer40
10932597517facilitated diffusionmovement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane41
10932597518carrier proteinallow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane42
10932597519channel proteina ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane43
10932597520ligandchemical signals that begin the process of signal transduction44
10932597521amphipathicmolecules containing a polar and non-polar region; example: phospholipids45
10932597522phospholipid tailsthe non-polar region of the cell membrane46
10932597523phospholipid headsthe polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)47
10932597524hydrophilicpolar48
10932597525hydrophobicnonpolar49
10932597526cytoplasmgel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended50
10932597527organellescontain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell51
10932597528passive transportmovement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)52
10932597529active transportmovement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)53
10932597530endocytosisa vesicle forms along the cell membrane and pinches off within the cell - allowing for substances to enter54
10932597531phagocytosislarge, solid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)55
10932597532pinocytosissmall, liquid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)56
10932597533receptor-mediated endocytosisreceptors along the surface of the cell membrane allow for the binding of specific molecules, then causing a vesicle to form around them, bringing them into the cell57
10932597534protein kinase receptorsligand binding causes a change in shape of the receptor protein, causing its catalytic domain to hydrolyze ATP, and then phosphorylate a target molecule. The target molecule then triggers other molecules within the cell to respond58
10932597535Cell signaling pathwayligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response59
10932597536Ion channelsallow movement of charged molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane following the binding of a ligand60
10932597537ATPAdenosine triphosphate61
10932597538isotonic environmentsolute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal62
10932597539hypertonic environmentsolute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell63
10932597540hypotonic environmentsolute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell64
10932597541result of a hypotonic environmentcytolysis (splitting of a cell)65
10932597542result of a hypertonic environmentplasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)66
10932597543equilibriumconcentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal67
10932597544effect of a cell being in equilibriumwater flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts68
10932597545peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognitionglycoproteins69
10932597546cholesterola lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane70
10932597556hypertonic71
10932597557hypotonic72
10932597558isotonic73
10932597547responsible for turgor pressurehypotonic environment74
10932597548#2 in the picturegap junctions; tunnels that allow for the transport of molecules between adjacent cells75
10932597549tight junctionsallow for NO transport of molecules between adjacent cells76
10932597550#3 in the picturedesmosomes; anchor adjacent cells together in order to create tissue77
10932597551plasmodesmatacytoplasmic channels that allow for movement of molecules between adjacent PLANT cells78
10932597552autocrine signalssignals that only affect the cell from which it was released79
10932597553juxtacrine signalsaffect cells in direct contact with one another; occurring only over short distances; important during embryonic development80
10932597554paracrine signalsaffect cells nearby; involved in the inflammatory response (ex. when you cut or smash your finger it gets red, due to increased blood flow to the area)81
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AP Human Geography Unit 5 Vocabulary - Language Flashcards

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11492151295Accenta way of pronouncing words that indicates the place of origin or social background of the speaker0
11492154149Creolea language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated (EX french-based haitian creole)1
11492181786Denglishcombination of german and english dialect distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation2
11492193337Dialecta particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group (EX southern dialect)3
11492199929Ebonicsafrican american black english regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard english4
11492209275Esperantoa made-up latin-based language, which its european proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language5
11492218577Extinct Languagea language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used, no native speakers (EX native american languages)6
11492231930Franglaisthe widespread use of english in the french language, a term used by the french for english words that have entered the french language, a combination of french and english7
11492242140Ideogramthe system of writing used in china and other east asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in english8
11492252564Isoglossa geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs (EX different parts of the US having different common names for a soft drink)9
11492276145Isolated Languagea language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family (EX Basque)10
11492286926Language Brancha collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago (EX Germanic)11
11492307150Languagea system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning (EX English)12
11492312036Language Groupa collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary (EX West/North Germanic)13
11492329922Language Familya collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history, fairly distant origin (EX Indo European)14
11492339581Lingua Francaa language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (EX English or Mandarin)15
11492357299Literary Traditiona language that is written as well as spoken16
11492363271Monolingualspeaking or writing only one language17
11492368513Bilingualable to speak two different languages18
11492374570Multi-Lingualspeaking more than two languages19
11492399870Pidgin Languagewhen parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary (EX hawaiian pidgin english)20
11492417184Spanglishcombination of spanish and english, spoken by hispanic-americans21
11492422715Standard Languagethe variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life22
11492427092Toponymthe name given to a portion of Earth's surface.23
11492430271Trade Languagea language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other (EX English)24
11492443328Vernacularthe language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region25
11526772586Institutional Languagea language used in education, work, mass media, and government.26
11526775988Official Languagethe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents even though not all people may speak it27
11526778532Developing Languagelanguage used daily for face-to-face communication, includes a standard written expression, but not used by people all the time28
11526788533Vigorous Languagea language that is spoken in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition29
11562202007Orthographythe conventional spelling system of a language, including grammar rules and common spellings30
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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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11357403693George Washington1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address0
11357403694John Adams1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts1
11357403695Thomas Jefferson1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 18072
11357403696James Madison1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff3
11357403697James Monroe1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine4
11357403698John Quincy Adams1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"5
11357403699Andrew Jackson1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act6
11357403700Martin Van Buren1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 18377
11357403701William Henry Harrison1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President8
11357403702John Tyler1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty9
11357403703James Polk1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War10
11357403704Zachary Taylor1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist11
11357403705Millard Fillmore1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 185012
11357403706Franklin Pierce1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase13
11357403707James Buchanan1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid14
11357403708Abraham Lincoln1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation15
11357403709Andrew Johnson1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment16
11357403710Ulysses Grant1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 187317
11357403711Rutherford Hayes1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes18
11357403712James Garfield1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office19
11357403713Chester Arthur1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City20
11357403714Grover Cleveland1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike21
11357403715Benjamin Harrison1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier22
11357403716William McKinley1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy23
11357403717Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy24
11357403718William Howard Taft1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded25
11357403719Woodrow Wilson1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare26
11357403720Warren Harding1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition27
11357403721Calvin Coolidge1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative28
11357403722Herbert Hoover1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff29
11357403723Franklin Delano Roosevelt1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"30
11357403724Harry Truman1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations31
11357403725Dwight Eisenhower1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex32
11357403726John Kennedy1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps33
11357403727Lyndon Johnson1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society34
11357403728Richard Nixon1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate35
11357403729Gerald Ford1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis36
11357403730Jimmy Carter1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords37
11357403731Ronald Reagan1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal38
11357403732George H. W. Bush1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War39
11357403733Bill Clinton1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment40
11357403734George W. Bush2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"41
11357403735Barack Obama2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act42
11357403736Donald Trump2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"43
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AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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11905969864Trans-Oceanic Tradeglobal trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean0
11905969865Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.1
11905969866MercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought2
11905969867Triangular TradeTrading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.3
11905969868Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies4
11905969869CaravelA small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.5
11905969870Cartographythe science or the art of making maps6
11905969871Joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses7
11905969872East India CompaniesBritish, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.8
11905969873Royal African Companya mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa9
11905969874AmerindiansAmerican Indians10
11905969875Italian Renaissancerebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion11
11905969876Northern RenaissanceAn extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance12
11905969877The MediciThe family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them.13
11905969878HumanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements14
11905969879Protestant ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.15
11905969880Martin LutherA German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.16
1190596988195 ThesesMartin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation17
11905969882AnglicanismA Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England18
11905969883Catholic ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.19
11905969884JesuitsMembers of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.20
11905969885Scientific RevolutionA major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.21
11905969886CopernicusDevised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.22
11905969887DescartesFrench philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.23
11905969888NewtonThis physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science24
11905969889GalileoHe was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.25
11905969890DeismA popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.26
11905969891John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.27
11905969892ColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)28
11905969893MagellanPortuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there29
11905969894Vasco da Gamathe first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.30
11905969895Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.31
11905969896Plantation EconomyThis referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.32
11905969897Indentured servitudeA worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.33
11905969898Encomienda SystemSpaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor34
11905969899Hacienda Systemlanded estates granted to conquistadors35
11905969900Mita SystemThe system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.36
11905969901Peninsularesa Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies37
11905969902Creolesa person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean38
11905969903MestizosA person of mixed Native American and European ancestry39
11905969904MulattosPersons of mixed European and African ancestry40
11905969905Commercial RevolutionA dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.41
11905969906Phillip IIKing of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.42
11905969907Parliamentary monarchyA government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament43
11905969908Divine RightsA belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.44
11905969909European Empires in the AmericasGreat Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark45
11905969910Aztecsa nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, this group emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century46
11905969911IncasA Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.47
11905969912ConquistadorsEarly-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)48
11905969913Thirty Year Wara series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.49
11905969914Treaty of WestphaliaEnded Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.50
11905969915Enlightenmenta European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition51
11905969916John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.52
11905969917Adam Smitha Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment53
11905969918Mary WollstonecraftEnglish writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women54
119059699197 Years Wara war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other.55
11905969920French & Indian WarAmerican version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt.56
11905969921Treaty of TordesillasA treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.57
11905969922Treaty of ZaragosaA treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia.58
11905969923Hernan Cortesa Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire59
11905969924Francisco PizzaroSpanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's60
11905969925Viceroyaltiesthe office, position, or authority of a viceroy61
11905969926Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.62
11905969927balance of powerDistribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).63
11905969928James CookEnglish navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).64
11905969929Council of TrentCalled by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.65
11905969930Charles VThis was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation66
11905969931creolesDescendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.67
11905969932Francis DrakeEnglish explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)68
11905969933Glorious RevolutionA reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.69
11905969934joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses70
11905969935humanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements71
11905969936Henry VIII(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Established the Church of England in 1532.72
11905969937patronsa person who supports artists, especially financially73
11905969938middle passageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies74
11905969939Holy Roman EmpireLoose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.75
11905969940Renaissance ManA person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.76
11905969941secularConcerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters77
11905969942vernacularEveryday language of ordinary people78
11905969943Triangular Slave TradeA practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.79
11905969944Vasco de GamaA Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean80
11905969945westernizationadoption of western ideas, technology, and culture81
11905969946capitalismAn economic system based on private ownership of capital82
11905969947absolutismA form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)83
11905969948St. Ignatius of Loyolafounder of the society of jesus (jesuits)84
11905969949African DiasporaThe separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.85
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US History Civil War Flashcards

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10366263418Election of 1860Lincoln's and the Republicans win convinced the South that slavery was under attack. Caused the immediate secession of states.0
10366263419Border StatesPart of the USA but slavery was allowed to prevent the secession.1
10366263420advantages of northmore railroads & factories better balance b/w farming and industry more money have an established navy 2/3 population2
10366263421advantages of southbetter leadership: most military colleges in the south; most officers sided w Confederacy military tactics... ATTRITION-- as long as they survive they are winning drag the war out Attempt to trade cotton for guns - "cotton diplomacy" morale: fighting for a way of life, want self-gov3
10366263422northern strategyAnaconda plan-- blockade all cotton shipments, gain control of Miss. R. in the west and railroads in the east goal= preserve the Union "Total War" - destroy anything of value to the South. Control transportation, burn farms4
10366263423southern strategyplanned for a war of attrition want recognition & aid from Europe - "cotton diplomacy" "Live to fight another day"5
10366263424Jefferson Davispresident of the Confederate States of America6
10366263425Abraham Lincolnpresident of the United States of America Wanted to "preserve the Union" and get the South back and end rebellion.7
10366263426Emancipation ProclamationIssued by Lincoln to free slaves in states of rebellion -Did not free slaves in the Border States because Lincoln feared those states would secede.8
10366263427Gettysburg AddressLincoln honored the dead on both sides to show his stance that the Union would be preserved. Also restated that "all men are created equal" and that the government will be "of the people, by the people and for the people."9
10366263428Appomattox Court HouseLocation of Confederate surrender to the Union. Lee surrendered on behalf of the South to Union general Ulysses S. Grant10
10366263429war of attritionjust try to survive11
1036626343013th amendmentratified by the states after Lincoln's death needed to pass this before they allowed the confeds back in... gave them an ultimatum if you join the union this is the new rule outlawed slavery12
10366263431William ShermanSherman in ATLANTA, ensured Lincoln's reelection gave ppl hope that the war was coming to a close13
10366263432Battle of Bull Run1861 - 1st major battle that showed the war would last longer than expected and that South had better tactics. Virginia Confed victory14
10366263433VicksburgUnion cut the Confederacy in half and captured the entire Mississippi River to control trade. Turning point in the west.15
10366263434Antietem"Bloodiest Day in America" South attacked into the north but the failure to win keeps Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy. Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation the next day because it was the first major victory for the North.16
10366263435Gettysburg"Turning Point in the East" Bloody 3 day battle that the Union won. The South will be on full retreat and surrender time and time again after this battle.17
10366263436Atlanta1864 - William Sherman used total war to break the will of the South Railroad hub of the South. Helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864 by showing the war was close to being over.18
10366263437Sherman's March to the Sea1864 Plan to frighten the Confederacy and feel the hard hand of war - farms and houses were burned from Atlanta to Savannah.19
10366263438Election of 1864Lincoln won after the capture of Atlanta.20
10366263439habeas corpus"The right to a trial" Lincoln used his "emergency powers" to suspend this during the Civil War in the Border States to arrest and detain those he thought would cause riots or secession.21
10366263440Fort Sumter1st shots of the Civil War in Charleston, SC Lincoln baited the South into firing first by resupplying.22
10366263441Robert E. LeeBrilliant Confederate tactician that served as a great advantage of the South. "Could do a lot with a little."23
10366263442Ulysses GrantLeader of the Union Army that gained fame for his victory in Vicksburg in the west. Knew the vast number of Union soldiers would be the most crucial advantage.24
10366263443Thomas "Stonewall" JacksonConfederate lieutenant to Robert E. Lee who served as a vital leader. Accidental death is attributed to the Confederate loss of leadership.25
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