Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology: Development Flashcards
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| 6681963101 | Developmental Psychology | -Study of physical, intellectual,social, and moral changes across the life span from conception to death | 0 | |
| 6681963102 | Maturation | Defined: Biological growth processes that enable development to occur Example: You can't learn to read before a certain age | 1 | |
| 6681963103 | Stages of Prenatal Development | GEF: Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal | 2 | |
| 6681963104 | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | -a cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of mothers who drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy | 3 | |
| 6681963105 | Genotype | Genetic make-up with 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad Point to remember: Inherited genetics | 4 | |
| 6681963106 | Phenotype | Visible characteristics that are seen and stemmed from your genetics Point to Remember: Expressed Characteristics | 5 | |
| 6681963107 | Teratogen | -Harmful substance during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects -chemicals, such as alcohol,drugs,tobacco ingredients, mercury,lead,cadmium, and other poison, or infectious agents | 6 | |
| 6681963108 | Rooting Reflex | When you poke a baby's cheek and they turned toward the poke Helpful for breast feeding | 7 | |
| 6681963109 | Theory of Mind | ability to understand mental states (beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.) of oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own. people with Autism struggle with this | 8 | |
| 6681963110 | Habituation | -decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus -developmental psychologists depend on gazes,sucking,and head turning to reveal abilities of infants during habituation studies | 9 | |
| 6681963111 | Schemas | Defined: a cognitive system or mental map which helps us organize and make sense of our experiences & the world. Example: You developed a schema that all homeless people are rude. Because of this you organize your actions around it and more readily look for information that supports this view while discarding information that disagrees with this perspective. | 10 | |
| 6681963112 | Assimilation | defined: reinforces the existing schema "ss"-schema stays the same Example: You think homeless people are rude and a homeless person yells at you because you didn't give them money | 11 | |
| 6681963113 | Accomodation | defined: changing your existing schema "cc"-schema changes! Example: You think homeless people are rude but when your car got a flat tire, a homeless person helped you change the flat tire | 12 | |
| 6681963114 | Jean Piaget | interested in "thought processes" and creates the first cognitive development theory using his children includes four distinct stages that the child must accomplish before moving onto the next stages in order: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational | 13 | |
| 6681963115 | Sensorimotor Stage | Age: 0-2 Description: Experience the world through your senses and actions Important Concepts: Basic causality, Object permanence | 14 | |
| 6681963116 | Preoperational Stage | Age: 2-7 Description: Use their gut instincts to make decisions, often flawed logic Important Concepts: Instinctive Logic, Egocentrism, Centration | 15 | |
| 6681963117 | Concrete Operational Stage | Age: 7-12 Description: Use their past experiences to make decisions Important Concepts: Inductive Logic, Conservation, Reversibility | 16 | |
| 6681963118 | Formal Operational Stage | Age: 12+ Description: Use their past experiences to think hypothetically Important Concepts: Deductive Logic | 17 | |
| 6681963119 | Object Permanence | Defined: Understanding objects exists out of their sight |  | 18 |
| 6681963120 | Egocentrism | Defined: At roughly age 4, child only understands life from her perspective Example: |  | 19 |
| 6681963121 | Reversibility | Defined: child can view items in more than one way Example: a mom can also be a sister | 20 | |
| 6681963123 | Conservation | Defined: Two equal quantities remain equal even though the appearance has changed | 21 | |
| 6681963124 | Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD) | -Lev Vygotsky emphasized the environment -Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level to which a child can solve a problem with the help of adults or more-skilled children | 22 | |
| 6681963125 | Criticism of Piaget | Underestimated: An infants cognitive abilities, and the impact of the social cultural environment Overestimated: amount of people who reach formal operations | 23 | |
| 6681963126 | Contact Comfort | -Harry Harlow -his wire verses cloth monkey experiments showed that touch is just as if not more important than food for building attachment | 24 | |
| 6681963127 | Imprinting | Defined: The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life Very common in birds but does not exist in humans | 25 | |
| 6681963128 | Insecure Attachment | Child does not learn to use the parent as a secure base because they don't trust their parents to meet their needs | 26 | |
| 6681963129 | Secure Attachment | Child learns to use the parent as a secure base because they trust the parents will meet their needs | 27 | |
| 6681963130 | Strange Situation Experiment | Psychologist: Ainsworth Studied and developed the different types of attachment by studying how children relate to their mother in a playroom where she is present, leaves, and then returns | 28 | |
| 6681963132 | temperament | An inborn predisposition to behave in a certain way Personality development: temperament (Nature), attachment (nurture) | 29 | |
| 6681963133 | Self-Concept | Our understanding and evaluation of who we are goal is to have a positive one with confidence, optimism, assertiveness, etc. | 30 | |
| 6681963134 | Parenting Styles | Diana Baumrind: Studied a sample with 100 pre-school children in California-almost all white Parents differed on 4 dimensions & found 3 types | 31 | |
| 6681963135 | Permissive | Expressions of warmth: Parents are highly affectionate Strategies of Discipline: Rare Communication: child talks not the parent Expectations of maturity: few demands Effects on child: aggressive & immature | 32 | |
| 6681963136 | Authoritarian | Expressions of warmth: Parents are cold and critical Strategies of Discipline: Strict, often physical Communication: parent talks not the child Expectations of maturity: clear rules and high expectations for maturity Effects: low self-esteem, low self-reliance, and low social competence | 33 | |
| 6681963137 | Authoritative | Expressions of warmth: parents are Highly affectionate Strategies of Discipline: Set limits and enforce rules but allow for child's input Communication: both parent and child talks Expectations of maturity: Demand maturity but allow forgiving of failure Effects: high self-esteem, high self-reliance, and high social competence | 34 | |
| 6681963138 | Gender Roles | Defined: Cultural Expectations about the way men and women should behave | 35 | |
| 6681963139 | Gender Schemas | Sandra Bem Defined: A theory of gender development that combines social learning and cognitive learning theory | 36 | |
| 6681963140 | Social Learning Theory | Learn our gender by Reinforcement, modeling, and punishment | 37 | |
| 6681963141 | Primary verse secondary sex characteristics | Development of the uterus and testes VERSES Other signs (hair, body parts, voice, etc.) that signal sexual maturity | 38 | |
| 6681963142 | Sexual Maturation | When boys hit this early they are often more popular with their peers whereas girls have a higher risk for mental and other health problems | 39 | |
| 6681963143 | Puberty | -early adolescent period marked by accelerated growth and the onset of the ability to reproduce -menarche: first menstrual period at about age 12.5 marks female fertility -Ejaculation of semen with viable sperm at about age 14 marks male fertility | 40 | |
| 6681963144 | Rite of Passage | Defined: ritual event that marks a person's transition from one status to another. Example: Hazing and graduating from high school signals adulthood | 41 | |
| 6681963145 | Parental v Peer | _________ influences on children and teens include politics, College and Career Choice, Big Decisions whereas; ________ influences on children include clothing, music and less important decisions | 42 | |
| 6681963146 | Lawrence Kohlberg | Studied and developed a model for moral dilemma Used the hypothetical "Heinz dilemma" to develop three levels including pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional | 43 | |
| 6681963147 | Pre-conventional Level | Decisions are based on "what's best for you" (avoid punishment & gain rewards) | 44 | |
| 6681963148 | Conventional Level | Decisions are based on "what's best for the group and you receiving the group's social approval" | 45 | |
| 6681963149 | Post-conventional Level | Decisions are based on "what's best for another every single individual based on their individual specific circumstance" | 46 | |
| 6681963150 | Carol Gilligan | Disagreed with Kohlberg because women scored lower in moral development The reasoning is that women base their morals on "caring" and not following the rules | 47 | |
| 6681963151 | Erik Erikson | -Examined social development -Identified eight stages during which we face an important issue or crisis | 48 | |
| 6681963152 | Trust v Mistrust | Stage 1: Infants learn to rely on parent/caregiver OR you don't learn to rely on parent/caregiver | 49 | |
| 6681963153 | Autonomy v Shame & Doubt | Stage 2: Toddlers learn to explore environment OR dependent on caregiver | 50 | |
| 6681963154 | Initiative v Guilt | Stage 3: Middle Childhood learn to make simple decisions OR dependent on caregiver | 51 | |
| 6681963155 | Industry v Inferiority | Stage 4: Late Childhood feel confident to achieve more OR discouraged and don't try to achieve more | 52 | |
| 6681963156 | Identify v Role Confusion | Stage 5: Adolescence Know who you are OR try to do what others expect of you | 53 | |
| 6681963157 | Intimacy v Isolation | Stage 6: Young Adulthood Find a mate OR live alone | 54 | |
| 6681963158 | Generativity v Stagnation | Stage 7: Middle Adulthood Give/Help others OR focus solely on yourself | 55 | |
| 6681963159 | Ego Integrity v Despair | Stage 8: Late Adulthood Happy with your life OR hate your life | 56 | |
| 6681963160 | Menopause | cessation of the ability to reproduce accompanied by a decrease in production of sex hormones;occurs at about age 50 in women | 57 | |
| 6681963161 | Crystallized Intelligence | Defined: The amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time but does NOT decrease in later adulthood Example: anything and everything you have learned | 58 | |
| 6681963162 | Fluid Intelligence | Defined: ability to reason in an abstract way but DECREASES during later adulthood Example: if I asked you to come up with as many different possible uses for a tire, you would have to use very abstract reasoning -- think about what a tire is, the different types, the sizes, etc., then go through cognitive lists of situations, uses, and much more. | 59 | |
| 6681963163 | Social Clock | Defined: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. Example: be married by 25, have kids by 30, etc. | 60 | |
| 6681963164 | Stages of Death and Dying | Psychologist: Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Stages (DABDA): Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance | 61 | |
| 6681963165 | Alzheimer's Disease | -Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, causing loss of memory, reasoning,emotion,control of bodily functions, then death -characterizes by amyloid plaques in brain and a lack of acetycholine | 62 |
Flashcards
AP Language Flashcards
Terms needed for success on the AP Language and Composition Exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 10571752042 | Personification | The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon." | 0 | |
| 10571752043 | Antithesis | the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ." | 1 | |
| 10571752044 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." | 2 | |
| 10571752045 | Sarcasm | from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device. | 3 | |
| 10571752046 | Synecdoche | . a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example. | 4 | |
| 10571752047 | Hyperbole | a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement | 5 | |
| 10571752048 | Anaphora | repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent. | 6 | |
| 10571752049 | Euphony | the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work. | 7 | |
| 10571752050 | Theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing. | 8 | |
| 10571752051 | Metonomy | a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared" | 9 | |
| 10571752052 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 10 | |
| 10571752053 | Transition | a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph. | 11 | |
| 10571752054 | Onomatopoeia | a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum. | 12 | |
| 10571752055 | Cacophony | harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word. | 13 | |
| 10571752056 | Metaphor | a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example. | 14 | |
| 10571752057 | Symbol | generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract. | 15 | |
| 10571752058 | Begging the Question | Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. | 16 | |
| 10571752059 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 17 | |
| 10571752060 | Understatement | the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended. | 18 | |
| 10571752061 | Either-or reasoning | When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives. | 19 | |
| 10571752062 | Homily | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. | 20 | |
| 10571752063 | Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 21 | |
| 10571752064 | Causal Relationship | In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument. | 22 | |
| 10571752065 | Equivocation | When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. | 23 | |
| 10571752066 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks. | 24 | |
| 10571752067 | Euphemism | a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation. | 25 | |
| 10571752068 | Figure of Speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | 26 | |
| 10571752069 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. | 27 | |
| 10571752070 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. | 28 | |
| 10571752071 | Alliteration | The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." | 29 | |
| 10571752072 | Epigraph | The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein. | 30 | |
| 10571752073 | Periodic Sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety. | 31 | |
| 10571752074 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 32 | |
| 10571752075 | Ethos | an appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author. | 33 | |
| 10571752076 | Situational Irony | a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected. | 34 | |
| 10571752077 | Consonance | Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. | 35 | |
| 10571752078 | Pathos | an appeal based on emotion. | 36 | |
| 10571752079 | Syllogism | From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. | 37 | |
| 10571752080 | Logos | an appeal based on logic or reason | 38 | |
| 10571752081 | Verbal Irony | In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning | 39 | |
| 10571752082 | Anecdote | A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point. | 40 | |
| 10571752083 | Abstract Language | Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. | 41 | |
| 10571752084 | Ad Hominem | In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man." | 42 | |
| 10571752085 | Denotation | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word | 43 | |
| 10571752086 | Cumulative | Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars | 44 | |
| 10571752087 | Dramatic Irony | In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work | 45 | |
| 10571752088 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 46 | |
| 10571752089 | Connotation | the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning. | 47 | |
| 10571752090 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 48 | |
| 10571752091 | Syntax | The grammatical structure of prose and poetry. | 49 | |
| 10571752092 | Assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity | 50 | |
| 10571752093 | Voice | can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style. | 51 | |
| 10571752094 | Infer | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. | 52 | |
| 10571752095 | Argument | A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer | 53 | |
| 10571752096 | Allusion | A reference contained in a work | 54 | |
| 10571752097 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. | 55 | |
| 10571752098 | Stream-of-consciousness | This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be. | 56 | |
| 10571752099 | Allegory | A work that functions on a symbolic level | 57 | |
| 10571752100 | Explication | The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language. | 58 | |
| 10571752101 | Parallelism | refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. | 59 | |
| 10571752102 | Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. | 60 | |
| 10571752103 | Rhetorical Modes | The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. | 61 | |
| 10571752104 | Analogy | a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items. | 62 | |
| 10571752105 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 63 | |
| 10571752106 | Example | an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern | 64 | |
| 10571752107 | Description | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses. | 65 | |
| 10571752108 | Narrative Device | This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect. | 66 | |
| 10571752109 | Ethical Appeal | When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. | 67 | |
| 10571752110 | Exposition | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. | 68 | |
| 10571752111 | Attitude | the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience | 69 | |
| 10571752112 | Backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument | 70 | |
| 10571752113 | Ellipsis | Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text. | 71 | |
| 10571752114 | Argumentation | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. | 72 | |
| 10571752115 | Didactic | writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns. | 73 | |
| 10571752116 | Ambiguity | an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. | 74 | |
| 10571752117 | Narration | The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events. | 75 | |
| 10571752118 | Rhetoric | from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 76 | |
| 10571752119 | Third Person Limited Omniscient | This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters | 77 | |
| 10571752120 | Third Person Omniscient | In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters. | 78 | |
| 10571752121 | Comic Relief | the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event. | 79 | |
| 10571752122 | Character | those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types. | 80 | |
| 10571752123 | Colloquial | the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style. | 81 | |
| 10571752124 | Antecedent | the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers. | 82 | |
| 10571752125 | Style | an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. | 83 | |
| 10571752126 | Thesis | The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. | 84 | |
| 10571752127 | Authority | Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience. | 85 | |
| 10571752128 | Chiasmus | Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea. | 86 | |
| 10571752129 | Deconstruction | a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself." | 87 | |
| 10571752130 | Balance | a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work. | 88 | |
| 10571752131 | Conflict | a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self | 89 | |
| 10571752132 | Tone | Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. | 90 | |
| 10571752133 | Prose | One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech. | 91 | |
| 10571752134 | Dialect | the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God. | 92 | |
| 10571752135 | Asyndeton | Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. | 93 | |
| 10571752136 | Wit | In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. | 94 | |
| 10571752137 | Point of View | In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. | 95 | |
| 10571752138 | Deduction | The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example. | 96 | |
| 10571752139 | Annotation | explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data. | 97 | |
| 10571752140 | Mood | This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. | 98 | |
| 10571752141 | Diction | the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning | 99 |
AP Language Flashcards
Terms needed for success on the AP Language and Composition Exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 10685959982 | Personification | The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon." | 0 | |
| 10685959983 | Antithesis | the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ." | 1 | |
| 10685959984 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." | 2 | |
| 10685959985 | Sarcasm | from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device. | 3 | |
| 10685959986 | Synecdoche | . a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example. | 4 | |
| 10685959987 | Hyperbole | a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement | 5 | |
| 10685959988 | Anaphora | repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent. | 6 | |
| 10685959989 | Euphony | the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work. | 7 | |
| 10685959990 | Theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing. | 8 | |
| 10685959991 | Metonomy | a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared" | 9 | |
| 10685959992 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 10 | |
| 10685959993 | Transition | a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph. | 11 | |
| 10685959994 | Onomatopoeia | a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum. | 12 | |
| 10685959995 | Cacophony | harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word. | 13 | |
| 10685959996 | Metaphor | a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example. | 14 | |
| 10685959997 | Symbol | generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract. | 15 | |
| 10685959998 | Begging the Question | Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. | 16 | |
| 10685959999 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 17 | |
| 10685960000 | Understatement | the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended. | 18 | |
| 10685960001 | Either-or reasoning | When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives. | 19 | |
| 10685960002 | Homily | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. | 20 | |
| 10685960003 | Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 21 | |
| 10685960004 | Causal Relationship | In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument. | 22 | |
| 10685960005 | Equivocation | When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. | 23 | |
| 10685960006 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks. | 24 | |
| 10685960007 | Euphemism | a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation. | 25 | |
| 10685960008 | Figure of Speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | 26 | |
| 10685960009 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. | 27 | |
| 10685960010 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. | 28 | |
| 10685960011 | Alliteration | The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." | 29 | |
| 10685960012 | Epigraph | The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein. | 30 | |
| 10685960013 | Periodic Sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety. | 31 | |
| 10685960014 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 32 | |
| 10685960015 | Ethos | an appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author. | 33 | |
| 10685960016 | Situational Irony | a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected. | 34 | |
| 10685960017 | Consonance | Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. | 35 | |
| 10685960018 | Pathos | an appeal based on emotion. | 36 | |
| 10685960019 | Syllogism | From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. | 37 | |
| 10685960020 | Logos | an appeal based on logic or reason | 38 | |
| 10685960021 | Verbal Irony | In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning | 39 | |
| 10685960022 | Anecdote | A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point. | 40 | |
| 10685960023 | Abstract Language | Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. | 41 | |
| 10685960024 | Ad Hominem | In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man." | 42 | |
| 10685960025 | Denotation | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word | 43 | |
| 10685960026 | Cumulative | Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars | 44 | |
| 10685960027 | Dramatic Irony | In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work | 45 | |
| 10685960028 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 46 | |
| 10685960029 | Connotation | the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning. | 47 | |
| 10685960030 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 48 | |
| 10685960031 | Syntax | The grammatical structure of prose and poetry. | 49 | |
| 10685960032 | Assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity | 50 | |
| 10685960033 | Voice | can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style. | 51 | |
| 10685960034 | Infer | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. | 52 | |
| 10685960035 | Argument | A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer | 53 | |
| 10685960036 | Allusion | A reference contained in a work | 54 | |
| 10685960037 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. | 55 | |
| 10685960038 | Stream-of-consciousness | This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be. | 56 | |
| 10685960039 | Allegory | A work that functions on a symbolic level | 57 | |
| 10685960040 | Explication | The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language. | 58 | |
| 10685960041 | Parallelism | refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. | 59 | |
| 10685960042 | Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. | 60 | |
| 10685960043 | Rhetorical Modes | The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. | 61 | |
| 10685960044 | Analogy | a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items. | 62 | |
| 10685960045 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 63 | |
| 10685960046 | Example | an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern | 64 | |
| 10685960047 | Description | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses. | 65 | |
| 10685960048 | Narrative Device | This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect. | 66 | |
| 10685960049 | Ethical Appeal | When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. | 67 | |
| 10685960050 | Exposition | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. | 68 | |
| 10685960051 | Attitude | the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience | 69 | |
| 10685960052 | Backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument | 70 | |
| 10685960053 | Ellipsis | Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text. | 71 | |
| 10685960054 | Argumentation | The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. | 72 | |
| 10685960055 | Didactic | writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns. | 73 | |
| 10685960056 | Ambiguity | an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. | 74 | |
| 10685960057 | Narration | The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events. | 75 | |
| 10685960058 | Rhetoric | from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 76 | |
| 10685960059 | Third Person Limited Omniscient | This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters | 77 | |
| 10685960060 | Third Person Omniscient | In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters. | 78 | |
| 10685960061 | Comic Relief | the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event. | 79 | |
| 10685960062 | Character | those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types. | 80 | |
| 10685960063 | Colloquial | the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style. | 81 | |
| 10685960064 | Antecedent | the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers. | 82 | |
| 10685960065 | Style | an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. | 83 | |
| 10685960066 | Thesis | The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. | 84 | |
| 10685960067 | Authority | Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience. | 85 | |
| 10685960068 | Chiasmus | Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea. | 86 | |
| 10685960069 | Deconstruction | a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself." | 87 | |
| 10685960070 | Balance | a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work. | 88 | |
| 10685960071 | Conflict | a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self | 89 | |
| 10685960072 | Tone | Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. | 90 | |
| 10685960073 | Prose | One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech. | 91 | |
| 10685960074 | Dialect | the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God. | 92 | |
| 10685960075 | Asyndeton | Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. | 93 | |
| 10685960076 | Wit | In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. | 94 | |
| 10685960077 | Point of View | In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. | 95 | |
| 10685960078 | Deduction | The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example. | 96 | |
| 10685960079 | Annotation | explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data. | 97 | |
| 10685960080 | Mood | This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. | 98 | |
| 10685960081 | Diction | the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning | 99 |
Ap Language Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7469188101 | Speaker | The person who creates the text | 0 | |
| 7469188102 | Subject | The topic of the text | 1 | |
| 7469188103 | Audience | The listener, viewer, or reader, of a text | 2 | |
| 7469188104 | Context | The circumsrances, events, atmosphere and atttudes surrounding the text | 3 | |
| 7469188105 | Logos | Appeal to logic reasoning | 4 | |
| 7469188106 | Pathos | Apoeal go emotion | 5 | |
| 7469188107 | Ethos | Appeal to credibility and trustworthiness of speaker | 6 | |
| 7469188108 | Anaphora | Repetition of words at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses | 7 | |
| 7469188109 | Epistrophe | Repetition of words at the end of the successive phrases or clauses | 8 | |
| 7469188110 | Antithesis | The juxtaposition of contrasting words/ideas in parallel structure | 9 | |
| 7469188111 | Rhetorical question | How does the author use rhetorical strategies to acheive his/her purpose | 10 | |
| 7509139156 | Rhetorical triangle | These three persuasive strategies make up the rhetorical triangle. | 11 | |
| 7509139157 | Persona | the aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others | 12 | |
| 7509139158 | Thesis | a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or prove | 13 | |
| 7509139159 | genre | a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. | 14 | |
| 7509139160 | Diction | the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. | 15 | |
| 7509139161 | Syntax | the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language | 16 | |
| 7509139162 | Imagery | visual images collectively | 17 | |
| 7509139163 | Alliteration | the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. | 18 | |
| 7509139164 | Allusion | an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference. | 19 | |
| 7509139165 | Metaphor | a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. | 20 | |
| 7509139166 | Similie | Comparison using like or as | 21 | |
| 7509139167 | Personification | the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. | 22 | |
| 7509171795 | Rhetoric | The art of persuasion, an authors purposful shaping of text to produce a desired effect | 23 |
Ap Language Quiz 2 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10505554720 | Analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 0 | |
| 10505554721 | dramatic irony | when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't | 1 | |
| 10505554722 | Foreshadowing | the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot | 2 | |
| 10505554723 | Genre | a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. | 3 | |
| 10505554724 | Gothic Literature | Emphasizes individuality and imagination with mood of decay, dramatic action that is generally violent, love that is destructive, gloomy settings, supernatural, despairing man alone in dark world, setting and atmosphere are more important that characters | 4 | |
| 10505554725 | Hyberbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 5 | |
| 10505554726 | Idiom | A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. Ex: beat around the bush | 6 | |
| 10505554727 | Imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 7 | |
| 10505554728 | invective | An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 8 | |
| 10505554729 | Irony | the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning | 9 | |
| 10505554730 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts Ex: paradise lost: god vs Satan | 10 | |
| 10505554731 | Metaphor | a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. | 11 | |
| 10505554732 | Metonymy | A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it Ex: pen is mightier than the sword | 12 | |
| 10505554733 | Mood | How the reader feels about the text while reading. | 13 | |
| 10505554734 | Personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes | 14 | |
| 10505554735 | Similie | A comparison using "like" or "as" | 15 | |
| 10505554736 | situational irony | irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. Ex: pilot has fear of heights | 16 | |
| 10505554737 | Symecdoche | A figure of speech in which the part stands for the whole, or the whole for the part. Ex. Music is my bread and butter | 17 | |
| 10505554738 | synthesia (or synaesthesia) | describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound") | 18 | |
| 10505554739 | verbal irony | irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning. (Sarcasm) Ex: lucky me | 19 |
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