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AP Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

8221396828	Cognition	Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating	0
8221396829	Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (similar to perceptual set)	1
8221396830	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category	2
8221396831	Algorithm	A step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.	3
8221396832	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
8221396833	Availability Heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	5
8221396834	Representativeness Heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	6
8221396835	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	7
8221396836	Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	8
8221396837	Mental Set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
8221396838	Functional Fixedness	The inability to see a new use for an object	10
8221396839	Intuition	Immediate and automatic feeling and thought	11
8221396840	Trial and Error	Most fundamental method of problem solving	12
8221396841	Overconfidence	Tendency to overestimate our judgement	13
8221396842	Belief Perserverance	Clinging to your initial belief in something despite no evidence proving it	14
8221396843	Framing	The way we present an issue, can impact judgement	15
8221396844	Language	Spoken, written, signed words that we communicate into meaning	16
8221396845	Phonemes	Smallest distinctive sound unit	17
8221396846	Morphemes	Smallest unit of sound that holds meaning	18
8221396847	Grammar	System of rules that enables us to communicate	19
8221396848	Semantics	Rules for deriving meaning from words	20
8221396849	Syntax	Rules to combine words	21
8221396850	Receptive Language	In infants, the ability to understand what is said to them and about them	22
8221396851	Productive Language	The ability to produce words	23
8221396852	Babbling Stage	About 4 months, speech development unrelated to household language	24
8221396853	One Word Stage (Holophrastic)	Around 1-2 years old, communicating in single worded phrases "ma" "uh"	25
8221396854	Two Word Stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statement, overgeneralizes wants and needs	26
8221396855	Telegraphic Stage	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words	27
8221396856	Critical Period Theory (Language Development)	The window on language development closes gradually in early childhood	28
8221396857	"Genie"	A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period where she could have learned language so she could not speak and was extremely socially delayed	29
8221396858	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	30
8221396859	Brocas Area	Controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech	31
8221396860	Wernickes Area	Language comprehension, left temporal lobe	32
8221396861	Noam Chomsky	Language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	33
8221396862	Nativist Theory	You have the ability to pick up language which is inborn, but it has to be natured	34
8221396863	Belief Bias	The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	35
8221396864	Convergent	Ideas come together	36
8221396865	Divergent	Ideas come apart	37
8221396866	Linguistic Determinism	Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think, we cannot think things if we cannot say them	38
8221396867	Bilingual Advantage	The advantage of bilingual individuals to inhibit one language while using the other and inhibit attention to irrelevant information	39
8221396868	Nondeclarative Memory	Mental picture of how you do something, implicit memory	40
8221396869	Mental Practice	Mentally rehearsing future behaviours, activates the same part of your brain as if you were really doing the action	41
8345417722	Artificial intelligence - Practical	Robots that can sense their environment.	42
8345417723	Artificial intelligence - Theoretical	Computers that mimic human thinking.	43
8345417724	Artificial intelligence - Computer Neural Networks	Mimic the brain's interconnected neural networks.	44
8345445892	Gadner	Taught Washoe the chimp 132 signs by age 4 and 181 by age 32. Speech evolved from gestures.	45

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AP World History Final Review DHHS Flashcards

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5753875504	Paleolithic	"old stone age"	0
5753875505	Neolithic Revolution	(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.	1
5753875506	Civilization	A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes	2
5753875507	Tigris-Euphrates civilization	This civilization was founded in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in a part of the Middle East long called Mesopotamia. It was one of the few cases of a civilization that started absolutely from scratch, with no examples to imitate.	3
5753875508	Bronze Age	a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	4
5753875509	Nomads	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	5
5753875510	Slash and burn agriculture	a farming technique in which crops are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	6
5753875511	Huang He	Yellow river a major river of Asia in northern China	7
5753875512	Catal Hüyük	One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions	8
5753875513	Harappa	Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials	9
5753875514	Matrilineal	relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother	10
5753875515	Qin	A dynasty that ruled China 221-206 bc and was the first to establish rule over a united China. The construction of the Great Wall of China was begun during this period.	11
5753875516	Zhou	the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC	12
5753875517	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization	13
5753875518	Daoism	philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events	14
5753875519	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.	15
5753875520	Analects	a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples	16
5753875521	Legalism	A Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order	17
5753875522	Era of Warring States	The period of Chinese history between c. 402 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war.; regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty disentigrated.	18
5753875523	Confucius	(551-479 BCE) Chinese philosopher, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships. Also known as Kong Fu Zi.	19
5753875524	Untouchables	LOWEST LEVEL OF INDIAN SOCIETY; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult	20
5753875525	Dharma	Divine law	21
5753875526	Mahabharata	A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature	22
5753875527	Stupas	religious buildings that originally housed Buddha relics. Stupas developed into familiar Buddhist architecture	23
5753875528	Mauryas	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great	24
5753875529	Nirvana	Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated	25
5753875530	Guptas	A Hindu dynasty established in ad 320 by Chandragupta I in Bihar. At one stage it ruled most of the north of the Indian subcontinent, but it began to disintegrate toward the end of the 5th century.	26
5753875531	Sanskrit	A formal, literary, and administrative language in India	27
5753875532	Ashoka	(r.268-232 BCE) The Mauryan emperor who can be compared to Constantine and who promoted Buddhism throught his empire	28
5753875533	Vedas	Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.	29
5753875534	Brahma	A member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood.	30
5753875535	Chandragupta Maurya	He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.	31
5753875536	Pericles	Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.	32
5753875537	Punic wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	33
5753875538	Julius Caesar	100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful.	34
5753875539	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.	35
5753875540	Doric, Ionian, Corinthian	distinct styles of Hellenic architecture	36
5753875541	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end	37
5753875542	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate	38
5753875543	Polis	A city-state in ancient Greece	39
5753875544	Twelve Tables	Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C.	40
5753875545	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.	41
5753875546	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	42
5753875547	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.	43
5753875548	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	44
5753875549	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	45
5753875550	Mahayana	"the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas	46
5753875551	Animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life	47
5753875552	Syncretism	A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith.	48
5753875553	Paul	A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism.	49
5753875554	Beoudin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	50
5753875555	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca	51
5753875556	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	52
5753875557	Ka'ba	("cube") a pre-islamic cubed building in mecca believed by muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage	53
5753875558	Qur'an	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.	54
5753875559	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community	55
5753875560	Caliph	The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.	56
5753875561	Umma	A community of those who share a religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie	57
5753875562	Sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	58
5753875563	Dhimmis	A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society	59
5753875564	Quraysh	A local tribe in Mecca that became the keepers of the Ka'ba. Gave them prestige and power, tribe of which Mohhamad was born	60
5753875565	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	61
5753875566	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	62
5753875567	Baghdad	Abbasid capital	63
5753875568	Saladin	(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem	64
5753875569	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.	65
5753875570	Rajas	Term used for Hindu kings	66
5753875571	Sati	Sati refers to the obsolete Indian funeral custom where a widow was expected to immolate herself on her husband's pyre, or committed suicide in	67
5753875572	Mahgrib	the region of northwest Africa comprising the Atlas Mountains and the coastlands of Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia	68
5753875573	Sudanic States	states trading to North Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways;.	69
5753875574	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.	70
5753875575	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	71
5753875576	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning	72
5753875577	Hausa States	states, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs.	73
5753875578	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	74
5753875579	Griots	Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire	75
5753875580	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	76
5753875581	East Africa trading ports	Urbanized commercial trading centers mixing African and Arab cultures, includes Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, pate and Zanzibar	77
5753875582	Islamization	The spread of the Islamic faith across the Middle East, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa.	78
5753875583	Axum	A civilization that rose after the Kush decline around 200 CE. Formed in modern-day Ethiopia. Never conquered any other civilzation, and was instead a place of trade. Converted to Christianity later on and then to Islam.	79
5753875584	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	80
5753875585	Icons	A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches.	81
5753875586	Kiev	Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.	82
5753875587	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments	83
5753875588	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	84
5753875589	Boyars	Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.	85
5753875590	Sassanian Empire	(227 - 651) Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion.	86
5753875591	Cyrillic Alphabet	An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius	87
5753875592	Rurik	Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.	88
5753875593	Vikings	A group that traded and raided Europe throughout the 800s. Traveled as far as North America.	89
5753875594	Charlemagne	800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe	90
5753875595	Magna Carta	(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom	91
5753875596	William the Conqueror	duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England	92
5753875597	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.	93
5753875598	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	94
5753875599	Wendi	Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty	95
5753875600	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history.	96
5753875601	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	97
5753875602	Empress Wu	She led the Tang Dynasty (625-705 AD); Only women emperor of China; powerful and cruel, along with talented and intelligent	98
5753875603	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.	99
5753875604	Jin Kingdom	Kingdom north of the song empire. Established by the Jurchens after overthrowing Liao Dynasty; ended in 1234	100
5753875605	Changan	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any contemporary world city. (modern day Xian—home of terra cotta warriors)	101
5753875606	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	102
5753875607	Kami	"divine wind"	103
5753875608	Middle Kingdom		104
5753875609	Shintoism	A religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors	105
5753875610	Tale of the Genji	The world's first novel written by Lady Murasaki about the amorous affairs of a Japanese prince.	106
5753875611	Tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute to the Chinese emperor	107
5753875612	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.	108
5753875613	Heian	(794-1185 AD) capital was moved to Heian-kyo; Japanese culture flourished, but local aristocratic families began to take on more authority; to keep peace and order, samurai were developed and served local aristocrats	109
5753875614	Kamakura	(1192-1333 AD) military government founded under Minamoto Yoritomo to create a more centralized government to strengthen the state of Japan	110
5753875615	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	111
5753875616	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.	112
5753875617	Golden Horde	A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia.	113
5753875618	Chabi	Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese.	114
5753875619	Kuriltai	Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected	115
5753875620	Khanates	One of the several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons.	116

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Chapter 10 Vocabulary - AP World History (Strayer) Flashcards

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8200211840	Byzantine Empire	The surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries. Its capital was Constantinople and was first spread after the western Roman Empire collapsed among nomads and barbarians. Territories like the Byzantium Empire had expanded to and conquered during Justinian's reign and after the time of his death (565 CE).	0
8200211841	Constantinople	Also known as Constantinopolis, Constantinople is the second capital of the Byzantium Empire after Byzantium (c. 330 CE), named after its founder and first leader, Constantine I (r. 330 - 337; his death). It now stands as present-day Istanbul, Turkey. It served at the new capital for the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, established in 330 CE by Constantine I. In fact, Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to present-day Turkey (Byzantium). This was a major city for trade between Europe and the Middle East, so a handful of other empires began to take over multiple times. Constantinople was later overruled by Ottoman Turks and Muslims and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire (Mongols!!) in 1453 CE.	1
8200214591	Caesaropapism	A political religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment. The religious leader also became the political leader and obtained much power, if not all in that system. The idea of combining the power of secular government with the religious power, or making it superior to, the spiritual authority of the church, a policy used in the Byzantine Empire.	2
8200216544	Eastern Orthodox Christianity	A branch of Christianity that developed in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire that evolved following the gradual division from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe (Roman Empire) and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople. Icons of Orthodox Christianity included the Virgin Mary.	3
8200216545	Patriarch	Powerful officials who didn't like the idea of independence (like the west did). The emperors of Byzantine treated the church as a department of state and appointed them as well as instructed them to deliver sermons that supports imperial policy and encouraged obedience to imperial authorities, causing tensions.	4
8200221685	Latin (Catholic) Christianity	The West European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break that still hasn't been fixed nor healed. This was the religion that took part in Western Europe, distinctly from Western Rome.	5
8200221686	Pope	The bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.	6
8200223890	Great Schism (East vs. West)	The formal split of a religion organization; any division or separation of a group into hostile factions. It affected the east and west in ways like the split of the Christendom in 1054 CE on account of difference in church leadership, languages, religious imagery, and the filioque. East: (not yet determined) West: (not yet determined)	7
8200223891	Crusades	A term used to describe the Holy Wars (1096 - 1270 CE) waged by Western Christendom from 1095 CE until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond. The holy wars waged by Western Christendom until the end of the Middle Ages, in hope to get their holy land back, led in three waves inspired by the Pope (Pope Urban II). It was the armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Also known as a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims.	8
8200227827	Prince Vladimir of Kiev (Russia)	The Grand Prince of Kiev whose conversion to Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the circle of Eastern Orthodoxy, thus making it a state religion and one of the first Czars. He attempted the expansion of the south, but it conflicted with the Byzantine Empire instead. It is he who converted Kievan Rus to Christianity. With the incorporation with Russia, he unified Rus with Eastern Orthodoxy religion. He tried to politically unite the Kievan Rus Empire, but failed.	9
8200227828	Kievan Rus	A state/monarchy that was established around the city of Kiev, Russia in the 9th century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. It was ruled having loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats. Scandinavians coined the term "Russia" with influences from Byzantine.	10
8200230488	Charlemagne	Ruler of the Carolingian Empire who staged and imperial revival in Western Europe; King of the Franks (r. 768 - 814 CE) and emperor from 800 - 814 CE who conquered much of Western Europe. Through a series of military conquests, he managed to establish the Carolingian Empire, which emcompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. He was a great patron of literature and learning despite being illiterate and started a brief (but notable) revival of intellect.	11
8200230489	Serfdom	The status or use of serfs under the Manorialism or Feudalism system. It is practically a modified form of slavery or forced labor and takes place in a system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers.	12
8200230490	Serfs	A person who lived on and farmed a lord's land in feudal times.	13
8200232956	Feudalism	A political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offering protection and land in return for services.	14
8200237675	Manorialism	A political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land on their lord.	15
8200237676	Investiture Conflict/Controversy	Known as the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe, this began as a dispute in the 11th century CE between the Holy Roman Emperors, Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Disagreement: it was a dispute between the emperor and the pope on who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands; the confrontation between the two over the natural of church leadership and who had the right to appoint bishops and popes. In the end, the church won the argument.	16
8200240493	Guilds	A business association that dominated medieval towns and was formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members. They passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls around cities, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.	17
8200240494	Indulgence	A remission of the penalty for confessed sin that could be granted only by the pope; a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic church reducing time in purgatory after death. This made it easier for the Catholic church to collect money.	18
8200249871	Anchoresses	A woman who withdrew to a locked cell, where she could devote herself to a prayer and fasting.	19
8200249872	Parliament	British legislature that kept the king aligned with his schedules. Significance was that the Bill of Rights of 1689 specified that the Parliament had to be called frequently and had consent to changes in law and to the raising of an army in peacetime.	20
8200252060	Natural Philosophy	The study of nature, which was developed in the Middle Ages.	21
8200254485	***Severan Dynasty	Imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire from 193 - 235 CE. Was founded by a Roman general named Septimus Severus, who was also the victor of the 193 - 197 civil war in the Roman Empire, also known as the Year of the Five Emperors. Featured Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and he himself, Septimus Severus.	22
8200254486	***Middle Ages	The period of history between Classical Antiquity and the Italian Renaissance era.	23
8200254487	***Justinian I	The emperor of the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century CE who reconquered the large majority of the territory following the ruler of Rome, who initiated a fairly ambitious building program (Hagia Sofia), a new legal code, and nobody liked him and thought he was a moron. He was married to Theodora (c. 500 - 548 CE) and aspired to conquer "Old Rome."	24
8200257385	***Hagia Sofia/Sophia	The most famous example of Byzantine architecture, which was built by Justinian I. It is considered to be one of the most perfect buildings in the world in history.	25
8200257386	***Kiev, Russia	A popular trade city in Southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century. It became a focal point for the kingdoms of Russia that spread into the 12th century.	26
8200259853	***Carolingians	The family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 - 987 CE in the Carolingian Dynasty (714 - 1124 CE). This began when Pepin III was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun. Founded in 714 CE by Charles Martel, Duke and Prince of the Franks, as well as Mayor of the Palace - he was the acting ruler of Francia (present-day France, northwest Germany, northern Italy, Belgium; Gaul)	27
8200259854	***Charles Martel	The Frankish commander for the Battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages (c. 5th century CE - 15th century CE). He, in a way, started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. He was also Duke and Prince of the Franks, Mayor of the Palace, and acting King of Francia (c. 718 - 741 CE; his death).	28
8200267819	***Chapter 10 Timeline of Events	1. 285 CE: Partition of the Roman Empire 2. 330 CE: Founding of Constantinople 3. 395 CE: Death of Theodosius I 4. 476 CE: Nominal End of the Western Roman Empire 5. 1204 CE: Fourth Crusade - establishment of the Latin Empire (Empire of Romania; 1204 - 1261 CE) 6. 1261 CE: Reconquest of Constantinople by Palaiologos 7. 29 May 1453 CE: Fall of Constantinople 8. 15 August 1461 CE: Fall of Trebizond 9. December 1475 CE: Fall of Principality of Theodoro	29
8200270839	***Chapter 10 Timeline of Constantinople	1. 330 CE: Founding of Constantinople 2. c. 404/405 - 413 CE: Construction of Theodosian Walls 3. 474 CE: Great Fire of Constantinople 4. 532 CE: Nika Riots and Fire of Constantinople 5. 537 CE: Completion of the Hagia Sophia by Justinian 6. 626 CE: First Siege of Constantinople 7. 674 - 678 CE: First Arab Siege of Constantinople 8. 717 - 718 CE: Great Siege of Constantinople, Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 9. 1204 CE: Sack of Constantinople 10. 1261 CE: Liberation of Constantinople 11. 1453 CE: Fall of Constantinople	30

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AP Psych Unit 3 Flashcards

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7301946277	Ishihara Test	This measures color blindness.	0
7301947322	Signal Detection Theory	This theory explains that although we have absolute thresholds for our senses, at times we are more tuned in because of our arousal, and may be able to detect things beyond our normal absolute threshold for our senses.	1
7301950995	Tympanic Membrane	This is the term for the eardrum.	2
7301956117	Opponent Process Theory	This is the theory of color vision that sensory receptors come in pairs and that if one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited.	3
7301957546	Synethesia	This is the neurological joining of the senses.	4
7301963145	Psychophysics	The study of the connection between physical stimulation in the environment and the psychological experience of those stimuli, including perception of sensation.	5
7301969304	Phantom Limb Syndrome	This is the term that refers to the feelings of pain, tickling, itching, etc in areas where limbs have been severed.	6
7301973976	Visual Capture	This refers to the dominance of vision over all other senses.	7
7301976307	Constancy	This refers to how we continue to see a door as rectangular, even as the door opens and no longer appears to be rectangular.	8
7301987121	Sensory Adaptation	This is the term for diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	9
7301987680	Habituation	This is the term for when you get used to a sensation and stop noticing it.	10
7301990685	Fovea	This is the part of the retina where cones are clustered and vision is the sharpest.	11
7315046988	Human Factors	This is the study of how to design products to be safer for the user.	12
7315137344	Pheromones	These are sexual chemical messengers picked up by the olfactory sense.	13
7327783053	Ear Drum	This is after the pinna in the order for transduction in the ear.	14
7327790691	Pinna	First part of the ear in the order of auditory transduction.	15
7327794937	Ossicles	This is the broad term for the bones in the ear.	16
7327799651	Anvil	In the middle ear; first ossicle in the order of transduction	17
7327799803	Hammer	In the middle ear; second ossicle in the order of transduction	18
7327801265	Stirrup	In the middle ear; last ossicle in the order of transduction	19
7327801266	Incus	The technical name for the first ossicle in the middle ear.	20
7327801267	Malleus	The technical name for the second ossicle in the middle ear	21
7327803225	Stapes	The technical name for the last ossicle in the middle ear	22
7327813814	Oval Window	This is the opening at the head of the cochlea, that connects the middle and inner ear.	23
7327816243	Vestibular Window	This is the technical name for the opening at the head of the cochlea.	24
7327816244	Cochlea	This is the coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses; it vibrates.	25
7327817905	Basilar Membrane	This is the mucus covering inside the cochlea that contains the hair cells (cilia).	26
7327817906	Cilia	These are located in the basilar membrane; these hairs vibrate.	27
7327820140	Organ of Corti	This is the exact spot in the basilar membrane where hair cell vibrations turn into neural impulses and are then sent to the auditory nerve; where transduction occurs in the ear.	28
7327889071	Auditory Nerve	This is the next place that neural impulses go after the Organ of Corti before they pass to the thalamus	29
7327820141	Thalamus (ear)	This is where neural impulses are sent after passing through the auditory nerve.	30
7327821432	Temporal Lobes	This is the final place where transduction occurs in the ear and is the auditory center of the brain.	31
7328549951	Photoreceptors	Rods and cones are types of what?	32
7328560971	Nocioceptors	These are specialized pain receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs.	33
7328570973	Substance P	This is the neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.	34
7328905235	Endorphin	This is the transmitter that helps to alleviate pain.	35
7328910337	Gate Control Theory	This is the idea that there is a neural gate that only allows some pain signals to be sensed.	36
7330348299	Bottom-Up	This is the processing that begins with sensory information and works up to the brain to recognize meaningful objects and events.	37
7330357836	Inattentional	This kind of blindness refers to failing to see visible objects because our attention is not on those objects.	38
7330363408	Change	This type of blindness refers to failing to notice changes in the environment.	39
7330374433	Pop-Out Phenomenon	This is the when striking distinct stimulus draws your eye.	40
7330392774	Difference Threshold	Refers to the minimal difference that can be detected between two similar stimuli.	41
7330397220	Just Noticeable Difference	This is measured by Weber's Law stating that a 10% difference is needed for a difference threshold.	42
7330404179	Iris	This is the colored muscle of the eye that controls the pupil; comes after the cornea in the order of transduction.	43
7330411810	Cornea	This is the curved, transparent, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye; first part in the order of transduction	44
7330419952	Pupil	This is the center of the eye, allows light to enter; controls amount of light is allowed into the eye; after cornea in order of transduction.	45
7330424311	Lens	This is the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina; after the iris/pupil in the order of transduction.	46
7330453956	Retina	This is the back part of the eye where the photoreceptors are and where transduction occurs; comes after the lens in the order of transduction.	47
7330465556	Rods	Photoreceptor that is located in the periphery part of the retina, detects black, white and gray, and is sensitive to dim light.	48
7330465557	Cones	Photoreceptor that is near the center of the retina, detects very fine detail and color vision, and is best in well-lit conditions.	49
7330467120	Bipolar	These cells transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglionic cells	50
7330467121	Ganglionic	These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors and come after bipolar cells in the order of transduction.	51
7330467122	Optic Nerve	This is the part of the eye that is made up of the axons of the ganglion cells that carry information from the eye to the thalamus.	52
7330468996	Thalamus (eye)	This is where neural impulses from the optic nerve are sent.	53
7330471546	Occipital Lobes	This is the final part of transduction in the eye; these are the visual center of the brain.	54
7330486073	Optic Chiasm	This is the spot where the optic nerves cross in the brain	55
7330487759	Optic Disk	This is the technical term for where the optic nerve leaves the eye.	56
7330487760	Blind Spot	This is the simplified term for where there are no rods or cones present.	57
7330562599	Feature Detectors	Respond to specific things such as edges, lines, angles, and movements.	58
7330568390	David Hubel and Torsten Weisel	Discovered feature detectors (alphabetically)	59
7330570973	Parallel Processing	This refers to the ability to process several things simultaneously such as movement, depth, color, and shape.	60
7330576353	Young-Helmholtz	This theory holds that the retina contains color receptors for red, green, and blue; believe being blind is caused by the lack of cones for specific colors.	61
7330578948	Trichromatic Theory	This is another name for the theory proposed by Helmholtz that any color can be created by combining the light waves of three primary colors.	62
7330590012	Place	This is Helmholt'z theory of pitch that states that we hear different pitches at different places on the cochlea's basilar membrane.	63
7330596794	Frequency Theory	This is the idea that all the hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, but at different speeds.	64
7330601840	Sensorineural Deafness	This is caused by damage to the cilia (hair cells) that are in the cochlea; also called nerve or neural; can be helped by use of a cochlear implant.	65
7330608073	Conductive Deafness	This refers to when the signal is not getting to the cochlea; can be helped sometimes by a hearing aid.	66
7330618301	Olfactory Bulb	The sense of smell is aided by what?	67
7330624081	Vestibular	This sense is our sense of balance.	68
7330626272	Semicircular Canals	The fluid in this part of the ear aids in our sense of balance.	69
7330629507	Cerebellum	This is the part of the brain that controls balance.	70
7330637176	Sensory Interaction	This is the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food enhances taste.	71
7330643009	Gustation	This is our sense of taste.	72
7330649557	Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami	This is the five basic tastes, in order of the tongue.	73
7330652984	Kinesthetic	This sense allows us to use and to know where our body parts are without having to look at them.	74
7330657253	Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk	These are the psychologists that studied toddlers' depth perception in the Visual Cliff Experiment.	75
7330660927	Stroboscopic Effect	This is the technical term for the phi phenomenon where someone will see movement even though there is no motion.	76
7330662245	Flipbook Effect	This is another term for the phi phenomenon that movement is perceived without it actually being there.	77
7330676631	Binocular Cues	These needs both eyes to be detected.	78
7330678077	Retinal Disparity	This is the binocular cue of perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes and computing distance.	79
7330681831	Convergence	This is the binocular cue that as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on it.	80
7330687751	Color Constancy	This is the ability to perceive colors of objects with a variance of light sources.	81
7330693449	Vomernasal Organ	This is the part of the olfactory system that is sensitive to pheromones.	82
7330699449	Proprioceptive Senses	These are the sensory systems that allow us to know about where we are and what each part of our body is doing.	83
7330703849	Weber's Law	This refers to the fact that it takes 10% or higher difference to notice a difference, not the amount per se.	84
7330709597	Fechner, Stevens, Weber	These are the three psychologists that created principles upon the difference threshold. (alphabetically)	85
7330713496	Boiled Frog Syndrome	This is a metaphor for our inability to react to gradual big changes.	86
7330719065	Prosopagnosia	This is the inability to recognize faces.	87
7330717097	Perceptual Set	This refers to the influence of prior assumptions and expectations on perceptual interpretations.	88
7330720759	Umami	This is the taste that recognizes a meaty texture.	89
7330724978	Parapsychology	This is a field of psychology that seeks to scientifically explain what it currently cannot.	90
7330729759	Koffka, Kohler, Wertheimer	These were early pioneers in Gestalt Psychology. (alphabetically)	91
7330737539	Transduction	This is the term for when sensory information becomes a neural impulse.	92
7330739759	Phi Phenomenon	This is the perception of motion when there is none.	93
7330746297	Psi Phenomenon	This is the term for puported paranormal happenings that include ESP and PK.	94
7330751711	Pareidolia	This is seeing meaning where there is no meaning.	95
7330753313	Opponent Process	This theory holds that when one color cone is stimulated, the opposite color cone is inhibited, which explains afterimages.	96
7330765429	Cocktail Party Phenomenon	This refers to the fact that we can listen to one conversation among many; a type of selective attention.	97
7330767879	Stroop Effect	This refers to the difficulty many people have in reading the words for colors when the font of the color is different from the word written.	98
7330772284	cold, pain, pressure, hot	These are the four somatosensations (alphabetically)	99
7330774376	Figure Ground Relationship	This refers to the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.	100
7330776576	Cochlea Implant	This is a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.	101
7330780829	Law of Pragnanz	This is the Gestalt rule that the simplest, most obvious option is what we tend to see.	102
7330782979	ROY G BIV	This is the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, red, orange, etc..	103
7330789719	Papillae	These are the bumps on your tongue that have taste buds on them.	104
7330793232	10	According to Weber's Law, for a difference threshold to be reached it requires what percent change?	105
7330796973	Absolute Threshold	The weakest signal we can detect with any of our senses at least half of the time is known as what?	106
7330803127	Binding Problem	This is the combination of individual sensations into one percept.	107
7330808943	Hearing, sight, touch	These are the energy senses (generic and alphabetical)	108
7330810309	Smell, taste	These are the chemical senses (generic and alphabetical)	109
7330812562	Short	This wavelength has a blueish hue and produces high pitched sounds.	110
7330815257	Long	This wavelength has a reddish hue and produces low pitched souonds.	111
7330816159	Ganzfeld Procedure	This is the lab procedure used to test for ESP by reducing sensory distractors.	112
7330817946	Accomodation	This is the term for when the lens changes shape to focus.	113
7330820685	Decibels	The loudness of hearing is measured in what?	114
7330821987	85	Any prolonged sound over this decibel level will cause hearing loss.	115
7330828453	Vanishing Point	This is the spot where the two rails of a railroad track appear to touch in the distance.	116
7330831191	Dishabituation	This is when even a small change can get you to notice something you had become habituated to.	117
7330835291	Parietal Lobes	The somatosensory cortex is located where?	118
7330836677	Touch	The somatosensory cortex processes what sense?	119
7330838399	Volley	This is the theory that the cochlea combines multiple stimuli to process high frequency sounds that are too frequent for neurons to process.	120
7330842425	Learning Based Inference	This is the idea that we see what we expect to see.	121
7330844281	Herman von Helmhotz	Came up with learning based inference, trichromatic theory, place theory, and Herman's Grid.	122
7330853040	Law of Similarity	Gestalt principle that like objects will be perceived as being in the same group.	123
7330854530	Law of Proximity	Gestalt principle that objects that are closed together will be grouped together.	124
7330857727	Law of Common Fate	Gestalt principle that when all components of an element move together or blend together, they'll be grouped together.	125
7330866558	Continuity	Gestalt idea that objects that create a continuous for will be grouped together.	126
7330869922	Closure	Gestalt idea that we fill in gaps if we recognize them.	127
7330872881	Synesthesia	This is a joining of specific senses.	128
7330876947	Size Constancy	This refers to how we continue to see a person or object as the same size, even though context or distance may make them appear larger or smaller.	129
7330880134	Connectiveness	Gestalt idea that objects that are connected will be perceived as related.	130
7330885715	Relative Height	Monocular cue that says that things higher in our range of vision seem further away.	131
7330888780	Relative Size	Monocular cue that the largest of two of the same objects is closest.	132
7330891018	Interposition	Monocular cue that a nearer object will overlap an object further in the distance.	133
7330893273	Linear Perspective	Monocular cue that parallel lines converge in the distance.	134
7330895159	Relative Motion	Monocular cue that things that are closer are faster.	135
7330896477	Motion Parallax	Monocular cue associated with depth perceptional offers perceptual clues about distance and motion	136
7330899812	Texture Gradient	Monocular cue that things are coarser the closer they are.	137
7330904506	Ponzo Illusion		138
7330903440	Muller-Lyer Illusion		139
7330904507	Herman's Grid		140
7330906449	Kanizsa's Triangle		141
7330906450	Motion Perception	This is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based upon visual, vestibular, and propioceptive inputs.	142
7330927087	Sensation	This is your window to the world.	143
7330927957	Perception	This is interpreting what comes in your window.	144
7330929919	Sensory Deprivation	Shown in Blakemore and Cooper's kitten experiment where one aspect of sense was stripped away.	145
7330936487	Selective Attention	This is the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	146
7330937846	Subliminal Stimulation	This is below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness and the feelings are fleeting and subtle.	147
7330941646	Ambiguous	There are different answers for what lies in these images.	148
7330944960	Poggendorff Illusion		149
7330947498	Ergonomics	This is a subcategory of human facts that focuses on the design of equipment in accordance to human capabilities and limitations.	150
7330953230	Brightness	This is the result of the fact that a wave gives us it's intensity.	151
7330955553	Ishihara Color Blindness Test		152
7330957637	Afterimage	These occur when our photoreceptors (cones) adapt from over stimulation and lose sensitivity.	153
7330960856	Frequency	This is the number of complete wavelengths that pass through a point at a give time; determines pitch	154
7330963555	Amplitude	Determined by the height of a wave; it is how loud the sound is; measured in decibels	155
7330964431	Pitch	Determined by the frequency of the wave	156
7330968534	Sound Localization	This is the ability to listen and identify the location/distance of the detected sound.	157
7330970715	Haptic Perception	This is the recognition of objects by touch.	158
7330972580	Melzak and Wall	Created the Gate Control Theory of Pain	159
7330972582	Telepathy	This is the idea of mind to mind communication.	160
7330985180	Clairvoyance	This is the idea of perceiving remote events.	161
7330986314	Precognition	This is the idea of perceiving future events.	162
7330987150	ESP	This is part of the Psi Phenomenon stationed in telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance.	163
7330989722	Psychokinesis	This is part of the Psi Phenomenon that believes in mind over matter and the ability to move external things.	164

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AP World History Vocab Flashcards

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9915119716	Humanism	An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements	0
9915119717	Michelangelo	Painted the Sistine Chapel	1
9915119718	Brunelleschi	The artist and architect credited with discovering linear perspective	2
9915119719	Leonardo da Vinci	Artist who used dissection to draw the human body	3
9915119720	Donatello	Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)	4
9915119721	Johannes Gutenberg	Invented the printing press	5
9915119722	Printing Press	a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.	6
9915119723	Machiavelli	Wrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes	7
9915119724	Erasmus	In Praise of Folly, well-known learned man, counseled kings and popes	8
9915119725	Sir Thomas More	writer in Renaissance; wrote "Utopia", a perfect society	9
9915119726	William Shakespeare	English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)	10
9915119727	Martin Luther	German monk, questioned the Roman Catholic Church, was excommunicated. Wrote the 95 theses	11
9915119728	Calvinism	A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.	12
9915119729	King Henry VIII	Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce. Was excommunicated by the Pope.	13
9915119730	Church of England	The Anglican church, which unites church and state under the monarchy.	14
9915119731	Protestant Reformation	A split in the church caused by corruption in the church	15
9915119732	Catholic Reformation	Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.	16
9915119733	Ignatius Loyola	Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.	17
9915119734	Jesuits	members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola	18
9915119735	Medici	aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century	19
9915119736	Van Eyck	The Mystic Lamb (using oils)	20
9915119737	Albrecht Durer	German painter who combined Italian and Northern Renaissance art techniques	21
9915119738	Indulgences	pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment	22
9915119739	Pope Leo X	pope who condemned Luther for heresy and later excommunicated him	23
9915119740	Lutheran	A member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.	24
9915119741	John Calvin	religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society	25
9915119742	Council of Trent	Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences	26
9915119743	Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe	27
9915119744	Galileo	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	28
9915119745	The Index	a list of banned heretical works	29
9915119746	Tycho Brahe	built an observatory and recorded his observations. provided evidence for Copernicus's theory	30
9915119747	Francis Bacon	developed the scientific method	31
9915119748	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	32
9915119749	Sir Isaac Newton	British scientist that developed the three laws of motion	33
9915119750	The Enlightenment	"Age of Reason" A movement that emphasized science and reason as the guides to life.	34
9915119751	Montesquieu	Government should be separated into branches to prevent one part from getting too much power	35
9915119752	Voltaire	Religion crushes the human spirit, one must cultivate ones own garden	36
9915119753	David Hume	Author of An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding	37
9915119754	Jean Jacques Rousseau	One finds freedom by sacrificing some individual rights for the common good	38
9915119755	Adam Smith	Seen as the Father of Capitalism. Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776.	39
9915119756	Cesar Beccaria	criminal justice, reform money system, greatest good for greatest number	40
9915119757	Immanuel Kant	knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences	41
9915119758	Mary Wollstonecraft	English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women	42
9915119759	Deism	belief in a God who created the world but has since remained indifferent to it.	43
9915119760	Thomas Hobbes	believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority	44
9915119761	John Locke	believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property	45
9915119762	Enlightened Monarchs	Fredrick of Prussia, Catherine of Prussia, Joseph of Austria	46
9915119763	Neoclassical Period	1750-1850 AD	47
9915119764	Prince Henry the Navigator	This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators	48
9915119765	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese - First European to sail around Africa to India.	49
9915119766	Christopher Columbus	He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.	50
9915119767	Treaty of Tordesillas	set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	51
9917199464	foraging societies	Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal	52
9927332543	pastoral societies	societies based around the domestication of animals	53
9927350381	Neolithic Revolution	The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.	54
9927350382	Agricultural Revolution	Another name for the Neolithic Revolution	55
9927350724	Sumerian Civilization	the first major Mesopotamian civilization; rose in southern Mesopotamia	56
9927566506	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	57
9927567884	Polytheism	The belief in many gods	58
9927596620	Ziggurat	A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians	59
9927596621	Babylon	an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.	60
9927590928	Code of Hammurabi	a written code of rules that guided the ancient society of Babylon; dates back to 1772 B.C.	61
9927619219	Hittites	Group of Indo-European peoples who occupied Anatolia and learned how to use iron in their weapons	62
9927621775	Assyrians	Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to establish an empire	63
9927632008	Nebuchadnezzar	Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon	64
9927639675	Persian Empire	a vast empire in the 400s B.C.E. that ruled over lands in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia	65
9927666296	King Menes	United Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty.	66
9927667203	Pharoah	a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political leader	67
9927668371	Hieroglyphics	An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds	68
9928225107	Queen Hatshepsut	First female Egyptian pharaoh who expanded Egyptian trade routes	69
9928225108	Indus Valley Civilization	Earl civilization that developed along the Indus River, starting in about 2500 B.C.	70
9928225109	Khyber Pass	gap in the Hindu Kush mountains which may have been used by migrants from the north of India	71
9928225395	Harappa	A major city of the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 BCE	72
9928229683	Mohenjo-Daro	Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system.	73
9928229684	Aryans	A member of the Indo-European people who crossed into India around 1500 BC, major influence on start of Hinduism	74
9928229685	Hinduism	A religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation	75
9935121909	Brahmans	a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood	76
9935121910	Shang China	contributed to the development of central government in China	77
9935121911	Patriarchal	male led society and household	78
9935121912	Zhou Dynasty	the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	79
9935121913	Mandate of Heaven	in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority	80
9935121914	Bureaucracy	A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials	81
9935121915	bureau	department	82
9935121916	Bantu Migrations	farmers and herders who migrated south and spread language and skills-1000BC - 1000AD	83
9935121917	Jenne-jeno	Largest and most fully studied of the cities of the Niger Valley civilization.	84
9935121918	Olmec	The 1st civilization known for sculpting huge stone heads.	85
9935121919	Chavin	Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E.	86
9935969922	Mauryan Empire	First empire in India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya	87
9935969923	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of the Mauryan Empire	88
9935969924	Asoka Maurya	This Maurya Emperor converted to Buddhism and ruled by its principles	89
9935969925	Buddhism	a religion founded in ancient India by the religious teacher Buddha	90
9935969926	Rock and Pillar Edicts	laws written by Ashoka reminding Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives	91
9935969927	Chandra Gupta the Great	The ruler who revived the Mauryan Empire under the Gupta Empire. Ruled from 375 to 415 CE.	92
9935969928	Gupta Empire	Second empire in India, founded by Chandra Gupta	93
9935969929	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West.	94
9935969930	Qin Dynasty	(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.	95
9935969931	Great Wall of China	a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	96
9935969932	Qin Shi Huang	Founder of the Qin dynasty; first emperor of China	97
9935969933	Legalism	a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes strict obedience to laws	98
9935969934	Han Dynasty	Chinese dynasty that ruled for most of the period from 202 B.C. to A.D. 220	99
9935969935	Xiongnu	A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China.	100
9935969936	Wu Ti	Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire	101
9946962275	Satrap	a subordinate ruler, often a despotic one.	102
9946962276	Great Royal Road	the longest road built by the Persian Empire; 1600 miles from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea	103
9946962277	Lydians	First people to come up with a coin system to conduct trade	104
9946962278	Phoenicians	A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks.	105
9946962279	Hebrews	the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)	106
9946962280	Polis	A city-state in ancient Greece.	107
9946962281	Athens	the capital and largest city of Greece	108
9946962282	Sparta	a greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors	109
9946962283	The Persian Wars	Series of conflicts between Persia and Greek city-states that resisted Persia's tyrannical rule.	110
9946962284	Golden Age of Pericles	period after the Persian wars where Greece was able to enter an age of prosperity and peace	111
9946962285	Delian League	Pact joined in by Athenians and other Greeks to continue the war with Persia	112
9946962286	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	113
9946962287	Plato	Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society	114
9946962288	Aristotle	A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato	115
9946962289	Homer	A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey	116
9946962290	Peloponnesian War	a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta	117
9946962291	Macedonia	An ancient kingdom north of Greece, whose ruler Philip II conquered Greece in 338 B.C.E	118
9946962292	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia	119
9946962293	Hellenism	the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization	120
9946962294	Patricians	The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.	121
9946962295	Plebeians	All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome	122
9946962296	Twelve Tables of Rome	Formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic; included the 5 Common Principles.	123
9946962297	Punic Wars	Wars fought between Rome and Carthage	124
9946962298	Hannibal	general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War	125
9946962299	First Triumvirate	60 BCE, unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus	126
9946962300	Caesar	an ancient Roman emperor	127
9946962301	Second Triumvirate	Octavian (Augustus), Marc Antony, Lepidus	128
9946962302	Octavius	Caesar's adopted son and appointed successor.	129
9946962303	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	130
9946962304	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	131
9946962305	Edict of Milan	313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire	132
9946962306	Wang Mang	Founded the Xin dynasty in 9 CE	133
9946962307	Diocletian	Roman emperor who divided the empire in two and oversaw the eastern part	134
9961000533	Moksha	Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism.	135
9961004911	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	136
9961004912	Therevada	Buddhists who practiced more traditionally during the 1st century AD were know as what?	137
9963294162	Hinayana	Another name for Theravada Buddhism	138
9963294163	Mahayana	newer type of Buddhism	139
9963294164	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.	140
9963294165	Quran	The holy book of Islam	141
9963294166	Five Pillars of Islam	Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage	142
9963294167	Mecca	the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace	143
9963294168	Medina	a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached	144
9963294169	Abu Bakr	First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad	145
9963294170	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	146
9963294171	Caliphate	Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.	147
9963294172	Umayyad Dynasty	- established by Mu'awiya (governor of Syria, cousin to Uthman	148
9963294173	Charles Martel	A Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France	149
9963294174	Dome of the Rock	mosque in Jerusalem; achitecture	150
9963294175	Shiite	A member of the branch of Islam that supports the descendants of Muhammad as his rightful successors	151
9963294176	Sunni	a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam	152
9963294177	Abbasid Dynasty		153

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AP world History Flashcards

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10829710718	Civilization	A new and particular type of human society made possible by the immense productivity of the agricultural revolution	0
10829710719	Quipu	An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.	1
10829710720	Son of Heaven	Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth.	2
10829710721	Oracle Bones	The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.	3
10829710722	irrigation	The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.	4
10829710723	Olmecs	(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion	5
10829710724	Uruk	an ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.	6
10829710725	Ziggurat	massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.	7
10829710726	Epic of Gilgamesh	The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.	8
10829710727	Mohenjo-Daro	Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.	9
10829710728	Harappa	a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan	10
10829710729	Social Heirachy	the division of society by rank or class	11
10829710730	Code of Hammurabi	the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety	12
10829710731	Ishtar	goddess of love and fertility and war	13
10829710732	Hatshepsut	Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.	14
10829710733	scribe	a person who writes things down	15
10829710734	Quin Shihuangdi	literally "first emperor from the Quin"; Shihuangdi (221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	16
10829710735	Determinism	the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will	17
10829710736	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	18
10829710737	Day of Judgement	A time when the world will end and every soul will be judged by God and rewarded or punished	19
10829710738	Hittites	The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy.	20
10829710739	hunter-gatherers	Food collectors rather than producers	21
10829710740	Paleolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	22
10829710741	Homo sapiens	A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.	23
10829710742	Blombos Cave	Dated to 77,000 years ago, a cave in South Africa where pieces of ochre with decoration were found.	24
10829710743	Neolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.	25
10829710744	Ice Age	A period of extremely cold temperatures when majority of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets.	26
10829710745	cave art	prehistoric art found in caves	27
10829710746	Venus figurines	Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, butts, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance	28
10829710747	Aboriginal Australians	hunter gatherers, ate most berries, roots, nuts, seeds, shoots, and leaves also used plants for medicine ate kangaroos, fish, waterfowl and small birds (Nomadic)	29
10829710748	Dreamtime	The native Australian Aborigines' belief about how they came to be (through stories, ceremonies, etc.)	30
10829710749	Pituri	addictive psychoactive drug	31
10829710750	Clovis point	one of the first clearly defined and widespread culture traditions associated with people who made a distinctive projectile point	32
10829710751	Moa	a large, extinct, flightless bird resembling the emu, formerly found in New Zealand.	33
10829710752	Kinship	Societies were small and range 25-50 people so all relationships were intensely personal and normally understood and normally understood in the terms of kinship	34
10829710753	Neanderthal man	human "ancestor" who was fully human but probably had rickets... "Flores man"	35
10829710754	Shamans	people believed to be especially skilled at dealing with the spirit world	36
10829710755	trance dance	An altered state of conscious with unusual dancing. Often accompanied with psychoactive drugs. Shamans would enter the dance to communicate with the spirit world or speak to ancestors	37
10829710756	ceremonial space	extended rituals of contemporary Australian Aborigines (sometimes lasted weeks). The presence of rock art deep inside caves and far from living space	38
10829710757	Animism	A non-sharp distinction between material and spiritual worlds	39
10829710758	global warming	Natural or human-induced increase in the average global temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface.	40
10829710759	Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)	Agricultural Revolution	41
10829710760	Agricultural Revolution	Deliberate cultivation of particular plants and animals	42
10829710761	animal domestication	taking animals from nature and raising them in a controlled environment for the benefit of human kind	43
10829710762	Xian	Along with the Loyang, capital of the Zhou dynasty.	44
10829710763	Banpo Village	A Neolithic site in the yellow river valley, east of xian, sharnxi, province in the people's republic of China	45
10829710764	Pastoralism	Used for or related to keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle	46
10829710765	Title societies	Enable men and woman of wealth and character to earn a serious of increasingly prestigious titles that set them apart from their communities	47

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AP Us History Flashcards

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10501224165	Isthmus	Land surrounded by water on 2 sides	0
10501225861	1,300's	14th century	1
10501226897	Misnomers	Someone/something that is named wrongly	2
10501227687	Nomadic	People who move around a lot	3
10501228652	Sedentary	People who stay in the same area	4
10501233105	Circa (C. 1592)	Around the year of ...	5
10501233663	catholic	Found everywhere/Universal	6
10501235922	Catholic	The church	7
10501237809	democrat	Someone who believes in democracy	8
10501252406	Democrat	A supporter of democracy, and a Member of the Democratic Party	9
10501238483	Agrarian	Farmer	10
10501239015	Anti-Bellium	Before America	11
10501239909	Mestizo	Half Spanish + half Indian	12
10501242519	Contigous	Touching	13
10501245794	Anglican	People who go to the Church of England or the Anglican Church	14
10501248314	NA or N/A	Native Americans	15
10540840550	B.C.	Before Christ	16
10540843080	A.D.	Anno Domoni	17
10540843747	BCE	Before Current Era	18
10540844570	C.E	Current Era	19
10540846210	Arcapellago	Group of Islands	20
10540846821	Pennisula	Land surrounded by water on 3 sides	21
10540850209	Pistine	Untouched	22
10540851164	English Sea-Dogs	English captains	23
10540863243	Prize	Ships	24
10540863812	Merchant Ships	Ship that carries stuff/merchandise	25
10540865166	1491	Pre-Columbian Era	26
10540866342	That Smarts	That hurts	27
10540866993	Armada	Large groups of something	28
10540866994	Lumbering	Big and slow	29
10540867405	Lithe	Quick and alive	30
10540869989	English Channel	A thin body of water between England & France	31
10540870554	Joint-Stock Company	"A corporation"	32
10540871734	VCL	The Virginia Company of London	33
10581766698	Labor intensive	production that uses a large amount of labor	34
10581769028	Cure	Dry out	35
10581771706	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Upper Middle Class Businessmen (Plantations)	36
10581778711	precedent	Important decisions & rules	37
10581786660	Indentured Servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years (7 years)	38
10581791574	Headright System	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	39

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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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6663958559	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
6663958560	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
6663958561	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
6663958562	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
6663958563	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	4
6663958564	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
6663958565	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
6663958566	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
6663958567	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
6663958568	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
6663958569	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
6663958570	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	11
6663958571	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	12
6663958572	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	13
6663958573	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	14
6663958574	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	15
6663958575	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	16
6663958576	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	17
6663958577	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	18
6663958578	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	19
6663958579	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	20
6663958580	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	21
6663958581	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	22
6663958582	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	23
6663958583	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	24
6663958584	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	25
6663958585	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	26
6663958586	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	27
6663958587	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	28
6663958588	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	29
6663958589	Aqueduct	A structure that carries water over long distances	30
6663958590	Colosseum	A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place	31
6663958591	Indian Ocean Maritime System	The Indian Ocean Maritime had been made possible by transactions between the Mediterranean Basin and the Indian Ocean Basin. The Indian Ocean Maritime allowed for cheaper transportation and the increased abundance of products that could be shipped.	32
6663958592	Trans-Saharan Trade Route	gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam; land trade	33
6663958593	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	34
6663958594	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	35
6663958595	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	36
6663958596	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	37
6663958597	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	38
6663958598	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	39
6663958599	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	40
6663958600	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	41
6663958601	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	42
6663958602	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	43
6663958603	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	44