AP World History Chapter 9 Notes Flashcards
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| 5753141749 | Pre-Islam Arabia | Nomadic peoples of Arabian Peninsula, Bedouins, were made of independent clans and tribes who engaged in bitter blood feuds with each other. They believed in a variety of Gods, with Allah being the main head god. They valued bravery, loyalty, and hospitality. By 600 CE, saw Allah was main God and by some the only God and saw Allah as the same god as Jewish Yahweh and saw themselves as "sons of Abraham." - Exposure to other monotheistic religions. Very diverse due to proximity to Persia and Byzantine Empires and trade routes. | 0 | |
| 5753141750 | Mecca | Religious capital of Kaaba (prominent religious shrine in Arabia, which housed the representations of 360 deities and was a the destination of religious pilgrimages). Controlled by Quarash tribe who collected taxes on traveling pilgrims. Very diverse due to pilgrimages. Birthplace of Muhammad | 1 | |
| 5753141751 | Muhammad Ibn Abdullah | 570-632 CE Born in Mecca to Quraysh family who died when he was young. Worked as a shepherd and trader. Deeply troubled by religious corruption and inequalities in Mecca. Meditated and believed that he was Allah's messenger to the Arabs. Beginning in 610, had revelations over 22 years about Allah and this became the scriptures of Quran. | 2 | |
| 5753141752 | Quran | Religious text of Islam. Recorded the revelations of Muhammad's meditations and conversations with God. States that Allah is only god - monotheistic. Draws heavily on Jewish and Christian traditions and monotheism. Muhammad is Allah's final prophet - the Seal of the Prophets. | 3 | |
| 5753141753 | Why was Islam better than others in their mind? | Believed that Jews wrongly conceived of themselves as uniquely "chosen people", Christians turned their prophet into a god, and Arabs were polytheistic - all of which were wrong and needed to be corrected in eyes of Muhammad and Islam. | 4 | |
| 5753141754 | Umma | A new and just community, bound by a common belief rather than by territory, language, or tribe. Requires submission to Allah. Submission is not just individual or spiritual act, but the creation of a new society. This should replace tribal, ethnic, and racial identities. | 5 | |
| 5753141755 | 5 Pillars of Islam | 1. There is no god by Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of God. 2. Ritual prayer, performed 5 times a day including cleansing, bowing, kneeling and prostration to remind them they are living in the presence of God. 3. almsgiving - believers must give generously to poor and to community. 4. Month of fasting - Ramadan - abstaining from food, drink, and sex from first light of day to sundown. 5. pilgrimage to Mecca, known as hajj. People from all over, all where white and perform acts of islam. | 6 | |
| 5753141756 | "6th Pillar" or Jihad | Means "the struggle." Interior personal effort of each believer against greed and selfishness, a spiritual striving toward living a God-centered life. Lesser form means "jihad of sword." Quran promotes armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil, establishing Muslim rule, and defending umma from threats of infidel aggressors. | 7 | |
| 5753141757 | Spread of Islam | Muhammad received opposition from wealthy Mecca including Quraysh. Moved to Yathrib (now Madina) where he created his umma. A kind of super tribe that did not require anything other than faith to be a member - allowed rapid expansion of community - Muhammad is leader. Opposed by some Jewish communities, which Muhammad reacted strongly to by exiling, enslaving and killing them. Changed prayer direction from Jerusalem to Mecca. Spread with Muhammad's power and new Arab alliances with Muhammad. Aided by Muhammad's military pursuits, no professional clergy, no distinction between religious law and civil law (sharia). | 8 | |
| 5753141758 | Sharia | A religious law and civil law that developed over several centuries following Mohammad. Islam rules and regulates every aspect of life (both religious and non-religious). | 9 | |
| 5753141759 | Hijra | "The Journey" from the first migration of Mohammad and his people from Mecca to Medina. | 10 | |
| 5753141760 | Summary of The Birth of New Religion | Muhammad was born in Mecca. Disillusioned with greed, went to meditate. Believed he was last prophet of Allah and spoke for god. Through his revelations, he gained followers. He took his followers to Medina where he created a umma, a community of those who believe. He established the 5 pillars of islam. The religion spread rapidly throughout the Arab world. | 11 | |
| 5753141761 | Conquest and Spread of Islam | The spread of Islam was supported by the organization of Arab tribes, no longer performing small tribal raids, but organized together under umma and Islam, attacking and conquering neighboring kingdoms of Byzantine and Persia. | 12 | |
| 5753141762 | Battle of Talas | A Battle between China and Arab (Islamic) forces. Important because through its defeat of Chinese forces, it stopped further Chinese expansion to the west and converted Asia's Turkic-speaking people to Islam. | 13 | |
| 5753141763 | Conquest Supported by Merchants | Wealthy merchants support Arab conquest because it put control of trade routes in their care. | 14 | |
| 5753141764 | Religious Tolerance of Conquered Peoples | Early in Islam, there was religious tolerance for Christians, Jews, and monotheistic arabs. All said to be "believers." Formal treaties recognized Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as "people of the book" and were considered "dhimmis", a second class citizen but protected. Not allowed to be in military service and had to pay additional taxes. | 15 | |
| 5753141765 | Common beliefs of Christians, Jews, and Islam that led to increased Islamic conversion | Things that led to conversion of Jewish, Christian and similar communities: Idea of heaven, hell and final judgment along with monotheism, and prayer rituals. Sponsorship of a powerful state that could conquer or go to war. Success in war led some to believe Muslim god more powerful. Avoidance of paying for tax of "non-believers." | 16 | |
| 5753141766 | Spread of Islam in Persia | Adopted Islam without becoming "Arab." Maintained their language (Farsi) and their identity from pre-Islam. Shahmama (the Book of Kings) is a book written about pre-Islamic history of Iran written in 1010. It is an example of how Iran maintained its cultural identity. | 17 | |
| 5753141767 | Spread of Islam and Arabic culture in Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa | As Islam spread so did Arabic culture, with the adoption of Arabic as a language. | 18 | |
| 5753141768 | Sunni Muslim | Saw that the caliphs (leaders) were rightful military and political leaders selected by the Islamic community. Believed that religious authority emerged from larger community, especially from religious scholars known as ulama. | 19 | |
| 5753141769 | Shia Muslim | Branch of Islam that felt the rightful leadership in the Islamic world should derive from Ali and Husain, blood relatives of Muhammad. Shia's have often seen themselves as minority. They are the "defenders of the oppressed and critics of wealth and power." They embraced a messianic element believing their dead leaders were actually in hiding and not dead. | 20 | |
| 5753141770 | Division of Islam after death of Muhammad | After Muhammad's death, there was a lot of different opinions on who caliph's (leaders of umma) would be. The first caliph of umma (known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs) were close companions of Muhammad and were immediately faced with rebellion. The last two were assassinated. This caused the split of Sunni and Shia Muslims. | 21 | |
| 5753141771 | Umayyad Family | Ruled Islam after the Rightly Guided Caliphs from 661 to 750 CE). Arab empire grew under their leadership Caliphs became hereditary rulers rather than selected. Shia viewed Umayyad as illegitimate usurpers and many saw them as corrupt. Moved capital from Medina to Demascus | 22 | |
| 5753141772 | Abbasids | Replaced the Umayyads as the ruling group when Umayyads were overthrown. Moved capital to Baghdad. Political unity was short lived and military commanders asserted autonomy of their regions dividing into "Sultanates" ruled by Persoan or Turkish military dynasties. Overthrown in 1258 | 23 | |
| 5753141773 | Sufis | Another branch of Islam that has been incorporated into other two parts. Sufis seek a direct and personal experience with the Divine. They are a more mystical branch of Islam. They disapproved of the corruption of government and worldly success. Often challenged the religious authority of the Ulama Mystical strain of Islam that emphasizes attaining union with Allah through discipline and spiritual exercises | 24 | |
| 5753141774 | How Women's rights improved in Islam | Men and women were equal in spiritual life. Female infanticide (killing of female babies) was forbidden. Women were given control over property, dowries, and inheritance (but at 1/2 the amount of males) Marriage by capture was illegal. Divorce was available, but more to men. Men had to treat each of their wives equally. Sufi sects allowed women to take part in holy orders. | 25 | |
| 5753141775 | How Women's rights were weakened in Islam | Some of the negative practices against women were brought in from cultures absorbed by Islam and are not directly Islam. Women couldn't take multiple husbands as before, but men could take up to 4 wives. Men could have sex with slaves. In the beginning, women were not veiled and could be in the presence of men in mosques to pray. During the second Caliph, Umar, said women must pray at home. Veiling became standard practice and seclusion in the home among upper classes. During Caliph Mansur (754-775) made separate bridges for men and women. Honor killings were permitted for women violated sexual taboos. Genital cutting and mutilation was performed. Hadiths - traditions about the sayings or actions of Muhammad, - presented women as weak and deficient - seen in adam and eve story. | 26 | |
| 5753141776 | Summary Making of an Arab Empire | After the death of Mohammad, Islam was able to spread through the conquest and war. The conquered people were allowed to practice Christianity and Judaism, as second class citizens who had to pay additional taxes. However, these areas had a lot of conversion. There was a rise in two main types of Islam, Sunni, who thought that rulers should be military leaders, and Shia, who thought rulers should be blood relatives of Muhammad. Also had rise of Sufis, a more mystical version of Islam. Like Buddhism and Christianity, women had rights int he beginning, but they eroded over time and were viewed as subordinate to men. | 27 | |
| 5753141777 | Islam in India | Invasion by Turks brought Islam to India beginning around 1000. Turks ruled the northern parts of India, but were not able to fully convert Islam - only 20 to 25% of country. Sufis had more success as it was closer to view of Hinduism as "God Filled Men" not materialistic. Muslims ruled India until British takeover. Never could convert because of fundamental differences between Islam and Hinduism (see below). Muslims ruled India, but were a small minority with power. | 28 | |
| 5753141778 | Islam vs. Hinduism/Buddhism | Muslims believe all believers are equal. Hindus believe in caste system. Sexual modesty of muslims differed from open eroticism of Hindu religious art. Muslim was monotheistic and Hinduism was polytheistic. | 29 | |
| 5753141779 | Sikhism | A new religion that developed in India in sixteenth century. A combination of the monotheistic views of Islam with the idea karma and rebirth of Hindu. Believed in one god. | 30 | |
| 5753141780 | Islam in Anatolia | Now where modern day Turkey is. Were Greek-speaking Christian population governed by Byzantine empire. Invaded and conquered by Turkic Invasion. Began as a violent invasion. Was very successful in bringing Islam to Anatolia with 90% of the area becoming Muslim. | 31 | |
| 5753141781 | Difference between Islam conversion in Anatolia vs. India | More conversion in Anatolia because Christianity monotheistic and Sufi said it was two versions of same religion. Many Turkic speaking peoples already lived there and the language was more easily adopted. Disruption of Anatolian culture was more extensive and brutal than India when invaded. Christians were forced to wear special clothes and pay taxes and were forbidden to ride horses or carry swords. Rewards were given to converts. Sufis established schools , orchards, hospitals, and rest places for travelers. | 32 | |
| 5753141782 | How was Islam different in Anatolia vs. Arab | Islam was distinctly Turkish, not arab. Spoke Turkish. Had dances and rituals that were Turkish. Women were more free than in Arab dominated areas. Arabs looked down on the freedoms of Women. | 33 | |
| 5753141783 | Islam in West Africa | Spread of Islam in West Africa came from merchants across Sahara. It was a slow spread, peaceful and voluntary, without invading armies. It was more scholarly, and Sufis did not have as big a role as they did in Anatolia and India. Mostly found in urban areas and practiced by monarchs and elites, but was not practiced by lower people and outlying agricultural peoples. Included Mali, Ghana, Songhai and others. Mixed aspects of African culture and Islam - women more freedom and still performed rituals for monarchs. | 34 | |
| 5753141784 | Women and Islam in West Africa | Women had more freedom in West Africa than in Arab Islam. Women would mingle with unrelated men and in a state of little dress. | 35 | |
| 5753141785 | Islam in Spain | Conquered by the Arab and Berber forces in early 8th century. Was considered a place of harmony and tolerance for much of Islam's rule. Allowed religious freedom of Christianity and Judaism. Astronomy, architecture, medicine, and arts were advanced. In Golden Age of Muslims in Spain under Abd al-Rahman III (912-961) was one of mixing of Christians and Muslims, who would marry each other and Christians began adopting Muslim practices such as veiling women. Christians still second-class citizens and tolerance began to erode. More puritanical forms of Islam migrated from North Africa. Under rule of al-Mansur (981-1002) persecution of Christians began. Couldn't interact with Muslims and homes must be lower than Muslims and they could only live in certain places. | 36 | |
| 5753141786 | Christian conquest of Spain | After 1200, Christian reconquest began. It was completely taken over by 1492 with the crowning of Ferdinand and Isabella. Muslims were forced to emigrate. Those who remained could worship Islam but couldn't make converts, calls to prayer, or pilgrimage. All Jews were emigrated forcibly. | 37 | |
| 5753141787 | Summary of Islam and Cultural Encounter; A Four-Way Comparison | Both Anatolia and India were conquered by the Turks. However, India was barely converted, with only the new rulers practicing Islam. Most people of India remained Hindu, mainly because of the great differences between the two. In Christian Anatolia, the conquests was more brutal and because of the similarities between Christian and Islamic religions, most of Anatolia fell under Islam. In West Africa, the spread was slow and voluntary, mainly in the urban centers among elites and monarchs. Retained parts of African culture. In Spain, it began harmonious with Christianity, but that eroded and eventually muslims were conquered by Christians and expelled from Spain (Iberian Peninsula). | 38 | |
| 5753141788 | Islam as a New Civilization and Threats to New Islam | Unlike China, Islam was a civilization that operated without a political center and was instead a group bound by religious culture and not a shared state. Two major threats were the Mongols during the 13th century and Christian Crusaders during the 12th and 13th century. Of the two, the Mongols were the more serious threat. | 39 | |
| 5753141789 | Ulama | They were the most learned scholars of Islam. They served as judges, interpreters, administrators, prayer leaders, and reciters of the Quran, and uphold Sharia Law. | 40 | |
| 5753141790 | Islam Network of Faith aiding in its spread | The Ulama were the international elite who set up schools and education in Islam and served to bind the large new Islamic culture. Sufi Shaykphs, or teachers, also attracted groups of disciples to teach their devotional techniques. Sufis would follow the military and come in behind the conquests to convert. They were effective because their mystical and devotional techniques often more closely resembled the religious practices of conquered peoples. Also, the practice of pilgrimage allowed the network of faith to increase as they all came together in Mecca. | 41 | |
| 5753141791 | Networks of Exchange aiding in its spread | Mohammad was a trader and so support for traders in the Muslim culture was high and commerce was valued. Muslim merchants were prominent and dominant players in the world's trade routes. This allowed the exchange of technology as well, including crops from India and China to the Islamic world along with better irrigation techniques which increased agricultural production and thus population. Also, paper making techniques. Also knowledge spread, as Islam valued wisdom and knowledge, and included astronomy, mathematics (algebra), medicine and pharmacology. | 42 | |
| 5753141792 | Summary of The World of Islam as a New Civilization | Islam spread quickly through conquest and conversion aided by the ideas of Sufis. Ulama held together the newly formed civilization through laws and order. The religion and culture were easily spread through the trade networks that were dominated by muslim merchants. This allowed the movement of other ideas such as agricultural practices, astronomy, mathematics, and the medicine. | 43 | |
| 5753148681 | Umayyad caliphate | Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 750 CE | 44 | |
| 5753149810 | Abbasid caliphate | Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, when the Mongols sacked Baghdad. Replaced the Umayyads. | 45 | |
| 5753155163 | Sharia Law | Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life | 46 | |
| 5753159885 | Caliph | A spiritual leader of Islam, claiming succession from Muhammad. | 47 | |
| 5753190446 | Al-Rahman III | The Emir and Caliph of Córdoba of the Umayyad dynasty. Ascended the throne in his early 20s, and reigned for half a century as the most powerful prince of Iberia. Allowed Christians and Muslims to mingle and marry. Rule lasted (912-961). | 48 | |
| 5753179956 | Al-Mansur | The second Abbasid Caliph reigning from 981 AD to 1002 AD and succeeding his brother Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah. Persecuted the Christians in Spain, not allowing them to interact with Muslims. | 49 | |
| 5753356305 | Medina | Celebrated as the place from which Muhammad conquered all of Arabia after his flight from Mecca (622 ce), and a pilgrimage is made to his tomb in the city's chief mosque. Only Muslims are allowed to enter the city. | 50 | |
| 5753359026 | Seljuk Turks | A major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. Migrated from the north Iranian provinces in Central Asia into mainland Iran formerly known as Persia. Captured Baghdad in 1055 and in 1071 defeated the Byzantine empire. | 51 | |
| 5753449064 | Ottoman Turks | Serves as vassals of the Seljuk Turks as early as the 13th century. Conquered most of the Middle East during the 1300 and 1400's. Settled in N.W. Asia minor (modern-day Turkey) and conquered South East Asia and what remained of the Byzantine empire. | 52 | |
| 5753416443 | Sulton Mehmet II | Captured Constantiople in 1453, signalling the end of the Byzantines. | 53 | |
| 5753511663 | Delhi Sultanate | A Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years. (1206-1520's) | 54 | |
| 5753541374 | Tamil kingdom | Developed on the Indian Ocean coast. Formed around 150 BCE and lasted for the next 2,000 years. | 55 | |
| 5753566267 | Timur | A Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. He was also the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty.a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. He was also the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty. | 56 | |
| 5753582316 | Indian Ocean Trade Network | Africa: ivory, animal hides, timber, gold, and slaves Middle East: textiles, carpets, glass, horses India: precious gems, elephants, salt, cotton Sri Lanka: cinnamon Indonesia: other spices, exotic woods China: silk, porcelain, paper Japan: Silver | 57 |
