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AP world history exam Flashcards

9872193290	Jomon	first japanese settlements	0
8365143129	nomad	a person or a group of people that does not stay in one place and changes position to follow a food source	1
8365157420	peopling of the world	early hominids left africa by crossing straits between ethiopia, yemen, oman, iran. Sailed to Australia. Travelled to china and europe	2
8365207053	pastoralism	a branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock	3
8365222022	cuneiform	one of the earliest systems of writing invented by the sumarians wedge shaped marks on clay tablets	4
8365267676	Code of Hammurabi	the Babylonian code of law for the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia strict and harsh	5
8365286327	Hinduism	an Indian religion and way of life polytheistic	6
8365323881	vedas	knowledge or truths	7
8365336148	Upanishads	writings that laid the foundation of monism apposed to polytheism proclaimed a transcendent 1st principle as universal truth	8
8365367927	1st principle of the Upanishads	attain unity by merging atman (self) brahman (universal self) to achieve salvation/ transcendence or moksha	9
8365386421	patriarchy	a social system in which males hold primary power and predominant roles in political leadership, moral authority, and social privilege	10
8365412430	Mandate of Heaven	allowed justification for a change in rule/ change in dynasties if the ruler has unjust moral order	11
8365444546	neolithic revolution	the transition from a hunter-gatherer society to an agricultural settlement society	12
8365463404	sumeria	the earliest known civilization in mesopotamia	13
8365477534	Babylonia	an ancient Anatolian people Had Hammurabi code	14
8374761370	Assyrians	ancient Mesopotamian civilization	15
8374790285	Persian Empire	a large empire in the area surrounding the Middle East	16
8374823396	Zoroastrianism	the national religion of the empire of Persia polytheistic	17
8374836484	Persian Administration	kings called shanishah or "king of kings" satraps collected taxes language was imperial arabic luxury trade created the "royal roads"- first highways	18
8374869502	Confucianism	one of the 3 major schools of thought created by Kong Futzi provides the basis for the bureaucracy and ideals for a perfect moral order for Chinese society	19
8374998180	Daoism	one of the 3 major schools of thought created by Laozi concept of Dao as the ordering principle of the universe no single path of action in tune with nature	20
8375066400	dao	the way	21
8375066402	legalism	most severe of major 3 schools a system of uniform laws based on absolute will of the ruler harsh, explicit laws state was all important	22
8375091824	Buddhism	founded by Siddhartha Gautama the middle way governed by the by the 4 noble truths one of the 3 major schools of thought traveled through trade appealed to many people	23
8379773527	4 noble truths	all life is suffering suffering arises from craving to stop suffering, one must stop craving one stops craving by following the eightfold path	24
8379821982	olmecs	early Mesoamerican civilization first tree tappers made basalt statues had glyphic writing had bloodletting for human sacrifice cannibalism	25
8379880662	Judaism	a monastic religion with the Torah as its foundational text were a widely persecuted group	26
8379947309	Christianity	a monastic religion that was widely adopted by many people to create one of the biggest regions known today	27
8380059975	Theravada Buddhism	the lesser vehicle a branch of buddhism that evolved in india but spread to Vietnam through missionaries	28
8383862476	mahayana budhism	the greater vehicle another branch of buddhism the largest and most widely used branch of buddhism	29
8383887645	Mauryan Empire	empire in India in which buddhism grew to full capacity thanks to Ashoka divided into 4 regional districts standardized weights and measures	30
8383887646	Shang China	hereditary kingship and social stratification	31
8383904009	Mohenjo- Daro and Harrapa	earliest Indus valley settlement harrapa in north, mohenjo-daro in south elaborated trade networks	32
8383980630	Ashoka	emperor of the Mauryan Empire a buddhist who vowed to rule his kingdom by right conduct alone practiced ahimsa-nonviolence ran a police state	33
8383998088	Gupta Empire	considered to be the classical age of Indian culture primary religion is hinduism science, poetry, and mathematics thrived	34
8384013745	Chandragupta I	first major ruler of the Gupta Empire	35
8384019074	Qin Shi Huang	the first emperor of China started the Qin dynasty had a legalistic based political system ordered the destruction of Confucian texts	36
8384031199	Xiongnu	a group of nomadic peoples who inhabited the eastern Asian steppe were the reason for the creation of the great wall	37
8384045622	Zhou dynasty	Chinese dynasty that conquered the Shang had 4 powerful states: Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu weak central government and rough balance of power among states when states began feuding, it started the warring states period	38
8384092414	Silk Route	expansion of maritime trade and spreading of chinese technology and products spread religions through trade	39
8384110890	Phoenicians	a civilization that inhabited the Mediterranean and were great ship men	40
8384155934	Persian wars with greece	persian monarchy waged war with greek city-states greeks unified and battled and defeated the persians at marathon and at salamis	41
8384183077	Solon	performed economic reforms that led to Athenian democracy in Greece	42
8384191154	Pericles	a Greek general during the Persian and Peloponesian wars	43
8384212591	Socrates	a Greek philosopher who is credited as being one of the founders of Western philosophy	44
8384264555	Plato	a philosopher who founded the academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning	45
8384280854	Aristotle	studied basically everything created Aristotelian logic	46
8384297627	Homer	author of the Iliad ad the odyssey, the central works of Greek literature	47
8384314154	peloponnesian wars	Athens vs Sparta sparta won	48
8384328815	Alexander the Great	son of Phillip of Macedonia defeated the Persian empire invaded and occupied India after death, generals divided empire amongst themselves	49
8384353889	Punic Wars	a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage Carthage was the Roman Empires biggest rival when they were trying to consolidate their power	50
8384370936	Constantine	a roman empire that made Christianity the state religion and declared the Nicene creed	51
8384406051	Nicene Creed	a symbol of faith where Jesus and God are the same being	52
8384415425	Islam	created by Muhammad a universal religion using the Q'uran as its central book	53
8384471989	Shia	believe that Ali was the rightful Caliph believe that a descendant to Muhammad should be the caliph	54
8384497561	Sunni	Believe that Islam should be under control of the Ulama (prayer leader) belive that Abu Bakr was rightful caliph	55
8384511524	Q'uran	Islamic book of the teachings of God	56
8384525782	hijra	the migration from Mecca to Medina by Muhammad Islamic calender starts at Mecca	57
8384541753	Pillars of Islam	Shahada: there is only 1 god and Muhammad is the prophet, profession of faith hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime salat: prayer 5 times toward Mecca zakat: giving to the poor sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan	58
8384580900	caliphate	a state under the state of an Islamic leader known as a caliph	59
8384597103	Umayyad Caliphate	Abd al-Malik proclaimed as first caliph unified under a central religion first caliphate after Muhammads death	60
8384612731	Abassid Caliphate	durring this caliphate it caused the Sunni, Shia split when Ali was killed and Abu Bakr assumed position as caliph sponsored academics	61
8384636493	Justinians Code	roman code of civil law	62
8385088694	Merovingians	established by Clovis a Frankish King adopted Christianity	63
8385114510	Carolingians	an aristocratic family, the carolingians took control of frankish lands had leaders such as Charles Martel and Peppin the short	64
8385139471	Charles Martel	carolingian king who defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours which made him the most powerful force in latin christiandom	65
8385152301	Pepin the Short	succeeded Martel and was crowned by pope as the king of the Franks his coronation started a Franco-Papal alliance kings call themselves "kings by the grace of god"	66
8385177544	feudalism	an economic governance system in which lords had control over land that which vassals worked on to get a share of the land	67
8385203530	chivalry	the medieval knighting system of moral, religious, and social order	68
8385221010	bubonic plague	a mass epidemic in which the virus yersinia pestis spread through flea, rat, and human transmission. spread through humans through trade and poor hygiene	69
8385668737	T'ang dynasty	golden age of Chinese History succeeded the Sui Dynasty based their government model off of the Sui	70
8385678105	Song dynasty	overcame regionalism and centralized authority traded with Japan, Philippians, and Indonesia	71
8385714057	Yuan dynasty	started by Khubilai Khan when he defeated song emperor adopted Chinese society to administer densely populated society regarded as Chinas darkest time	72
8385748013	Sufis	a branch of mystical islam	73
8385757865	rise of mongols	ruled by Ghengis Khan skilled horsemen and archers administered an immense area	74
8385776239	ottoman turks	replaced the Byzantine empire and was one of the longest lasting empires in history sustained by islam	75
8385812493	Vladimir of Russia	begining of russia as kievan rus, the first slavic state	76
8385829207	Charlemagne	inherited frankish crown from Pepin created the 1st unified Christian empire and largest empire since Rome highly centralized administration orchestrated educational reform crowned Holy Roman Emperor	77
8385863052	Vikings	were the first to visit the americas in canada	78
8385880040	Axum	in africa adopted christianity in the coptic church	79
8385970133	Lucy	the most compete pre-courser to the line that leads to humans	80
8385977812	paleolithic	the old stone age	81
8385984262	Acheulian toolmaking	a technique which consisted of flaking a hard piece of rock on both sides into a triangle shaped hand axe with cutting edges, a hand held side, and a point	82
8385997985	forager societies	the combination of the male dominated hunt with the communal gathering of vegetable foods gender equality was the norm	83
8386012057	grave sites and human culture	evidence of belief in another world	84
8386018992	Dreamtime	in Australian dreamtime shamans constructs an image of reality of the lineages origins and roots, going back to the time when the world was created	85
8386035766	Bradshaw cave paintings	australian rock paintings	86
8386043005	neanderthals	another human like species smaller and more heavily boned thought to be descended of homo erectus	87
8386057526	venus figurines	fertility symbols women have power by being connected to earth	88
8386065789	Beringia and most recent ice age	during the coldest period of ice age, glovbal sea levels dropped 450 feet land bridge connected indonesia to malasia, japan to korea, and asia to north america	89
8386086505	Clovis points	an advanced shaping of a tool	90
8386098600	Monsoons	fundamental to Indian agriculture	91
8386106454	Mehgarh	oldest neolithic site on Indian subcontinent	92
8386115415	Cotton	harappans were first to use cotton as clothing	93
8386121627	The swastika	originally a symbol of te vedic religion but was later converted to a symbol of hate by the Nazis	94
8386144818	vedic religion	writings in rig veda polytheistic	95
8386155307	phallic symbols	stones in the shape or means to evoke the male sex organ indian religion was uses a host of phallic images in shrines, rituals, and festivals	96
8386178459	Indo-Europeans	domesticated the horse migrated east and west across continent proto indo european language bronze age technology	97
8386193451	Rig Veda	dimension of spirituality known as knowledge or truths first religious text of India and maybe the world	98
8386215563	maharajas	kings of india	99
8386224371	Caste system	social organization based on occupation and social status	100
8386231959	Varna	4 main caste systems with many castes in between	101
8386237737	Dharma	the teachings what is morally right the duty of all people	102
8386248384	Bhagavad-Gita	poem about dharma, ones duty, and the proper role of a person	103
8386254965	Karma	residue of ones actions	104
8386260178	samsara	reincarnation or rebirth	105
8386265599	nirvana	the ultimate goal by following Dharma	106
8386271248	Isolation of China	chinas isolation from other civilizations facilitated cultural and political unification	107
8386285832	Yellow River	yellow river is unpredictable and altered known as Chinas sorrow	108
8386294895	wellfield system	taxing mechanism	109
8386325444	Sikhism	brings together elements of Hinduism and Islam	110
8386331590	Neo-Confucianism	blend of Confucianism Buddhism and Daosim practical and theoretical territorial expansion int japan and Korea	111
8386355840	Tea and silk	china and western relations silk desired as opposed to wool tea was healthy and made water safe to drink	112
8386367526	Marco Polo	went along the silk road to get to China	113
8386383232	Yalu River	forms part of the present dividing line with Manchuria Korea kingdom builds its own version of the great wall for Korea	114
8399888681	Zhu Yuanzhi and Ming dynasty	overthrew the mongol dynasty in china and inaugurated the ming dynasty made plans to include Korea	115
8399896088	influence of China on Korea	style and institutions highly centralized government chinese model of prefectures and districts uniform law code permanent hereditary class structure confucian exam structure for official class	116
8399929674	wellfield model	square area of land divided into 9 blocks 8 outer sections privately cultivated by serfs center section commonly cultivated for land owning serfs	117
8400103271	Han-gul style of Korean Writing	korean phonetic script written much simpler and closer to vernacular became language of commoners and women	118
8400129075	taika reform	beginning of Japanese imperial state expansion of multiple political groups and clans concept of mandate of heaven adopted a census was enacted mandating these changes Taiho code for the basis of Japanese law	119
8400194985	mandate of heaven in Japan	adopted so that the Japanese could overthrow the Sogas	120
8400203289	Shinto	national religion of Japan worship of the past many gods revered ancestors that were considered divine emperors ruled by divine right	121
8400220103	Evolution of Feudalism in Japan	military strength was diffusing from the court and capital into the countryside Uji assembled forces bureaucracy had become weaker as Uji asserted power wellfield system became a chronic problem court divided by factional disputes	122
8400237566	Kamikaze	mongols tried to invade Japan by sea but were stopped by a typhoon known as Kamikaze winds	123
8400246656	BUshido	the way of the warrior a strict system of loyalty and honor that must be upheld by the samurai	124
8400252987	seppuku	a form of japanese ritual suicide where a samurai was loyal to his daimyo till death	125
8400273354	Zen Buddhism	spread among the daimyo and the samurai seeks to achieve satori- a flash of enlightenment signaling the recovery of ones buddha nature lowly repetitive tasks like meditation and contemplating paradoxes	126
8400296092	Chinese influence on Vietnam	north vietnam incorporated into China under the Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Danh Bo linh first emperor of vietnam vietnam incorporated Chinese law codes, similar writing system, and government structures southern vietnam developed in a different way by adopted Therevada buddhism	127
8400322861	Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam	developed in the southern part of vietnam Yue became one of first outoposts outside of India through missionaries	128
8400336716	Confucian governance in Vietnamese villages	provincial governors, prefects, and magistrates that collected taxes	129
8400343927	Tam giao "the tree systems"	Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Daosim	130
8400356668	Vietnam fully sinicized	during Le dynasty Chinese law codes, dress histories, literary projects, writing styles, adopted	131
8400380183	Coptic Christianity	Christian church based in Egypt, Northeast Africa, and the Middle East	132
8400389815	Zagwe dynasty	Ethiopia political stability formed dominant royal power that continued the tradition of church sponsorship one of most productive agricultural regions in sub saharan africa ran by a king ruling by divine right with a confederation of provincial lords	133
8403123704	Conversion to islam through trade	Arabs driven by centralizing caliphs established trade contacts with the bantu speaking villagers in coastal East Africa Villagers adapted themselves to long distance trade and Islamic civilization	134
8403141406	Mali as a center of Trade	new gold fields produced long distance luxury trade financed itself with tax on trade and commerce	135
8403149619	Mansa Musa	the most famous ruler in Mali founded a college and a library as part of the Sankore Mosque	136
8403157184	Timbuktu	an immense trade outpost connecting many large cities flourished even when its imperial overlord, Mali, became more loosely organized	137
8403182581	Great Zimbabwe	primary source of income was cattle grain and regional trade Royal clans maintained small military force kingdoms collected tribute from outlying villages, but could not destroy chieftainships stable balance between kings and chiefs	138
8403451251	Zimbabwean kings	kings said to possess magical powers which entitled that only blood descendants could inherit the throne	139
8403451252	TRADE!!!!!	trade facilitated the spread of ideas and customs as well as facilitated the spread of goods	140
8439693335	aztecs	immense empire warrior-like nature state constantly at war lots of sacrifice to gods collapsed because of smallpox- brought by spaniards	141
8439703665	aztec religion	gods were bloodthirsty and required sacrificial rituals rulers were of divine being	142
8439707899	Inca`	isolated trading empire no fixation of war and sacrifice collapsed because of diseases- brought by Spaniards and because their territory was overextended	143
8439716672	incan religion	gods were protective of the societyq	144
8439723988	mayans	city states with imposing temple pyramids and palaces largest early center in mesoamerica kings were of divine being	145
8439741364	mayan calenders	260 day calendar 365 day calendar calendar round long count calendar	146
8439746375	mayan collapse	peasant revolts soil exhaustion disease drought cooler weather ideological fatigue	147
9871207468	Bureaucracy	Government by officials; a system of government or (in later use) administration by a hierarchy of professional administrators following clearly defined procedures in a routine and organized manner.	148
9871210539	Theocracy	A form of government in which God (or a deity) is recognized as the king or immediate ruler, and his laws are taken as the statute-book of the kingdom, these laws being usually administered by a priestly order as his ministers and agents; hence (loosely) a system of government by a sacerdotal order, claiming a divine commission; also, a state so governed: esp. applied to the commonwealth of Israel from the exodus to the election of Saul as king.	149
9871217937	Oligarchy	governed by the upper class/ wealthy	150
9871221415	Monarchy	Senses relating to exclusive sovereignty or rule by a single sovereign.	151
9871227316	Democracy	A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. By the people, for the people (elected president, three-part government).	152
9871230636	Republic	A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.	153
9871234637	Socialism	A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.	154
9871238288	Communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	155
9872202116	bantu migration	movement of the Bantu people with 400 spoken languages brought agriculture, cattle -raising, language, and disease	156
9872232538	Reconquista	started with the conquest of Granada Muslim territories reclaimed by the Spanish throne	157
9872403367	Spanish Inquisition	started by Ferdinand II and Isabella in Spain Enhanced political reforms religious reforms focused on education for the clergy and a stricter enforcement of the christian doctrine Muslims, Jews, and non Christians forced to convert of to leave	158
9872419544	Columbus	Sailed the ocean blue in 1492 endorsed by Queen Isabella to find a faster route to India Landed on the Bahama islands	159
9872428581	Vasco De Gama	Portuguese explorer who landed on Calicut	160
9872444727	Late Byzantium	conquered by the Ottomans last emperor was Constantine XI	161
9872454249	Rise of Habsburgs	daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand married a member of the Habsburg dynastic family their son Charles V inherited Spain and won title of emperor from the Pope Habsburgs and Ottomans renewed the Islamic-christian imperialism	162
9872466043	Colonialism	going to another place to take wealth	163
9872478149	Janissaries	Centrally paid infantry soldiers kidnapped at young age and raised Muslim and trained to fight for ottoman empire	164
9872492972	gun powder empires	Ottomans, Safavids, Muhgals	165
9872511361	extractive colony	primary use is to mine and to run plantations with slavery and the encomienda system to generate cash crops, gold, and silver	166
9872519842	missionary colony	Jesuits and the Franciscans came to convert and preserve native tradition was used for settling and learning.	167
9872531538	Holy Christian league	Phillip of the Habsburgs, the pope, Venice, and Genoa formed the holy christian league to destroy ottoman steam power	168
9880309880	moriscos	Iberian Muslims under the protection of the Ottomans	169
9880326993	Charles V centralized state	Spanish monarch derived revenue from tax farmers Muslims paid head taxes in cash landholders possessed legal right to inheritance and met in Spanish courts to enforce property rights	170
9880346074	mercantalism	an economic system and policy designed to enforce the most trade and accumulation of wealth in specie	171
9880356720	mercantalist powers	Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands	172
9880372761	Conquest of the Aztec Empire	Cortes of Spain reached the court of the Aztecs and was greeted by chief Montezuma, but Cortes put Montezuma under house arrest and massacred the Aztec people and the last Aztec chief.	173
9880392067	Conquest of the Inca Empire	smallpox ravaged the Inca Empire killing the emperor which lead to a war of succession leading to a new emperor which lead to Francisco Pizarro capturing and killing the last Inca emperor, thus paralyzing the entire empire.	174
9880421528	Spanish success in the Americas	conquistadors were at top of imperial pyramid and threw off court balance utilized indigenous religion introduced European diseases	175
9880435981	Spanish Colonial Institutions in the Americas	Spanish crown established administrative hierarchies with governors at the top Spanish expedition earned more from slavery than gold labor assignments established to phase out encomienda system	176
9880457673	creoles	People of direct Spanish descent born in the Americas created Oligarchies in the Americas	177
9880472000	the ming dynasty	founder was Hongwu rebuilt the economy because of the plauge, famine, and market collapse considered the Golden Age	178
9880494722	trade in the ming dynasty	trade was tightly controlled and regulated with sealed borders because of the fear of Europeans infecting Chinese society. Only foreigners able to come into china were missionaries	179
9880518839	Ming Dynasty government	diarchy- equal rule through a confederation	180
9880542150	Songhay Empire in Africa	successor of Mali leading clans converted to Islam Mali became vassal state of Songhay ended when Moroccan forces invaded	181
9880558019	Portuguese contact with Africa	occupied Moroccan part of Ceuta used slaves for the establishment of sugar plantations ruler of the Kongo converted to Christianity and established close relations with Portugal	182
9880577337	American Plantation Society	slave labor used to grow cash crops enslavement of Africans lead to the largest human migration in all of world history African slaves reduced to chattel status- an item of personal property the color line was born/ racism	183
9880592631	Caribbean plantations	because of the disappearance of Native Americans, the need for forced labor went up Spanish crown allowed to import slaves for gold mining it was economically more desirable to work slaves to death than to cultivate slave families	184
9880614886	Mercantilism in the Caribbean	Dutch, English, French, and Spanish all attacked each others colonies governments issued privateers granting permission to attack enemy ships	185
9880637408	The fatal triangle	goods were transported to Europe from the Americas, ships from Europe went to Africa to capture slaves, and from Africa the ships went to America to deposit the slaves.	186
9880651219	African Diaspora	slaves brought food, song, and culture with them from Africa that were adapted into American culture	187
9880665195	the empire of Timur	dominant religion was Islam founded by Timur Gurgan	188
9880677295	Timur Gurgan	founder of the Timur Empire wanted to create the next Mongol Empire believed he was guided by god	189
9880686049	Timur line in India	Zahir ud Din Muhammad Babur (Babur) claimed direct lineage to Timur and Genghis Khan lead successful conquests of the Hindu Rajputs (military) empire known as the House of Timur or the Mughals	190
9880727042	House of Timur	forced with the problem of consolidating the empire Baburs successor, Hamayun, not concerned with leadership and faced many hostile forces after his death, Hamayun, successed by Akbar	191
9880743812	Akbar	emperor of the Mughal Empire tried to reconcile the different religious traditions in his empire preached religious freedom tried to develop a new religion called din-i ilahi	192
9880832283	Taj Mahal	emperor Shah Jahan built an elaborate tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal when she died	193
9880837750	Muslim India Persionized	the shiite persians saw Mughal India as an outpost of culture and Mughal elites adopted Persian Culture, language, and religion	194
9880847315	Religious syncretism	the belief that anybody can practice whatever religion they want	195
9880859134	British East India Company	britain establsihed a naval port at Bombay and the Hugli river England required raw materials and sought out foreign markets in India	196
9880865425	Mughal political structure	Akbar created 4 principle ministries: taxation and revenue, legal and religious affairs, army and military, and royal household	197
9880880613	science and technology in Mughal Empire	Arabic numerals, Indian decimal system, pi to nine decimals, calculated elliptical orbits of visible planets	198
9880893983	artistic style of Mughal Empire	gouache style paintings: water colors with gum base combination of vibrant colors and delicate Persian miniature work	199
9880910594	Chinese style government	neo Confucian, centralized government with an emperor	200
9880917077	Japanese style government	descentralized, unstable Shogunate	201
9880922311	social structure of China	mobility within the ranks of society using confucian civil service exams	202
9880928982	Social structure of Japan	strict caste system	203
9880931411	Chinese and Japanese trade	closed off trade, although China was more receptive	204
9880945664	high level equilibrium trap	everything is equal but there is no trend of growth no side can win long periods of stagnation	205
9880952085	the banner system	Japanese 8 banner system for Manchu officials for taxation purposes each banner represented a military base	206
9880959740	Ming decline	periodic rebellion in the north Hideyoshi of Japan weakened military force Manchus captured capital and established Qing dynasty	207
9880974724	grand council	an advisory board to the emperor	208
9880981613	neo confucianism	combination of confucianism, daoism, and buddhism	209
9880984428	Bakufu	moving tent government in Japans shogunate	210
9881003041	Zibatsu	cartel of merchants in feudal japan	211
9881011088	causes of the American revolution	British taxation, dislike of monarchy, desire for independence, a defined middle class	212
9881024249	causes of the French revolution	crippling debt, dislike of monarchical life, food production couldn't keep up with growing population, didn't want a hereditary aristocracy	213
9881038201	3 estates	Clergy, aristocrats, and commoners the 3rd estate was the middle class	214
9881042342	Joseph Sieyes	a leader in the French Revolution	215
9881044702	3 phases of the French Revolution	1. constitutional monarchy: National Assembly issues the Declaration of the Rights of Man 2. radical Republicanism: revolutionaries couldn't establish a constitutional regime, government declared war on bordering neighbors, republicans disposed of the king 3. military consolidation: an emasculation of the committee of public safety	216
9881075505	Napoleon	Overthrew the ineffective Directory in France and ended the Revolution Reformed the French legal system ended by an alliance of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia	217
9881090660	Toussaint L'Ouverture	a leader in the Haitian revolution after the Government implied racist measure to deprive slaves of privileged.	218
9881099268	Haitian Revolution	Slaves brutally treated by French government that lead to a revolution	219
9884938201	main characteristics of the Haitian, French, and American revolutions	1. down with monarchy and hereditary aristocracy 2. defined middle class	220
9884944149	Enlightenment	European intellectual movement growing out of new sciences and based on Descartes concept of reality	221
9884951420	Rousseau	a believer in the religious morality of the masses imposed his social contract: humans have suffered a decline from their natural state ever since civilization has began	222
9884959017	Diderot	dealt with science, industry, commerce, freedome of though, slavery, and religious tolerance	223
9884964266	G Herder	argued for cultural nationalism responsible for the volkgeist	224
9884972007	cultural nationalism	holding pride in culture and believing every place has its own unique culture and that culture is defined by language	225
9884984023	Volkgeist	spirit of the people	226
9884987229	Bismark	forged the German state out of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire through the Franco-Prussian war	227
9884991436	Real politik	realist politics, like machiavelli, the ends justify the means	228
9884995389	Cavour/ Garabaldi	founders of Italy	229
9884998543	August Comte	founder of positivism	230
9885002135	positivism	all of knowledge has to be scientific opposite of Romantisism	231
9885004531	Romantisism	rejected rationalism and science and focused on literature, arts, and music	232
9885009802	Adam Smith	an economist philosopher wrote the Wealth of Nations and created an attack on Mercantalism	233
9885013580	Goethe	greatest German poet	234
9896520807	Downfall to the ottoman empire	insufficient tax revenue civil wars too much territory Napoleon Bonaparte captured Egypt never modernized	235
9896541174	Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander II	tried to bring Russia into the modern world Peter persecuted old believers of Russia Catherine introduced education to peasants	236
9896554044	October Manifesto	allowed the parliament of Russia to meet and make laws and make a constitution	237
9896566320	Industrial Revolution	mass production of goods in a factory setting new technologies in weapons and consumer goods transition from rural to urban lifestyles forced child labor and low wages	238
9896578493	syndicalism	government by the workers	239
9896580684	Hagel	the dialect of history conflict history is about the consequences of the clash of ideas	240
9896587387	Karl Marx	created the ideology of Communism bergouise vs the Peasants	241
9896597516	Communism	sexism, racism, homophobia are all created by the economic classes everyone owns something everyone is equal no government	242
9896605850	Quinine	an antibiotic that fights against malaria in Africa	243
9896625562	WW1	trench warfare started by the assassination of the Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand by a Serb Germany joins Austria Hungary and the Ottomans central powers vs the allies	244
9896662445	transition from WW1 to WW2	WW1 created a lost generation of men that died in the trenches 1919-1939: false peace as germany rearmed as a fascist government	245
9896677283	WW2	Adolf HItler and the Nazi regime tortured and killed millions of Jewish people and tried to create a pure "Aryan" race Axis vs Allies	246
9896691667	Rape of Nanking	Japanese invaded and massacred Chinese people in Nanking	247
9896700525	Fascism	a reaction against liberalism ideology that focuses on the state above all else a combination of imperialism, nationalism, purity of a race, social Darwinism, and romantic irrationalism	248
9896731463	zionism	created by Theodore Hertzl a movement where Jews were entitled to a national homeland corresponding with the territory in Biblical Israel.	249
9896740328	Cold War	US/ NATO vs USSR/Eastern Block/ PRC capitalism vs communism both sides held nuclear warheads Mutually assured destruction waged proxy wars in Asia, the middle east, and Africa	250
9896766361	Post Colonialism	a bipolar world, the decolonization of Africa, Latin America, Asia, Middle East. Their independence played a role in the cold war	251
9896971931	Colombian Exchange	involved the connection between African population to the Western hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere	252
9896989093	Slave labor cash crops in the Americas	sugar, cotton, tobacco	253
9897006899	the second industrial revolution	associated with electricity, steel, and chemicals	254
9897022593	nationalism	nation above all national self identity	255
9897043024	liberalism	individual rights/ dignity nobody is above the law	256
9897049380	romantic irrationalism	better to feel than to think	257
9897061675	volk	purity of a race of people used by the Nazi regime against Jews	258

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Ways of the World AP World History Chapter 11 Vocabulary Flashcards

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11199021875	Quran	sacred scripture of Islam that records the revelations of Muhammad	0
11199021876	umma	the name for the just and moral community of Muslim believers that replaces tribal, racial, or ethnic identities	1
11199021877	Pillars of Islam	a set of 5 requirements for believers - Heart of the Islamic Message - "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God" - Ritual Prayer - frequent reminder that they were living in the presence of God and a sign of their submission to Allah - Almsgiving - demands for social justice by supporting the poor and needy of the community - Ramadan - a month of fasting from dawn to sundown - hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca	2
11199021878	hijra	the emigration to Yathrib, was a momentous turning point in the	3
11199021879	sharia	Islamic law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day.	4
11199021880	jizya	special tax on non Muslims of the Islamic Empire	5
11199021881	ulama	a body of Muslim scholars recognized as experts on the Islamic sacred law and theology.	6
11199021882	Umayyad caliphate	- the first dynasty following the the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs - Arab Empire expanded quickly - caliphs became hereditary leaders - capital moved to Damascus in Syria	7
11199021883	Abbasid caliphate	- new capital in Baghdad - non-Arabs, especially Persians, now played a prominent role - political unity did not last long: sultanates formed	8
11199021884	al-Ghazali	a major Islamic thinker who was both legal scholar and Sufi practitioner, he worked out an intellectual accommodation among different strands of Islamic thought - conflict between the ulama and Sufi spirituality	9
11199021885	Sikhism	- offshoot of Islam that occurred in India, blended elements of Islam, such as devotion to one universal god, with Hindu concepts, such as karma and rebirth	10
11199021886	Ibn Battuta	Muslim man who traveled to West Africa	11
11199021887	Timbuktu	West African city that was a center of Islamic religious and intellectual life	12
11199021888	al-Andalus	The Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early eighth century C.E.	13
11199021889	madrassas	Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century.	14
11199021890	House of Wisdom	An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.	15
11199021891	Ibn Sina	a Persian prolific writer in almost all fields of science & philosophy. Wrote the Canon of Medicine, a 14-volume work that standards for medical practice in Islamic & Christian worlds for centuries.	16
11199021892	Anatolia	the Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey— also called Asia Minor.	17

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AP Language Vocab Quiz 1 Flashcards

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10522883566	approbation	(n.) the expression of approval or favorable opinion, praise; official approval	0
10522886464	assuage	(v.) to make easier or milder, relieve; to quiet, calm; to put an end to, appease, satisfy, quench	1
10522886465	coalition	a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose	2
10522888285	decadence	(n.) decline, decay, or deterioration; a condition or period of decline or decay; excessive self-indulgence	3
10522889914	elicit	(v.) to draw forth, bring out from some source (such as another person)	4
10522893645	expostulate	to attempt to dissuade someone from some course or decision by earnest reasoning	5
10522894972	hackneyed	used so often as to lack freshness or originality	6
10522894974	hiatus	(n.) a gap, opening, break (in the sense of having an element missing)	7
10522896193	innuendo	(n.) a hint, indirect suggestion, or reference (often in a derogatory sense)	8
10522898335	intercede	(v.) to plead on behalf of someone else; to serve as a third party or go-between in a disagreement	9
10522899637	jaded	(adj.) wearied, worn-out, dulled (in the sense of being satiated by excessive indulgence)	10
10522899638	lurid	(adj.) causing shock, horror, or revulsion; sensational; pale or sallow in color; terrible or passionate in intensity or lack of restraint	11
10522901044	meritorious	worthy, deserving recognition and praise	12
10522902108	petulant	peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset	13
10522903133	prerogative	a special right or privilege; a special quality showing excellence	14
10522903134	provincial	(adj.) pertaining to an outlying area; local; narrow in mind or outlook, countrified in the sense of being limited and backward; of a simple, plain design that originated in the countryside; (n.) a person with a narrow point of view; a person from an outlying area; a soldier from a province or colony	15
10522904553	simulate	to make a pretense of, imitate; to show the outer signs of	16
10522905878	transcend	to rise above or beyond, exceed	17
10522907827	umbrage	(n.) Shade cast by trees; foliage giving shade; an overshadowing influence or power; offense, resentment; a vague suspicion	18
10522909610	unctuous	(adj.) Excessively smooth or smug; trying too hard to give an impression of earnestness, sincerity, or piety; fatty, oily; pliable	19

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AP World History Unit (1) Flashcards

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10710030992	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
10710030993	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
10710030994	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
10710030995	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
10710030996	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	4
10710030997	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
10710030998	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
10710030999	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
10710031000	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
10710031001	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
10710031002	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
10710031003	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	11
10710031004	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	12
10710031005	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	13
10710031006	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	14
10710031007	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	15
10710031008	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	16
10710031009	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	17
10710031010	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	18
10710031011	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	19
10710031012	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	20
10710031013	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	21
10710031014	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	22
10710031015	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	23
10710031016	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	24
10710031017	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	25
10710031018	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	26
10710031019	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	27
10710031020	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	28
10710031021	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	29
10710031022	Aqueduct	A structure that carries water over long distances	30
10710031023	Colosseum	A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place	31
10710031024	Indian Ocean Maritime System	The Indian Ocean Maritime had been made possible by transactions between the Mediterranean Basin and the Indian Ocean Basin. The Indian Ocean Maritime allowed for cheaper transportation and the increased abundance of products that could be shipped.	32
10710031025	Trans-Saharan Trade Route	gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam; land trade	33
10710031026	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	34
10710031027	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	35
10710031028	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	36
10710031029	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	37
10710031030	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	38
10710031031	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	39
10710031032	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	40
10710031033	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	41
10710031034	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	42
10710031035	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	43
10710031036	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	44

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AP Literature and Composition: U-Z Flashcards

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5683472919	ubiquitous	(adj.) everywhere at once	0
5683472920	umbrage	(n.) resentment	1
5683472921	uncouth	(adj.) impolite	2
5683472922	unctuous	(adj.) smug	3
5683472923	unequivocal	(adj.) leaving no doubt	4
5683472924	uniformity	(n.) in same form or manner	5
5683472925	unilateral	(adj.) one-sided	6
5683472926	unobtrusive	(adj.) not blatant	7
5683472927	urbane	(adj.) suave; polished	8
5683472928	vacillate	(v.) waver between choices	9
5683472929	vacuous	(adj.) empty of content	10
5683472930	vagary	(n.) unpredictable wandering	11
5683472931	vaunted	(adj.) highly praised	12
5683472932	vehement	(adj.) powerful; emotional	13
5683472933	venal	(adj.) capable of being bought	14
5683472934	venerate	(v.) to honor	15
5683472935	verbatim	(adj.) word for word	16
5683472936	verbose	(adj.) wordy	17
5683472937	verdant	(adj.) green	18
5683472938	vernacular	(n.) a common language (adj.) mother language	19
5683472939	vestige	(n.) trace; tiny amount	20
5683472940	vicarious	(adj.) experiencing through others	21
5683472941	vilify	(v.) slander; defame	22
5683472942	virulent	(adj.) rapid; severe force	23
5683472943	vociferous	(adj.) loud noises; outcry	24
5683472944	volition	(n.) act of one's own choice	25
5683472945	winnow	(v.) remove by air	26
5683472946	wither	(v.) dry up	27
5683472947	xenophobia	(n.) fear of foreigners	28
5683472948	zealot	(n.) fanatic	29

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Chapter 6 AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards

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11267327795	Mesoamerica	A geographic region in the western hemisphere Importance: home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.	0
11267333739	Andean America	Southwest coast of South America	1
11267335500	Moche	A civilization in Andean America. Importance: followed in footsteps of the chavin	2
11267337329	Llama	the moche civilizations largest domestic animal	3
11267339444	Ayllus	small communities based on the idea of communal Importance: big in moche beliefs and culture	4
11267341984	Ancestor Veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors Importance: used in mesoamerican culture	5
11267341985	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". Importance: one of the biggest cities in the world at the time	6
11267345194	Mayans	A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Importance: Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E..	7
11267347511	city-state	A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside importance: Mayans used these as main form of government	8
11267347534	Tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection Importance: paid from the conquered Mayans to the Mayans in power	9
11267352975	Chichen Itza	an ancient Mayan city located on the Yucatan Peninsula	10

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Key Concept 1.3 (AP World History) Flashcards

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10567113133	civilization	designated large societies with cities and powerful states	0
10567113134	agricultural Surplus	there is more food formed than the civilization can eat, so it is stored	1
10567113135	specialization of Labor	citizens develop skills other than farming because of food surplus	2
10567113137	political bureaucracies	the system of offices and procedures that keep a certain political system running	3
10567113138	religious hierarchies	a ladder of power in the religious world; the shaman, priest is at the top of the ladder	4
10567113139	long-distance trade	trade from different civilizations through pastoralists and the Silk Road	5
10567113140	record keeping	Started when taxes developed. Used to track citizens taxes and news from their civilizations as well as others.	6
10567113142	mobilize	to assemble bring together organized	7
10567113143	Surplus labor	more goods are being produced than can be used, so some people don't have to work	8
10567113144	divine	of or relating to a god or Supreme Being	9
10567113145	legitimacy	your right to rule (living God, chosen by god, earned God's favor)	10
10567113146	empire	A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler and containing many different cultures and/or ethnicities	11
10567113147	dessimation	The act of spreading something, especially information	12
10567113148	composite bows	bows made from compressed horns, wood, and since to increase killing strength/power	13
10567113149	iron weapons	strong metal weapons that can kill faster and easier	14
10567113150	chariots	ancient two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicles	15
10567113151	horseback riding	used to pull chariots, increased traveling abilities	16
10567113152	ziggurats	temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped	17
10567113153	pyramids	tombs for their fallen kings. mummified bodies in tombs preserved the body for afterlife	18
10567113154	temples	Buildings used for the worship of God or gods	19
10567113155	defensive walls	fortification for the city from outsiders. used to protect territory	20
10567113156	streets and roads	used as an ancient trade route. provided easy access to different parts of the city	21
10567113157	sewage and irrigation systems	used to store water, and water fields. important because they were able to have water during dry seasons	22
10567113158	cuneiform	using wedge shaped characters impressed in clay tablets (Mesopotamia, Persia)	23
10567113159	Hieroglyphics	Distinct characters. Pictures drawn to represent different ideas. (Egypt)	24
10567113160	Pictographs	Earliest writing, pictorial symbol for every word/phrase (Egypt, Mesopotamia)	25
10567113161	Alphabets	Started with 22 hieroglyphs that represented parts of an idea/word (letters)	26
10567113162	Quipu	Ancient device for recording information. Consisted of colored threads knotted together. (Incas)	27
10567113163	Oral traditions	Pre-written history - history transferred through words	28
10567113164	Epic literature	written oral traditions	29
10567113165	Epic of Gilgamesh	First epic literature. Consisted of a king that quested for immortality. (Mesopotamia)	30
10567113166	Polytheism	The belief in or worship of more than one god	31
10567113167	Animism	The belief of a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe. Spirits live in nature.	32
10567113168	Shamanism	The belief that a "shamen" could contact the gods and tell the people their orders.	33
10567113169	Aryans	People who practiced hinduism and contributed to the spreading of the Hundi vedas. Invaded the Indian Subcontinent and conquered Dravidians	34
10567113170	Vedas	The most ancient Hindu scriptures (writings)	35
10567113171	Brahmins	high priests	36
10567113172	Mahabharata	India's ancient epic	37
10567113173	Karma	what goes around comes around. Hindu belief	38
10567113174	Reincarnation	The act of being born again and again in different forms	39
10567113175	Dharma	Your daily duties decreed by the gods	40
10567113176	Samsara	Spiritual ladder/wheel of reincarnation hierarchy	41
10567113177	Moksha	The end of the cycle of reincarnation	42
10567113178	Torah	First five books of Hebrew Monotheism	43
10567113179	Monotheism	Belief in one god	44
10567113180	Yawweh	Name of god in Hebrew Monotheism	45
10567113181	Abraham/Zoroaster/Zarathustra	God's prophet	46
10567113182	Avestas	holy writings (bible)	47
10567113183	Ahura Mazda	All knowing/ powerful/ loving/ forgiving god	48
10567113184	Mithras	Cosmic guidance to free choice	49
10567113185	Ahriman	Demon god (satan)	50

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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10879280508	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
10879280509	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
10879280510	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
10879280511	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
10879280512	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
10879280513	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
10879280514	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
10879280515	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
10879280516	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
10879280517	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
10879280518	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
10879280519	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
10879280520	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
10879280521	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
10879280522	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
10879280523	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
10879280524	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
10879280525	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
10879280526	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
10879280527	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
10879280528	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
10879280529	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
10879280530	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
10879280531	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
10879280532	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
10879280533	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
10879280534	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
10879280535	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
10879280536	theory	general idea being tested	28
10879280537	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
10879280538	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
10879280539	mode	appears the most	31
10879280540	mean	average	32
10879280541	median	middle	33
10879280542	range	highest - lowest	34
10879280543	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
10879280544	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
10879280545	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
10879280546	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
10879280547	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
10879280548	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
10879280549	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
10879280550	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
10879280742	neuron		43
10879280551	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
10879280552	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
10879280553	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
10879280554	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
10879280555	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
10879280556	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
10879280557	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
10879280558	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
10879280559	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
10879280560	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
10879280561	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
10879280562	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
10879280563	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
10879280564	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
10879280565	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
10879280566	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
10879280567	master gland	pituitary gland	60
10879280568	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
10879280569	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
10879280570	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
10879280571	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
10879280572	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
10879280573	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
10879280574	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
10879280575	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
10879280576	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
10879280577	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
10879280578	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
10879280579	hippocampus	process new memory	72
10879280580	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
10879280581	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
10879280582	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
10879280583	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
10879280584	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
10879280585	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
10879280586	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
10879280587	occipital lobe	vision	80
10879280588	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
10879280589	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
10879280590	Broca's area	speaking words	83
10879280591	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
10879280592	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
10879280593	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
10879280594	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
10879280595	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
10879280596	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
10879280597	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
10879280598	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
10879280599	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
10879280600	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
10879280601	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
10879280602	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
10879280603	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
10879280604	rods	night time	97
10879280605	cones	color	98
10879280606	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
10879280607	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
10879280608	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
10879280609	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
10879280610	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
10879280611	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
10879280612	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
10879280613	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
10879280614	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
10879280615	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
10879280616	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
10879280617	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
10879280618	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
10879280619	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
10879280620	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
10879280621	perception =	mood + motivation	114
10879280622	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
10879280623	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
10879280624	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
10879280625	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
10879280626	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
10879280627	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
10879280628	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
10879280629	insomnia	can't sleep	122
10879280630	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
10879280631	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
10879280632	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
10879280633	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
10879280634	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
10879280635	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
10879280636	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
10879280637	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
10879280638	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
10879280639	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
10879280640	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
10879280641	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
10879280642	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
10879280643	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
10879280644	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
10879280645	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
10879280646	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
10879280647	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
10879280648	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
10879280649	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
10879280650	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
10879280651	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
10879280652	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
10879280653	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
10879280654	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
10879280655	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
10879280656	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
10879280657	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
10879280658	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
10879280659	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
10879280660	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
10879280661	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
10879280662	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
10879280663	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
10879280664	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
10879280665	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
10879280666	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
10879280667	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
10879280668	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
10879280669	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
10879280670	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
10879280671	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
10879280672	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
10879280673	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
10879280674	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
10879280675	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
10879280676	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
10879280677	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
10879280678	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
10879280679	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
10879280680	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
10879280681	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
10879280682	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
10879280683	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
10879280684	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
10879280685	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
10879280686	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
10879280687	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
10879280688	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
10879280689	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
10879280690	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
10879280691	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
10879280692	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
10879280693	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
10879280694	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
10879280695	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
10879280696	encoding	information going in	189
10879280697	storage	keeping information in	190
10879280698	retrieval	taking information out	191
10879280699	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
10879280700	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
10879280701	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
10879280702	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
10879280703	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
10879280704	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
10879280705	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
10879280706	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
10879280707	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
10879280708	implicit memory	naturally do	201
10879280709	explicit memory	need to explain	202
10879280710	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
10879280711	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
10879280712	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
10879280713	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
10879280714	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
10879280715	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
10879280716	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
10879280717	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
10879280718	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
10879280719	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
10879280720	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
10879280721	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
10879280722	priming	association (setting you up)	215
10879280723	context	environment helps with memory	216
10879280724	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
10879280725	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
10879280726	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
10879280727	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
10879280728	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
10879280729	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
10879280730	children can't remember before age __	3	223
10879280731	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
10879280732	prototypes	generalize	225
10879280733	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
10879280734	against problem-solving	fixation	227
10879280735	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
10879280736	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
10879280737	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
10879280738	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
10879280739	grammar is _________	universal	232
10879280740	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
10879280741	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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