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AP Statistics Flashcards

10593060722	population	all the cases we wish to know about	0
10593061873	Sample	the cases we actually examine in seeking to understand the much larger population	1
10593063502	variable	something that holds the same characteristic for many cases	2
10593065688	categorical variable	a variable that names categories (whether with words or numerals)	3
10593070473	quantitative data	a variable in which the numbers act as numerical values. They always have units	4
10593077892	independence	variables are said to be this if the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other	5
10593086370	shape	to describe this part of a distribution, look for single vs. multiple modes, symmetry vs. skewness, outliers and gaps	6
10593099990	center	the place in the distribution of a variable that you would point to if you wanted to attempt to summarize the entire distribution with a single number. Mean and median would show this.	7
10593108145	spread	a numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the center. IQR and standard deviation would show this	8
10593113588	mode	a hump or local high point in the shape of the distribution of a variable (uni or bi)	9
10593116265	uniform	a distribution that's roughly flat	10
10593125198	symmetric	a distribution is this if the two halves on either side of the center look approximately like mirror images of each other (use mean or median to determine center)	11
10593127775	skewed	a distribution is this if one tail stretches out farther than the other (use median to determine center)	12
10593134831	outlier	extreme value that doesn't appear to belong with the rest of the data. It is calculated as any point that is 1.5 (IQR) from either end of the box in a boxplot.	13
10593137578	median	middle value of the data	14
10593138934	range	difference between highest and lowest values in data set.	15
10593140636	Interquartile Range	the different between the first and third quartiles. It is usually reported along with the median	16
10593148973	mean	summing all the data values and dividing by the count (n)	17
10593154112	standard deviation	tells on average how far data falls from the mean. It is the square root of the variance.	18
10593251042	Upper fence	Q3 + 1.5 (IQR)	19
10593252196	Lower fence	Q1 - 1.5(IQR)	20

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Flashcards

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AP List 14 Flashcards

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9642804574	Animosity	hatred, antagonism	0
9642804575	Censure	disapproving, critical	1
9642804576	Dichotomy	a division into two parts	2
9642804577	Extrapolate	extend, predict	3
9642804578	Incongruous	not fitting in, out of place	4
9642804579	Malady	illness	5
9642804580	Palpable	easily felt, easily perceived	6
9642804581	Pretentious	pompous, self important	7
9642804582	Scrutinize	examine carefully	8
9642804583	Unfetter	set free	9

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Learning (AP Psychology) Flashcards

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8262240195	Learning	Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience	0
8262240196	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	1
8262240198	Pavlov, Ivan	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	2
8262240199	Watson, John B	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	3
8262240201	Skinner, B.F.	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	4
8262240202	Bandura, Albert	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	5
8262240203	Thorndike, Edward	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	6
8262240204	Garcia, John	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	7
8262240206	Tolman, Edward	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	8
8262240207	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	9
8262240208	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	10
8262240209	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	11
8262240210	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	12
8262240211	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	13
8262240212	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	14
8262240213	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	15
8262240214	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	16
8262240215	Neutral Stimulus	does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the CS	17
8262240217	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	18
8262240218	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	19
8262240219	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	20
8262240220	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	21
8262240221	Higher Order Conditioning	When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS	22
8262240222	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	23
8262240223	Learned Helplessness	Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to belive they can't win	24
8262240224	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	25
8262240225	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	26
8262240226	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	27
8262240227	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	28
8262240228	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	29
8262240229	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	30
8262240230	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	31
8262240231	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	32
8262240232	Immediate Reinforcer	Defined: when you are immediately rewarded for a behavior (it's all about the short run) Example: skipping school and enjoying time with friends	33
8262240233	Delayed Reinforcer	Defined: when you complete a behavior but not awarded immediately (it's all about the long run) Example: getting good grades in school and attending class in order to get a good job in the future	34
8262240234	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	35
8262240235	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	36
8262240236	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner Example: If your psychology teacher taught you everything you didn't need to know for the AP Psych Exam	37
8262240238	Discriminative Stimulus	Defined: the stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement Example: Calling your friend one name but not using that same name with your parents	38
8262240239	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	39
8262240240	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	40
8262240241	Partial Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior	41
8262240242	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	42
8262240243	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	43
8262240244	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	44
8262240245	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	45
8262240246	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	46
8262240247	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	47
8262240248	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank	48
8262240249	Insight Learning	Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort	49
8262240250	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	50
8262240251	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	51
8262240252	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	52
8262240253	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	53
8262240255	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	54
8262240256	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	55
8262240257	Anti-Social Modeling	Defined: People show violent, selfish behavior prompts similar behaviors in others Significance: Watching violent TV prompts similar behaviors in others (pro-wrestling, etc.)	56

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Unit 5 - AP Myers Flashcards

States of Consciousness

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6782710839	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	0
6782710840	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle	1
6782710841	REM sleep	rapid eye moment sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active	2
6782710842	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	3
6782710843	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation	4
6782710844	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	5
6782710845	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	6
6782710846	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep	7
6782710847	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	8
6782710848	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times	9
6782710849	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	10
6782710850	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by a high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	11
6782710851	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it	12
6782710852	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)	13
6782710853	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)	14
6782710854	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)	15
6782710855	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur	16
6782710856	posthypnotic suggestions	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors	17
6782710857	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others	18
6782710858	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods	19
6782710859	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect	20
6782710860	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	21
6782710861	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	22
6782710862	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	23
6782710863	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences	24
6782710864	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce activity and slow body functions	25
6782710865	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment	26
6782710866	opiates	opium and its derivatives, (such as morphine and heroin); they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	27
6782710867	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up the body functions	28
6782710868	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	29
6782710869	methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	30
6782710870	ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition	31
6782710871	hallucinogens	psychedlic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	32
6782710872	LSD	a powerful hallucigenic drug; also known as acid	33
6782710873	near-death experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations	34
6782710874	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	35
6782710875	homeostasis	a state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated	36
6782710876	activation-synthesis theory	theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story	37
6782710877	biofeedback	a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them	38
6782710878	meditation	the act of deep thinking or reflection	39
6782710879	William Dement	Sleep researcher who discovered and coined the phrase "rapid eye movement" (REM) sleep.	40
6782710880	Sigmund Freud	considered dreams the key to understanding our inner conflict	41
6782710881	Ernest Hilgard	believed hypnosis invovles not only social influences but also a special state of dissociation	42

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9284233541	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9284233542	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9284233543	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9284233544	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9284233545	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9284233546	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9284233547	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9284233548	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9284233549	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9284233550	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9284233551	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9284233552	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9284233553	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9284233554	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9284233555	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9284233556	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9284233557	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9284233558	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9284233559	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9284233560	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9284233561	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9284233562	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9284233563	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9284233564	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9284233565	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9284233566	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9284233567	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9284233568	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9284233569	theory	general idea being tested	28
9284233570	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9284233571	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9284233572	mode	appears the most	31
9284233573	mean	average	32
9284233574	median	middle	33
9284233575	range	highest - lowest	34
9284233576	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9284233577	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9284233578	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9284233579	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9284233580	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9284233581	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9284233582	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9284233583	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9284233776	neuron		43
9284233584	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9284233585	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9284233586	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9284233587	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9284233588	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9284233589	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9284233590	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9284233591	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9284233592	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9284233593	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9284233594	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9284233595	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9284233596	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9284233597	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9284233598	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9284233599	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9284233600	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9284233601	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9284233602	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9284233603	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9284233604	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9284233605	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9284233606	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9284233607	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9284233608	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9284233609	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9284233610	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9284233611	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9284233612	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9284233613	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9284233614	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9284233615	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9284233616	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9284233617	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9284233618	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9284233619	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9284233620	occipital lobe	vision	80
9284233621	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9284233622	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9284233623	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9284233624	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9284233625	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9284233626	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9284233627	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9284233628	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9284233629	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9284233630	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9284233631	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9284233632	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9284233633	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9284233634	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9284233635	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9284233636	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9284233637	rods	night time	97
9284233638	cones	color	98
9284233639	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9284233640	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9284233641	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9284233642	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9284233643	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9284233644	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9284233645	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9284233646	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9284233647	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9284233648	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9284233649	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9284233650	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9284233651	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9284233652	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9284233653	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9284233654	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9284233655	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9284233656	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9284233657	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9284233658	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9284233659	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9284233660	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9284233661	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9284233662	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9284233663	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9284233664	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9284233665	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9284233666	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9284233667	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9284233668	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9284233669	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9284233670	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9284233671	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9284233672	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9284233673	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9284233674	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9284233675	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9284233676	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9284233677	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9284233678	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9284233679	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9284233680	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9284233681	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9284233682	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9284233683	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9284233684	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9284233685	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9284233686	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9284233687	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9284233688	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9284233689	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9284233690	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9284233691	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9284233692	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9284233693	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9284233694	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9284233695	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9284233696	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9284233697	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9284233698	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9284233699	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9284233700	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9284233701	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9284233702	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9284233703	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9284233704	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9284233705	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9284233706	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9284233707	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9284233708	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9284233709	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9284233710	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9284233711	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9284233712	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9284233713	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9284233714	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9284233715	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9284233716	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9284233717	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9284233718	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9284233719	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9284233720	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9284233721	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9284233722	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9284233723	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9284233724	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9284233725	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9284233726	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9284233727	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9284233728	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9284233729	encoding	information going in	189
9284233730	storage	keeping information in	190
9284233731	retrieval	taking information out	191
9284233732	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9284233733	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9284233734	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9284233735	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9284233736	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9284233737	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9284233738	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9284233739	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9284233740	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9284233741	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9284233742	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9284233743	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9284233744	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9284233745	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9284233746	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9284233747	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9284233748	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9284233749	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9284233750	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9284233751	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9284233752	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9284233753	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9284233754	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9284233755	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9284233756	context	environment helps with memory	216
9284233757	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9284233758	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9284233759	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9284233760	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9284233761	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9284233762	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9284233763	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9284233764	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9284233765	prototypes	generalize	225
9284233766	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9284233767	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9284233768	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9284233769	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9284233770	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9284233771	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9284233772	grammar is _________	universal	232
9284233773	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9284233774	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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10798136756	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
10798136757	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
10798136758	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
10798136759	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
10798136760	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
10798136761	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
10798136762	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
10798136763	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
10798136764	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
10798136765	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.	9
10798136766	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
10798136767	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
10798136768	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
10798136769	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
10798136770	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
10798136771	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
10798136772	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
10798136773	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
10798136774	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
10798136775	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	19
10798136776	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	20
10798136777	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	21
10798136778	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	22
10798136779	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	23
10798136780	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	24
10798136781	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	25
10798136782	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	26
10798136783	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	27
10798136784	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	28
10798136785	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	29
10798136786	Atman	The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.	30
10798136787	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	31
10798136788	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	32
10798136789	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	33
10798136790	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	34
10798136791	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	35
10798136792	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	36
10798136793	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	37
10798136794	Daodejing	The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.	38
10798136795	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	39
10798136796	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	40
10798136797	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	41
10798136798	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	42
10798136799	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	43
10798136800	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	44
10798136801	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	45
10798136802	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	46
10798136803	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	47
10798136804	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	48
10798136805	Mahayana	"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.	49
10798136806	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	50
10798136807	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	51
10798136808	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	52
10798136809	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	53
10798136810	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	54
10798136811	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	55
10798136812	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	56
10798136813	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	57
10798136814	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	58
10798136815	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	59
10798136816	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	60
10798136817	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	61
10798136818	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	62
10798136819	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	63
10798136820	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	64
10798136821	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	65
10798136822	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	66
10798136823	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	67
10798136824	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	68
10798136825	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	69
10798136826	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	70
10798136827	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	71
10798136828	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	72
10798136829	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	73
10798136830	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.	74
10798136831	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	75
10798136832	Coptic Christianity	The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.	76
10798136833	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	77
10798136834	syncretism	a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith	78
10798136835	monasticism	The lifestyle of a monk or nun, characterized by prayer and solitude	79

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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10699938428	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
10699938429	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
10699938430	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
10699938431	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
10699938432	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
10699938433	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
10699938434	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
10699938435	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
10699938436	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
10699938437	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
10699938438	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
10699938439	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
10699938440	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
10699938441	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
10699938442	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
10699938443	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
10699938444	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
10699938445	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
10699938446	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
10699938447	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
10699938448	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
10699938449	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
10699938450	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
10699938451	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
10699938452	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
10699938453	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
10699938454	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
10699938455	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
10699938456	theory	general idea being tested	28
10699938457	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
10699938458	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
10699938459	mode	appears the most	31
10699938460	mean	average	32
10699938461	median	middle	33
10699938462	range	highest - lowest	34
10699938463	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
10699938464	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
10699938465	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
10699938466	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
10699938467	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
10699938468	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
10699938469	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
10699938470	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
10699938662	neuron		43
10699938471	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
10699938472	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
10699938473	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
10699938474	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
10699938475	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
10699938476	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
10699938477	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
10699938478	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
10699938479	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
10699938480	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
10699938481	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
10699938482	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
10699938483	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
10699938484	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
10699938485	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
10699938486	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
10699938487	master gland	pituitary gland	60
10699938488	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
10699938489	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
10699938490	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
10699938491	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
10699938492	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
10699938493	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
10699938494	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
10699938495	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
10699938496	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
10699938497	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
10699938498	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
10699938499	hippocampus	process new memory	72
10699938500	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
10699938501	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
10699938502	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
10699938503	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
10699938504	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
10699938505	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
10699938506	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
10699938507	occipital lobe	vision	80
10699938508	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
10699938509	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
10699938510	Broca's area	speaking words	83
10699938511	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
10699938512	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
10699938513	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
10699938514	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
10699938515	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
10699938516	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
10699938517	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
10699938518	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
10699938519	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
10699938520	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
10699938521	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
10699938522	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
10699938523	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
10699938524	rods	night time	97
10699938525	cones	color	98
10699938526	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
10699938527	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
10699938528	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
10699938529	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
10699938530	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
10699938531	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
10699938532	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
10699938533	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
10699938534	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
10699938535	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
10699938536	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
10699938537	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
10699938538	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
10699938539	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
10699938540	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
10699938541	perception =	mood + motivation	114
10699938542	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
10699938543	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
10699938544	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
10699938545	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
10699938546	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
10699938547	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
10699938548	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
10699938549	insomnia	can't sleep	122
10699938550	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
10699938551	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
10699938552	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
10699938553	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
10699938554	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
10699938555	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
10699938556	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
10699938557	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
10699938558	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
10699938559	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
10699938560	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
10699938561	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
10699938562	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
10699938563	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
10699938564	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
10699938565	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
10699938566	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
10699938567	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
10699938568	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
10699938569	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
10699938570	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
10699938571	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
10699938572	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
10699938573	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
10699938574	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
10699938575	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
10699938576	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
10699938577	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
10699938578	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
10699938579	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
10699938580	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
10699938581	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
10699938582	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
10699938583	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
10699938584	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
10699938585	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
10699938586	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
10699938587	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
10699938588	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
10699938589	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
10699938590	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
10699938591	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
10699938592	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
10699938593	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
10699938594	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
10699938595	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
10699938596	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
10699938597	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
10699938598	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
10699938599	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
10699938600	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
10699938601	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
10699938602	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
10699938603	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
10699938604	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
10699938605	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
10699938606	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
10699938607	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
10699938608	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
10699938609	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
10699938610	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
10699938611	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
10699938612	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
10699938613	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
10699938614	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
10699938615	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
10699938616	encoding	information going in	189
10699938617	storage	keeping information in	190
10699938618	retrieval	taking information out	191
10699938619	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
10699938620	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
10699938621	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
10699938622	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
10699938623	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
10699938624	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
10699938625	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
10699938626	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
10699938627	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
10699938628	implicit memory	naturally do	201
10699938629	explicit memory	need to explain	202
10699938630	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
10699938631	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
10699938632	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
10699938633	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
10699938634	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
10699938635	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
10699938636	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
10699938637	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
10699938638	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
10699938639	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
10699938640	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
10699938641	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
10699938642	priming	association (setting you up)	215
10699938643	context	environment helps with memory	216
10699938644	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
10699938645	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
10699938646	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
10699938647	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
10699938648	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
10699938649	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
10699938650	children can't remember before age __	3	223
10699938651	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
10699938652	prototypes	generalize	225
10699938653	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
10699938654	against problem-solving	fixation	227
10699938655	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
10699938656	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
10699938657	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
10699938658	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
10699938659	grammar is _________	universal	232
10699938660	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
10699938661	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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