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AP World History Chapter 13 Flashcards

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8860588566AkbarThe most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion0
8860588567AurangzebMughal emperor (1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy1
8860588568Columbian exchangeThe massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization2
8860588569Constantinople, 1453Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium3
8860588570Cortes, HernanSpanish conquistador (1485-1547) who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico4
8860588571DevshirmeThe tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps5
8860588572Dona MarinaNative American slave from an elite background who in 1519 became Cortes indispensable interpreter and strategist. She accompanied him during his conquest of the Aztec Empire and bore him a son. After the conquest she was married off to another conquistador, dying around 1530 C.E.6
8860588573The Great DyingTerm used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas7
8860588574MestizoLiterally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas8
8860588575Mughal EmpireOne of the most successful empires in India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims9
8860588576MulattoesTerm commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood10
8860588577Ottoman EmpireMajor Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa11
8860588578PeninsularesIn the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas12
8860588579Plantation ComplexAgricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America13
8860588580Qing DynastyRuling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China14
8860588581Settler ColoniesColonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply sending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America15
8860588582SiberiaRussia's greatest frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals16
8860588583YasakTribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs17
8860610568Little Ice Age and General CrisisA period of unusually cool temperatures that spanned much of the 17th century early modern period, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere; varied from region to region, helped spark the General Crisis.18
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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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7480475097Hunting and GatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
7480475098CivilizationSocieties with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups1
7480475099NeolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished2
7480475100NomadsCattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies3
7480475101CultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction4
7480475102Agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture5
7480475103PastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies6
7480475104Catal HuyukEarly urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification7
7480475105Bronze AgeFrom 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing8
7480475106MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys9
7480475107Potter's wheelA technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products10
7480475108SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states11
7480475109CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets12
7480475110City-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king13
7480475111ZigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections14
7480475112Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.15
7480475113HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law16
7480475114PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs17
7480475115PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs18
7480475116HieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform19
7480475117KushAfrican state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries20
7480475118MonotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization21
7480475119PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean22
7480475120Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern23
7480475121AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization24
7480475122Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China25
7480475123Shang1st Chinese dynasty26
7480475124OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing27
7480475125Ideographic writingPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing28
7480475126Big GeographyA term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.29
7480475127PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.30
7480475128Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic eraFrom Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas31
7480475129EglitarianBelieving in the equality of all peoples32
7480475130Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundratools33
7480475131Neolithic RevolutionGlobal conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles34
7480475132PatriarchyFather based35
7480475133Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?climatic change36
7480475134Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizationsnew weapons modes of transportation37
7480475135name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralistsChariots Horseback riding38
7480475136Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____ and ____arts artisanship39
7480475137____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffusedsystems of record keeping40
7480475138_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periodsNew religious beliefs41
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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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11462915683Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
11462915684Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
11462915685AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
11462915686AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
11462915687Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
11462915688Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
11462915689Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
11462915690Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
11462915691Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).8
11462915692Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.9
11462915693Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
11462915694HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
11462915695hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.12
11462915696IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.13
11462915697Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.14
11462915698Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.15
11462915699Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.16
11462915700PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.17
11462915701Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.18
11462915702Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.19
11462915703PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.20
11462915704Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.21
11462915705PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.22
11462915706Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.23
11462915707Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.24
11462915708Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.25
11462915709SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.26
11462915710WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.27
11462915711XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.28
11462915712AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.29
11462915713Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.30
11462915714BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.31
11462915715BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.32
11462915716BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama33
11462915717ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.34
11462915718ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.35
11462915719ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.36
11462915720DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.37
11462915721Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.38
11462915722Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.39
11462915723HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.40
11462915724HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.41
11462915725Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).42
11462915726YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.43
11462915727KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.44
11462915728LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.45
11462915729LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.46
11462915730MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.47
11462915731NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.48
11462915732PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.49
11462915733PythagorasA major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.50
11462915734Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.51
11462915735SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).52
11462915736UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.53
11462915737VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.54
11462915738Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.55
11462915739Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.56
11462915740ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.57
11462915741caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.58
11462915742dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.59
11462915743helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.60
11462915744KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.61
11462915745latifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire62
11462915746PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.63
11462915747SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers64
11462915748the "three submissions"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.65
11462915749UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.66
11462915750VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.67
11462915751Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.68
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AP World History Chapter 2 Guided Reading Flashcards

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7292623904LoessA fine, light silt deposited by wind & water.0
7292625551DivinationDetermining the will of the gods/the future by interpreting natural phenomena.1
7292633181Oracle bonesPieces of turtle shells or ox bones used with fire to figure out the future.2
7292635429PictogramsPictorial symbols or signs representing an object or concept.3
7292639305"Mandate of Heaven"Justification by the Zhou for Imperial rule; "Heaven" could give or take away the rule of a dynasty.4
7292651159Warring States PeriodAfter the Zhou dynasty, the period from 475 BC to the unification of China (221 BC) under the Qin dynasty; Period of war between the states.5
7292658050LegalismA Chinese political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature & justified state coercion & control.6
7292666579ConfucianismThe system of ethics, education, & statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples.7
7292670733DaoismUrged withdrawal from the empty formalities, rigid hierarchy, & distractions of Chinese society.8
7292674417Yin & YangNature of female and male roles in the natural order.9
7292677477LlamaA hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America; First domesticated animal of the Americas.10
7292686246BarbariansA person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized; "BAR BAR BAR!!!"11
7292690225ConfuciusChinese philosopher, Kongzi, who introduced Confucianism.12
7292697698MenciusChinese philosopher who studied Confucianism; later refined many of the ideas and spread them all across China.13
7292702652LaoziThe "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; founded Daoism.14
7292709535Huang HeThe Yellow River; Flows 2,900 miles across northern China carrying yellow silt; early Chinese civilizations arose on its valley.15
7292717288AnyangAncient city in northern China built during the Shang dynasty; China's first capital.16
7292721857Shang DynastyFirst Chinese dynasty that is on written records (1,750 BC - 1,045 BC); Originated around the Huang He, or Yellow River.17
7292726511Zhou DynastyOvertook the Shang dynasty & created the "Mandate of Heaven" (1,045 BC - 221 BC)18
7292732929Egyptian New KingdomAlso known as the Egyptian Empire, it's the period in ancient history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the 18th, 19th, & 20th dynasties of Egypt.19
7292743436NubiaA state to the south of Egypt that never became as powerful as Egypt due to their un-unified rule.20
7292747684KushA powerful Nubian kingdom developed in order to protect Nubia from Egyptian imperialism.21
7292752253MeroeAncient Nubian civilization governed occasionally by a woman; rulers buried with human sacrificial victims.22
7292760461Olmec Civilization"Mother Culture" of mesoamerica; theocracy: ruled by wealthy people instead of kings.23
7292765140Chavin Civilization"Mother Culture" of Peru from 900 BCE to 250 BCE; had roads, llamas, maize, and irrigation/drainage systems.24
7292772034MesoamericaArea between Mexico and Honduras; Hot, humid, jungles, swamps, heavy rainfall; "meso" means "middle".25
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AP World History Chapter Sixteen Notecards Flashcards

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8302566623Renaissance (European)A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (transAlpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century. 16.4590
8302584300PapacyThe central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. 16.4601
8302608930IndulgenceThe forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. 16.4602
8302611478Protestant ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. 16.4613
8302614174Catholic ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical train- ing and discipline. 16.4624
8302619402Witch-HuntThe pursuit of people suspected of witch- craft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 16.4635
8302621591Scientific RevolutionThe intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. 16.4656
8302624390EnlightenmentA philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. 16.4677
8302627560BourgeoisieIn early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. 16.4688
8302633930Joint-Stock CompanyA business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. 16.4699
8302636830Stock ExchangeA business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. 16.46910
8302636831GentryThe class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy. 16.47011
8302639452Little Ice AgeA century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. 16.47112
8302642793DeforestationThe removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. 16.47213
8302645580Holy Roman EmpireLoose federation of mostly Ger- man states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. 16.47314
8302645581HabsburgA powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. 16.47515
8302648679English Civil War(1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glo- rious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. 16.47516
8302651775VersaillesThe huge palace built for French king Louis XVI south of Paris. The pal- ace symbolized both French power and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility. 16.47617
8302651776Balance of PowerThe policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. 16.47918
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AP World History: People Flashcards

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9945709202HammurabiFrom: Babylon What: King of Babylon; wrote Hammurabi's Code When: r. 1810 BCE - 1750 BCE How: Inscribed on 7-foot-tall basalt stele Why: To give a set of laws to the Babylonians0
9945738238Genghis KhanFrom: Mongol Empire What: Founded Mongol Empire, became first Great Khan When: r. 1206 CE - 1227 CE How: United many nomadic tribes in Asia Why: Chinese imperial interference, need for plunder1
9961438489Ivan III "Ivan the Great"From: Russia What: Russian prince; secured most of Great Russian lands either by conquest or treaty When: r. 1462 CE - 1505 CE How: He had a strong army Why: To expand Russia2
9945326278Christopher ColumbusFrom: Genoa, Italy What: Found the Americas When: 1492 CE How: The trip funded by Spain Why: To get spices and sugar3
9961363523Peter I "Peter the Great"From: Russia What: Czar of Russia; gained a water port, created a strong navy, and Westernized much of Russia When: r. 1696 CE - 1725 CE How: Overcoming opposition from the country's medieval aristocracy Why: To reestablish the country as a great union4
9961700481King Henry VIII Henry TudorFrom: England What: King of England; main instigator of the English Reformation; famously married 6 times When: r. 1509 CE - 1547 CE How: He declared himself supreme head of the Church of England in 1534 Why: The cardinal who he had been getting domestic and foreign policy advice from fell out of favor, bringing with him the rest of the church.5
9961509466Ivan IV "Ivan the Terrible"From: Russia What: First Czar of Russia; acquired vast amounts of land, created centrally controlled state, imposed military dominance, diminished power of boyars When: r. 1533 CE - 1584 CE How: Instituted regulations on the obligations of the boyar class, displaced and destroyed boyar families Why: He was paranoid and possibly mentally ill; he thought that the boyars would try to do something terrible to him after the death of his wife6
9961602410Elizabeth I Elizabeth TudorFrom: England What: Queen of England; established Protestantism in England, defeated Spanish armada in 1588, maintained peace in her previously divided country, and created environment where the arts flourished When: r. 1558 CE - 1603 CE How: Led church reforms, as well as education reforms Why: To usher in an era of peace and prosperity known as the Golden Age7
9945337283King Ferdinand and Queen IsabellaFrom: Spain What: Funded Columbus' trip When: 1492 CE How: They were rich, duh! Why: To get spices and sugar8
9961296356Catherine II "Catherine the Great"From: Poland What: Empress of Russia; reorganized administration and law, extended territory When: r. 1762 CE - 1796 CE How: Overthrew her husband Why: To gain power over the kingdom9
9945439528Napoleon BonaparteFrom: France What: French Emperor; conquered much of Europe When: r. 1804 CE - 1814 CE, briefly 1815 CE (the Hundred Days) How: Commanded the army through politics and leadership Why: France was being attacked, so Napoleon counterattacked10
99617645921) Catherine of Aragon, Spain (1509-1533) 2) Anne Boleyn of England (1533-1536) 3) Jane Seymour of England (1536-1537) 4) Anne of Cleves, Germany (1540) 5) Catherine Howard of England (1540-1541) 6) Catherine Parr of England (1543-1547)1) Divorced (adultery on Henry's part) 2) Beheaded (wrongful allegations) 3) Died (childbirth) 4) Divorced 5) Beheaded (adultery) 6) Survived (Henry died) The wives of Henry VIII of England11
9979699985Marie AntoinetteFrom: France What: Last queen of France; wife of Louis XIV When: r. 1774 CE - 1791 CE How: Married Louis Auguste (Louis XIV) Why: Her mother wanted to have all of her children married into powerful and influential royal families.12
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AP World History Unit 3 Flashcards

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11037474670Afro-Euraisasuper continent comprised of Africa, Asia, and Europe0
11037495737Amerindianany member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived; Native American1
11037510507astrolabean instrument formerly used in navigation for calculating latitude, before the development of more advanced technology2
11037537378Bubonic Plaguethe most common form of plague in humans, characterized by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes.3
11037549478Caliphatethe rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler.4
11037560590Champa Ricea quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests one growing season; changed the history of China5
11037702018chroniclefactual written account of important or historical events in the order of their occurrence.6
11037719262cross-culturalrelating to different cultures or comparison between them7
11037722813Crusadesmedieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.8
11037740210cultivateprepare and use (land) for crops or gardening.9
11037747566decentralizetransfer (authority) from central to local government.10
11037751776Diasporadispersion of any people from their original homeland11
11037768602Feudalismthe dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.12
11037783986Genderthe state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones).13
11037794292HumanismRenaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.14
11037809828InterregionalRelating to or occurring between different regions.15
11037823675Islamthe religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.16
11037834047Khanatearea governed by a khan, usually of the Mongol Empire17
11037855200Manoralismpolitical and economic system defined by the relationship between landowner and land workers during medieval times18
11037891562medievalrelating to the Middle Ages19
11037900145Mesoamericaan important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization20
11037958131mit'amandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire21
11037978524Monsoona seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon ).22
11037998078Muslimfollower of the religion of Islam23
11038006025Neoconfucianismmovement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around AD 1000 in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism.24
11038012182Nomadismway of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically.25
11038101181Pandemic(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.26
11038113088Quipuan ancient Inca device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways.27
11038122914schisma split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief, particularly between churches28
11038233661Scholasticismthe system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma.29
11038257299Seculardenoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.30
11038265273Serfdomthe state of being a serf or feudal laborer31
11038269387Silk Roadancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West32
11038288381Terrace Farmingmethod of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope.33
11038297812Vernacularthe language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.34
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