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AP World History Vocab Flashcards

10149749370	Absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters	0
10149752045	Administration	the officials in the executive branch of government under a particular chief executive	1
10149754016	Agrarian	of or relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land	2
10149819482	Analyze	discover or reveal (something) through detailed examination	3
10149829547	Arable	(of land) used or suitable for growing crops. (of crops) able to be grown on suitable land.	4
10149870594	Aristocracy	the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices	5
10149942649	Artisan	a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand	6
10149951643	Assimilation	the process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group; the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas	7
10149987390	Authoritarianism	the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.	8
10150005766	Autocracy/-cratic	a system of government by one person with absolute power; a country, state, or society governed by one person with absolute power.	9
10150010672	Boycott	withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.	10
10150016627	Bourgeoisie	the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.	11
10150028143	Bullion	gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight.	12
10150039031	Bureaucracy	a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.	13
10150041638	Capital/-ism	an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.	14
10150059054	Cartel	an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition	15
10150063635	Caste	the system of dividing society into hereditary classes	16
10150077006	Causation	the action of causing something; the relationship between cause and effect; causality.	17
10150086287	Centralized	concentrate (control of an activity or organization) under a single authority	18
10150087301	Chiefdom	agricultural societies that ran under the authority of a chief/s	19
10150176794	Circa (c. ca.)	(often preceding a date) approximately	20
10150189691	Citizen	a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection	21
10150233680	City-state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	22
10150238950	Civil service	the permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians.	23
10150250749	Civilization	the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced	24
10150252707	Coerce/-ive	relating to or using force or threats	25
10150264215	Colonialism	the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.	26
10150314125	Colony	a group of people who settle in a new place but keep ties to their homeland	27
10150335319	Commerce/-cial	the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale; making or intended to make a profit	28
10152419893	Commodity	a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.	29
10152419894	communal	shared by all members of a community; for common use	30
10152421868	communism	all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals; political and economic system in which the major productive resources in a society—such as mines, factories, and farms—are owned by the public or the state, and wealth is divided among citizens equally or according to individual need	31
10152421869	compare	estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	32
10152401466	Conscript/-ion	enlist (someone) compulsorily, typically into the armed services	33
10169834370	Conservative	holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.	34
10169841857	Consumerism	the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers; the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable	35
10169856031	Contemporary	living or occurring at the same time	36
10169865027	Contextualization	place or study in context; process of assigning meaning as a means of interpreting the environment within which a text or action is executed	37
10169882484	Cosmopolitan	familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures; a person who is free from local, provincial, or national bias or attachment; citizen of the world	38
10169924613	Coup d'état	a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government	39
10169928151	Credit	the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	40
10169948470	Culture	the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively; The sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs that distinguishes one group of people from another; transmitted, through language, material objects, ritual, institutions, and art, from one generation to the next.	41
10169957723	Currency	a system of money in general use in a particular country	42
10169959125	De facto	in fact, or having effect, whether by right or not	43
10170278095	Debt	something, typically money, that is owed or due	44
10170279584	Decentralized	transfer (authority) from central to local government	45
10170285696	Deficit	the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small.	46
10170287851	Deforestation	the action of clearing a wide area of trees	47
10170289692	Deity	a god or goddess (in a polytheistic religion)	48
10170295593	Democracy	a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives	49
10170298679	Demography	the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.	50
10170300989	Despotism	the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way	51
10170303661	Determinism	the doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will. Some philosophers have taken determinism to imply that individual human beings have no free will and cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.	52
10170305679	Dictator/-ship	a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained power by force.	53
10170308649	Diplomacy	the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad	54
10170339282	Dissemination	the act of spreading something, especially information, widely; circulation	55
10170340407	Diversity	the state of being diverse; variety	56
10170343165	Doctrine	a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	57
10170347271	Domestic	of or relating to the running of a home or to family relations	58
10170361590	Dynasty	a line of hereditary rulers of a country	59
10170363654	ecological	relating to or concerned with the relation of living organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings	60
10170372160	economy/-ic	the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.	61
10170375616	egalitarian	of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities	62
10170375617	emancipate/-ion	set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions	63
10170383145	emerging markets	countries that may become developed markets in the future or were in the past.	64
10170391541	emigration	leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another	65
10170398423	empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress	66
10170401068	epidemic	a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time	67
10170402526	ethnic/-icity	of or relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition	68
10170406555	ethnocentric	evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.	69
10170410068	evaluate	form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; assess	70
10170411566	executive (branch)	The branch of federal and state government that is broadly responsible for implementing, supporting, and enforcing the laws made by the legislative branch and interpreted by the judicial branch.	71
10170421420	economic specialization	A system of organizing the manufacture of an article in a series of separate specialized operations, each of which is carried out by a different worker or group of workers.	72
10170429386	fascism	an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	73
10170431441	feminism/-ist	the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.	74
10170433872	feudalism	the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.	75
10170436923	filial	of or due from a son or daughter	76
10170551456	forage	(of a person or animal) search widely for food or provisions	77
10170552666	free market	an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses	78
10170554791	free trade	international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.	79
10170556973	fundamental/-ism	forming a necessary base or core; of central importance; a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture.	80
10170566814	gender	the state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones)	81
10170572570	genocide	the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.	82
10170573752	globalization	the process of developing economic, social, cultural, and political interdependence across international borders	83
10170576199	government	the system by which a nation, state, or community is governed	84
10170578304	guild	a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.	85
10170580349	hegemony	leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others	86
10170582393	hierarchy	a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.	87
10170584788	historiography	the study of historical writing.	88
10170588432	horticulture/-al	the art or practice of garden cultivation and management.	89
10170590943	ideology	a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy	90
10170594666	imperial/-ism	of or relating to an empire	91
10170597526	indigenous	originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native	92
10170599597	industry/-trial	economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	93
10170601716	infrastructure	the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.	94
10170603427	inherent	existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute	95
10170604491	immigration	the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country	96
10170607549	inverse/invert	opposite or contrary in position, direction, order, or effect	97
10170609074	judiciary/judicial	the judicial authorities of a country; judges collectively.	98
10170616298	junta	a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force	99
10170618784	kin/kinship	one's family and relations; blood relationship.	100
10170625148	laissez-faire	a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.	101
10170628111	-lateral (uni-, bi-, tri-)	of, at, toward, or from the side or sides; (uni-):(of an action or decision) performed by or affecting only one person, group, or country involved in a particular situation, without the agreement of another or the others ; (bi-):having or relating to two sides; (tri-): shared by or involving three parties	102
10170640100	legislature	the legislative (having power to make laws) body of a country or state.	103
10170645911	legitimacy	conforming to the law or to rules	104
10170652529	liberal	open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values	105
10170653718	malnutrition	lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.	106
10170655748	mandate (v. & n.)	an official order or commission to do something	107
10170667339	maritime	connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity	108
10170684923	mercantilism	belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.	109
10170686221	meritocracy	government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability.	110
10170688233	metallurgy	the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification.	111
10170690063	metropolitan	of, relating to, or denoting a metropolis, often inclusive of its surrounding areas	112
10170691457	middle class	the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families	113
10170694045	migration	seasonal movement of animals from one region to another	114
10170695823	modernity	the quality or condition of being modern	115
10170697291	monarchy	a form of government with a monarch at the head	116
10170701612	monopoly	the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service	117
10170703400	nation	a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory	118
10170705467	nation-state	a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.	119
10170707733	nationalism	patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.	120
10170737037	NGOs	nongovernmental organization.	121
10170738926	nomad/-ic	a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.	122
10170741943	orthodox/-y	(of a person or their views, especially religious or political ones, or other beliefs or practices) conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; established and approved	123
10170745110	pacifism	the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.	124
10170746444	partisan/-ship	a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person; prejudice in favor of a particular cause; bias	125
10170753654	pastoral	(especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle	126
10170757404	paternal	of or appropriate to a father	127
10170760387	paternal/-istic	relating to or characterized by the restriction of the freedom and responsibilities of subordinates or dependents in their supposed interest	128
10170763949	patriarch/-al, -archy	the male head of a family or tribe; a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.	129
10170770214	patronize	treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority; give encouragement and financial support to (a person, especially an artist, or a cause)	130
10170790095	peasant	a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation (chiefly in historical use or with reference to subsistence farming in poorer countries).	131
10170798145	period/-ization	divide (a portion of time) into periods.	132
10170800861	periphery	the outer limits or edge of an area or object	133
10170802835	plurality	the fact or state of being plural	134
10170808069	politics/-al	the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power; of or relating to the government or the public affairs of a country	135
10170812351	polygamy	the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.	136
10170816017	popular participation	the active involvement of citizens in the socio-political activities of a country. It can also be seen as the practice of involving the citizens in the governance of their country and in deciding important socio-cultural, political and economic matters.	137
10170824289	proletariat	workers or working-class people, regarded collectively	138
10170827461	propaganda	information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view	139
10170831821	protectorate	a state that is controlled and protected by another	140
10170834262	province/-ial	a principal administrative division of certain countries or empires	141
10170838639	push-pull factors	factors that drive people away from a place and draw people to a new location.	142
10170845277	race/-ism, -ial	each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics; prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior	143
10170908171	radical	(especially of change or action) relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough	144
10171098216	raw material	the basic material from which a product is made.	145
10171101172	rebel/rebellion	a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or ruler	146
10171104419	reform	make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it	147
10171107375	regime	a government, especially an authoritarian one; a system or planned way of doing things, especially one imposed from above	148
10171113157	regional/-ism	of, relating to, or characteristic of a region; the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation	149
10171120347	republic	a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.	150
10171121672	revenue	income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature.	151
10171140100	revolt	rise in rebellion; refuse to acknowledge someone or something as having authority	152
10171144125	revolution	a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.	153
10171145935	rural	in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town	154
10171147792	secede/secession	withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization	155
10171150893	secular	denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis	156
10171157518	sedentary	(of a person) tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive.	157
10171159660	segregation	the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart	158
10171161209	slavery	the practice or system of owning slaves	159
10171165815	socialism	a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.	160
10171167219	socio-economic	relating to or concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors.	161
10171170511	sovereignty	supreme power or authority	162
10171180420	standardized	cause (something) to conform to a standard	163
10171256479	state (n.)	the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time; a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government	164
10171263601	status quo	the existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues	165
10171271472	stratification	place (seeds) close together in layers in moist sand or peat to preserve them or to help them germinate.	166
10171277583	subsistence	the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	167
10171294141	syncretic/-ism	the amalgamation (the action, process, or result of combining or uniting) or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.	168
10171302772	synthesis	combination or composition	169
10171305198	tariff	a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.	170
10171310561	territorial	of or relating to the ownership of an area of land or sea	171
10171311895	theocracy	a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.	172
10171317888	Third World	the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.	173
10171320089	totalitarian/-ism	of or relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state	174
10171321692	tribute	payment made periodically by one state or ruler to another, especially as a sign of dependence	175
10171323101	union (n.)	the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context; an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests	176
10171324931	urban/-ization	in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town	177
10171326520	utopian	modeled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect; idealistic.	178
10171327798	venerate/-tion	regard with great respect	179
10171328871	working class	the social group consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	180
10171328872	the West	the noncommunist states of Europe and North America, contrasted with the former communist states of eastern Europe	181
10171330488	xenophobia	intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries	182

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AP World History: The Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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6095063324	economy	goods, labors, and services exchanged between agents	0
6095065853	needed for economic production	1) land/resources 2) labor 3) capital	1
6095069560	Industrial Revolution characteristics	1) machinery and factories 2) urbanization 3) new sources of energy 4) mass production 5) routine labor	2
6095073968	1st wave of the Industrial Revolution	1) Britain, France, Belgium 2) textiles 3) iron 4) coal 5) railroad	3
6095077159	2nd wave of the Industrial Revolution	1) US, Russia, the rest of Europe, Japan 2) oil and gas 3) electricity 4) steel 5) chemicals 6) new products	4
6095086758	capitalism	1) a system where private individuals and companies own and control production and distribution 2) free and open markets must be allowed to operate in determining production and consumption 3) supports industrialization	5
6095093551	capitalist market principles	1) self interest 2) competition 3) supply and demand	6
6095095126	Why Europe?	1) europe was made up of many competitive states 2) european goverment had a strong connection to their merchant class 3) widespread contact and trade	7
6095100702	Why Britain?	1) the luck of geography (had resources) 2) the wealth of Britain's empire and connections around the globe 3) goverment encouraged commercialism and growth 4) used science and technology for more practical applications	8
6095109340	effects of industrialization on Elites	1) the decline of land value decreased their power 2) a new Industrial Elite (businessmen and bankers) emerged 3) had to find new opportunities 4) became less politically powerful 5) laws favored Industrial Elites more	9
6095109447	effects of industrialization on the Middle Class	1) benefitted the most from the revolution 2) became more educated 3) received the right to vote from the Reform Bill of 1832 4) more socioeconomic variety: upper (businessmen, professionals) and lower (the service industry) 5) women had more job opportunities but most women stayed home	10
6095110428	effects of industrialization on the Working Class	1) benefitted the least 2) worked long hours for low wages 3) poor working and living conditions 4) many young women and girls worked jobs 5) child labor	11
6103050712	effects of Industrial Revolution on women	1) connected and supported the feminist movement 2) new jobs for women; the service industry, teachers, nurses, factory workers 3) the idea that women should stay home spread from the Middle and Elite class to the Working class and working class women started leaving work after they got married	12
6103793355	Friendly Societies	working class self-help groups	13
6103795422	Trade Unions	1) started in the early 1800s 2) an association of workers trying to achieve better wages, working hours, and working conditions 3) used strikes, protests, and revolts to spread awareness and incite change	14
6114704230	Socialism	1) a system where society (the government/state) owns and controls the means of production and distribution 2) it would have a more even distribution of wealth and have less exploitation of workers 3) offered as an alternative to capitalism	15
6114707086	Utopian Socialism	socialism on a smaller scale	16
6114707466	Communism	1) a more radical form of socialism 2) created in 1848 by Karl Marx 3) society is best understood by class struggle: the bourgeoisie vs the proletariat 4) oppression, conflict, and inequality caused by capitalism and industry 5) criticized capitalism for its pursuit of profit (the rich get richer and the poor are stuck), mass production (uneven distribution), and the specialization of work (dehumanizing)	17
6114708852	bourgeoisie	the owners; upper class	18
6114709494	proletariat	the workers; lower class	19
6114712604	Communism flaws	1) not all jobs are fulfilling 2) transitional governments can become corrupt 3) Marx failed to see the emergence of the middle class 4) the working class improved over time	20
6114714922	Communism steps	1) the proletariat overthrows the bourgeoisie 2) the proletariat creates a transitional government to manage the change 3) the government dissolves after change is instituted and a classless society emerges	21
6133251315	Industrialization in the US	1) 1820s 2) New England 3) started with textiles 4) had less government involvement 5) used some foreign investment 6) had same problems with working class 7) had same social reactions - but socialism was not popular	22
6133268721	Industrialization in Russia	1) 1816 2) smaller and less successful 3) mostly focused on heavy industries (coal and oil) 4) accepted a lot of foreign investments 5) had more government involvement 6) Russia's working class suffered the most 7) had the most radical response - communist revolution	23
6133272245	Industrialization in Japan	1) 1870s 2) textiles 3) borrowed a lot from the West but implemented Japanese focus 4) more government involvement (zaibatsu) 5) mostly self-financed (silver investments) 6) same problems with working class 7) same social responses - but Japan's government suppressed the radical response	24
6133332190	Zaibatsu	big corporations created by the government that would begin industrialization	25
6133361935	Latin America in an Industrial World	1) does not experience a industrial revolution yet 2) becomes more of an export economy; ships raw materials (copper, silver, tin, rubber) to US and Europe for manufacturing 3) life remains fulls of social and economic inequality (foreign investment goes towards elites)	26

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Ap World History- Post Classical Era Flashcards

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11526207686	Feudalism	medieval decentralized control	0
11526215832	Baghdad	center of Islamic art/ learning	1
11526226418	Pax Mongolia	period of safe trade in Euroasia	2
11526251911	Yuan	Mongol control of China	3
11526256613	Caliph	Islamic political leader	4
11526285149	Scholar-gentry	Chinese government land owning class	5
11526308431	Timbuktu	West African trading city that became a leading center of Muslim learning	6
11526316007	Bubonic Plague	A disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas. -a negative effect to the expand of trade routes	7
11526328075	Aztecs	Mesoamerican empire 1300s-1400s	8
11526338653	Champa Rice	fast growing rice that caused China population to boom	9
11526349657	Urbanuzation	This impacted China more than anything else	10
11526357545	Justinian Code	The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor	11
11526370312	Hanseatic League	A Northern European trade association	12
11526378112	Kingdoms of West Africa	Ghana, Mali, Songhai	13
11526378113	Vikings	Invaders of West Europe that came from Scandinavia in the Middle Ages	14
11526392589	Crusades	Classical learning & Arab tech return to Europe	15
11526411050	Marco Polo	Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and Yuan China.	16
11526422177	Ibn Battuta	Muslim travel to Africa, Asia, & Middle East	17
11526453350	Silk Road	An ancient trade route linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.	18
11526467644	Serfs	A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times	19
11526469724	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.	20
11526478894	Swahili Coast	Important Indian Ocean trading region	21
11526490690	Mita	Inca mandatory labor system	22
11526501562	Golden Horde	Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.	23
11526509420	Japan	Chinese culture and tradition spread here	24
11526516877	Terraces	Farming technique by Incas	25
11526521685	Italy	This region expanded during the crusades	26
11526530633	Delhi Sultanate	The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India	27
11526537286	Guilds	The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.	28
11526540204	Al-Andalus	A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D.	29
11526543310	South East Asia	Buddhism and Islam spread here	30
11526554319	Bhakti Movement	Indian movement that attempted to ease the conflict between Hinduism and Islam	31

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AP World History: Chapter 20 Flashcards

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6163338825	Rammohun Roy	(1772-1833) A leader of the Bengal Renaissance in India who studied the religious texts of Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism for both religious truth and social reform. Roy argued that Hindus should return to their ancient texts, reject polytheism and superstition, and eliminate backward practices such as suti, or widow burning.	0
6163338826	Qing dynasty	(1644-1911) Sometime called the Manchu dynasty after the Manchurian origins of its rulers. The Qing (meaning "brilliant") extended their rule from Beijing as far as Mongolia and Tibet.	1
6163341162	Emperor Kangxi	(r. 1662-1772) One of the most powerful and long-ruling emperors in Chinese imperial history, who extended the Qing empire, expanded the economy, and cultivated an image as a Confucian scholar and sage.	2
6163341163	Qianlong	(r. 1736-1796) Qing emperor who ruled during the empire's greatest territorial expansion and prosperity. Late in his reign, corruption began to infect the state bureaucracy. Rejected an English attempt to establish diplomatic relations.	3
6163343126	Yangzi River Valley	Agriculturally productive region with the important urban center of Nanjing. The Yangzi River Delta was the site of strong industrial and commercial growth in the eighteenth century.	4
6163346946	Treaty of Nerchinsk	1689 treaty between Romanov Russia and Qing China that fixed their Central Asian border.	5
6163350072	Macartney Mission	The 1792-1793 mission in which Lord Macartney was sent King George the Third of England to establish permanent diplomatic relations with the Qing empire. Because he could not accept the British king as his equal, the Qianlong emperor politely refused.	6
6163350073	Cossacks	Horsemen of the steppes who helped Russian rulers protect and extend their frontier into Central Asia and Siberia.	7
6163352403	Catherine the Great	(r. 1762-1796) German princess who married into the Romanov family and became empress of Russia. Brought western European cultural and intellectual influences to the Russian elite. Her troops crushed a major peasant uprising.	8
6163352404	Aurangzeb	(r. 1658-1707) Mughal emperor who used military force to extend his power but whose constant campaigns drained the treasury and whose policy of favoring Islam at the expense of India's other religions generated social and political tensions.	9
6163354826	Maratha kingdoms	Loosely bound, west-central Indian confederacy that established its autonomy from Mughal rule in the eighteenth century and challenged the invading British in the nineteenth.	10
6163354827	Nader Shah	(1688-1747) Iranian ruler who invaded India from the north in 1739, defeated the Mughal army and capturing the Mughal emperor, who handed over the keys to his treasury before Nader Shah agreed to withdraw. Mughal power went into permanent decline.	11
6163357883	Joseph Francois Dupleix	(1697-1764) Governor-general in charge of all French establishments on India. Dupleix used diplomacy to forage alliances with local rulers and with their help defeated a much larger British force in the 1740s.	12
6163357884	Battle of Plassey	1757 battle that gave the British East India Company control of the rich eastern Mughal province of Bengal. Sir Robert Clive used alliances with Indian rulers to defeat the larger forces of Siraj ud-Daulah, the nawab of Bengal.	13
6163360780	Lord Charles Cornwallis	(1738-1795) British general who surrendered to American forces at Yorktown and later served as governor-general of India and Ireland.	14
6163360781	Yoshimune	(1738-1795) Eighth Tokugawa ruler to hold the title of shogun. A conservative but capable leader under whose rule japan saw advances in agricultural productivity.	15
6163364480	Seclusion Edicts	Series of edicts issued by the Tokugawa shoguns that, beginning in the 1630s, outlawed Christianity and strictly limited Japanese contact with Europeans. Only a single annual Dutch trading mission was allowed, with the stipulation that no Bibles of other Christian texts were to enter the country.	16
6163364769	Dutch learning	Traditional Japanese title for Western knowledge. Knowledge of Dutch in Tokugawa Japan was a sign of worldliness and sophistication.	17

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AP World History Notes Flashcards

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7020003299	Paleolithic	Old Stone Age, about 2 million years; use of stone and hunting and gathering	0
7020325822	homo sapiens sapiens	the human species that was most successful during the Paleolithic period	1
7020328860	Where did humans first develop?	Africa	2
7020330732	Mesolithic	middle stone age; human ability rapidly improved, as well as population growth; Ice Age just ended	3
7020333271	Neolithic	New Stone Age; period of agricultural development; plants and animals domesticated; agriculture developed while hunting declined	4
7020336785	Neolithic Revolution	converted many people into using forms of agriculture instead of hunting and gathering	5
7020338833	Bronze Age	bronze tools were used to replace stone tools and materials; toolmakers were specialized- more people could work on crafting	6
7020341860	nomads	people who moved from place to place in search of food, shelter, and peaceful living	7
7020347477	Religion of nomads	animals were used as sacrifices	8
7020358232	Why were nomads feared?	More time to train for battle, so they became famous for invasions; size of herd calculated who became the leader of the tribe	9
7020365907	Indus River	river sources as Himalayas to mouth in Arabian sea; location of Harappan civilization	10
7020367503	Harappa	along with Mohenjo Daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern -extensive trade with Mesopotamia -elaborate facilities(running water, buildings, baths) -distinctive art and alphabet -trade using stones -priests were highly regarded -prone to attack	11
7020375529	Why did Harappa decline?	decline resulted from large amounts of flooding, migrations from other groups, and invasions	12
7020385566	Vedic and Epic Ages	time of transition from Harappan civilization; cultural developments such as poems were insightful to the period	13
7020387305	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society; originally from Central Asia -developed agriculture in India and used iron tools -traditions became part of Indian society	14
7020391518	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century BCE; comes from the Sanskrit word meaning "knowledge"	15
7020393573	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form	16
7020395767	Ramayana	one of the greatest epic tales from the classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita, written 4th to 2nd centuries BCE	17
7020397997	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by the Brahmans to restore religious authority	18
7020400874	Civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non- farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups -form of human organization -first developed in Mesopotamia	19
7020405663	4 distinctive features of civilization	-greater amounts of food surpluses -developed formal governments -writing- enhanced communication -cities began to form	20
7020407909	Mesopotamia	between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers	21
7020408912	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia; the people who created the first civilization within a region; first people to organize an area into city- states	22
7020410917	polytheists	believed in more than one god	23
7020412061	cuneiform	the first known form of human writing developed by the Sumerians; clay tablets and stylus; pictures represent objects and sounds	24
7020414208	Developments in Mesopotamia	-astronomy, advanced knowledge of math, provided a calendar -art improved with statues and painting	25
7020417221	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes; first form of large architecture	26
7020421277	city-states	ruled by a king who claimed divine authority -kings became military leaders -kings, noble class, and the priesthood owned land which was worked by slaves	27
7020438000	patriarchal society	women began to have less rights; less laws protected women and more protected men	28
7020441332	Who took over the Sumerians, and who took over them?	Sumerians were taken over by the Akkadians, and the Akkadians were taken over by the Babylonians	29
7020442618	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion 200 years after it was taken over -spread the idea of civilization to the Middle East	30
7020445926	King Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for the codification of law	31
7020447145	codification of law	promoted the welfare of the people; established courts and one of the first justice systems; punishments were harsh (eye for eye)	32
7020451179	Who took over the Babylonians?	Babylonians were taken over by the Assyrians and the Persians, who created new empires in the Middle East	33
7020452651	Pharoh	title of a king of ancient Egypt -seen as godlike	34
7020453788	pyramids	monumental architecture used as burial sites for pharohs -sign of royal power	35
7020457356	Kush	an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	36
7020464324	Central America in 7000-5000 BCE	-cultivation of maize, beans, squash, and peppers -potato in the Andes mountains	37
7020467671	The Olmecs	-1500 BCE -coastal area on the Gulf of Mexico -irrigation system, cities, writing system -complex religion	38
7020471527	When did the Olmecs decline?	800 BCE	39
7020473951	Chavin and the Andean World	1800-1200 BCE -near the Andes mountains -irrigation system, pottery making, jewelry, textiles, ceramics	40
7020477178	When did the Andean civilization decline?	300 BCE	41
7020478897	River Valley Civilization Achievements	-wheel -taming of horses -well-organized monarchies -legal codes -writing systems -calendars	42
7020481753	Phoenicians	1300 BCE; simplified the alphabet and improved Egyptian numbering system -Emerged in the middle east, but they would travel by boat and set up colonies throughout the Mediterranean	43
7020485964	Judaism	1200 BCE; monotheistic; ethical behavior -believed they were the chosen people, because religion was a way of life	44
7020490776	Code of Ur-Nammu	Sumerian law code; oldest known law code surviving today	45
7020495104	Achievements	-art was cheerful -hieroglyphics -24 hour day -pyramids -agricultural surplus	46
7020499063	Huanghe Civilizations	irrigation well regulated for floor prone rivers: Yangzi and Huanghe	47
7020501780	Advanced technology of the Huanghe civilization	-ride horses -pottery -bronze, iron, and coal -ideographic symbols -astronomy -delicate designs in art	48
7020505351	Zhou Dynasty	1029-700 BCE -alliances with land owning families (feudal period) -move to Yangzi river basin for population growth and trade -military skills, rituals, and traditions were lost	49
7020509048	Mandate and Heaven	divine support for their rule	50
7020510049	Post Zhou China	-political fragmentation occurs -landlords begin to disregard the government -Qin dynasty emerges as leading power over China	51
7020513182	Family Solidarity in Ancient China	-family needs go above the individual -death does not weaken familial bonds (Ancestor worship) -Confucianism (respect for parents, older relatives)	52
7020518009	feudal period	decentralized system of government; several rulers all from different families; used in the Zhou dynasty	53
7020542973	Dao	a way for people to relate to the idea that opposites balance; yin and yang, hot and cold	54
7020544993	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty -Legalist ruler (brutal but effective) -initiated the building of the Great Wall	55
7020547565	Qin dynasty	dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty -national cencus -standardized coinage -uniform writing - furthered agriculture, irrigation projects, and silk manufacturing	56
7020549991	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin; ruled for 400 years - built the most effective bureaucracy in the world	57
7020560070	Sons of Heaven	the emperors that provided the mandate of heaven for the Chinese people	58
7020570082	decline of the Qin	-Shi Huangde= unpopular -built massive tomb with hundreds of clay warriors -massive uprising after his death	59
7020573678	Confucious	major Chinese philosopher born in the 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on needs for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi -order without speculation -not a religious leader -emphasize traditions -respect social superiors	60
7020580952	Emperor Wudi	famous Han ruler	61
7020583359	What was the literature, art, and science like for Confucius?	-civil service exams -learn and write poetry -calligraphy, painting, bronze, pottery, jade, ivory, and silk screens	62
7020585812	What was the difference between the Qin and Han?	Qin focused on centralized government while Han focused on decentralized government	63
7020592785	Legalism	-disdained Confucian virtues in favor of authority -human nature was evil and required restraint -Qin and Han periods	64
7020595364	Daoism	-traditional beliefs like harmony with nature -Laozi (must withdraw from the world to explore nature) -Confucian scholars disagreed with Daoism -government incorporated loyalty	65
7020601604	the Confucian social system	-landowning aristocracy and bureaucrats (Shi=scholar- gentry) -laborers = peasants and artisans -not in favor of moneymaking (more for political service) -mean people= unskilled, performers, slaves	66
7020605888	Xi'An	Han Capital	67
7020607975	Why is there little trade in the Han and Zhou dynasties?	little respect for trade and merchants	68
7020609548	primogeniture	the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole estate passed down to the eldest son	69
7020610827	Ethnocentrism	isolation -surrounding peoples were inferior -no missionaries -Buddhism is an exception	70
7020615724	Confucianism vs. Daoism	-antagonism: attacks on politics in the name of Daoism -combination of Confucianism and Chinese penal system (strict policing)	71
7020630372	Brahmans	Vedic priests; became the leaders of the society	72
7020631155	Buddha	creator of a major Indian and Asia religion; born in the 6th Century BCE as son of a local ruler among Aryan tribes located near the Himalayas; believed in strong self discipline; loved the bo tree; taught that happiness could only be achieved by leaving all material items	73
7020635819	The Gupta	committed to reasserting Brahman's dominance -believed in Hinduism -achievements in architecture, painting, sculpting, philosophy, literature, and the sciences	74
7020641176	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian Empire prior to his death; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures	75
7020643304	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms on warrior republics	76
7020645191	Monsoons	seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains	77
7020647630	Sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	78
7020648505	Varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes: brahmans, warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was a group of socially untouchable Dasas	79
7020652566	Untouchables	low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting; street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning -marriage between castes was forbidden	80
7020655241	Jati	groups inside the castes giving each group a specific job	81
7020675080	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as colossal, hard- drinking warrior	82
7020679675	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of Maurya dynasty; established the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization; autocratic ruler -322 BCE	83
7020687880	Mauryan	dynasty established in the Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasions of Alexander the Great -first rulers to unify the subcontinent -large armies -somewhat bureaucracy, mostly autocratic	84
7020698491	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of the Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored the spread of new religion throughout his empire; 269-232 BCE -studied nature and was very spiritual -conquests were bloody	85
7020703404	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept on'e social position and perform that occupation to the best of their ability in order to have a better situation in next life	86
7020706798	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in 3rd century CE; built an empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan empire -320-535 CE	87
7020724804	Aryan Gods and Goddesses	-regulated nature and had human qualities -hymns and sacrifices; epic poems reflect after death -bases for Hindu beliefs; unifying force -Gautama Buddha creates Buddha	88
7020746503	Artha	encourages political and economic goals, and worldly pleasures	89
7020766074	Hinduims	-no single founder -tolerant and accpeting	90
7020767513	Brahmanism	early Hinduism; due to leadership roles -always called their religion as dharma	91
7020771086	Gurus	originally referred to as brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of teh imperiam court of the Guptas	92
7020773253	Brahma	basic holy essence; formed part of everything in the world	93
7020775210	Vishnu	the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice, the preserver; largely worshipped	94
7020776899	Shiva	Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshiped as the personification of cosmic forces	95
7020778532	Reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in a previous lives	96
7020782862	What must a person to to enter into a good life?	-cremation of the body at death -prayers and obedience to cows -following life patterns assigned to a caste	97
7020785653	Nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility	98
7020787986	Buddism	-stress on meditation and self control -against the caste system -preachers were monks	99
7020790998	Kamasutra	offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking	100
7020795949	Harsha	rulers who followed the Gupta in India; briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 adn 657 Ce	101
7020798366	Rajput	regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their regions	102
7020801131	Devi	mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual	103
7020803998	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on the prophesy of Muhammad	104

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Chapter 4-- AP World History Flashcards

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10789401589	All artifacts from Harappan society is from	artifacts from above the water table	0
10789401590	Barley, Wheat and Cotton	two main crops in Indus River	1
10789401591	Harappa and Mohenjo-daro	two main cities known, strong belief system	2
10789401592	possible reason for the disappearances	1. Ecological degradation 2. Natural catastrophes	3
10789401593	Aryans	pastoral economy VEdas	4
10789401594	Vedic age	Conflict between people	5
10789401595	raja	king	6
10789401596	Indra	god of war	7
10789401597	Punjab then Deccan	migration of Aryans, first to use iron and established kingdoms instead of tribes	8
10789401598	Caste system	Brahmins Kshatriyas vaishyas shudras	9
10789401599	Lawbook of Manu	book about moral and social behavior and responsibilities	10
10789401600	Samsara	individual soul was born many times	11
10789401601	Brahman	universal soul	12
10789401602	Moksha	permanent liberation from physical incarnation	13
10789401603	Upanishads	work of religious teachings	14
10789401604	Dravidians	early Harappan civilization replaced by Aryans	15
10789401605	Sati	ancient practice in which the widow was thrown on the funeral pyres of her husband	16

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AP World History Greece and Rome Flashcards

Classical Civilization Mediterreanean : Greece and Rome

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7009119685	I. The Persian Tradition	...	0
7009119686	1. Describe the achievements and significance of the Persians.	550 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great= Persian Empire across northern Middle East & into n.w India. Persians tolerant of local cus¬toms; developed iron technology; new religion-Zoroastrianism; and lively artistic style. Persians =limited influence on Mediterranean coast> ulti¬mately defeated Alexander the Great, Persian language /culture survived periodically affecting developments in region into 20th century.	1
7009119687	II. Patterns of Greek and Roman History	...	2
7009119688	2. Describe the characteristics of Greek political development 800 - 600 B.C.E.	Political development in Greece based on city-states, rather than single political unit. Each city-state had its own government, typically a tyranny of one ruler or aristocratic coun¬cil. Penin¬sula was so divided by mountains that unified government would have been difficult to establish.	3
7009119689	3. Describe the differences between Sparta and Athens and explain when Athens reached its greatest height.	Sparta=military aristocracy dominating a slave population; Athens= commercial state with extensive use of slaves. 500- 449 B.C.E., two states cooperated to defeat a huge Persian invasion. After Persian war period Athenian culture =highest point, developed more colonies in e. Mediterranean & s. Italy.	4
7009119690	4. Describe the rule of Pericles in Athens.	Pericles leader of Athens during Golden Age Peloponnesian.	5
7009119691	5. Explain the cause and long term effects of the Peloponnesian War. (Philip II of Macedon)	Athens & Sparta fought for control of Greece in Peloponnesian Wars. (431-404 B.C.E.) Sparta won, but war greatly weakened both sides. Philip II of Macedon invaded from north & conquered Greece 338 B.C.E.	6
7009119692	6. Describe the extent of the empire of Alexander the Great.	Philip II's son Alexander extended Macedon¬ian Empire through Middle East, across Persia to border of India& southward through Egypt.	7
7009119693	7. Describe the characteristics of the Hellenistic period.	After Alexander's death empire divided among 3 generals. Greek art/ culture merged with other Middle Eastern cultures in Hellenistic period. Trade flour¬ished & important scientific advancements were made in centers Alexandria in Egypt. Hellenistic =spread of Greek civilization even after its political decline.	8
7009119694	8. Describe the establishment and spread of the Roman Republic.	(Punic Wars)Roman state began as local monarchy in central Italy 800 B.C.E. Roman aristocrats drove out monarchy 509 B.C.E. New Roman republic gradually extended its influence over rest of Italy & conquering Greek colonies in south. Roman conquest spread more widely during three Punic Wars 264 to 146 B.C.E., against armies of Phoenician city of Carthage on northern coast of Africa. After defeating Carthage Romans seized entire western Mediterranean & Greece & Egypt.	9
7009119695	9. Describe the events that led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire.	(Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar) Civil wars between generals>vic¬tory by Julius Caesar, in 45 B.C.E. & end of traditional institutions of Roman Republic. Caesar's grandnephew, later called Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E., following another period of rivalry after Julius Caesar's assassination; Augustus established basic structures of Roman Empire.	10
7009119696	10. Describe the extent of the Roman Empire by 180 B.C.E.	brought peace/ prosper¬ity to Mediterranean world from Spain/north Africa in west to eastern shores of Med.> moved northward conquering France & southern Britain& pushing into Germany.	11
7009119697	11. Describe the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.	(Diocletian and Constantine) it suffered slow, decisive fall over 250 years; invaders from north conquered Rome in 476 C.E. Decline reflected in economic deterioration & population loss: trade & birth rate both fell. Govern¬ment =less effective. Emperors Diocletian &Constantine tried to reverse tide. Constantine in 313 recognized legality of Christianity; decline in west continued. Roman armies depended increasingly on non-Roman recruits, whose loyalty was suspect. Invasion of nomadic peoples from north= end of classical period of Mediterranean civi¬lization; like its counterparts in Gupta India & Han China it could no longer defend itself.	12
7009119698	III. Greek and Roman Political Institutions	...	13
7009119699	12. Describe the characteristics of politics in Mediterranean Civilization.	Political interests were part of life in Greece &Rome. The "good life" for upper-class Athenian or Roman = active par¬ticipation in politics. Citizens participated in military> sense of political interest/responsibility. In Roman Empire political concerns restricted by power of emperor, but local area retained some autonomy in Italy, Greece, eastern Mediter¬ranean;	14
7009119700	13. Explain the similarities between Greco- Roman political values and Confucianism values of classical China and India.	Strong political ideals/ interests =similarities between Greco-Roman society & Confucian values of classical China; con¬cept of active citizenship was distinctive in Mediterranean cultures. Greece & Rome did not develop a single or cohesive set of political institutions to rival China's divinely sanctioned emperor or its elaborate bureaucracy; in addition to political intensity & localism in Mediterranean civilization-also diver¬sity in political forms; comparison extends to India, where various political forms—including participation in governing councils—ran strong	15
7009119701	14. Describe the types of political rule in the Mediterranean.	Roman republic & most Greek city-states had abolished early monarchies. Rule by individual strongmen=more common' "tyranny" in classical Greece. Many tyrants= effective rulers in promoting public works & protect¬ing common people against abuses of aris¬tocracy. Some Roman generals who seized power in later days republic had similar characteristics, as did Hellenistic kings who suc¬ceeded Alexander.	16
7009119702	15. Describe the characteristics of democracy in Athens.	5th-century Athens major decisions of made by general assemblies in which all citizens could participate= direct democracy, not rule through elected representatives. Executive officers chosen for brief terms to control their power & subject to review by assem¬bly: chosen by lot, not elected on principle any citizen could serve; only minority of Athenian population= citizens. Women=no rights of political participation; half of all adult males= slaves or foreigners; it> popular participation & included principles we would recog¬nize as truly democratic.	17
7009119703	16. Describe the most widely preferred polit¬ical framework in the Mediterranean world.	centered on aristocratic assemblies, whose deliberations established guidelines for state policy & served as a check on executive power. Sparta governed by mil¬itaristic aristocracy determined to keep power overlarge slave population. Other Greek city-states also= aristocratic assem¬blies. Even democratic Athens found leadership in many aristocrats, including Pericles.	18
7009119704	17. Describe the structure of government in the Roman Republic.	(assembly, Senate, consuls) All Roman citizens in republic could gather in periodic assemblies to elect officials to represent interests of common people. Aristocrats held almost all execu¬tive offices. Senate =mainly aristocrats; 2 consuls shared executive power, Senate could choose dictator to hold emergency authority in time of crisis. In Roman Senate, as in aristocratic assemblies of Greek city-states, ideal of public service, featuring elo¬quent public speaking and arguments that sought to identify general good, came closest to realization.	19
7009119705	18. Why did a significant body of political theory develop in classical Mediterranean civilization?	The diversity of Greek and Roman political forms, as well as the importance ascribed to political participation, helped generate a significant body of political theory in classical Mediterranean civilization. True to the aristocratic tradition, much of this theory dealt with appropriate political ethics, the duties of citizens, the importance of incorruptible service, and key political skills such as oratory.	20
7009119706	19. Describe the similarities between Greco-Roman society and Confucian values.	Some political writ¬ing resembled Confucianism, but less emphasis on hierarchy or bureaucratic virtues & more on participation in deliberative bodies to make laws & judge actions of executive officers. Classical Mediterranean writers also paid attention to structure of state itself, debating virtues & vices of various political forms. This expressed politi¬cal interests & diversity of Mediterranean world & served as key heritage to later societies.	21
7009119707	20. Describe the political system in the Roman Empire.	Roman Empire=different polit¬ical system from earlier city-states, but it preserved some older institutions, such as Senate which> meaningless forum for debates. Empire developed organi¬zational capacities on a far larger scale than city-states; but considerable local autonomy was allowed in many regions. Only in rare cases, such as forced disso¬lution of Jewish state in 63 C.E. after a major local rebellion did Romans take over dis¬tant areas completely. Careful organization in hierarchy of Roman army whose officers wielded great political power.	22
7009119708	21. Describe the role of laws in Greece and Rome.	(Twelve Tables) In addition to tolerance for local customs & religions & strong military organiza¬tion Romans emphasized laws as one factor that would hold their vast territories together. Greek &Roman republican leaders had developed an understanding of impor¬tance of codified, equitable law. Aristocratic leaders in 8th-century Athens sponsored legal codes designed to balance defense of private property with protection of poor citizens, includ¬ing access to courts of law administered by fellow cit¬izens. Early Roman republic introduced its first code of law,Twelve Tables, by 450 B.C.E. These early laws were intended to restrain upper classes from arbitrary action & to subject them & ordinary peo¬ple to some common legal principles. Roman Empire believed law should evolve to meet changing con¬ditions without fluctuating wildly. Idea of Roman law: rules, objectively judged, rather than personal whim should govern social relationships; law steadily took over matters of judgment earlier reserved for fathers of families or for landlords.	23
7009119709	22. Describe the characteristics of Roman laws codes that spread widely through the empire.	Roman law codes spread widely through empire & idea of law as regulator of social life. Many non-Romans were given right of citizenship & full access to Rome-appointed judges & uniform laws. Imperial law codes also regulated property rights&commerce> economic unity in empire.	24
7009119710	23. What was the key political achievement of the Roman Empire?	Idea of fair & reasoned law, comparable in importance, although quite different in nature, to Chinese elaboration of a complex bureaucratic structure.	25
7009119711	24. Describe the functions of government in Rome and Greece.	Most concentrated on maintaining law courts & military forces. Rome put importance on military conquest. Mediter¬ranean govts. regulated some branches of commerce in interest of securing vital grain. Rome= vast pub¬lic works in form of roads/harbors to facili¬tate military transport & commerce. Roman empire built stadiums & public baths to entertain & distract its subjects. City of Rome=over million inhabitants, pro¬vided cheap food & gladiator contests & other entertainment for masses; designed to prevent popular disorder.	26
7009119712	25. Describe the religious policies of the Romans.	Govts. supported an official religion, sponsoring public ceremonies to honor gods/ goddesses. Civic religious festivals=important events that expressed/encouraged wide-spread loyalty to state; little attempt to impose this religion on everyone; other religious practices tolerated if they didn't conflict with loyalty to state. Even later Roman emperors who claimed emperor= god as means of strength¬ening authority, were usually tolerant of other reli¬gions. They attacked Christianity because of Christians' refusal to place state first in their devotion.	27
7009119713	26. What were the chief political legacies of the classical Mediterranean world?	localism & fervent political interests with sense of intense loyalty to state; diversity of political systems with preference for aris¬tocratic rule; importance of law & develop¬ment of elaborate/uniform set of legal principles	28
7009119714	IV. Religion and Culture	...	29
7009119715	27. Describe the characteristics of Greco-Roman religion and gods.	derived from belief in spirits of nature elevated into complex set of gods/goddesses who were seen as regulating human life. Greeks & Romans= dif¬ferent names for their pantheon, but objects of worship were same: A creator or father god, Zeus or Jupiter, presided over an unruly assem¬blage of gods /goddesses whose functions ranged from regulating daily passage of sun (Apollo) or oceans (Neptune) to inspiring war (Mars) or human love& beauty (Venus). Specific gods= patrons of other human activities such as metalworking, hunt, literature & his¬tory. Regular ceremonies to gods =political importance; many sought gods' aid in foretelling future or ensuring good harvest or good health.	30
7009119716	28. Compare and contrast the role of gods in Greco-Roman religion and Indian religion.	Activities of gods= good storytelling; like soap operas on superhuman scale >classical Mediterranean religion= important literary tradition, as in India> reflected common heritage of Indo-European invaders; gods often used to illustrate human passions/foibles =serving as symbols of serious inquiry into human nature. Unlike Indi¬ans Greeks/Romans became inter¬ested in their gods more in terms of what they could do for &reveal about humankind on this earth than principles that could elevate people toward higher planes of spirituality.	31
7009119717	29. Describe the limitations in Roman religion.	lack of spiritual passion. "Mys¬tery" religions, often imported from Middle East, periodically swept through Greece/Rome, pro¬viding secret rituals & fellowship & greater sense of contact with divine powers. Even more than in China a considerable division arose between upper-class & popular belief.	32
7009119718	30. Describe the Greco-Roman search for an ethical model.	(Aristotle, Stoics) gods/goddesses of Greco-Roman= little basis for systematic inquiry into nature or human society or provide basis for ethical thought. Many thinkers sought separate model for ethical behav¬ior. Greek/ Roman moral philosophy issued by philosophers like Aristotle& Cicero stressed importance of moderation & balance in human behavior. Other ethical systems were devised dur¬ing Hellenistic period: Stoics emphasized inner moral independence, to be cultivated by strict discipline of body & by personal bravery. These ethical systems were major contributions in their own right & would also be blended with later religious thought under Christianity.	33
7009119719	31. Identify/significance : Socrates In Athens,	Socrates encouraged pupils to question conventional wis¬dom; the government thought he was undermining political loyalty; given choice of suicide or exile, Socrates chose suicide. The Socratic principle of rational inquiry by skeptical questioning> recurrent strand in classical Greek thinking& in its heritage to later societies.	34
7009119720	32. Identify/significance: Plato	Plato - Greek philosopher; philosophical tradition in Greece de-emphasized human spirituality in favor of cel¬ebration of human ability to think; result =some similarities to Confucianism but with greater emphasis on skeptical ques-tioning & abstract speculations about basic nature of humanity & the universe.	35
7009119721	33. What were the practical results of the Greeks' interest in rationality as a way to explain nature's order?	many theories, some wrong, about motions of planets & organization of elemental principles of earth, fire, air, water. Also > interest in mathematics as a means of understanding nature's patterns.	36
7009119722	34. Describe the accomplishments of the Greeks in mathematics and science.	(Pythagoras, Euclid, Ptolemy) Greek&Hellenistic =geometry: theorems of Pythagoras. Hellenistic Scientists: empirical studies of anatomy; medical treatises by Galen not improved on in Western world for centuries. Euclid= world's most widely used book of geometry. Hel¬lenistic astronomer Ptolemy incorrectly= theory of sun's motion around stationary earth= it contradicted much ear¬lier Middle Eastern astronomy that recognized the earth's rotation. Ptolemy's theory was accepted in West until Copernicus' work much later.	37
7009119723	35. Describe the Roman genius for engineering.	Roman genius=more practical than Greek= engineering: roads & aqueducts that Roman arches= carry great structural weight. Rome= huge buildings. Greek/Hellenistic extension of human reason to nature's princi-ples= their most impressive legacy.	38
7009119724	36. Describe the characteristics of art and literature in Mediterranean civilization.	Official religion inspired themes for artistic expression/ justification for temples, statues,plays devoted to glories of gods. Artists empha¬sized beauty of realistic portrayals of human form & poets /playwrights reflected interest in human condition	39
7009119725	37. Describe the characteristics of Greek drama.	com¬edy&tragedy; in contrast to India, Greeks= greatest emphasis on tragedy.	40
7009119726	38. Describe the sculpture of the Greeks and Romans.	Athens's t 5th century sculptors like Phidias created realistic/beautiful images of human form; subjects ranged from goddesses to muscled warriors/ athletes. Roman sculptors, less innovative, continued heroic-realistic tradition=scenes of Roman conquests on triumphal columns; captured power & human qualities of Augustus Caesar & successors on busts & full-figure statues.	41
7009119727	39. Describe the characteristics of Greek architecture.	emphasized monumental construction; square or rectangular shape with columned porti¬coes; three embell¬ishments for tops of columns supporting buildings: Doric, Ionic & Corinthian. Greeks invented what Westerners still regard as "classical" archi¬tecture, (Greeks had been influenced by Egyptian models).	42
7009119728	40. Describe the architecture of the Romans.	adopted Greek themes; engineering skill> buildings of greater size. Romans learned how to add domes to rectangular buildings= architectural diversity. Empire's taste for massive, heavily adorned monuments & public buildings reflected Rome's sense of power/achievement; move away from simple lines of early Greek temples.	43
7009119729	41. How was classical Mediterranean art and architecture linked with society that produced them?	Greek and Roman structures were built to be used. Temples, marketplaces, public baths part of daily urban life. Classical art flexible, according to need. Vil¬las or small palaces—built for Roman upper classes built around open courtyard—had light, simple quality rather dif¬ferent from temple architecture. Thousands of people gathered in large hillside theaters of Athens/ other cities for perfor¬mance of plays, as music, poetry. Roman Empire known more for monumental athletic performances—chariot races/ gladiators—than for high-quality popular theater. Even in Rome, ele¬ments of classical art=part of daily urban life & pursuit of pleasure.	44
7009119730	V. Economy and Society in Mediterranean	...	45
7009119731	42. Explain the development and consequences of commercial agriculture in Greece and Rome.	First in Greece, then in central Italy, farmers increasingly tempted to shift to production of olives /grapes; this required substantial capital, because not bear fruit for at least five years> many farmers> debt. Large land-lords gained increasing advantage over independent farmers> they could enter into market production on a much larger scale with commercial estates because of greater access to capital.	46
7009119732	43. How did the rise of commercial agriculture in Greece and Rome lead to efforts to establish an empire?	Greek city-states, developed colonies for grain production; traded olive oil, wine, manufactured goods, silver. Rome acquired Sicilian grain fields & used much of north Africa as granary>heavy cultivation > soil depletion>reduced agricultural fertility in later centuries	47
7009119733	44. Describe the development and characteristics of trade in the Mediterranean.	commercial farming >concern with trade. Private merchants >ships carried agricultural products & goods. Greek/ Roman state supervised grain trade, promoted public works, storage facil¬ities. Luxury products from shops of urban artists /craftsmen= major role in lifestyle of upper classes. Some trade also beyond borders of Mediter¬ranean civilization , for goods from India & China, but Mediterranean peoples=at some disadvantage, for their manufactured products less sophisticated than those of eastern Asia; so, they typically exported animal skins, precious metals & exotic African animals for Asian zoos in return for spices /artistic products of east.	48
7009119734	45. Describe the characteristics and role of merchants in the Mediterranean.	Athenian mer¬chants usually foreigners, mostly from trad¬ing peoples of Middle East. = higher status in Rome= 2ndunder landed patricians; aristocracy often disputed merchants' rights. Merchants fared better in Med. than in China, in terms of official recognition, but worse than in India;.	49
7009119735	46. Describe the characteristics and consequences of slavery in the Mediterranean.	Aristotle= justifications for slavery in society. Athenians :slaves as household ser¬vants, silver miners. Sparta used slaves for agricultural work. Slavery spread steadily in Rome from final centuries of republic. Most slaves came from conquered territories> slaves= element in military expan¬sion. = theme visible in earlier civilizations in eastern Mediterranean=helps explain greater importance of military forces/ expansion in these areas than in India or China. Roman slaves= household tasks, tutoring of upper-class children (for which cultured Greek slaves were highly valued) in mines for met¬als/ iron (mine work- brutal) Roman estate owners used large numbers of slaves for agricultural work, along with paid laborers & tenant farmers> pressure placed on free farmers who could not compete with unpaid forced labor.	50
7009119736	47. Describe the development of technology in Greece and Rome and explain how it was affected by slavery.	neither interested in tech¬nological innovations for agriculture/manufacturing Greeks=shipbuilding/navigation=vital for trading economy. Romans=skills in engineering>greater urban amenities & good roads>movement of troops. Abundant slave labor discouraged concern for more effi¬cient production methods, so did sense that goals of humankind= artistic & political>Mediterranean society lagged behind India & China in production technology> unfavorable balance of trade with eastern Asia.	51
7009119737	48. Describe the characteristics of family structure and the role of women in Greece and Rome.	importance of family structure=hus¬band & father in control. Women=vital economic functions in farming & arti¬san families. Upper class women often= influence/power in household; but in law & culture, women = inferior. Families with too many children sometimes put female infants to death. Early Roman law: gave life/death control over wife;(later= customs held in check by family courts with members of both families.>a case where Roman legal ideas modified traditional family con¬trols. Oppression probably less severe than in China. Many Greek/Roman women in busi¬ness & controlled minor portion of urban property	52
7009119738	VI. Toward the Fall of Rome	...	53
7009119739	49. Explain the impact of the fall of Rome and compare its fall to classical civilizations in China and India.	Unlike China, classical Med. Civilization was not simply disrupted only to revive. Unlike India,= no central religion derived from the civ. itself, to serve as link between classical period & what followed. Fall of Rome not uniform: it fell more in some parts others. Result: no single civilization rose to claim mantle of Greece/Rome; Greece/Rome would live on, but their heritage was more complex & selective than India or China.	54

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AP World History Terms Flashcards

using terms from the Stearns AP World history book

Terms : Hide Images

10434744884	Paleolithic Age	(Old Stone Age) from about 750,000 years ago to 14,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers and first simple stone and wood tool use	0
10434744885	Mesolithic Age	(Middle Stone Age) 12,000-8,000 B.C.E., stone tools improved and more animals domesticated	1
10434744886	Neolithic Age	(New Stone Age) latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere), invention of agriculture	2
10434744887	Agricultural Revolution	The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering, began in the Middle East and spread to other centers	3
10434744888	Bronze Age	beginning at about 3000 B.C.E., metalworking became commonplace, starting in the Middle East	4
10434744889	Fertile Crescent	core area of agriculture in Mesopotamia	5
10434744890	Catal Huyuk	Neolithic village in southern turkey founded about 7000 B.C.E., studied by scientists	6
10434744891	Civilization	formal states characterized by writing, cities, monuments, and elaborate trading patterns	7
10434744892	Mesopotamia	the first civilization, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East	8
10434744893	Sumerians	people who invaded Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C.E., known for irrigation techniques, first written language (Cuneiform), and complex religious concepts (religious monuments- ziggurats)	9
10434744894	City-States	political structures begun by the Sumerians ruled by a king who claimed divine authority and a government who organized all parts of the state	10
10434744895	Monumental Architecture	characteristic of civilization, often religious monuments (i.e. ziggrats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt)	11
10434744896	River Valley Civilizations	first civilizations in the Middle East, Egypt, northwestern India, and northern China, most declined by 1200 B.C.E.	12
10434744897	Ideographs	picture symbols first used as writing in China	13
10434744898	Babylonians	people who invaded Mesopotamia and extended the empire	14
10434744899	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who introduced the most famous early code of law, involving harsh punishments	15
10434744900	Egyptian Civilization	river valley civilization in northern Africa, along the Nile River, formed by 3000 B.C.E.	16
10434744901	Pharaoh	king of Egypt	17
10434744902	Indian Civilization	river valley civilization along the Indus River, formed by 2500 B.C.E., supporting several large cities, including Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	18
10434744903	Chinese Civilization	river valley civilization along the Huanghe (Yellow) River in China	19
10434744904	"Barbarians"	people not in civilizations	20
10434744905	Phoenician Alphabet	first simplified alphabet with 22 letters, emerged in 1300 B.C.E.	21
10434744906	Jews	developed first monotheistic religion	22
10434744907	Zhou Dynasty	Chinese dynasty lasting from 1029-258 B.C.E. featuring decentralized politics but increased cultural innovation and unity	23
10434744908	Era of Warring States	402-201 B.C.E., a period at the end of the Zhou dynasty in which the Chinese political system disintegrated	24
10434744909	Qin Dynasty	2nd dynasty in China, lasting only about 35 years, during which the first national census was instituted and the Great Wall was begun to be built	25
10434744910	Shi Huangdi	the brutal but brilliant ruler of the Qin dynasty	26
10434744911	Han Dynasty	3rd dynasty in China, from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E., centralized Chinese government, expanded territory and began direct contacts with other civilizations	27
10434744912	Madate of Heaven	claim of divine rule used to legitimize Chinese emperors	28
10434744913	Confucianism	philosophy and system of ethics that dominated Chinese culture based on the teachings of Confucius that stressed respect for social superiors, moderation in behavior, and veneration of tradition (basically do unto others as your status and theirs dictate)	29
10434744914	Mandarin bureaucrats	the Han dynasty established an elaborate bureaucracy of about 130,000 people, the emperor Wu Ti established the first civil service exams	30
10434744915	Legalism	pragmatic Chinese system of political thought based on strict discipline and restraint, with an authoritarian state that ruled by force	31
10434744916	Daoism	Chinese philosophy promoted by Laozi based on harmony and balance in and with nature	32
10434744917	Five Classics	set of literature written during the early part of the Zhou dynasty including political materials, discussion of etiquette and ceremonies, and poetry	33
10434744918	Chinese Classical Social Hierarchy	SPAM- Scholars, Peasants, Artisans, "Mean People"	34
10434744919	Filial piety	in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors	35
10434744920	Silk Road	network of caravan trade routes throughout China	36
10434744921	Aryans	Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society.	37
10434744922	Sanskrit	(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)	38
10434744923	Vedas	sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests	39
10434744924	Vedic and Epic Ages	Several centuries between the destruction of the Indus River civilization and the revival of full civilization elsewhere on the subcontinent; Also called the formative period, in which Indo-European migrants gradually came to terms with agriculture, but had their own impact on the culture and social structure of their new home.	40
10434744925	Upanishads	commentaries on the Vedas that are considered sacred texts in the Hindu religion	41
10434744926	Caste System	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, used in India brought by the Aryans	42
10434744927	Varnas	KBVSU: Kshatriyas (warrior/governing class), Brahmins (priests), Vaisyas (traders and farmers), Sudras (common laborers), Untouchables (filth group)	43
10434744928	Mauryan Dynasty	dynasty founded in India by a soldier named Chadragupta in 322 B.C.E. that had a large army, large bureaucracy, promoted trade and communication, and are known for unifying India. `	44
10434744929	Ashoka	(269-232 B.C.E.) most prominent Mauryan ruler, unified almost all of India, tried to mix Buddhism and Hinduism, and connected the subcontinent to the Silk Road	45
10434744930	Gupta Dynasty	Indian Hindu dynasty that reinforced the caste system and decentralized the government	46
10434744931	Hinduism	belief system from India from the literature, traditions and class system (caste system) of the Aryan invaders. priests=Brahmins, polytheistic religion with a belief in reincarnation based on a person's good karma, by following the moral law of dharma, in order to achieve unificaion with the soul of Brahma (moshka)	47
10434744932	Vishnu and Shiva	the two most important deities in the Hindu religion	48
10434744933	Bhagavad Gita	Short poem that illustrates the expectations Hinduism made for individuals and the promise of salvation that it held out to them; Self-contained Mahabharata; Dialogue between Arjuna(kshatriya warrior going into battle) and Krishna(human incarnation of Vishnu)	49
10434744934	Buddhism	belief system from India founded by prince Guatama (the Buddha) in 53 BCE, based on self control and equal treatment for all, in order to reach nirvana	50
10434744935	Classical Indian Literature	Vedic and Epics	51
10434744936	Stupas	religious buildings that originally housed Buddha relics. Stupas developed into familiar Buddhist architecture	52
10434744937	Persian Empire	an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC	53
10434744938	Pericles	Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece	54
10434744939	Peloponnesian Wars	a war fought between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC, ending in a victory for Sparta	55
10434744940	Alexander the Great	king of Mcedonia who conquered Geece, Persia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley; his conquests spread Greek culture throughout parts of 3 continents	56
10434744941	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	57
10434744942	Polis	city-state	58
10434744943	democracy	stated in Athens	59
10434744944	senate and consuls	made by Patricians. were the highest branch of government	60
10434744945	roman law	this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people	61
10434744946	aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	62
10434744947	socrates	philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method	63
10434744948	rationality	the quality of being consistent with or based on logic	64
10434744949	sophocles	one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)	65
10434744950	cicero	a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)	66
10434744951	kush	From about 500 BC to 150 AD this Nubian empire in North Africa controlled a large trade netowrk, including Egypt	67
10434744952	ethiopia	a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	68
10434744953	silk road	an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles)	69
10434744954	shintoism	the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma, focusing on nature and ancestor worship	70
10434744955	olmec	a member of an early Mesoamerican civilization centered around Veracruz that flourished between 1300 and 400 BC	71
10434744956	teotihuacan	A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)	72
10434744957	hindi	the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars	73
10434744958	constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	74
10434744959	byzantine empire	a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395	75
10434744960	sassanid empire	the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years.[1] The Sassanid dynasty was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia	76
10434744961	coptic church	the ancient Christian church of Egypt	77
10434744962	syncretism	the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)	78
10434744963	bodhisattvas	belief that all Buddhists, no matter what level of society they are from can reach nirvana	79
10434744964	Paul	(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles	80
10434744965	Pope	the head of the Roman Catholic Church	81
10434744966	animism	the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls	82
10434744967	bedouin	a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs	83
10434744968	mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)	84
10434744969	muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	85
10434744970	qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	86
10434744971	umma	holy community, all who worship, the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan	87
10434744972	jihad	a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	88
10434744973	sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	89
10434744974	shi'a	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	90
10434744975	umayyads	A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus.	91
10434744976	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	92
10434744977	hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	93
10434744978	abbasids	A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.	94
10434744979	mosque	(Islam) a Muslim place of worship	95
10434744980	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	96
10434744981	Mahdi	the Muslim messiah, an expected spiritual and temporal ruler destined to establish a reign of righteousness throughout the world. al-Mahdi was a caliph	97
10434744982	harun al-rashid	caliph after al-Mahdi that split the empire between his two sons when he died	98
10434744983	harem	living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household	99
10434744984	persian buyids	dynasty that took control of the abbasid caliphate in the 930s	100
10434744985	seljuk turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	101
10434744986	crusades	1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade	102
10434744987	saladin	A Kurdish general who conquered Egypt and Syria in the twelfth century. His capture of Jerusalem precipitated a crusade. He became legendary for his military genius and generosity.	103
10434744988	ibn khaldun	Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)	104
10434744989	ulama	the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community	105
10434744990	sufism	Islamic mysticism	106
10434744991	baghdad	Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.	107
10434744992	"arabic numerals"	numerals we use today, originally from India	108
10434744993	sultanate of delhi	Unstable kingdom in North India founded by the Ghaznavids. This invasion was more systematic than Mahmud's and after it succedded, the capital was established at Delhi. Raided south India. 19 of 35 sultans were assasinated. Established Islam in India. No military or bureaucracy.	109
10434744994	sati	Indian tradition of widows being burned on their husbands funeral pyres	110
10434744995	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva	111
10434744996	shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall in 13th century opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.	112
10434744997	malacca	Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)	113
10434744998	stateless societies	african societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states	114
10434744999	bantu migration	the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	115
10434745000	islamization	The spread of Islamic faith across Middle East, Asia, and Northern Africa	116
10434745001	ethiopia	only African kingdom that stayed Christian	117
10434745002	sudanic states	kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power, from the Senegal river to the Niger River. The states were ruled by a patriarch or council of elders. There was a core territorial area and then surrounding subordinate ones. The rulers of sudanic states were considered sacred and separate from their subjects. when islam spread to this area, only Royals practiced it and it was not spread to the people.	118
10434745003	mansa musa	this Islamic Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa	119
10434745004	timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388	120
10434745005	swahili	A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast	121
10434745006	Kingdom of Kongo	African kingdom based on agriculture formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century, capital at Mbanza Kongo, ruled by hereditary monarchy	122
10434745007	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, developed after 9th century, featured royal courts built of stone, created centralized state by 15th century, king took title of Mwene Mutapa	123
10434745008	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered from Persia much of the territory previously ruled by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	124
10434745009	Empress Theodora	-, wife of Emperor Justinian I, convinced him to put down a rebellion in 532 A.D.	125
10434745010	Byzantine bureaucracy	complex bureaucracy trained in Greek classics, philosophy, and science in a secular school system, talent based bureaucracy	126
10434745011	icons	paintings of saints and religious figures	127
10434745012	the Great Schism	1054, split between western and eastern Christianity to make eastern orthodox and catholicism	128
10434745013	the battle of mazikert	1071m byzantine emperor lost this battle to the Islamic Seljuk Turks, sealing the Byzantine empire's doom	129
10434745014	fall of constantinople	1453, Turks attacked the city,it was in Turk control by 1461	130
10434745015	cyrillic	slavic alphabet	131
10434745016	russian orthodox church	eastern christianity	132
10434745017	slavs	slavic peoples	133
10434745018	kievan rus	city set up by scandinavian traders in 855 ce	134
10434745019	vladimir 1	prince in kievan rus from 980-1015 who forced christianity on his people, starting the russian orthodox church	135
10434745020	boyars	russian aristocrats	136
10434745021	tatars	Mongol invaders into russia	137
10434745022	"third rome"	what russia was trying to be	138
10434745023	"middle ages"	the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval."	139
10434745024	vikings	seagoing scandinavian invaders who disrupted european life	140
10434745025	manorialism	the system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers in Europe, where most people were serfs	141
10434745026	monasteries	Centers of religious learning in the early Middle Ages, most important set of monastic rules from Benedict of Nursia	142
10434745027	charlemagne	around 800, carolingian ruler who established a substantial empire in france and germany	143
10434745028	feudalism	the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C in which nobles offered protection and land in return for service	144
10434745029	william the conqueror	the duke of normandy in 1066 who invaded England and created a kingdom using feudal principles with a slightly more centralized approach	145
10434745030	magna carta	This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights	146
10434745031	crusades	1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade	147
10434745032	Pope Gregory VII	(r. 1073-1085) Figure behind investiture contreversy, battles with Henry IV, Dictatus Papai- "papal wishlist"	148
10434745033	scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	149
10434745034	gothic style	type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs	150
10434745035	chaucer's canterbury tales	poetry written in vernacular tongues	151
10434745036	banking	began by Italian businesspeople to facilitate the long-distance exchange of money and goods	152
10434745037	hanseatic league	An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)	153
10434745038	guilds	Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests	154
10434745039	black death	bubonic plague, 1348	155
10434745040	"indians"	term to describe native americans derived from christopher columbus' mistake when he thought he had reached the Indes, but instead had reached america	156
10434745041	toltecs	Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p.236)	157
10434745042	topiltzin/quetzalcoatl	toltec leader and preist dedicated to the god quetzalcoatl whose legend gives the story of the toltecs	158
10434745043	aztecs	(1200-1521) 1325, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region- had a social contract in which subject peoples were forced to pay tribute, surrender lands and do military service in order to survive. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.	159
10434745044	tenochtitlan	aztec capital	160
10434745045	"flower wars"	territories were left unconquered in order to stage wars in which both sides could obtain captives for sacrifice	161
10434745046	huitzilopochtli	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god	162
10434745047	chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	163
10434745048	pochteca	Aztec merchants. Extremely wealthy. Had a huge quantity of material goods etc. But explicitly forbidden to take part in political hierarchy so as not to throw off the balance of power.	164
10434745049	calpulli	Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors to leaders	165
10434745050	bernardino de sahagun	Spanish missionary to Aztecs of Mexico, "Florentine Codex", wrote encyclopedia "Father of modern ethnography" (study of culture)	166
10434745051	ayllus	In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler, Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor.	167
10434745052	twantinsuyu	Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina	168
10434745053	cuzco	The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru	169
10434745054	temple of the sun	temple and center of the state religion in cuzco where mummies were kept	170
10434745055	tambos	Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages	171
10434745056	mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	172
10434745057	yanas	A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility.	173
10434745058	quipu	incan system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records	174

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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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10845807115	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
10845807116	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	1
10845807117	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	2
10845807118	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	3
10845807119	Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	4
10845807120	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	5
10845807121	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	6
10845807122	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	7
10845807123	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	8
10845807124	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	9
10845807125	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	10
10845807126	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	11
10845807127	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	12
10845807128	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	13
10845807129	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	14
10845807130	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	15
10845807131	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	16
10845807132	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script	17
10845807133	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	18
10845807134	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	19
10845807135	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	20
10845807136	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	21
10845807137	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	22
10845807138	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	23
10845807139	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	24
10845807140	Eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	25
10845807141	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons modes of transportation	26
10845807142	_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods	New religious beliefs	27
10845807143	Mediterranean Sea	Sea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa	28
10845807144	Polytheism	Belief in more than one god	29
10845807145	Nile River	Principal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process	30
10845807146	history	the study of past events and changes in the development, transmission and transformation of cultural practices	31
10845807147	stone age	the earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools and other nonmetallic substances	32
10845807148	foragers	Food collectors who gather, fish, or hunt	33
10845807149	city-state	A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area	34
10845807150	Babylon	an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.	35
10845807151	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE)	36
10845807152	scribe	a person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper	37
10845807153	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	38
10845807154	bronze	A metal that is a mixture of copper and tin	39
10845807155	paleolithic	stone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging	40
10845807156	Homo sapiens	human species derived from apes with more brain capacity for intelligence	41
10845807157	venus figurines	paleolithic female figurines that emphasize physical attributes associated with fecundity	42
10845807158	cave paintings	paleolithic cave paintings that emphasize hunting--Lascaux France is most famous	43
10845807159	pastoralism	the process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals	44
10845807160	specialization of labor	people in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food	45
10845807161	patriarchy	the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families	46
10845807162	civilization	large scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology	47
10845807163	Euphrates and Tigris	two principle Mesopotamian rivers	48
10845807164	Sumer	earliest Mesopotamian city state	49
10845807165	Babylon	second oldest Mesopotamian city state, succeeds Sumer, most important king was Hammurabi	50
10845807166	Hammurabi's Code	first law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing	51
10845807167	bronze metallurgy	alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, this metal began to be produced from about 2800 BCE improved military equipment, agricultural knives, and plows	52
10845807168	iron metallurgy	a changeable metal, less hard than bronze, but more flexible, developed around 1500 BCE by the Hittites	53
10845807169	wheel	round object used to move heavy weights and to create vehicles first in Sumer	54
10845807170	cuneiform	a very early form of writing, from Sumer in Mesopotamia, done by pressing a cone-shaped stylus into soft clay	55
10845807171	Epic of Gilgamesh	epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization	56
10845807172	Egypt	a founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa	57
10845807173	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas)	58
10845807174	Harrappa & Mohenjo Daro	Two early, very large, and complex Indus Valley city states. Little is known about these but their size and complexities imply central planning.	59
10845807175	Indus River	River in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner	60
10845807176	Vedas	A belief system based on the caste system brought into India by peoples probably from the Caucasus between about 5000 and 4000 BCE	61
10845807177	Varna	Caste system of India: Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra--people could not move out of the caste they were born into	62
10845807178	China	earliest civilization in Asia	63
10845807179	Huang He and Yangzi He	two rivers in China that supported early civilization	64
10845807180	Shang Dynasty	The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.	65
10845807181	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	66
10845807182	Zoroastrianism	Founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Marked by dualism between God = Good and the Evil. Influenced Christianity. Was one of the first monotheistic religions.	67
10845807183	Judaism	Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam.	68
10845807184	Confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	69
10845807185	Mandate of Heaven	A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule	70
10845807186	Oracle bones	bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class	71
10845807187	Mesoamerica	cultural area in the Americas extending from central America to present-day Peru	72
10845807188	Olmec	the first major civilization in Mexico	73
10845807189	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization in and near the Yucatan Peninsula--had the first and only pre-Columbian writing system in the Americans	74
10845807190	Chavin	Mesoamerican civilization in present-day Peru that had highly developed art and architectural practices	75
10845807191	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)	76
10845807192	irrigation systems	replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops	77
10845807193	Indus River Valley Civilization	an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro	78
10845807194	Persian Wars	a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.	79
10845807195	Alexander the Great	United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.	80
10845807196	Socrates and Plato	Greek philosopher and his student	81