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AP World History Key Concept 1.1 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7618681130Paleolithic EraThe time during the early Stone Age when humans made rough tools and weapons out of stone. This was also when the diaspora of mankind across the globe began. Many new tools and advancements were made, such as the use of fire and even the evolution of Homo erectus into the modern-day, Homo sapien.0
7618683406NomadsGroups of people who move from area to area instead of living in one place for an extended period of time.1
7618685502DiffusionThe spread of culture, disease, ideas, and people through contact.2
7618698853Demography/DemographicThe study of changes that occur over a period of time in human populations.3
7618702054IdeologyA system of ideas and ideals, especially ones that forms the basis of economic or political policies4
7618722930CivilizationThe society, culture, and way of life of a collective group of people in a particular area.5
7618726643Specialization of LaborWorkers occupy specialized roles based on their skill-set, instead of working on everything at once, therefore resulting in a better overall service or good.6
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AP World History - Period 3 Part 2 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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11367765329Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers0
11367765330Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali1
11367765331Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world2
11367765332Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 12603
11367765333Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao4
11367765334East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar5
11367765335Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa6
11367765336Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople7
11367765337Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians8
11367765338Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration9
11367765339ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory10
11367765340Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic11
11367765341Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c12
11367765342Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85513
11367765343Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity14
11367765344Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire15
11367765345TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact16
11367765354Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73217
11367765355CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80018
11367765356Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy19
11367765363Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control20
11367765370Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia21
11367765403Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire22
11367765406Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam23
11367765411Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..24
11367765416Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people25
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AP World History Time Period 2 Flashcards

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11346887657Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
11346887659AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.1
11346887660AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.2
11346887661Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).3
11346887662Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.4
11346887663Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.5
11346887664Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.6
11346887665Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).7
11346887666Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.8
11346887667Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.9
11346887668HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.10
11346887670IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.11
11346887671Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.12
11346887672Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.13
11346887673Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.14
11346887674PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.15
11346887675Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.16
11346887677PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.17
11346887678Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.18
11346887679PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.19
11346887681Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period- used legalism.20
11346887682Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.21
11346887683SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.22
11346887684WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.23
11346887685XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.24
11346887686AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.25
11346887692ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.26
11346887693ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.27
11346887694ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.28
11346887696DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.29
11346887697Filial pietyrespect shown by children for their parents and elders30
11346887698Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.31
11346887699HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.32
11346887701Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).33
11346887702YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.34
11346887703KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.35
11346887704LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.36
11346887705LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.37
11346887709PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.38
11346887711Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.39
11346887712SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).40
11346887716Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.41
11346887717Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.42
11346887718ZarathustraA Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.43
11346887719ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.44
11346887721dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.45
11346887722helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.46
11346887725PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.47
11346887735syncretisma blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith48
11346887737Judaismthe monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah49
11346887739Christianitythe religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, originated as an offshoot from Judaism50
11346887740Ancestor VenerationVeneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors51
11346887741Empirea major political unit having a territory of great extent - OR - a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority52
11346887742DariusThe third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it.53
11346887743Alexander the GreatKing of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia54
11346887744Chandragupta Mauryafounder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent55
11346887746SeleucidsThey controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals.56
11346887747ParthiansPersian dynasty that overthrew the Seleucids57
11346887748SasanidsPersian dynasty that overthrew the Parthians58
11346887750DharmaMeeting Hindu class obligations59
11346887751Buddhismthe teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth60
11346887752KushansDynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley., came into central India from northwest; greatest king: Kanishka, converted to Buddhism but hurt religions population;61
11346887755Han Dynasty202 BCE-220 CE Followed that Qin dynasty, based on Confucianism62
11346887759EtuscansAn empire that rome gets a lot of traits from; Rome took over them.63
11346887760The Roman RepublicEarly Roman society; based on the Senate as a republican government with the leadership of consuls or later the triumvirate; falls during civil war following the death of Julius Caesar and rise of Augustus as an emperor64
11346887761The Punic WarsA series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.65
11346887762CarthageAn ancient city on the north coast of Africa66
11346887763Caesaran ancient Roman emperor; stabbed to death in the senate, marking the beginning of the roman empire67
11346887764The Roman Empirean empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire68
11346887765MinoansSociety that inhabited Crete- fell to the myceneans Significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to poleis69
11346887766MycenaeansGreek civilization created by Indo- Europeans that lasted from 1600- 1100 BCE, earthquakes and invaders caused it to finally collapse Significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to the poleis70
11346887767SpartaGreek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military71
11346887768AthensA democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements72
11346887769The Persian WarsA series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.73
11346887770The Delian Leaguean alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians74
11346887771The Peloponesian WarsCivil wars between athens and sparta75
11346887772Phillip of MacedonKing of Macedon who defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens to become the ruler of the Greek city-states76
11346887773The Hellenistic AgeThe age of Alexander and his successors77
11346887774Antagonid, Ptolemaic, SeleucidThe three states created from the remains of Alexander's empire78
11346887775EpicureansBelieved pleasure was the greatest good79
11346887776SkepticsFollowers wouldn't take strong positions on issues because they doubted the possibility of certain knowledge80
11346887777StoicsHellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery81
11346887778Religions of SalvationMystery religions promised eternal bliss for believers some faiths spread across the trade routes many involved the worship of a savior whose death and resurrection would lead to eternal salvation speculation about a single, universal god emerged82
11346887779NeroFirst Roman emperor to persecute Christians83
11346887780TrajanLeader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent84
11346887781DiocletianRoman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section85
11346887782Edict of Milan313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire86
11346887783ConstantinismIntegration of church and state87
11346887784Council of Nicaea(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time88
11346887785Theodosius the GreatRoman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire89
11346887786Fall of the Roman EmpireThe fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.90
11346887787Byzantine EmpireEastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half91
11346887788Socratic MethodPhilosophical method of questioning to gain truth92
11346887789The Silk RoadAn ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea; linking China with the Roman Empire93
11346887790ManichaeismReligion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements.94
11379482826AsceticOne who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury95
11379482827Bodhisattvaa person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment96
11379482828Chattel SlaveryAbsolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.97
11379482829Cosmologythe understanding of the nature of the universe98
11379482830Dhammathe teachings of the Buddha99
11379482831HomerA Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey100
11379482832Hellenismthe principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization101
11379482833JainismA religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics.102
11379482834LegalismA Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.103
11379482835Mahabharataa great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India104
11379482836Mahayana BuddhismAlso known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.105
11379482837Millenarian MovementThe belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed.106
11379482838OligarchyA government ruled by a few powerful people107
11379482839Pax SinicaChina's "golden age"; a period of relative peace and advancement108
11379482840Royal RoadA road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.109
11379482841Satrapsa provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire.110
11379482842ShamansReligious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods and nature spirits, invoked divine aid on behalf of their communities, and informed their companions of their gods' will.111
11379482843Stupaa dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine.112
11379482844SyncretismThe unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.113
11379482845UpanishadsA group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.114
11379482846White Hunsnomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration115
11379482847Yellow Turban RebellionA massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.116
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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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10926939069Persian EmpireEmpire represented in this map0
10926939070AthensFirst recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule.1
10926939071Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.2
10926939072HellenismCivilizations represented on this map3
10926939073Alexander the GreatBetween 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.4
10926939074AugustusThe first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).5
10926939075Qin Shihuangdi(r.221-210 BCE) The emperor who unified China and established the first dynasty of a unified empire.6
10926939076Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the previous dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Its rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity7
10926939077Mauryan Dynasty322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent.8
10926939078AshokaThird ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.9
10926939079legalismChinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws10
10926939080ConfucianismChinese ethical and philosophical system. It sought to minimize conflicts by stressing obedience to superiors, reverence for elder family members, and honoring of ancestors11
10926939081VedasAncient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.12
10926939082UpanishadsA collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas13
10926939083Siddhartha GautamaFounder of Buddhism14
10926939084ZoroastrianismOne of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.15
10926939085JudaismA religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah16
10926939086Greek RationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.17
10926939087Socrates(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. He taught students to question everything until a reasonable conclusion could be arrived at, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.18
10926939088AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.19
10926939089Jesus of NazarethFounder of Christianity. His teachings were based on Judaism but eventually became a separate faith and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.20
10926939090Yellow Turban RebellionA massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.21
10926939091castedistinct social class grouping; in China, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life, and in India,22
10926939115CyrusFounder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland23
10926939116DariusPersian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.24
10926939117Alexander the GreatSuccessor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement25
10926939118PersianOf or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture26
10926939119Satrapsunder Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions27
10926939120Persian WarsConflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)28
10926939121Ahura MazdaMain god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu.29
10926939122Angra Mainyuevil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world30
10926939123LaoziChinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.31
10926939124Qin ShihuangdiRuler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.32
10926939125Han WudiThe most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads33
10926939126DaoismChinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.34
10926939127LegalismIn China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)35
10926939128Qin DynastyThe dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.36
10926939129Han dynastyA great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity37
10926939130Yellow Turban UprisingLarge revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty38
10926939131Chandragupta MauryaHe founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.39
10926939132AshokaThe grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.40
10926939133Chandra GuptaLaid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age41
10926939134Siddhartha Gautamafounder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha42
10926939135Mauryan EmpireThe first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)43
10926939136Gupta EmpirePowerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age44
10926939137HunsNomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration (Overthrew Gupta)45
10926939138Buddhisma world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire46
10926939139Homerancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)47
10926939140SocratesGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth48
10926939141PlatoPhilosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that ideal forms existed on a separate plane than our conception of reality. In his work the Republic, he described an ideal society, in which philosopher-kings would rule and everyone would be given jobs based on their talents. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy.49
10926939142AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.50
10926939143polisGreek word for city-state51
10926939144SpartaGreek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts52
10926939145Persian WarKing Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece.53
10926939146Delian LeagueAn alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians54
10926939147Peloponnesian Wara war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta55
10926939148Hellenistic AgeGreek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.56
10926939149Ptolemaic EmpireThe Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.57
10926939150Seleucid EmpireThe empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.58
10926939151Julius CaesarMade dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power59
10926939152Augustus CaesarThe first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace60
10926939153Punic Warone of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome61
10926939154Twelve tablesthe earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law62
10926939155PatriciansA member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.63
10926939156PlebeiansMembers of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders64
10926939157ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)65
10926939158Silk roadsTrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire66
10926939092QanatsUnderground irrigation systems developed by Persians67
10926939093AquaductsAbove ground structures that piped in fresh drinking water to public fountains in Roman Empire68
10926939094concreteRoman innovation that aided construction of large-scale projects.69
10926939095Paul of TarsusOne of the most important apostles who is largely responsible for the spread of Christianity around the Mediterranean World in the 1st century.70
10926939096Stepwellsan innovation of the gupta empire that allowed for the storage of fresh drinking water in a fashion that minimized evaporation.71
10926939097Jatia Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)72
10926939098filial pietyThe Confucian belief that one should obey older family members and pay respect to ancesters.73
10926939099ShudraThe serving class, the lowest caste in Hinduism before the creation of the untouchables74
10926939100Four Noble TruthsThe Buddhist beliefs that all life is a cycle of suffering, the cause of suffering is desires for worldly pleasures, and that the cycle of suffering will not be broken until a person escapes re-birth through a process of Enlightenment.75
10926939101BrahmaIn Hinduism, a universal spirit believed to be the origin of everything.76
10926939102SalonA reformer who preserved Athenian democracy by initiating a series of compromises between aristocrats and commoners.77
10926939103stupaBuddhist shrines, usually believed to hold holy relics.78
10926939104synchretismwhen elements of two or more cultures blend together79
10926939105boddisattvaIn Buddhism, a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so to remain on earth as a spiritual guide to others.80
10926939106gangesA holy river in Hinduism81
10926939107PersepolisThe city created by Darius the Great as the grand capital of the Achaemenid Empire.82
10926939108PataliputraLarge city along the Ganges River which was the capital of the Mauyaran Empire83
10926939109PaarsargadA capital city created by Cyrus the Great84
10926939110ConstantinopleLarge Roman trading city located on the straits between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.85
10926939111PeterEstablished an early Christian Church in Rome. Viewed by Christians as the first Pope.86
10926939112asceticsomeone who forgoes traditional desires such as food, sex, and shelter-usually for religious reasons.87
10926939113cynicisma Hellenistic philosophical movement that rejected material wealth and traditional authority.88
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LOYOLA AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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7514795433The Neolithic RevolutionThe transition from food foraging to farming/agriculture0
7514831617Classical (Period)Beginnings of human empires that consolidated smaller trading kingdoms1
7514836633Post Classical (Period)Large land based empires that expand through military force and trade2
7514841587Modern (Period)Nation states trading with one another based upon information and technology3
751484730120th Century (Period)two world wars and economic crisis led to globalization of trade and information4
7514902674Big Man LeaderTakes control of local community, through charisma and personality5
7514909339HierarchyOrder of social classes6
7514916858Patriarchy/Patriarchal"Male centered" in sedentary societies7
7514928535Sedentary SocietyMigrations, led to cities and villages being made, which eventual purpose was to create a food surplus out of the limited land8
7514943010Silk Road and Indian OceanFirst major trade routes, beginning in Classical Societies9
7514953689Axial BeliefsBelief system to try and explain the purpose and meaning of human life10
7514958573Land Based EmpiresEmpires that expanded out in Post Classical Societies11
7514968630Tributary SystemWhere local areas were taxed, where the money was used to centralize their leadership. (In Post Classical Societies)12
7514983455MonotheismBelief in one God, based upon law and righteousness.13
7514991325Cultural SyncretismThe blending together of different cultures.14
7515004930Humans began when and where?About 250,000 years ago in Africa.15
7515010417Small Hunting and Gathering Groups consisted of...?Consisted of 20-30 people16
7515017524Little Ice Age25,000 years ago, forced movement out of Africa for hunter-gatherers17
7515028947Sedentary SocietiesEarly small kingdoms/ trading cities settling near river systems for agriculture;18
7515053358BureaucracyManaged food, rivers, people, leading to labor systems for production.19
7515069207Metallurgyfusing metals together creating Iron and Bronze, created by Sedentary societies; Leading to the surplus of agriculture, the domestication of animals.20
7515166366Geographical DeterminismA theory on human development, which is that of the belief that nature determines what we do.21
7527780094MonocausalOne argument in history that there are single causes and single effects22
7527785767OverdeterminationTheory that multiple causes coalesce into a threshold that leads to multiple effects23
7527795344Tipping PointSome major event throws the events into the causes24
7527808566Migration of the PolynesiansLittle Ice Age caused cooling problems with coral reefs slowing the growth, leaving Southeast Asian region to discover better areas for food, settled islands in a 310,000 square kilometer range.25
7527858818Problem with Geographical DeterminismIllusion of Ideas, we are determined by nature, free will does not exist26
7527886172Classical Empires: Early IndiaFirst major group were the Harappan-farming groups that were disconnected, they were invaded by the Aryans who created a caste system based upon labor specialization and racial distinction27
7527927893Mauryan EmpireTried to unite the groups under Ashoka and Buddhism28
7527942491CASTE SYSTEMClass system created by the Aryans based upon labor specialization and racial distinctions29
7527962790BhraminPriests, Academics30
7527967524KshatryiaWarriors, Kings31
7527970900VaishyaMerchants, Landowners32
7527978497SudraCommoners, Peasants, Servants33
7527978498UntouchablesOutcasts (Our of caste), street sweepers, latrine cleaners34
7527998225Classical Empires: GreeceFounded by Mycenaeans migrating from Europe, had a lack of arable land, city states or polis were created which were dominated by wealthy landowners, SPARTA, ATHENS, Persian wars led to fight between Sparta and Athens leading to Greece's decline.35
7528017901SpartaCreated a militaristic society in Greece36
7528031451AthensCreated an aristocratic democracy in Greece37
7528050904Classical Empire: RomeInitially created as a Republic by the Etruscans, major conflict between wealthy landowners and poor plebians, tried expanding but created war with Carthage, Senate turned power over to Generals which created Roman Empire.38
7528097155Classical Empire: ChinaXia were the initial farming groups in China, Zhang formed centralized power, Zhou rebelled against them justifying it through the Mandate of Heaven, Era of Warring States39
7528584919Mandate of HeavenEmperor must rule justly or be overthrown40
7528595708Era of Warring StatesCentralized control broke down for centuries leading to new ideas of governance41
7528700599Classical Empire China: QinLed by Emperor Qin Shi Huang42
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Chapter 6 voyages textbook: AP world history Flashcards

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8534439105Herodotus(ca. 485-425 B.C.E.) A Greek-speaking historian born in Halicarnassus. Author of The Histories, an investigation of the history, folklore, geography, plants, and customs of the known world. Known as the "father of history".0
8534463188AchaemenidsThe ruling dynasty in Iran between 550 and 330 B.C.E. it governed a population estimated at 30 to 35 million people.1
8534473949SatrapThe third Achaemenid ruler, Darius, divided his empire into provinces called satrapies, each administered by a governor, or satrap. The officials under the satrap were recruited locally, a hallmark of the Persian system.2
8534498671The AvestaA book, probably dating to circa 1000 B.C.E. and first recorded in writing around 600 C.E., whose title means "the Injunction of Zarathushtra", the founding prophet of Zoroastrianism. Contains hymns attributed to Zarathushtra himself, which provide our best guide to his original thought.3
8535048124ZoroastrianismIranian religion named for Zarathushtra, who may have lived between 1500 and 700 B.C.E. He taught that a host of good deities and evil demons, all in perceptual conflict, populate the spiritual world.4
8535088605Ahura MazdaThe names of the supreme deity of Zoroastrianism, the Lord of Truth, who created heaven and earth, day and night, darkness and light. On the day of judgment, Zoroastrians believe, Ahura Mazda will judge each persons good and bad deeds.5
8535105196Cyrus(r. 558-530 B.C.E.) Founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran. A native of Persis, Cyrus staffed his administration with many Persians as well as Medes, the tribe he defeated when he took power.6
8535120235Lydian coinsThe first metal coins in the world, dating to around 600 B.C.E. Made from electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver collected from the riverbeds in Lydia, a region on the Aegean coast of modern-day Turkey.7
8535137963Darius I(r. 522-486 B.C.E.) The third Achaemenid Persian ruler, who succeeded to the throne by coup. He conquered much territory in Eurasia but was unable to defeat the Scythians south of the Black sea or the Greeks. He also reformed the empire's administrative structure.8
8540683022PhoeniciansA seagoing people who, around 900 B.C.E., expanded outward from their base on the Mediterranean coast of modern-day Lebanon. Their alphabet, which used only letters with no pictorial symbols, is the ancestor of the Roman alphabet.9
8540714371Artemisia(flourished 480 B.C.E.)The woman ruler of Halicarnassus, on the Aegean coast of the modern-day Turkey, who fought with the Persians against the Greeks at the battle of Salamis.10
8540747418Thucydides(460-395 B.C.E.) Author of History of the Peloponnesians War, a pioneering work.11
8540755083Socrates(469-399 B.C.E.) A great philosopher who believed that virtue was the highest good. He developed a method of instruction still in use today, in which teachers ask student question without revealing the answers.12
8540834409Plato(429-347 B.C.E.) A student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle who used the Socratic method in his teachings, which emphasized ethics. He believed that students should use the reason to choose the correct coarse of action.13
8540867549Aristotle(384-322 B.C.E.) A Greek philosopher who encouraged his students to observe the natural world and explain logically how they proceed from their starting assumptions. The system of reasoning shapes how we present written arguments today.14
8540957677Alexander of Macedon(r. 336-323 B.C.E.) Also known as Alexander the Great; son of Philip of Macedon. he defeated the last Achaemenid ruler in 331 B.C.E., and ruled the former Persian empire until his death.15
8540979221Parthians(247 B.C.E.-224 C.E.) The ruling dynasty of Iran. who defeated the Seleucids and took over their territory in 140 B.C.E. Famous for their heavily armored cavalry, they posed a continuous problem for the Roman Empire.16
8540997286SasaniansThe ruling dynasty (224-651 C.E.) of Iran who defeated the Parthians and ruled for more than four centuries until the Islamic conquest of Iran. Introduced innovations such as nonsatrap royal lands and government support of Zoroastrianism.17
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