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Chapter 23 & 24 AP World History Flashcards

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6373285337Key Concept 6.2.II.D-Movements to redistribute land and resource developed within states in Latin America, sometimes advocating socialist reforms.0
6373285338Mexican Revolution of 1911- Starts in 1910 - Outcome: nationalization of Mexico's oil industry in 1937 (companies owned by the American and British investors) - Similar to Cuba - Zapata vs. Constitutionalist1
6373289880Key Concept 6.2.II.A -Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism, nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa and regional, religious and ethnic movements all challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.2
6373289890National self-determination 1083Ex: National self-determination likewise lay behind the disintegrations of the soviet union in 1991, which resulted in 15 new states. - Countries wanting to govern themeselves3
6373292809The "global illegitimacy of empire" (1084-85)- Encouraged African and Asians to seek political independence - Nationalism, instead of fueling growth, disintegrated Europe4
6373298280Western-educated elite African and Asian males- They were exposed to Western culture and nationalism. - Wanted independence Ex: Indian or African National Congress5
6373299603List non-elites their reasons for also wanting independence from colonial rule (1085)Veteran - young people with some education but no jobs commensurate with their exploitation Small class of Urban workers Small class of trader resentful for of European privileges Rural dwellers - lost land6
6373305641Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (1094)- "Africa's first modern nationalist hero" - Wanted to win the "political kingdom"7
6373308126Key Concept 6.2.I.B -Some colonies negotiated their independence -somewhat peacefully.8
6373308127Give examples in Asia and Africa & give reasons why and how it was done (1085)- Indian National Congress - Guerilla Warfare in Algeria, Kenya, Mozambique and Zimbabwe - African National Congress9
6373310880List independence leaders and their state (1085-1086)- Mahatma Gandhi & Jawaharlal Nehru ~ India - Sukarno ~ Indonesia - Ho Chi Minh ~ Vietnam - Kwame Nkrumah ~ Ghana - Nelson Mandela ~ South Africa10
6373313161Key concept 6.2.II.A -Nationalist leaders and parties challenged imperials rule11
6373314796Key Concept 6.2.V.A -Many individuals promoted practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change, not war.12
6373317622Be able to write a paragraph explaining the independence of India from British rule using the following:A & B. English language & British technology ~ Gave the eliete Indians the power to form the INC C. Indian National Congress (INC) - Congress Party ~ Led by Ghandi, appeals to poor, and organized protest. D. WWI ~ They helped out the British hoping for more freedom if not independence. E.Amritsar Massacre ~ British troops massacred a holy city called Amritsar F. Mahatma Gandhi - A nationalist who advocated for a traditional India G. Satyagraha ~ Equality for religions and non-violence H. Jawaharlal Nehr - Wanted a more modern India for independent India opposed to Ghandi's traditional view13
6373319218Key Concept 6.2.II.B -Regional and religious movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries14
6373322891Key Concept 6.2.III.A. Political changes resulted in major demographic and social consequences as redrawing of colonial boundaries led to population displacement and resettlements.15
6373323941All-India Muslim League(Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Demanded for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan16
6373326023Muhammad Ali-Jinnah(Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Demanded for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan17
6373326024Pakistan- (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Demanded a separate Muslim state, Pakistan - Separated after WW2 after the British left India18
6373327932RefugeesMillions died during the partition moving from one country to another based on their religion.19
6373329116Key Concept 6.2.V.A -Many individuals promoted practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change, not war.20
6373332546Nelson Mandela (1090)- In jail, for 26 years because he was part of the ANC - First Black president of South Africa - When the apartheid ended he was released from jail - President of Youth Leauge in 195021
63733325471910 (1090) vs. 1994 (1091)- 1910: All white government -1994: All race election hosted by the ANC22
6373333925Afrikaners a/k/a Boers- Ancestors of Dutch and French settlers - Held political power after 191023
6373333926Boer War- 1899 - 1902 - Fought over independence of Boer republics - British won, but began decolonization24
6373335576What was South Africa's industrial economy base on? (1091)- Initially gold and diamond - Then foreign investments and loans - Providing labor25
6373335577apartheid- A legal system that separated black and whites in South Africa.26
6373337091African National Congress (ANC)- Sucessful - Fought for equal rights (voting)27
6373339043Key Concept 6.2.V -The Non-Aligned Movement opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic and social order. [This means they did not want to align themselves with either super powers: the U.S. or the U.S.S.R.]28
6373346928Third world countries a/k/a developing countries a/k/a the Global South1st world: Sided with U.S. during Cold War and industrialized. 2nd world: Sided with U.S.S.R. during Cold War and industrialized. 3rd world: Did not side with either during Cold War and may or may not be industrialized.29
6373350976Key Concept 6.3.II.B -Changing economic institutions and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics [this accelerated aft er the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991]30
6373361690Economic development a. list obstacles to it(1099) b. List debates on it (1102)A. Civil wars/strife, lack of resources, social inequalities, extreme poverty, famine, overpopulation, AIDS, lack of jobs and education, genocides B. An early emphasis on city-based industrial development, stirred by visions of rapid transition to modernity led to a neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture Another debate pitted the advocates of capital and technology-driven projects against those who favored investment in "human capital," such as education, technical training, health care, and nutrition31
6373361691The World Bank (10999)- Western pressures, exercised through international organizations such as the World Bank, likewise pushed developing countries in a capitalist direction. - The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes32
6373364970List regions and countries that experienced economic growth (1102)South Korea Taiwan Singapore Hong Kong China Japan Chile Brazil33
6373369346Mustaka Kemal's reforms in Turkey (1103 -1105)- Wanted to become modern "to enter European civilization completely." - Total removal of Islam from public life. "Islam will be elevated, if it will cease to be a political instrument." - Caliphate was abolished and Turkey became a republic - Replaced the sharia laws with European-like laws - Women WERE allowed to wear veil but many elites abandoned them. - Polygamy was abolished - Women were granted equal rights, right to divorce, inheritance, child custody, right to vote, right to hold office34
6373374439Write a paragraph explaining the Iranian Revolution of 1979 using the following: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ulama, U.S., Shia cleric Ayatollah Khomeini, hijab, sharia- Shah Mohammed Reza:the leader of Iran after World War II that was supported by Western government and Western oil companies. He tried to weaken the political influence of religion in Iran by limiting the role of the Islamic legal and academic experts. He was forced to flee from Iran in January 1979. - Ulama: the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws. - Sharia: the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Muhammad. - Hijab: the custom in some Islamic societies of women dressing modestly outside the home (head scarfs) - Ayatollah: Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic35
6373379354Compare the cultural revolutions of Turkey and IranTurkey had separation of church and state and Iran did not.36
6436332853Key Concept 6.3.II.B -Changing economic institutions and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics (capitalism) throughout the world.37
6436336959The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (1135, 1141)The IMF, also known as the Fund, was conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944. The 44 countries at that conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to avoid a repetition of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other. The World Bank promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction by providing technical and financial support to help countries reform particular sectors or implement specific projects—such as, building schools and health centers, providing water and electricity, fighting disease, and protecting the environment. World Bank assistance is generally long term and is funded both by member country contributions and through bond issuance. World Bank staff are often specialists in particular issues, sectors, or techniques.38
6436341365Key Concept 6.3.I.D -In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War [but that had already begun during the Cold War], many governments encouraged free-market economic politics and promoted economic liberations in the late 20th century.39
6436358697Neo-liberalisma modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism.40
6436358698Key Concept 6.3.II.C - Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of economic consequences of global integration. [Another world for global integration is globalization.]41
6436361147antiglobalization, a/k/a alternative globalization a/k/a global justice movement (1141)opposition to the increase in the global power and influence of businesses, especially multinational corporations. The philosophy of the movement is based on the belief that individuals and organizations can achieve social, personal and economic goals without the negative consequences associated with capitalism. The anti-globalization movement places more emphasis on economic efficiency and human decency versus corporate competition and profits at any cost.42
6436361148Key Concept 6.2.III.B - The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country, usually in the major cities) maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.43
6436363086List examples of migration of workers - include from where to where (1137)- -44
6436363087"Brain drain" include from where to where, use the terms Global North and Global South (1137)- -45
6436364920Example other reasons for migration besides economic reasons- -46
6436364921Key Concept 6.3.III - Old assumptions about gender continued to be challenged. Participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive.47
6436366548Feminist movement -its origin (1146)The campaign for women's suffrage began in earnest in the decades before the Civil War. American women were beginning to chafe against what historians have called the "Cult of True Womanhood". In 1848, a group of abolitionist activists-mostly women, but some men-gathered in Seneca Falls, New York to discuss the problem of women's rights. Two factions: pro-15th-Amendment faction formed a group called the American Woman Suffrage Association against 15- Amendment called the National Woman Suffrage Association Joined to create: National American Woman Suffrage Association48
6436366549Feminist movement by 1920s (1146)1910, some states in the West began to extend the vote to women for the first time in almost 20 years. World War I slowed the suffragists' campaign but helped them advance their argument nonetheless: Women's work on behalf of the war effort, activists pointed out, proved that they were just as patriotic and deserving of citizenship as men, August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was finally ratified.49
6436369622Feminist movement in the Global North beginning in the 1960s and beyond (1146 and 1147).a. Simonede de Beauvoir, The Second Sex French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist De Beauvoir's nearly 1000-page critique of patriarchy and the second-rate status granted to women throughout history. Now reckoned as one of the most important and earliest works of feminism, at the time of its publication The Second Sex was received with great controversy, with some critics characterizing the book as pornography and the Vatican placing the work on the church's list of forbidden texts. b. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States a 1963 book by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. In 1957, Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her former Smith College classmates for their 15th anniversary reunion; the results, in which she found that many of them were unhappy with their lives as housewives, prompted her to begin research for The Feminine Mystique, conducting interviews with other suburban housewives, as well as researching psychology, media, and advertising. c. women's liberation series of political campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence50
6436371772Feminist movement in the Global South (1147, 1148, 1149)a. Family Law Code in Morocco (1148) concerns issues related to the family, including the regulation of marriage, polygamy, divorce, inheritance, and child custody. As a result of newly created civil society organizations, including many women's organizations, and increased international attention on women's rights, modest reforms to the Mudawana were enacted in 1993 under King Hassan II. b. Anti-Pinochet movement in Chile (1148) c. Democratic trade union movement in South Korea (1149)51
6436373902International Women's Year (1149)1975- given that name by the UN52
6436375512List groups that opposed women's movement (1150)Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women. National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) (women lead; Josephine Dodge) Churches Liquor industry (??? check to make sure) (blamed prohibition on women)53
6436382900Key Concept 6.3.III - People challenged assumptions about religion leading to a renewal in religious practices54
6436387422Islamic renewal movements (1153)a. Causes (1153) - - b. Identify the basic beliefs of the Islamic renewal movement (1153) - - c. In what different ways did Islamic renewal express itself? Provide specific examples by naming countries, groups or leaders. (1154 - 1155) - -55
6436387423Liberation theology in Latin America (1158)- -56
6436389891The Dalai Lama (1158)important monks of the Gelug school The Dalai Lama is considered to be the successor in a line of tulkus who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteśvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion57
6436391473Key Concept 6.3.II.C - States, communities and individuals became increasingly interdependent (globalization).58
6436394207List the 3 reasons for environmental problems "factors that vastly magnified the human impact on earth's ecological system." (1158)- -59
6436394208global warming (1159)term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.60
6436396917environmentalism (1160)a. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring 1962 (1161) an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book was published on 27 September 1962 and it documented the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides b. The Green Party (1161) a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as social justice, environmentalism and nonviolence. Greens believe that these issues are inherently related to one another as a foundation for world peace. c. Conflict between environmentalism in the Global North and Global South (1163)a61
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AP world history #1 Flashcards

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10649646821NomadDefinition: A member of a tribe that travels from place to place instead of living in one place all the time, usually in order to find grass for their animals. Significance: Nomadic settlers are significant historically wise due to the fact that they show evolution in its path. Date: Before around 1500 CE0
10649646822Foraging societiesDefinition: Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal. Significance: A major reason for this focus has been the widely held belief that knowledge of hunter-gatherer societies could open a window into understanding early human cultures. Date: 10 thousand years ago (8000 BC to 7000 BC)1
10649662599Pastoral societiesDefinition: Societies based around the domestication of animals. Significance: These people were the first to enjoy from farming fields, suburban and country life out in the lands. They would usually contribute much to their community by doing farm labor on a daily basis. Date: 8,000 BCE2
10649664211CuneiformDefinition: A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. Significance: One of the first known written languages. Date: 3500-3000 BCE3
10649666993PolytheisticDefinition: Believing in many gods. Significance: The belief and worship of many gods were accepted in the Roman Empire. The Romans believed in several deities who obtained vast amount s of power. Later on, the belief of polytheism wasn't permitted in Rome due to new cultural exchanges. Date: 2500 BC-present4
10649671758ZigguratDefinition: A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. Significance: The main reason ancient Mesopotamians built ziggurats has its roots in religious beliefs. Date: From the end of the third millennium BCE and the latest date from the 6th century BCE.5
10649674303Code of HammurabiDefinition: A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. Significance: Earlier law codes have been uncovered but Hammurabi is still a great example of an early effort to establish fairness in the legal system by writing the law down so that everyone knows what the rules are. Date: 1792 to 1750 B.C.6
10649676334PharaohsDefinition: A ruler of ancient Egypt. Significance: He was the head of the government and high priest of every temple.The people of Egypt considered the pharaoh to be a half-man, half-god. Date: From the Early Dynastic Period before 3100 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.7
10649678399HieroglyphicsDefinition: An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds. Significance: The first hieroglyphics were used mainly by the priests to record important events like wars or stories about their many gods and Pharaohs, and were usually used to decorate temples and tombs. Date: The earliest evidence of an Egyptian hieroglyphic system is believed to be from about 3000 BC, and the Egyptians used hieroglyphs for the next 3,500 years.8
10649678400MummificationDefinition: A process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying. Significance: The Ancient Egyptians believed that they could get into the afterlife with the process of Mummification. (With other processes as well.) Date: About 2600 B.C., during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, Egyptians probably began to mummify the dead intentionally.9
10649682424PyramidsDefinition: stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top. Significance: The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. It took the Egyptians years to make them. They also show how much the people of ancient Egypt worshiped their leaders. Date:2630 BC-2611 BC10
10649684365CalendarDefinition: A system of organizing a time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of a year. Significance: A calendar provides a way to determine when to start planting or harvesting, which days are religious or civil holidays, which days mark the beginning and end of business accounting periods, and which days have legal significance, such as the day taxes are due or a contract expires. Date: In 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced his Gregorian calendar, Europe adhered to the Julian calendar, first implemented by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C.11
10649686768HinduismDefinition: A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. Significance: This caused a lot of oppression and decreased the amount of religious tolerance in the country. The Hindus divided the Indian society into castes, which affects potential marriages and jobs, regardless of your strength or intelligence Date: 5500 BCE.12
10649686769the VedasDefinition: Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. Significance: The influence the Hindu religion. Date: 1500 and 1000 BCE13
10649690281the UpanishadsDefinition: A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. Significance: The Upanishads consist of the mystical and philosophical teachings of Hinduism. Date: 800 BCE and 500 BCE14
10649693483BrahmansDefinition: One of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; the priestly class (in charge of the religious ceremonies that were so important in Indian society) Significance: The other gods of Hinduism are simply parts/expressions of Brahman. Brahman isn't a being though like God is, but a force or power. Date: 1500-500 BCE15
10649695417PatriarchyDefinition: A form of social organization in which males dominate females. Significance: It impacted who was the leaders and rulers of countries, regions, and empires. Date: 1.9 million years ago, when homo Erectus first lived.16
10649697600Mandate of HeavenDefinition: A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source Significance: The Mandate of Heaven determined if a ruler could stay and when they had to give up their power, and the rules that they had to follow. Date: 104617
10649699265BureaucracyDefinition: A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials. Significance: One of the practitioners of a bureaucrat political system is the people of China. Chinese men were known to be part of hierarchal families with much authority. Date: mid 18th century18
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Chapter 7 AP World History- Persian Empire Flashcards

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7500012466Cyrusfirst great ruler of the Achaemenid Empire0
7500012467Dariusbrought the height of the Achaemenid Empire1
7500012468Persepolisthe new capital established by Darius2
7500012469TributeAnnual gifts3
7500012470Standardized coinsAn easier method of standardizing taxation4
7500012471QanatUnderground sewage system5
7500012472AchaemenidThe first Persian empire6
7500012473AnatoliaModern day turkey7
7500012474SatrapiesAdministrative and taxation instructs "states"8
7500012475SatrapGovernor9
7500012476Royal RoadThe lifeblood of the empire that connects it all together10
7500012477XerxesCaused the ill will between the people of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Also caused the decline of the Achaemenid empire.11
7500012478BureaucratsAn official in a government department12
7500012479SeleucidsInherited most of the Achaemenid land when Alexander died13
7500012480Magipreserved the teachings of Zoroastrianism14
7500012481Zoroastrianisma monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster15
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AP World History Strayer Chapter 9 Vocabulary Flashcards

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8681541581Qur'an*Definition:* Islamic sacred book of Muhammad's life and message. *Significance:* The word of God that the Muslims believe and follow.0
8681541582Umma*Definition:* The entire community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion. *Significance:* Goal of creating a just and moral society where all believers are community (equality).1
8681541583Pillars of Islam*Definition:* five duties a Muslim has to follow (1) Allah is the one true God. (2) 5 daily prayers. (3) Charitable. (4) Fast of Ramadan. (5) Hajj. *Significance:* Rules followed every day. The lifestyle to be good and responsible as a Muslim.2
8681541584Hijra*Definition:* Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina. *Significance:* Other merchants didn't appreciate Muhammed, so he left to Medina (another holy place). He came back to Mecca to reconquer it later.3
8681541585Sharia*Definition:* Islamic law based on teachings of the Qur'an. *Significance:* It's the foundation of Muslim Law and how Muslims live their lives (with the Ulama as the judge).4
8681541586Jizya*Definition:* Poll tax paid by non-Muslims (minority groups) within Muslim empire. *Significance:* Allowed religious freedom through taxes. Christians and Jews were allowed within the empire because Muslims wanted more trading opportunities.5
8681541587Ulama*Definition:* Doctors of Muslim religion and law. *Significance:* Religiously trained scholars and authorities to look to for Qur'an and Muslim faith.6
8681541588Umayyad Caliphate*Definition:* 2nd of the 4 major caliphates (rule/reign of chief Muslim ruler). *Significance:* Construction of Mosques to symbolize imperial power. It was short lived because of the favor of Arabs.7
8681541589Abbasid Caliphate*Definition:* 3rd of the 4 major caliphates. *Significance:* Founded the city of Baghdad, the capital of the "Golden Age" (enlightenment and prosperity).8
8681541590Sufism*Definition:* Mystical system of Sufis, an ascetic Muslim sect. *Significance:* Belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find divine love and knowledge through a direct personal relationship with God. (Response to the materialism of leaders).9
8681541591Al-Ghazali*Definition:* Islamic thinker who was a scholar. He argued for rationale. *Significance:* He believed that rational philosophy alone could never enable believers to know about Allah. They must know in their heart. (Caused Sufism).10
8681541592Ibn Battuta*Definition:* Visited West Africa and criticized the Muslim practices there. *Significance:* Detailed account of visits to Islamic lands, and documented travels. He provided insight.11
8681541593Timbuktu*Definition:* Port city of Mal by the Niger River. *Significance:* Contained library and university. It was the center of Islamic religious and intellectual life.12
8681541594Mansa Musa*Definition:* Ruler of Kingdom of Mali (Muslim) sought to expand kingdom for gold. *Significance:* He showed pride and ignorance of Islamic law. He elevated Mali's status in the Islamic world.13
8681541595al-Andalus*Definition:* Chief site of Islamic encounter with Christian Europe (conquered by Arab and Berber forces). *Significance:* Muslims, Christians, and Jews contributed to culture. A place of harmony and tolerance (75% converted to Islam).14
8681541596Madrassas*Definition:* (11th century) Formal colleges, offered more advanced instructions in Qur'an and sayings of Muhammad. It was the informal teachings with text memorization. *Significance:* Another way Ulama passed on teachings of the faith, and important knowledge of the faith.15
8681541597House of Wisdom*Definition:* Baghdad, the center for research and translation of scientific, medical, and philosophical texts. *Significance:* Islamic ideas circled the world, and Greek information was being translated into Arabic.16
8681541598Ibn Sina*Definition:* Writer in almost all fields of science and philosophy. *Significance:* Set standards for medical practice in Islamic and Christian worlds. Accurately diagnosed many disease and found treatments, and revolutionary writings.17
8681541599Sikhisma monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.18
8681573641Mullah nasurddinWise fool of Islam a myth prophet who proclaim allah in abstract ways! Allah is an eggplant19
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AP World History: Quater One Flashcards

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11394598948The Neolithic RevolutionThe switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle. Occured independently in a couple of different places. The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled peoples0
11394618794Causes of the Neolithic RevolutionClimate Change, Difficulties of Hunting Gathering, and Human Modification of Environment, *the end of the Ice Age *Need for more food *Domestication of plants and animals *Improvements in technology1
11394631213Effects of the Neolithic Revolution-food surplus -specialization -villages, towns, cities -pottery -metallurgy *Growing population *Permanent settlement *More disease (often related to animals) *A negative change in diet *Social hierarchy and social stratification *Specialization of labor *Reduced environmental diversity *Development of civilizations2
11394667214CATEGORIES (PERSIA)Political Environmental/Economic Religious Social Intellectual Agricultural also: Militarily Culturally Morally3
11394698325PatriarchyA form of social organization in which males dominate females *men gained influence after the Neolithic Revolution *came along with urbanization and the rise of cities and states4
11394729297PastorialismA type of agriculture activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter; nomadic domestication of animals5
11394769455Civilization*large states with elaborate political structures *economies based on agricultural surplus *specialization of labor *development of large urban centers *complex religious beliefs *social stratification *long-distance trading relationship with other civilizations *a common (written) language6
11394718647The First Wave Civilizations*Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys • Egypt in the Nile River valley • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River valley • The Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He valley • The Olmecs in Mesoamerica • Chavín in Andean South America. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia and Babylonia—​Sumerians,​ ​Akkadians​ and ​Babylonians​—and Egypt​​ and ​Nubia​ along the Nile Valley.7
11394953309Some Changes and ContinuitiesChanges: *Paleolithic to Neolithic *nomads to permanent settlers *hunter-gatherers to farmers *uncertain to reliable food supply *self-suffieiceny to trade *wood to metal *rise of leisure *domestication of animals Continuities: *gender norms *traditions and spoken languages *dependency on nature (rivers) *basic necessities *hierarchy *importance of religion *same communities8
11394826881River Valley CivilizationsThe River Valley civilizations that emerged on the Yellow River ( China ), the Indus River ( India ), the Nile River ( Egypt ), and between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ( Mesopotamia ) made lasting contributions to civilizations. Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Yellow River9
11394835851MesopotamiaA region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. ---Tigris and Euphrates ---unpredictable flooding ---limited resources ---taxes ---city states ---priests played an important role ---kings -- a representation of god ---army leaders ---scribes ---Code of Hammurabi -- Babylon ---crop diversity ---fertile crescent ---distinct hierarchy ---volative land Gods are evil and the world is bad and unpredictable10
11394867783Egypt---Nile River Valley ---predictable flooding twice a year ---abundance of natural resources ---easier transportation and communication along the river ---kings=gods ---theocracy ---distinct hierarchy ---less crop diversity11
11394899243Similarities Between Egypt and Mesopotamia---River Valley Civilizations ---Hierarchy ---Relgion ---Each felt as the "most developed on Earth" ---lived in isoloation, independently of each other ---rivers, irrigation ---labor specialization ---polytheistic ---written language ---development of arts ---patriarchy12
11394800674Rig Vedaa collection of 1,017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text.13
11394800676The Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.14
11395046207SouthernizationDevelopments that were first made in Southern Asia and then spread to other places through trade and conquest ---the compass ---gun powder ---trade ---silk ---iron ---printing ---the concept of the number 0 RAPID IMPROVEMENTS IN EVERY ASPECT OF ANCIENT LIFE15
11395074302Classical Civilizations/ Second-Wave Civilizationslarge civilizations with massive size and political strength, complex cultures, numerous and qualitative written records, complex long distance trade, increased contacts with other people, and more direct influence on modern civilization; in the Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia. Greece, Rome, and Han China16
11395065747Persiaan empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC; ---the largest and most impressive ---Perisan Gulf ---Cyrus the Great and Darius ---Monarchy ---Satraps - Persian governors ---Jews returned to Babylon ---tolerance towards different religions ---adoption of forgeign technologies ---currency, taxes ---canal linking Nile and the Red Sea for trade ---Underground Irrigation ---Rich Agriculatural economy ---semi-arid climate17
11395065748GreeceSmall city states that evolved into a huge empire with one comon language, belief, and religion ---called themselves Hellenes ---2-3 million ---mountains and valleys ---fragmented state --- made it hard to unite or govern ---deforestation and soil erosion ---frequent conflict between city-states ---citizenship ---army ---wealthy ppl at the top ---polytheism ---tyrants ---Sparta - military discipline ---democracy ---assembly - the center of political life ---united by Philip of Macedon and then expanded by Alexander the Great18
11395159077The Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. Greece won19
11395170633IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.20
11395178008Peloponnesian WarsWars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece21
11394807020Zoroastrianismsystem of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; talked about the constant struggle between good and evil22
11395184701Roman EmpireExisted from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. ---began as a small and poor city-state in Italy, 8th century BCE ---Republic ---Patricians dominated ---two counsils that excercised political authority ---plebeians -- the poor classes that were offered some protection by the written code of law ---rule of law, citizen's rights, morality ---richest provinces were in the east ---the army built the empire ---gender roles ---patriarchy ---slavery ---participation in political life ---transition from a republic to an empire ---careful not to vanish the traditions of the once-republic ---Creation of something new ---Christianity ---diversity ---didn't assimilate new peoples Collapse: ---disease ---too big to protect, many invasions ---political and economic instability23
11395254110China---chaos at first ---The Warring States Period ---reunification by Shinguangdi ---written language ---Legalism ---homogeneous society ---Restoring something old ---assimilated new peoples *In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.24
11395275146The Warring States Periodtime of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.25
11395262062LegalismA Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. ---harsh punishments ---Qin ---burning of books26
11395265539Confucionismthe system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucious and his disciple, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.27
11395268753DaoismA religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.28
11395300876Similarities between the Roman and the Chinese Empires---civilizations ---defined themselves at universal terms ---invested heavilty in infrastructure --- roads, bridges, canals, protective walls ---emperors ---currency ---written language Collapse: ---got too big to maintain ---exploited their resources leading to environmental deterioration ---diminished political authority ---unstable economy ---climate changes ---spread of disease ---invasions ---29
11395337664The Indian Empire---diversity of ethnicities, religions, languages ---Hindusim ---caste system ---Mauryan Empire ---Ashoka -- emperor who spread Buddhism and the idea of morality ---Gupta Empire -- peaceful, tolerant, improvements in art, science, math, medicine ---trade30
11401713974UpanishadasAncient relgious writings in Sanscrit that contain the central iodeas ad philosophies of Hindusim31
11401745782Chinese and the Greek were more realisticPersians, Indians, and the Jewish people were more into gods32
11401757746The Age of the Warring States---Legalist answer: rules and laws; a strict system of awards and punishments; only the rulers of a country are smart and know how to act smartly in the long term; favored farmers, ignored scholars; Qin ---Confucionist Answer: no laws and punishments, educationl examination system, benevolence, patriarchy, ---Daoism: Laozi, ridiculed eduction and focus on morality, urged withdraw fromsociety and focused on the individual and nature; family life remained central to Chinese society; self-sufficiency, simplicity *dao-the elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying underchanging principle that govenrs all natural processes33
11401969923Yellow Turban RebellionA massive Chinese peasent upriseing inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.34
11401997476Civilization definitionAdvanced cities; advanced technology, skilled workers, complex institutions, system of writing35
11402044046Zhou Dynastythe longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.36
11402048081Qin Dynasty(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.37
11402053546Han Dynastyimperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy38
11402063910Zhou - Qin - HanChinese dynasties39
11402092119Aryan India - Mauryan Dynasty - Gupta DynastyIndian civilizations40
11402095912Aryan IndiaVedas, Ramayana, Sanskrit, Upanishadas, patriarchy, the Epic Age--period when great epics were created41
11402150784Alexander the GreatConquered Persia, Greece, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, parts of India Hellenistic Culture - blending of Greek, Perisan, Egyptian, and Indian cultures - later adopeted by the Romans42
11402181041HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms ---reincarnation ---polytheistic ---ethnic religion ---oldest religion ---Samsara - the cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. ---Karma - our actions, the world's reaction ---Moksha - the ultimate goal, liberation from the cycle of Samsara ---caste system ---oppressed the poor43
11402462288Jainisma religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion. ---Jina - one who achieves liberation from Samsara ---death and rebirth ---samsara ---Karma ---Ahimsa - non-violence ---Aparigratha - non-attachment to material things ---Anekantwad - no judgement, keeping an open mind44
11402514509BuddhismA religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. ---samsara ---karma ---reincarnation ---The Four Noble Truths ---The Eightfold Path ---appealed to the lower classes ---refutes Brahmins' eternal divinity45
11402536854VedasAncient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism; contain sacred hymns, poems, and rituals46
11402543787Indian Caste Systemsystem was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.47
11402555739BrahminsPriests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made; handled the sacred rituals from the Vedas48
11402570502UpanishadsMystical and philosophical writings that sought to probe the inner meaning of sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas49
11402587147Atmanin Hindu belief, a person's essential self; soul50
11402592065Mokshaliberation or release of the individual self, atman, from the bondage of samsara; salvation; one of the four goals of life51
11402602889dukkhasuffering, sorrow and misery52
11402608250NirvanaThe state of englightenment for Buddhists.53
11402618258Theravada'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods54
11402623933Bodhisattvaa person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment55
11402642532Judaismthe monotheistic religion of the Jews. ---earliest religion of the Jews ---monotheistic ---middle east ---ethnic ---10 Commandments ---the Torah56
11402700115Greece---the gods of Mount Olymos ---argument, logic, and questioning ---Socrates - questioned Athenian democracy siding with Sparta, got in troube and was executed ---Plato, Aristotle, etc ---Chrsitianity was based off Plato's ideas57
11402732024The Birth of Christianity---Jesus of Nazareth, a Jew ---stemed out from Judaism ---monotheistic ---appealed to poor people and women ---apostles, religion spread after Jesus' death ---resurrection - forgiveness of sin and salvation of beleivers ---a symbol of hope (Just like Buddhism) ---spread around the Roman empire ---persecution ---Edict of Milan ---Saint Paul58
11402775599Edict of MilanThe Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD, shortly after the emperor Diocletian and stopped the unfair treatment of Christians.59
11402791216Buddhism in China---appealed to the lower classes ---challanged the emperor's authority, led to economic and political instablity60
11402819855Democracy, Theather, Philosophy, Drama, Citizenship, Astronomy, Astrology, MedicineLegacies of classical Greece61
11402827408IslamA religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. ---monotheism ---8th century ad ---universal ---Mecca ---caliphs62
11402848415Similarities between Islan, Judaism, and Christianity---monotheistic (Abrahamic) ---Jerusalem as a sacred city ---have their sacred texts ---angels ---tolerance and ethics ---covenant Judaism and Christianity had different interpretations of the Messiah ---63
11402888639AshokaSpread Buddhism during the Mauryan Dynasty, after his death the Gupta empire rose where Hindu values were reinforced64
11402917120VishnuA Hindu god considered the preserver of the world65
11402920778ShivaA Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.66
11402929409Judaism stemed out from ZoroastrianismChristinaity stemed out from Buddhism67
11402935827Ascetisimsevere self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.68
11402962786The Persian Warsbetween Greece and the Persian Empire, the Greeks won69
11402970206Confucionism and ZoroastrianismPeople should be responsible for their own behavior70
11402995535Spread of BuddhismGovernment sponsorship and Buddhist missionaires and merchants spread Buddhism through word of mouth and philantrophic activities71
11403023466Social Hierarchy in Chinaemperor - elite of officials - landlords - peasents - merchants Both in India and China birth determined social class, less social mobility72
11403055057Case System and Roman Slavery---race vs. war prisoners ---73
11403065204Varnacaste, started off y religious differences, cannot go up and down74
11403078530Jatisa social group that does a particular job and that a person is born into. There are thousands of jatis.75
11403308758Silk RoadAn ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.76
11403308759Indian Ocean TradeWorld's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa77
11403312329Trans-Saharan Traderoute across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading78
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AP World History Chapter 14 Vocab Flashcards

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9119876445AbbasidThis group overthrew the Umayyads and established a new dynasty of Muslim rulers.0
9119876446Al-AndalusA Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers (from North Africa) in the eighth century A.D.1
9119876447BedouinsArab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula.2
9119876448CaliphA title used for the highest ruler in the Islamic community3
9119876449HadithThe compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.4
9119876450JizyaPoll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire5
9119876451Ka'BaA cube shaped building in the center of the mosque in Mecca. Now it is the site of the hajj.6
9119876452MadrasasIslamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.7
9119876453QadisMuslim judges that carried out the judicial functions of the state8
9119876454RubaiyatEpic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine where he expresses his opinions9
9119876455SakkMuslim bankers offered these letters of credit to merchants in the empire. They were basically like checks.10
9119876456Seal of the ProphetsMuhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah, and that he must transfer Allah's message to not only a small group, but mankind.11
9119876457Shari'aIslamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.12
9119876458ShiaThe second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims.13
9119876459Sufisa mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life14
9119876460SunniThe largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, some Muslims rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph.15
9119876461UlamaThe theologians and legal experts of Islam. Best known as the arbiters of sharia law.16
9119876462UmayyadDynasty that ruled Muslim Empire from 661 to 750; capital at Damascus;later established a kingdom in al-Andalas17
9119876463Ummacommitted to god (believers)18
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AP World History Chapters 3 and 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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10556731154Herodotusthe first great Greek historian; wrote The Histories0
10556740147Platoa student of Socrates, opened the Academy; wrote dialogues and believed that "philosopher kings" should make decisions for the people1
10556758337Aristotlea student of Plato; wrote on a wide range of topics such as ethics, logic, and literature2
10556768014AvestasThe religious book of Zoroastrians that contains a collection of sacred texts3
10556778250Parthenona great temple in Athens that had been destroyed in war with Persia; rebuilt under Pericles' rule4
10556783263Persepolisthe capital of the Achaemenid Empire5
10556787181Socratesa Greek thinker who emphasized continually asking questions6
10556791061Empiricismtrusting what one learns from observation and evidence of the senses rather than emphasizing intuition or religious beliefs7
10556795387Syncreticcombining ideas from different sources8
10556796802ZoroastrianismOne of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.9
10556801521QanatA water management system that originated in Persia thousands of years ago. It provided water to people even in hilly, desert, hot, and arid areas (like Iran).10
10556805571Cyrus the Greatled the Persians in 559BC to conquer lands from the Aegean Sea to India; rule ended in 529BC11
10556813148Alexander the GreatBetween 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.12
10556814633Periclesruled over Athens in its Golden Age (461-429BC); rebuilt the Parthenon and reformed the government13
10556816948PolisAncient Greek city-state14
10556820271MonarchyKing (or queen) rules the state15
10556822125AristocracyNobles rule the state16
10556824100OligarchyA few wealthy landowners and merchants rule17
10556826474Tyrantsleaders who seized power with the people's support18
10556828364Democracyall citizens participate in government19
10556832029Direct Democracya government in which all citizens can vote directly on laws and other issues in a large assembly20
10556836426Representative Democracya government in which citizens elect leaders to represent them and give those leaders power to make laws and govern21
10556838884Persian Wars5th-4th centuries BC; conflict between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire resulting from competition22
10556845063Achaemenid EmpireKnown as the Persian Empire, biggest empire at the time. Ruled by Cyrus the Great and grew to span 3 continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe. Known for innovations in postal systems, road systems, and the usage of an official language. Invaded by Alexander III and afterward collapsed.23
10556852191Hellenist PeriodCulture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms24
10556856077Satrapsa ruler of a province who was responsible to the emperor, not to local leaders25
10556861762CaravanseraiCombination inns and markets for people traveling the Royal Road by camel caravan26
10556865414Royal RoadSpanned 1500 miles across the Persian Empire; built by Darius, encouraged trade27
10556868754Republica work by Plato that describes an ideal society ruled by a government that rested upon a concept of justice and ethical values28
10556878076ConsulsThe two most important magistrates elected by Roman citizens to preside over the government and to save the commanders of armies in military campaigns29
10556881189Twelve TablesRoman laws that dealt with nearly every aspect of life to include business transactions, property boundaries, and penalties for crimes30
10556894846Carthagea city-state across the Mediterranean on the north coast of Africa31
10556896207Punic WarsA series of three wars between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E.32
10556898269LegionsLarge Roman armies33
10556904346Latifundiahuge estates created by particians34
10556907317Julius CaesarA Roman politician, general, and author of Latin prose who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire35
10556914232Pax RomanaLiterally means "Roman peace," and refers to the time period from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. in the Roman Empire36
10556920155StirrupMajor technological advancement that made it easier for warriors to ride their horses37
10556929198Patricianswealthy landowners38
10556937325PlebiansIncluded most Romans - the small farmers, tradespeople, craftsworkers, and common soldiers39
10556944221Stoicisma Roman philosophy which emphasized that earn to accept the will of the gods and remained detached from pleasure and pain40
10556945966JesusThe founder of Christianity41
10556953014PeterHe was important in spreading the word of Christianity and ideas of Jesus. He knew Jesus and was one of his first followers and is regarded by the Catholic Church as the first pope.42
10556956915PaulHe had a dramatic conversion to Christianity, probably never knew Jesus, and spread the gospel around the Mediterranean43
10556964230Christianityan emerging, distinct form of Judaism and eventually a separate religion altogether44
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