AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards
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| 7778107763 | How did the new cultural traditions that arose around the world circa 500 B.C.E differ from earlier polytheism? | The new cultural traditions had power come from one source/god instead of multiple. Single source of order and meaning in the universe, some moral or religious realm, sharply different from and higher than the sphere of human life. The task of humankind was personal, moral, or spiritual. transformation. | 0 | |
| 7778183420 | What societal developments led people to question old outlooks and develop new beliefs? | The Iron-Age occurred causing more productive economies and deadly warfare, new states and new empires arose. Growing cities increased trade, the prominence of merchant classes, the emergence of new states and empires, and new contacts among civilizations. | 1 | |
| 7778242623 | Describe the social atmosphere in China from 500 BCE to the 200s BCE that led to the rise of new Chinese thinkers. | The social atmosphere was of chaos, growing violence, and disharmony that became known as the age of warring states. | 2 | |
| 7778256642 | Who is credited as being the original founder of Legalism? | Han Fei | 3 | |
| 7778266656 | What did the Legalists believe was the solution to China's problem? | The solution to China's problem laid in rules or laws clearly spelled out and strictly enforced through a system of rewards and punishments. | 4 | |
| 7778294103 | Describe how the Legalists viewed human nature- include how they viewed different social classes/occupations. | Had pessimistic views of human nature; people were stupid and shortsighted. Only the state and its rulers could act in their long-term interests. Promoted farmers and soldiers (only groups that performed essential functions). Suppressed merchants, aristocrats, scholars, and other classes regarded as useless. | 5 | |
| 7778328965 | What are the Analects? | A short book containing Confucius's teachings that his former students put together. | 6 | |
| 7778344957 | What was the Confucian solution to China's problems? What are the unequal relationships prevalent in Confucian society? | A) Solution= moral example of superiors was the Confucian key to a restored social harmony. B) Unequal relationships= Father>Son Husband>Wife Older brother>Younger brother Ruler>Subject. | 7 | |
| 7778373993 | What is ren? How do people achieve ren? | Ren=human-heartedness, benevolence, goodness, and nobility of heart. Ren is achieved through education, ritual, and ceremonies, serious personal reflection, and a willingness to strive continously to perfect his moral character. | 8 | |
| 7778405755 | Describe the examinations that Chinese men had to take to get a government position. | In the examinations, candidates were required to apply the principles of Confucianism to specific situations that they might ecounter in office. | 9 | |
| 7778418911 | What is a filial piety? | Filial piety=the honoring of one's ancestors and parents. | 10 | |
| 7778426474 | Who is credited as being the original founder of Daoism? | Laozi. | 11 | |
| 7778433173 | What is the Dao? | Dao= an elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. | 12 | |
| 7778449333 | Describe the beliefs in Daoism. | They yearned for an earlier time, "an age of perfect virtue". Human harmony with nature. Invited people to withdraw from the world of political and social activism, to disengage from the public life so important to Confucius, and to align themselves with the way of nature. Simplicity in living, small self-sufficient communities, limited government, and the abandonment of education and self-improvement. Family was central. | 13 | |
| 7778489426 | What does the "yin and yang" symbolize? | Expressed a belief in the unity of opposites. | 14 | |
| 7778502778 | How does Hinduism differ from Confucianism? | Whereas Confucianism paid little attention to the golds, spirits, and speculation about religious matters, Hinduism embraced Divine and all things spiritual with enthusiasm and generated elaborate philosophical visions about the nature of ultimate reality. No historical founder for Hinduism. Variety and tolerance in Hinduism. ` | 15 | |
| 7778720318 | What are the Vedas? | Collections of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals. | 16 | |
| 7778729673 | What are the Upanishads? | Mystical and highly philosophical works that sought to probe the inner meaning of the sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas. | 17 | |
| 7778744140 | What is the Brahman? What is the atman? | Brahman is the World Soul, the final and ultimate reality. Atman is the individual human soul and part of the Brahman. | 18 | |
| 7778763059 | Describe the concept of samara, or rebirth/reincarnation. | Samsara is when your soul travels bodies based on the actions in your previous life. Human souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depeding on one's actions. | 19 | |
| 7778782301 | Describe the law of karma. | The law that happens when you do something bad, something bad happens to you and vice versa. If you were born in a good caste, you had "good karma". | 20 | |
| 7778798133 | What is moksha? How is this achieved? | Moksha is the union with the Brahman, or liberation. Achieving this exalted state was held to involve many lifetimes and that notion of samsara. Some might achieve moksha through knowledge or study, others by means of detached action in the world, doing one's work without regard to consequences, passionate devotion to some deity or through extended meditation practice. | 21 | |
| 7778839588 | Who is the founder of Buddhism? Describe him. | Siddhartha Gautama. He was a prince from a small north Indian state. He enjoyed a sheltered and delightful youth but was shocked upon encountering old age, sickness, and death. Leaving family and fortune behind, he set out on a six-year spiritual quest, achieving enlightenment at 35. He taught for the rest of his life what he had learned. | 22 | |
| 7778872127 | What does "Buddha" mean? | The Enlightened One, a human being who had awakened. | 23 | |
| 7778887879 | According to the Buddha, what causes human suffering? How do you cure yourself of it? | Derived from desire or craving for individual fulfillment, from attachment to that which inevitably changes, particularly to the notion of a core self or ego that is uniquely and solidly "me". Cure lay in living a modest and moral life combined with meditation practice. | 24 | |
| 7778913479 | Describe nirvana. | A virtually indescribable state in which individual identity would be "extinguished" along with greed, hatred, and delusion. | 25 | |
| 7778946410 | What Hindu elements were incorporated into Buddhism? | The idea that ordinary life is an illusion, the concepts of karma and rebirth, the goal of overcoming the incessant demands of the ego, the practice of meditation, and the hope for final release from the cycle of birth. | 26 | |
| 7778976412 | In what ways did Buddhism challenge Hinduism? | They rejected the religious authority of the Brahmins, ridiculed their rituals and sacrifices as irrelevant to the hard work of dealing with one's suffering. Didn't care about the creation of the world or the existence of God. Individuals had to take responsibility for their own spiritual development with no help from human authorities or supernatural beings. Challenged the ineqaulities of the caste system. | 27 | |
| 7779008509 | What is the difference between the Theravada and Mahayana expressions of Buddhism? | The Theravada believe that Buddha is a teacher and not a God while the Mahayana believe that he is of divine power. The Theravada were more psychological than religious, a set of practices rather than a set of beliefs. The Mahayana were very religious. | 28 | |
| 7779030230 | What are the 3 major causes of the decline of Buddhism in India? | 1) The mounting wealth of monasteries and the economic interests of their leading figures seperated them from ordinary people. 2) Competition from Islam. 3) Growth of a new kind of popular Hinduism, which the masses found more accessible than the elaborate sacrifices of the Brahmins or the philosophical speculations of intellectuals. | 29 | |
| 7779080833 | As expressed in the epic poems of Mahabharata and Ramayana, as well as the Bhagavad Gita, what changes were made to Hinduism in response to Buddhism? | Indicated more clearly that action in the world and the detached performance of the caste duties might also provide a path to liberation. | 30 | |
| 7779098826 | Describe the bhakti (worthship) movement. | Involved the intense adoration and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals. | 31 | |
| 7779148456 | Describe Zoroastrianism- include its major figures, concepts of good and evil, a final savior, judgement day, etc. | Monotheistic religion started in Persia with a single god named Ahura Mazda. Ahura fought the power of evil, Angra Mainyu and won with the help of a final savior to restore purity to the world. Judgement day was when you were judged by Ahura to see if you were worthy of resurrected bodies with eternal life in paradise (choosing between good or evil, free will.) | 32 | |
| 7779209847 | What aspects of Zoroastrianism subsequently found a place in Judaism and Christianity? | Conflict of God and evil counterpart, last judgment and resurrected bodies, the final defeat of evil, savior or messiah, and remaking of the world at the end of time. Heaven and Hell. | 33 | |
| 7779283877 | What 2 major events led to the decline and vanishing of Zoroastrianism? | 1) Alexander the Great's invasion. Subsequent Greek-ruled Seleucid dynasty. 2) The arrival of Islam and the Arab empire. | 34 | |
| 7779314778 | Describe the Jewish God "Yahweh." | A powerful and jealous deity, who demanded their exclusive loyalty. No other gods or beliefs were allowed. | 35 | |
| 7779328619 | Describe the covenant (contract) that the Jewish people had with Yahweh. | In return for their sole devotion and obedience to God's laws, Yahweh would consider the Jews his chosen people, favoring them in battle, causing them to grow in number, and bringing them prosperity and blessing. | 36 | |
| 7779349073 | Describe the Jewish concept of the divine that later influenced Christianity and Islam. | Single, transcendent person separate from nature that demands social justice and moral righteousness. People could actively communicate, personal, engaged in history. | 37 | |
| 7779366545 | What are the defining-characteristics of the Greek cultural tradition? | The willingness of many Greek intellectuals to abandon this mythological framework, to affirm that the world was a physical reality governed by natural laws, and to assert that human rationality could both understand these laws and work out a system of moral and ethical life as well. | 38 | |
| 7779402996 | How did Greek thinkers, such Socrates, differ from earlier Greeks in how they explained the world? | Socrates's ideas weren't based on teaching and writing but instead on questioning and logic base while teaching his students. He was more focused on the pursuit of wisdom than that of wealth and power. Socrates also spoke highly of Sparta which angered many Athen citizens. Their emphasis on agrument, logic, and the relentless questioning of recieved wisdom; their confidence in human reason; their enthusiasm for puzzling out the world without much reference to the gods. | 39 | |
| 7779470416 | How did Saint Paul aid in spreading Christianity? | Through his missionary journeys in the eastern Roman Empire led to the founding of small Christian communties that included non-Jews. | 40 | |
| 7779497501 | What aspects of Christianity attracted people to their new religion? | The inclusive message of early Christianity. The spread of the faith was often accompained by reports of miracles, healings, and the casting out of demons. They also liked how the members cared for one another. | 41 | |
| 7779520529 | Why were Christians persecuted at first in the Roman Empire? What brought an end to this? | Christians' denial of other gods caused them to be tagged as "atheists". Ended with Emperor Constantine's conversion and with growing levels of state support for the new religion in the decades that followed. | 42 | |
| 7779548331 | In what ways did Roman emperors, such as Theodosius, help to protect and spread Christianity? | Provided Christians with newfound security and opportunities. Theodosius enforced a ban on all polytheistic ritual scarifices and ordered the temples that practiced them closed. Christians recieved patronage for their buildings, official approval for their doctrines, suppression of their rival, prestige from imperial recognition, and the proclamation that it was the state religion. | 43 | |
| 7779587488 | What caused disunity in matters of Christian doctrine and philosophy? | Development of hierarchical organization (male-dominated). Immense geographic reach, accompanied by inevitable differences in language, culture, political regime, and doctrinal differences. | 44 | |
| 7779653619 | What are some controversial questions that tore at the unity of Christianity? | About the nature of Jesus (was he human, divine, or both), his relationship to God (equal or inferior?), and the always-perplexing concept of the Trinity (God as the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit). | 45 | |
| 7779682135 | Describe the 3 tensions that exist between religion and historians. | 1) The question of change. 2) How could such experiences be verified when even the biographical details for Buddha and Jesus are difficult to prove by the standards of historians? The interior dimension of human experience has been a significant mover and shaper of the historical process. 3) Which group most accurately represents the "real" or authentic version of the faith? | 46 | |
| 7779729705 | Similarities between the lives and teachings of Jesus and Buddha. | Both became spiritual seekers, who claimed to have personal experiences at another level of reality. Both challenged the conventional valves at the time. Both called for personal transformation of their followers through "letting go". Were wisdom teachers. | 47 | |
| 7779772251 | Differences between the lives and teachings of Jesus and Buddha. | Jesus- A rural or small-town worker from a low-class family. Devoted himself to a single god which he called Abba. Teachings had a sharper social and political edge. He spoke more clearly on behalf of the poor and the oppressed, directly criticized the hypocrisies of the powerful, and deliberately associated with lepers, adulterous women, and tax collectors, all of whom were regarded as "impure". Public life was brief (only lasted less than 3 years). His teachings had so antagonized both Jewish and Roman authorities that he was crucified as a political rebel. Buddha- Born into royalty and luxury. Public life was more than 40 years. Largely ignored the supernatural, involved no miracles, and taught a path of intense self-effort aimed at ethical living and mindfulness as a means of ending suffering. His message was less threatening to the politically powerful. Died of natural causes at 80. | 48 |
Chapter 20 AP World History Flashcards
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| 9359421060 | Africanization of Christianity | Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where millions who were converted to sought to maintain older traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many continued to believe in their old gods and spirits. |  | 0 |
| 9359421061 | apartheid | Afrikaans term literally meaning "aparthood"; the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks. |  | 1 |
| 9359421062 | Edward Blyden | Prominent West African scholar and political leader (1832 -1912) who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world. |  | 2 |
| 9359421063 | cash-crop agriculture | Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves. |  | 3 |
| 9359421064 | colonial racism | A pattern of European racism in their Asian and African colonies that created a great racial divide between Europeans and the natives, and limited native access to education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo- scientific notions of naturally superior and inferior races. | 4 | |
| 9359421065 | colonial tribalism | A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive. | 5 | |
| 9359421066 | Congo Free State/Leopold II | Leopold II was king of Belgium from 1865 to 1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths. |  | 6 |
| 9359421067 | cultivation system | System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops. |  | 7 |
| 9359421068 | Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ. |  | 8 |
| 9359421069 | informal empires | Term commonly used to describe areas such as Latin America and China that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence. | 9 | |
| 9359421070 | invention of tradition | In many colonial states, a process of forging new ways of belonging and self-identification that defined and to some extent mythologized the region's past, especially to create broader terms of belonging than had existed before. |  | 10 |
| 9359421071 | scramble for Africa | Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900. |  | 11 |
| 9359421072 | Swami Vivekananda | Leading religious figure of nineteenth-century India (1863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West. |  | 12 |
| 9359421073 | Western-educated elite | The main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, they moved into their country's professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers. | 13 |
Flashcards
AP World History Period 2 Flashcards
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| 10802557969 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. |  | 0 |
| 10802557970 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. |  | 1 |
| 10802557971 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. |  | 2 |
| 10802557972 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 3 |
| 10802557974 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. |  | 4 |
| 10802557975 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. |  | 5 |
| 10802557976 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. |  | 6 |
| 10802557977 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). |  | 7 |
| 10802557978 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years. |  | 8 |
| 10802557979 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. |  | 9 |
| 10802557983 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 10 |
| 10802557984 | Battle of Marathon | Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E. | 11 | |
| 10802557985 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 12 | |
| 10802557986 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 13 | |
| 10802557987 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. |  | 14 |
| 10802557988 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 15 |
| 10802557989 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 16 |
| 10802557990 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 17 | |
| 10802557991 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 18 | |
| 10802557992 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. | 19 | |
| 10802557993 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. |  | 20 |
| 10802557994 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 21 | |
| 10802557997 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state. | 22 | |
| 10802557998 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 23 | |
| 10802558000 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 24 | |
| 10802558001 | Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief. | 25 | |
| 10802558002 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | 26 | |
| 10802558003 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 27 | |
| 10802558004 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 28 | |
| 10802558005 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 29 | |
| 10802558006 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 30 |
| 10802558008 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 31 | |
| 10802558009 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 32 | |
| 10802558010 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 33 | |
| 10802558011 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 34 | |
| 10802558012 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. | 35 | |
| 10802558013 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 36 | |
| 10802558015 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. |  | 37 |
| 10802558017 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 38 | |
| 10802558019 | Moksha | Also known as reincarnation; In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. | 39 | |
| 10802558020 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | 40 | |
| 10802558023 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 41 | |
| 10802558024 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 42 | |
| 10802558027 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 43 | |
| 10802558028 | Warring States Period | Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | 44 | |
| 10802558029 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 45 | |
| 10802558031 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 46 | |
| 10802558032 | caste system | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | 47 | |
| 10802558033 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | 48 | |
| 10802558041 | Untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | 49 | |
| 10802558043 | Axum | Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity. | 50 | |
| 10802558046 | Silk Road | Trade route stretching from China into Europe. | 51 | |
| 10802558047 | syncretism | a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith | 52 | |
| 10802558048 | monasticism | The lifestyle of a monk or nun, characterized by prayer and solitude | 53 |
Flashcards
AP World History: Unit 3 Flashcards
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| 7768581454 | Which empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire? | The Byzantine empire was a continuation of the Roman empire, but not including the city Rome | 0 | |
| 7768629955 | What is Caesaropapism? | When emperor had political AND religious authority | 1 | |
| 7779736854 | Describe Byzantine government. | Highly centralized, with an extensive, complex bureaucracy | 2 | |
| 7779750116 | Name 4 trade routes the Byzantines used. | -The Silk Roads -Mediterranean Trade -Indian Ocean Trade -Trans-Saharan Trade | 3 | |
| 7779940065 | What is the "Theme System"? | A system in which the lands on the outskirt of the empire is given for free to peasant soldiers, but they had they to fight to protect their land on their own | 4 | |
| 7779983651 | What were the Crusades? | Holy wars to retake the Jerusalem and Holy land from the Seljuk Turks | 5 | |
| 7779998913 | What was promised to soldiers who fought in the Crusades? | Forgiveness of sins was promised | 6 | |
| 7780004566 | Describe the results of the Crusades. | -Short term recapture of Jerusalem -Thousands of Muslims, Jews, and Byzantine Christians were killed -Spoils from Byzantium and the Middle East enriched Europe -Westerners brought back loot and ideas -long-distance trade connections were formed | 7 | |
| 7780062995 | What was the sack of Constantinople? | During the 4th Crusade, western crusaders killed and raped thousands of Byzantine Christians, and looted and destroyed artifacts | 8 | |
| 7780126355 | What did Emperor Justinian do for the Roman Empire? | He briefly reunified the Roman Empire | 9 | |
| 7780129807 | What was the Justinian Code? | Thousands of Roman laws that were gathered, codified and simplified. They preserved core Roman laws, and influenced law throughout European history | 10 | |
| 7780143812 | True or False: Western Europe was briefly added to the Byzantine Empire | True | 11 | |
| 7780149106 | What is the Hagia Sophia, and who was it built by? | It was built by emperor Justinian, and was the worlds largest church at the time | 12 | |
| 7780159918 | Who were the Franks? | A group of Germanic tribes that set up small states in West Europe | 13 | |
| 7780165209 | Who was Emperor Charlemagne? | "Charles the Great"; he was crowned as the first "Holy Roman Emperor" by the pope | 14 | |
| 7780171306 | What is odd about the "Holy Roman Empire"? | The empire did not include Rome. The people were Germanic | 15 | |
| 7780175890 | Describe the the Holy Roman Empire. | -The empire was made up of Germanic peoples -Emperors had few powers over regional leaders (lords/princes) -Regions/states paid tribute to the empire | 16 | |
| 7780187511 | Describe the Habsburg Dynasty. | The Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 15th to 19th century, and ruled Austria until World War 1 | 17 | |
| 7780196606 | What was feudalism? | A political, economic, and social system based on land ownership **It was found in places with no central government | 18 | |
| 7780202391 | Where did feudalism begin, and when? | In Western Europe after the fall of Rome | 19 | |
| 7780208368 | Where did feudalism spread? | It slowly spread to eastern Europe as Byzantium weakened, and lasted longer there | 20 | |
| 7780214822 | Describe the pyramid of feudalism from most to least powerful. | -Monarch -Lord -Vassals -Knights -Free peasants and Serfs | 21 | |
| 7780224633 | What is a vassal? | Someone given land by lords, and can be lords to those below them | 22 | |
| 7780231045 | What is a fief? | Land given to vassals | 23 | |
| 7780232857 | What are knights? | Vassals who provide military service | 24 | |
| 7780236780 | What is the difference between free peasants and serfs? | The main difference is that free peasants could leave their land whenever they wanted, but serfs were bound to their land. Free peasants paid rent for land, and some owned small land. Serfs paid their lords with food and labor | 25 | |
| 7780256021 | Describe Catholic Christianity (Name meaning, geography/center, leader, language, etc.) | **Catholic means "universal" -It was centered in Rome, and the Pope has supremacy over all -Priests were celibate and unmarried -Language = Latin | 26 | |
| 7780269498 | Describe Orthodox Christianity (Name meaning, geography/center, leader, language, etc.) | **Orthodox means "traditional/true" -It was centered in Constantinople -The emperor had supremecy over all -Priests could marry -Language = Greek | 27 | |
| 7780282196 | What was the Great Schism? | The splitting of the Christian church- differences between the East and West churches boiled over and the Pope and Patriarch both excommunicated each other | 28 | |
| 7780334557 | Name the two main plagues/sicknesses in the Byzantine Empire. | -Bubonic: deadly, contracted from fleas -Pneumonia: cough | 29 | |
| 7780351069 | Where in the Byzantine Empire was most effected by the plague? | Port cities like Constantinople | 30 | |
| 7780357281 | Describe the Black Death/Bubonic Plague when it later hit all of Europe; how was it spread? | The plague was carried by Mongol warriors and traders from China -1/3 population was lost in Europe, Egypt, and Syria | 31 | |
| 7780423749 | Describe 4 attempts to stop the plague. | 1) A doctors robe, with a special mask to keep away "disease causing smells" 2) Leeching, to get rid of the bad blood 3) Flagellants, or self punishment for sins 4) Persecuting Jews | 32 | |
| 7780377720 | What were guilds? | Organizations of artisans who shared the same trade, in which members monopolized their products, and set prices and quality standards | 33 | |
| 7780383532 | Why were guilds important? | Because they helped one another when in need | 34 | |
| 7780388117 | Describe climate change in Europe. | -800-1300: there was a warming trend -1300-1800: The Little Ice Age | 35 | |
| 7780394995 | What were the results of Europe's warming trend? | -agricultural productivity increases -more peasant uprisings throughout Eurasia -migrations | 36 | |
| 7780399642 | What were the results of the Little Ice Age? | -less agricultural productivity -more peasant uprisings throughout Eurasia -migrations | 37 | |
| 7780408308 | What was the Hanseatic league? | -A northern Europe trading organization in which a variety of traders took part -Common defense to protect trade from pirates | 38 | |
| 7780441142 | Describe the overall change of Europe from the start of the chapter to the end. (6) | -The Renaissance -Trade and ocean exploration -Gutenberg printing press -University systems grew -France and England unified -Byzantine empire collapsed | 39 | |
| 7780450927 | What was Venetia? | A powerful, independent Italian republic with a trade-based economy; enriched by the Crusades | 40 | |
| 7780455114 | Describe the path of goods from China. | China - Muslim traders - Venetia or Constantinople | 41 | |
| 7780469816 | Describe the path of goods from the Trans-Saharan trade | Sub-Saharan - Alexandria & Carthage - Venetia - Western Europe | 42 | |
| 7780486990 | Who was Marco Polo? | A man from a Venetian merchant family who traveled to China via the Silk | 43 | |
| 7780502244 | How did Marco Polo influence society? | His stories inspired other Europeans to explore and trade along the Silk Road, and he inspired Columbus to find a new sea route to Asia | 44 | |
| 7780510997 | Why Polo go to China? | He served the Mongol leader, Kublai Khan | 45 | |
| 7780517896 | Why were people skeptical of Polo's stores? | They doubted his accounts of China's high living | 46 | |
| 7780534338 | How did the Sahara affect Africa? | It acted as a separator between societies, cultural and languages | 47 | |
| 7780593750 | What was the dominant religion in Sub-Saharan Africa? | Islam | 48 | |
| 7780597780 | What was the Trans-Saharan Trade? | Caravans between Sub-Saharan and North Africa | 49 | |
| 7780601982 | What did Muslim caliphates do for the Trans-Saharan Trade? | The trade increased under Muslim caliphates | 50 | |
| 7780614957 | What goods came from Sub-Saharan Trade? | Gold, salt, ivory, slaves | 51 | |
| 7780630226 | What was the most popular beast of burden in Africa? | Camels | 52 | |
| 7780632493 | Where did slaves go to from Sub-Saharan Africa? | Northern Arab traders | 53 | |
| 7780645194 | Describe the spread of bananas/banana cultivation. | Southwest Asia - Madagascar - Africa | 54 | |
| 7780652269 | Describe Bantu migration patterns. | From northwest Nigeria and then spread throughout Sub-Sahara | 55 | |
| 7780681774 | Describe Bantu political organization. | They were a "stateless society"; one form of social organization. Bantu societies had little or no government; they governed themselves through family and kinship | 56 | |
| 7780688878 | Describe Bantu social organization. | Bantu people settles in villages; male heads of families constituted a villages ruling council | 57 | |
| 7780706292 | How did Bantu language diffuse? | Bantu speakers migrated, and the language was diffused through Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan Trade) and different dialects were created. Swahili in East Africa was a mix of Bantu and Arabic | 58 | |
| 7780719251 | Describe the importance of the Indian Ocean Trade. | The Indian Ocean Trade was trade with Arabs and Indians, as well as indirect trade with China and Southeast Asia. It spread Islam | 59 | |
| 7780729793 | Who were the first to convert to Islam? | Chiefs and merchants | 60 | |
| 7780849521 | What areas did the Abbasid caliphate include? | Persia, Arabia, Egypt, and Spain | 61 | |
| 7780856406 | Name 3 trade organizations/routes the Islamic world was part of. | The Indian Ocean Trade, the Silk Road Trade, and the Trans-Saharan Trade | 62 | |
| 7780892832 | Describe the importance of Mecca. | Not only was it an important trade city in Arabia, but it was the birthplace or Muhammad and the religious center of Islam | 63 | |
| 7780896461 | What is the Ka'ba? | A cube-shaped shrine that housed a black rock | 64 | |
| 7780905388 | Describe the importance of Medina? | Muhammad journeyed to Medina after being kicked out of Mecca | 65 | |
| 7780917353 | Who were the "People of the Book", and how were they treated? | Christians and Jews; At first they were persecuted, but because they also believed in one Hod, they were respected and were allowed to worship if they payed a tax | 66 | |
| 7780931582 | What is Jizya? | A tax Christians and Jews must pay to freely worship; its purpose was to encourage them to convert to Islam | 67 | |
| 7780936381 | Describe Muhammad's early life as well as his enlightenment. | Muhammad was an Arab merchant from Mecca. In about 610, he got visions from the Angel Gabriel, that there is only one God. | 68 | |
| 7780940165 | Why was Muhammad kicked out of Mecca? | Because he began to criticize pagan shrines, which interfered with pilgrimages, which is "bad for business" | 69 | |
| 7780943271 | Who was called the "Seal of the Prophets", and what does that mean? | Muhammad was, and this means that he was the last of the prophets | 70 | |
| 7780946469 | What is the holy book of Islam? | The Quran | 71 | |
| 7780950639 | What is the hadith? | a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that, with accounts of his daily practice constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Quran | 72 | |
| 7780955508 | What happened when Muhammad returned to Mecca? | The cities' pagans were driven out, the pagan shrines were destroyed, and although the Ka'ba was left alone, only Muslims may approach | 73 | |
| 7780957262 | What was the language of Islam? | Arabic | 74 | |
| 7780959857 | What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? | 1) Faith (only 1 God) 2) Prayer (5 times a day towards Mecca) 3) Fasting (during month of Ramadan) 4) Alms Giving (donation to the poor) 5) The hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca | 75 | |
| 7780963804 | What is the umma? | a community of believers | 76 | |
| 7780965836 | Compare and contrast Sunni and Shia Islam. | Shia: -Only Ali's descendants should lead umma -Minority -Today, lead by Ayatollahs Sunni: -Later caliphs don't hve to be blood relatives of Muhammad or Ali | 77 | |
| 7780972829 | Describe the characteristics of the Umayyad Dynasty. | -Capital = Damascus -Favored Arabs -Spain to Northern India -Jizya tax -NO images or statues | 78 | |
| 7780976965 | Describe the characteristics of the Abbasid Dynasty. | -Greater support from the Shia + non-arabs -More cosmopolitan -Capital = Baghdad -Ideas from India, Greece, and Persia | 79 | |
| 7780982086 | What was the significance of Baghdad? | it was the Abbasid capital, and one of the largest and richest cities worldwide | 80 | |
| 7780986355 | What does jihad mean? | The religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion | 81 | |
| 7780988712 | What is Sharia law? | Sharia, Islamic sharia or Islamic law is the religious legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith | 82 | |
| 7780988717 | What is a caliph? | A religious and political leader of the umma | 83 | |
| 7780990279 | What is a caliphate? | The reign of a caliph | 84 | |
| 7780994369 | What was the Mamluk Sultanate? | A medieval realm spanning Egypt, created by the surviving Abbasid family that fled the Mongols | 85 | |
| 7781000581 | Describe the significance of the Mamluk Sultanate. | It kept Mongol forces out of Africa | 86 | |
| 7781001609 | How did the Umayyad Caliphate fall? | It was overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate | 87 | |
| 7781005097 | How did the Abbasid Caliphate fall? | It was overthrown by Mongols | 88 | |
| 7781007319 | Describe major developments in math, science, and other ancient texts. | -Science, math, and philosophy were prevelant -India, Greece and Persia --> ideas spread and translated to Arabic -Aristotle was especially valued -Algebra was created -Ideas reintroduced to Europe by Crusaders | 89 | |
| 7781013552 | What major crops spread throughout the Muslim empire? | Sugar, cotton, and citrus | 90 | |
| 7781016903 | Describe Islamic rule in Spain | -The Franks ruled | 91 | |
| 7781021639 | Describe the importance of Constantinople. | It was originally called "Byzantium", but it was renamed and made the eastern Roman capital. It had a strategic location, and therefore there was more connection for trade, and was more urban | 92 | |
| 7781032149 | Name an important person who adopted Orthodox Christianity | Vladimir of Kiev | 93 | |
| 7781042285 | Medina | 94 | ||
| 7781042522 | Mecca | 95 | ||
| 7781043208 | Baghdad | 96 | ||
| 7781047559 | Jerusalem | 97 |
AP US History Period 3, 1754-1800 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8219307976 | Enlightenment | a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state |  | 0 |
| 8219307977 | Benjamin Franklin | One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. |  | 1 |
| 8219307978 | The Patriot Movement | Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists." |  | 2 |
| 8219307979 | The Declaration of Independence | the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. |  | 3 |
| 8219307980 | Republican Motherhood | Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously. |  | 4 |
| 8219307981 | Legislative Branch | The branch of government tasked with writing laws. |  | 5 |
| 8219307982 | Judicial Branch | The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws. | | 6 |
| 8219307983 | Executive Branch | The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws. | | 7 |
| 8219307984 | The Articles of Confederation | An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America. |  | 8 |
| 8219307985 | Constitutional Convention | took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although this was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. |  | 9 |
| 8219307986 | Federalism | a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. |  | 10 |
| 8219307987 | Separation of Powers | Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. |  | 11 |
| 8219307988 | The Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. |  | 12 |
| 8219307989 | Alexander Hamilton | Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury |  | 13 |
| 8219307990 | James Madison | Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States |  | 14 |
| 8219307991 | Bill of Rights | the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. |  | 15 |
| 8219307992 | Democratic-Republican Party | formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution. |  | 16 |
| 8219307993 | The Northwest Ordinance | created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. |  | 17 |
| 8219307994 | French Revolution | a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. |  | 18 |
| 8219307995 | Popular Sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. |  | 19 |
| 8219307996 | protective tariffs | Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. |  | 20 |
| 8219307997 | virtual representation | The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. |  | 21 |
| 8219307998 | boycott | An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product. |  | 22 |
| 8219307999 | isolationist | Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars. |  | 23 |
| 8219308000 | ratification | The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval. |  | 24 |
| 8219308001 | bicameral | Referring to a legislative body with two houses |  | 25 |
| 8219308002 | cabinet | The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments. |  | 26 |
| 8219308003 | excise | A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products. |  | 27 |
| 8219308004 | impressment | To force people or property into public service without choice. |  | 28 |
| 8219308005 | nullification | In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty. |  | 29 |
| 8219308006 | Alien Sedition Acts | deport foreigners deemed dangerous and arrest anyone speaking against government | 30 | |
| 8219308007 | GW Farewell Address | Warns of political parties and europe/permanent alliances | 31 | |
| 8219308008 | Whiskey Rebellion | Displayed power of new constitution with putting down disorder. | 32 | |
| 8219308009 | XYZ Affair | France hold meetings hostage for tribute, angers Adams | 33 | |
| 8219308010 | John Jay Treaty | Britain said they'd leave interior but didnt promise impressment would stop or that theyd stop trading with Native Americans. | 34 | |
| 8219308011 | Hamilton Debt Plan | Gov Assumes all state debt and taxes all imports and states to pay it off. Debt shared by all to get America on sound financial footing | 35 | |
| 8219308012 | National Bank of US | Hamilton aimed to create a standard reliable predictable currency and fix problem of inflation | 36 |
ap world history: chapter 20 vocab Flashcards
chapter 20: Worlds Apart - The Americans and Oceania
Terms : Hide Images
| 7935790509 | Teotihuacan | "The Place of the Gods"; first planned city in the Americas in the Valley of Mexico | 0 | |
| 7935790510 | Chichén Itzá | a Mayan state that tried to unify the Mayan people under one centralized rule | 1 | |
| 7935790511 | Mexica / Aztecs | founded Tenochititlan and the Aztecs, regarded themselves as chosen people in charge of keeping the world from destruction | 2 | |
| 7935790512 | Chinampas | floating farming islands made by the Aztec | 3 | |
| 7940554281 | Tenochtitlan | the captial city of the Aztecs | 4 | |
| 7940554282 | Calpulli | 7 Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 5 | |
| 7940554283 | calendars | a schedule that lists the order in which bills will be considered in Congress | 6 | |
| 7940554284 | Quetzalcoatl | an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent | 7 | |
| 7940554285 | Huitzilopochtli | Aztec god of sun and war | 8 | |
| 7940554286 | matriarchy | a form of social organization in which females dominate males | 9 | |
| 7940554287 | confederation | an alliance of independent states | 10 | |
| 7940554288 | Cuzco | the capital city of the Incan Empire, located in present-day Peru | 11 | |
| 7940554289 | Allyus | in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler | 12 | |
| 7940554290 | Quipu | knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records | 13 | |
| 7940554291 | mummification | the preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping them in cloth | 14 |
AP World History Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10515145112 | chronology | arrangement of events in time | 0 | |
| 10515147277 | Historiography | the study of historical writing | 1 | |
| 10515152977 | Periodization | the division of history into periods of time | 2 | |
| 10515166985 | anthropologhy | the study of humans | 3 | |
| 10515170289 | Demography | the study of statistics such as birth, death, and disease | 4 | |
| 10515175372 | causation | the action of causing something | 5 | |
| 10515178065 | paleo- | really old | 6 | |
| 10515179784 | neo- | new | 7 | |
| 10515181553 | nomadic | living life of nomad | 8 | |
| 10515186949 | sedentary | (adj.) characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place | 9 | |
| 10515189051 | Urbanization | Movement of people from rural areas to cities | 10 | |
| 10515190394 | Argumentation | the action or process of reasoning systematically in support of an idea, action, or theory | 11 | |
| 10515192836 | Pastoralists | a sheep or cattle farmer | 12 | |
| 10515193770 | Politics and Government | actions to gain power | 13 | |
| 10515196229 | economics | 14 | ||
| 10515198285 | religion | the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. | 15 | |
| 10515200593 | social structures | 16 | ||
| 10515201767 | gender roles | expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females | 17 | |
| 10515203252 | Technology | Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings | 18 | |
| 10515205594 | trade, commerce | business (buying and selling of goods) between businesses and people within a society or between societies | 19 | |
| 10515207156 | art | drawings, paint, etc | 20 | |
| 10515207157 | architecture | the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. | 21 | |
| 10515213931 | Enviornment | the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. | 22 |
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