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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

6559402973	anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of two or more successive phrases or clauses.	0
6559402974	chiasmus	a reversal in the word order of words in two otherwise parallel sentences	1
6559402975	apostrophe	the direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea.	2
6559402976	hyperbole	a rhetorical figure in which emphasis is achieved through exaggeration	3
6559402977	metaphor	figurative language that describes something as though it actually were something else	4
6559402978	metonymy	the substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it. (ex. the crown declared that the man would be executed.)	5
6559402979	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole (ex. all hands on deck)	6
6559402980	onomatopoeia	the use of words that sound like a noise	7
6559402981	paradox	a statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory but ends up being true on some level	8
6559402982	parallelism	the use of similar grammatical structures or word order.	9
6559402983	personification	the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas.	10
6559402984	point of view	the perspective that a narrator takes toward the events it describes	11
6559402985	protagonist	the central character in a story	12
6559402986	pun	a witty word-play which reveals that words with different meanings have similar or even identical sounds	13
6559402987	satire	writing that ridicules or holds up to contempt the faults of individuals or groups	14
6559402988	polysyndeton	the repetition of conjunctions in a sentence	15
6559402989	asyndeton	the omission of conjunctions in a sentence	16
6559402990	archetype	a symbol found in many cultures	17
6559402991	dramatic irony	a situation where the audience knows something that the characters on stage are not aware of	18
6559402992	allusion	a reference to a piece of literature, character, historical figure that the author assumes the reader will recognize	19
6559402993	dramatic climax	the turning point in a Shakespearean tragedy where the action turns against the protagonist	20
6559402994	diction	the word choices made by a writer	21
6559402995	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	22
6559402996	flat (static) character	a character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story	23
6559402997	dynamic (round) character	a character who undergoes a change or transformation in the course of a story	24
6559402998	exposition	the beginning portion of Freytag's pyramid where the background information, characters and setting are introduced	25
6559402999	exciting force	the spark or complication that "gets the action going" in the play the event that sets the plot into motion	26
6559403000	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	27
6559403001	denouement (catastrophe)	The final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work or the outcome of a complicated sequence of events	28
6559403002	omniscient narrator	a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters	29
6559403003	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	30
6559403004	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	31
6559403005	deus ex machina	an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel	32

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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11235860077	Alexander the Great	Leader of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), who conquered Persia and Egypt, creating an empire that merged several cultures.	0
11235860078	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who promoted Buddhism and practiced religious tolerance.	1
11235860079	Chandragupta Mauyra	Founder of the Mauryan dynasty. Began centralization of power in S. Asia.	2
11235860080	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	3
11235860081	Constantine	Roman emperor of the 4th century CE who legalized Christianity.	4
11235860082	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
11235860083	Darius I	Achaemenid king (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) who expanded the Persian empire through military conquest and undertook building campaigns in Susa and Parsargaade.	6
11235860084	Gupta	Empire that promoted Hinduism and under which India entered a "golden age" of culture.	7
11235860166	Mauryan Empire		8
11235860085	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China, pacified the xiongnu, and set up the civil service exams to create competent bureaucrats to administer the empire.	9
11235860086	Hellenistic	The spread of Greek culture throughout Afro-Eurasia from 323 to 30 B.C.E by Alexander the Great and hsi political successors.	10
11235860087	Ptolemaic Empire	Dynasty of Egypt founded by descendants of Macedonian generals. They promoted science, greek learning, and trade.	11
11235860088	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	12
11235860089	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	13
11235860090	plebians	Members of the general citizenry of ancient Rome. It included all citizens not connected to one of Rome's privileged families. They had little real power.	14
11235860091	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	15
11235860092	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	16
11235860093	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	17
11235860094	Pataliputra	Located at the confluence of the Ganges and Son Rivers in northeastern India. It was the capital city of the Mauryan and Gupta empires.	18
11235860095	Alexandria	An important center of the Hellenistic civilization best known for the Lighthouse and largest library in the ancient world	19
11235860096	Appian Way (Via Appia)	One of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic	20
11235860097	Samarkand	Important trading city that benefited from it's position along the silk roads.	21
11235860098	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. used Legalism as its base of belief.	22
11235860099	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly united China and established a strong and repressive state.	23
11235860100	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	24
11235860101	Han Fei	Founder of legalism, a system justifying rule by a strong authority	25
11235860102	Kong Fuzi	Chinese philosopher who promoted a system of social and political ethics emphasizing order, moderation, and reciprocity between superiors and subordinates. The Analects contains a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death.	26
11235860103	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	27
11235860104	Aristotle	A Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.) who stressed the importance of using empirical evidence to explain the natural world	28
11235860105	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	29
11235860106	Plato	Philosopher who believed the wisest men should rule. He introduced the idea that human misery due to their not engaging properly with a class of entities he called forms, chief examples of which were Justice, Beauty, and Equality.	30
11235860107	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	31
11235860108	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	32
11235860109	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	33
11235860110	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	34
11235860111	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	35
11235860112	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	36
11235860113	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	37
11235860114	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	38
11235860115	Paul	Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity by preaching to both Jews and non-Jews and speaking to large audiences throughout the Roman Empire.	39
11235860116	Peter	One of the 12 Apostles who made Rome the center of Christianity and is known as the first pope.	40
11235860117	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	41
11235860118	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	42
11235860119	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	43
11235860120	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	44
11235860121	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	45
11235860122	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes withdrawal from earthly pleasures in order to achieve nirvana	46
11235860123	Mahayana	A form of Buddhism popular in East Asia that	47
11235860124	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	48
11235860125	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	49
11235860126	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	50
11235860127	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	51
11235860128	Manichaeism	a syncretic religious system founded by a Persian claiming to be a prophet. It combined Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and various other elements, which included doctrines of light and darkness:; the need for an ascetic life to purify the soul; and the need for personal salvation from the divine force of goodness.	52
11235860129	jati	social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	53
11235860130	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	54
11235860131	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	55
11235860132	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	56
11235860133	Sudra	Originally the lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	57
11235860134	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	58
11235860135	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	59
11235860136	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	60
11235860137	Yellow Turban uprising	Chinese peasant uprising that weakened the Han Empire.	61
11235860138	Spartacus Rebellion	One of the largest slave revolts in history. It was led by a Roman slave who was backed by thousands of other slaves. It demonstrates the weakness of having a labor system increasingly dependent on slavery.	62
11235860139	Parthian	Empire in modern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. originally made of nomadic peoples from Central Asia . They were able to defend the region from the Romans.	63
11235860140	Visigoths	Tribe who sacked Rome in the 5th century CE	64
11235860141	Xiongnu	Central Asian tribe who harassed the early Chinese empires until they were occupied and pacified by the Han.	65
11235860142	Diaspora	the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel	66
11235860143	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding	67
11235860144	Caste System (Varnas)	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society	68
11235860145	Monotheism	belief in only one god	69
11235860146	Polytheism	belief in more than one god	70
11235860147	Filial Piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	71
11235860148	Universal truths (dealing with belief systems)	truths common to all people and at the heart of the identity of all people	72
11235860149	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty.	73
11235860150	Shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)	74
11235860151	Animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	75
11235860152	Ancestor Veneration	The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.	76
11235860153	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	77
11235860154	Zhou Dynasty	the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	78
11235860155	Hellenistic Era	the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world	79
11235860156	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	80
11235860157	Syncretism	a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith	81
11235860158	society	the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.	82
11235860159	Stoicism	An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular among many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.	83
11235860160	Cicero	Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers	84
11235860161	doctrine	(n.) a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs or principles; a formulation of such beliefs or principles	85
11235860162	Salvation	deliverance from ruin, acceptance into heaven, fulfillment of the principles of a religion	86
11235860163	Asceticism	severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.	87
11235860164	Oracle Bones	one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods, Shang dynasty	88
11235860165	Diasporic communities	Widely dispersed community as a result of natural disaster, politics or other reasons. Many communities have become diasporic throughout time starting with the Jews of Babylon in ancient history	89

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AP World History- Period 6 Flashcards

Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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9439599345	African National Congress	ANC; South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid	0
9439599346	apartheid	"separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity	1
9439599348	Big Bang theory	theory which suggests that at some moment all matter in the universe was contained in a single point, which is considered the beginning of the universe	2
9439599349	Vladimir Lenin	leader of the Russian Revolution and first premier of the Soviet Union	3
9439599350	Central Powers	one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria	4
9439599351	Charles de Gaulle	French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II	5
9439599352	Che Guevara	Argentine Marxist revolutionary who was a major figure in the Cuban Revolution	6
9439599353	Chiang Kai-shek	Chinese military officer who was leader of the Kuomintang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China	7
9439599354	Chinese Revolution	prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China	8
9439599355	Cold War	a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict"	9
9439599356	collectivization	aka "collective farming";system in which the holdings of several farmers are run collectively as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union	10
9439599358	containment	the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War	11
9439599359	Cuban missile crisis	a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States over Soviet missiles being moved to Cuban soil	12
9439599361	Cultural Revolution	launched by Mao Zedong to combat capitalist tendencies; aimed at replacing traditional thoughts with modern, socialist ideas	13
9439599362	decolonization	the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations	14
9439599363	Deng Xiaoping	successor to Mao Zedong who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tienanmen Square	15
9439599366	Fascism	political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I	16
9439599367	Five Year Plan	a planned economy in which a committee came together to determine rations. Instituted in both the USSR and China early in their communist regimes	17
9439599368	fundamentalism	ideology which demands strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines	18
9439599370	UN General Assembly	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions	19
9439599371	genocide	the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group	20
9439599373	global warming	term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases	21
9439599375	Great Depression	world-wide economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II	22
9439599376	Great Leap Forward	Mao's program that promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism	23
9439599377	Great Purges	period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists and millions more of ordinary peoples; people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags	24
9439599378	Green Revolution	a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world	25
9439599379	Adolf Hitler	leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945	26
9439599380	Ho Chi Minh	Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader	27
9439599381	Holocaust	a program of systematic state-sponsored mass murder of approximately six million Jews and other "undesirables" during World War II by Nazi Germany	28
9439599383	Indian National Congress	organization established in 1885 that gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule	29
9439599384	Iranian Cultural Revolution	period following the Iranian Revolution where intellectuals of Iran were purged of Western and non-Islamic influences to bring it in line with Shia Islam; closed universities between 1980 and 1983, banned many books, and purged thousands of students and lecturers from schools	30
9439599385	iron curtain	the heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe	31
9439599387	Jawaharlal Nehru	first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India	32
9439599389	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war	33
9439599390	Mahatma Gandhi	leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes	34
9439599391	Mao Zedong	leader of the Chinese communist revolution and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976	35
9439599392	Marshall Plan	plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties	36
9439599393	Mikhail Gorbachev	last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union	37
9439599395	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence	38
9439599396	Munich Conference	permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along German borders mainly inhabited by German speakers; territory now known as "Sudetenland"; widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany; signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy; Czechoslovakia not invited to the conference	39
9439599397	Benito Mussolini	leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943	40
9439599398	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation	41
9439599399	North American Free Trade Agreement	NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone	42
9439599400	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	NATO; a military alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe	43
9439599401	Nazi Germany	a.k.a the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	44
9439599402	Nelson Mandela	South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997	45
9439599403	New Deal	a series of reforms that were are response the the Great Depression in the United States that were an experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future	46
9439599404	non-governmental organization	NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business	47
9439599405	Nikita Khrushchev	leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program	48
9439599406	Osama bin Laden	slamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks	49
9439599407	al-Qaeda	"the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks	50
9439599408	Palestinian Liberation Organization	PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine	51
9439599409	Pan-Arabism	an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World	52
9439599410	Pan-Africanism	an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide	53
9439599411	HIV/AIDS epidemic	epidemic which was first discovered in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa	54
9439599412	ebola epidemic	an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths	55
9439599413	influenza epidemic	an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history	56
9439599414	perestroika	an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises	57
9439599415	glasnost	a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms	58
9439599416	post-modernism	a late 20th Century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism; includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism	59
9439599417	Potsdam Conference	participants include the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States; gathered to decide how to punish Nazi Germany, sought to establish a post-war order, address peace treaty issues, and counter the effects of World War II	60
9439599418	Prague Spring	a period of political liberalization and reforms in Czechoslovakia during the era of Soviet domination; began on January 5, 1968 and continued until August 21 when the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to halt the reforms	61
9439599419	1917 Russian Revolution	a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks	62
9439599420	second-wave feminism	a period of feminist activity that first began in the United States in the early 1960s and eventually spread throughout the Western world; later became a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel; focused on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and various legal and de facto inequalities	63
9439599421	UN Security Council	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states	64
9439599422	space race	lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space	65
9439599424	Joseph Stalin	leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed	66
9439599425	theory of relativity	theory which is composed of special relativity and general relativity; proposed by Albert Einstein; proposes that measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers, space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other (Spacetime), and the speed of light is constant	67
9439599426	Third World	term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States	68
9439599427	total war	war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations	69
9439599428	transnational corporations	a.k.a multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country	70
9439599429	Treaty of Versailles	treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty	71
9439599430	trench warfare	type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I	72
9439599431	Truman Doctrine	stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment	73
9439599432	United Nations	organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity	74
9439599433	Vietnam War	war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos	75
9439599434	Weimar Republic	the democratic republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I	76
9439599435	Winston Churchill	British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955	77
9439599436	weapon of mass destruction	WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land	78
9439599437	Woodrow Wilson	28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict	79
9439599438	Fourteen Points	a statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and called for postwar peace in Europe	80
9439599439	World Bank	a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty	81
9439599440	World War I	war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war	82
9439599441	World War II	war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War	83
9439599444	Zionist Movement	the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel	84
9439599445	Brazilian Solution	Combination of dictatorship, violent repression, and gov't promotion of industrialization in South American countries	85
9439599446	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	86
9439599447	nongovernmental organizations	Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.	87
9439599448	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.	88
9439599449	keiretsu	Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.	89
9439599452	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	90
9439747495	Koumintang	Chinese nationalist party; wanted to establish a democracy in China after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Forced to move to Taiwan after the communist revolution was successful	91
9439754020	European Union	political and economic union of 28 member countries that are located primarily in Europe; has developed an internal single market through a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market	92

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AP WORLD HISTORY EMPIRES Flashcards

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6799224996	Akkadian Empire	2300-2200 BC	0
6799307122	Xia	2100-1600 BCE	1
6799232845	Babylonian (Mesopotamia)	1900-1600BC	2
6799233275	Egyptian	1550 - 1077 BC	3
6799301197	Shang	1600-1050 BCE	4
6799235700	Hittie (anatolia)	1460-1180 BC	5
6799238772	Mauryran Empire (ancient India)	321-63 BC	6
6799247327	Qin (shihuangdi) Legalism	221- 206 BC	7
6799313297	Zhou Western Eastern Waring States Period Confusious daoism	1046-356 BCE	8
6799237121	Carthage	650-146 BC	9
6799222249	Achaemenid Empire (Perisa)	550 - 330BC	10
6799253898	Ancient Greece	800BC-146BC	11
6799250008	Roman republic Senate Julius Cesar	509-27BC	12
6799248676	Han	206BCE-220CE	13
6799250711	Roman Empire Agustus ( absolute monarchy)	27- 1453 CE	14
6799251576	Sassanid Dysnasty (Persia)	224BC-651	15
6799252410	Frankish Empire (western Europe)		16
6799255311	Gupta (India)		17
6799260317	Byzantine (eastern roman empire) (Greece, anatolia, Africa, palestine, syria, Italy)		18
6799262089	Hephthalite (afghanistan)		19
6799264170	Toltect Empire ( Mesoamerica)		20
6799264837	Sui (china)	581-618 CE	21
6799266212	Tang	618-906 CE	22
6799267870	Umayad Caliphalte (syria)		23
6799269981	Song	960-1279 CE	24
6799271777	Mongol Empire (mongolia)		25
6799272895	Delhi sultanate (India)		26
6799275363	Ottoman Empire (Anatolia)		27
6799280723	Ming Dynasty (China) take back of china from Mongol	1368-1644	28
6799282229	Aztec Empire		29
6799283598	Incan Empire (Andes Peru)		30
6799285936	Safavid Dynasty (perisa)		31
6799286729	Mughal Empire (india)		32
6799287730	Qing Dynasty (China) Last dynasty	1644-1912	33
6799338256	Republic period (China)	1912-1949	34
6799288676	Russian Empire (Romanov)		35
6799290283	British Raj (India)		36
6799291254	Austro- Hungarian Empire		37
6799292711	Third Reich (Germany)		38
6799342422	Peopl'es Republic of China	1949- present	39

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ap world history chapter 1&2 test Flashcards

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10478125443	herders	nomadic pastoralists with large grazing animals	0
10478125444	patriarchy	male dominance that increased in agricultural and complex urban societies	1
10478125445	ziggurat	mesopotamian religious temple	2
10478125446	irrigation	technology that could double or triple crop yields in warm climates	3
10478125447	Agricultural Revolution	another term for neolithic revolution	4
10478125448	vedic	religious practices that developed in hinduism	5
10478125449	labor specialization	the division of jobs and skills in a society	6
10478125450	aryan	cattle herding culture from east europe/black sea area to india	7
10478125451	bering	strait or narrow body of water became a land bridge for nomadic groups migrating from siberia to the americas	8
10478125452	nubia	major trade partner just south of egypt	9
10478125453	maize	mesoamerican staple crop - term for corn	10
10478125454	states	political units larger than a city with recognized boundaries and central government	11
10478125455	judaism	earliest monotheistic religion	12
10478125456	pastoral societies	Nomadic societies that mainly relied on animals, such as sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels, instead of farming.	13
10478125457	secondary products revolution	around 4000 b.c.e where people furthered the technological changes about by the Agricultural Revolution. using animals for more than meat and learning how to ride horses and camels	14
10478125458	banpo	early agricultural village that underwent an explosion of technological innovations	15
10478125459	ishi	example of modern day paleolithic man, ishi was part of the hunting and gathering society of the Yahi	16
10478125460	Bantu migration	series of migrations of the bantu people that brought population increase	17
10478125461	Diffusion	spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of people to another	18
10478125462	Teosinte	A type of wild maize that is the ancestor of corn.	19
10478125463	Fertile Crescent	the crescent-shaped area of arable land, that is considered the cradle of civilization	20
10478125464	Göbekli Tepe	prehistoric site, one of the first civilizations, dating roughly 12000 years ago	21
10478125465	Paleolithic settling down	The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society.	22
10478125466	trance dance	nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's inner spiritual potency to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors	23
10478125467	shamans	person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs	24
10478125468	"the original affluent society"	term used to describe the paleolithic era, not because they had so much stuff, but because they wanted and needed so little	25
10478125469	Austronesian migrations	The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. These people settled the Pacific Islands & Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3500 years ago.	26
10478125470	megafaunal extinction	Large or relatively large animals of a particular place or time period. Saber-toothed tigers and mastodons belong to the extinct megafauna of the Oligocene and Pleistocene Epochs.	27
10478125471	Clovis Culture	a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture, named after distinct stone tools found at sites near Clovis, New Mexico, in the 1920s and 1930s.	28
10478125472	dreamtime	the ancient time of the creation of all things by sacred ancestors, whose spirits continue into the present, as conceived in the mythology of the Australian Aborigines.	29
10478125473	Olmec civilization	earliest known major civilization in mexico	30
10478125474	Code of Hammurabi	laws set in place by hammurabi governing mesopotamian life, society, and the economy	31
10478125475	Epic of Gilgamesh	ancient mesopotamian epic poem describing gilgamesh's quest for immortality	32
10478125476	Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa	Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E.	33
10478125477	uruk	The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia	34
10478125478	Oxus Civilization	central Asia, impressive walls and gates; economy based on agriculture and stock raising; aristocratic social hierarchy; occasionally received goods from China, India, and Mesopotamia	35
10478125479	Norte Chico	One of the first civilizations in the world. Norte Chico was very unique compared to other civilizations like Mesopotamia because it had very small cities, no economic specialization, an economy based on its rich fishing industry, and a special symbolic type of communication.	36
10478125480	Indus Valley Civilization	A first civilization that did not built monuments not have warrior classes	37
10478125481	chiefdoms	under the influence of a central power (the chief) this chief relies on status and persuasion to convince their followers to do something	38
10478125482	Çatal Hüyük	example of early agricultural village society, where equality was still present and there were no set leaders. few inequalities, men and women were both allowed to do a variety of tasks	39
10478125483	Venus figurines	Small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features. (religious)	40

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AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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9131860171	Trans-Oceanic Trade	global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean	0
9131860172	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	1
9131860173	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	2
9131860174	Triangular Trade	Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.	3
9131860175	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	4
9131860176	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	5
9131860177	Cartography	the science or the art of making maps	6
9131860178	Joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	7
9131860179	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	8
9131860180	Vodun	African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.	9
9131860181	Protestant Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	10
9131860182	Martin Luther	A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.	11
9131860183	95 Theses	Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation	12
9131860184	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.	13
9131860185	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.	14
9131860186	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.	15
9131860187	Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	16
9131860188	Magellan	Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there	17
9131860189	Vasco da Gama	the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.	18
9131860190	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	19
9131860191	Little Ice Age	Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.	20
9131860192	Chattel Slavery	Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.	21
9131860193	Plantation Economy	This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.	22
9131860194	Indentured servitude	A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.	23
9131860195	Encomienda System	Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor	24
9131860196	Hacienda System	landed estates granted to conquistadors	25
9131860197	Mita System	The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.	26
9131860198	Devshirme	Christian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities.	27
9131860199	Jannisaries	Ottoman empire required non-Islamic families in the Balkans to give up their young boys to be a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard	28
9131860200	Daimyo	(in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun	29
9131860201	Peninsulare	a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies	30
9131860202	Creoles	a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean	31
9131860203	Mestizos	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry	32
9131860204	Mulattos	Persons of mixed European and African ancestry	33
9131860205	Sociedad de castas	Spanish social system based on racial origins	34
9131860206	Commercial Revolution	A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.	35
9131860207	Potosi	a city in Bolivia: formerly a rich silver-mining center with the largest silver mountain	36
9131860208	Absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters	37
9131860209	*Louis XIV	(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.	38
9131860210	*Phillip II	King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.	39
9131860211	*Peter the Great	(1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	40
9131860212	*Parliamentary monarchy	A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament	41
9131860213	Divine Rights	A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.	42
9131860214	Versailles	A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style	43
9131860215	Absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters	44
9131860216	Ottomans (Suleiman)	Gun powder empire (Turkey)	45
9131860217	Safavids (Abbas)	Gun powder empire (Persians)	46
9131860218	Mughals (Akbar, Aurangzeb)	Gunpowder empire (India)	47
9131860219	European Empires in the Americans	Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark	48
9131860220	Aztecs	From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, this empire emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century	49
9131860221	Incas	A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.	50
9131860222	Ming-Dynasty - China	The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.	51
9131860223	Tokugawa Shogunate	Unified daimyo (lords) to keep peace from 1600 to 1867 in Japan	52
9131860224	Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)	53
9131860225	Thirty Year War	a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.	54
9131860226	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.	55
9131860227	English Civil War	a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government	56
9131860228	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	57
9131860229	Treaty of Tordesillas	A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.	58
9131860230	Hernan Cortes	a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire	59
9131860231	Francisco Pizzaro	Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's	60
9131860232	Japan's Closed Country policy	As a result of Europeans entering and converting thousands to Christianity, the Shogun expelled or eliminated European entrance to the country	61

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AP World History Unit 2 (1) Flashcards

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11002068386	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
11002068387	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
11002068388	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
11002068389	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
11002068390	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	4
11002068391	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
11002068392	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
11002068393	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
11002068394	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
11002068395	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
11002068396	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
11002068397	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	11
11002068398	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	12
11002068399	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	13
11002068400	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	14
11002068401	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	15
11002068402	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	16
11002068403	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	17
11002068404	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	18
11002068405	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	19
11002068406	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	20
11002068407	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	21
11002068408	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	22
11002068409	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	23
11002068410	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	24
11002068411	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	25
11002068412	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	26
11002068413	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	27
11002068414	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	28
11002068415	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	29
11002068416	Aqueduct	A structure that carries water over long distances	30
11002068417	Colosseum	A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place	31
11002068418	Indian Ocean Maritime System	The Indian Ocean Maritime had been made possible by transactions between the Mediterranean Basin and the Indian Ocean Basin. The Indian Ocean Maritime allowed for cheaper transportation and the increased abundance of products that could be shipped.	32
11002068419	Trans-Saharan Trade Route	gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam; land trade	33
11002068420	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	34
11002068421	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	35
11002068422	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	36
11002068423	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	37
11002068424	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	38
11002068425	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	39
11002068426	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	40
11002068427	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	41
11002068428	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	42
11002068429	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	43
11002068430	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	44