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Unit 7 Definitions - AP Lang Flashcards

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5772741339archipelago(n) a large group of islands (n) a body of water containing many islands0
5772741340careen(v) to rush in a swerving motion (v) to cause to lean or tip to one side1
5772741341cavalier(adj) showing carefree disregard2
5772741342contiguous(adj) sharing a boundary3
5772741343correlate(v) to connect related things4
5772741344etymology(n) history of a word (n) the science that studies history of a word5
5772741345frenetic(adj) wildly excited; frantic6
5772741346kinetic(adj) relating to motion7
5772741347presage(v) to foretell; to warn or indicate in advance8
5772741348pulverize(v) to crush into powder (v) to demolish9
5772741349recondite(adj) difficult to understand10
5772741350repulse(v) to repel or drive back (v) to reject in a cool or distant manner (v) to disgust11
5772741351seismic(adj) caused by or having to do with earthquakes (adj) having powerful or widespread effect12
5772741352undulate(v) to form or move in waves (v) to have a wave-like appearance13
5772741353upheaval(n) a radical or violent change (n) a forceful lifting or warping from beneath14
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AP Psychology- Cognition (Memory, Thinking, Language) Flashcards

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6657489818cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
6657489819concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
6657489820prototypea mental image or best example of a category.2
6657489821algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.3
6657489822heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
6657489823insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
6657489824creativitythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.6
6657489825confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.7
6657489826fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.8
6657489827mental seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.9
6657489828functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.10
6657489829representativeness heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.11
6657489830availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.12
6657489831overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.13
6657489832belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.14
6657489833intuitionan effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.15
6657489834framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.16
6657489835languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.17
6657489836phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.18
6657489837morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).19
6657489838grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.20
6657489839semanticsthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.21
6657489840syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.22
6657489841babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo23
6657489842one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words24
6657489843two-word stagethey start uttering two word sentences25
6657489844telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.26
6657489845linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.27
6657489846memorythe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.28
6657489847encodingthe processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.29
6657489848storagethe retention of encoded information over time.30
6657489849retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory storage.31
6657489850sensory memorythe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.32
6657489851short-term memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.33
6657489852long-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.34
6657489853working memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.35
6657489854parallel processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.36
6657489855automatic processingunconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.37
6657489856effortful processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort.38
6657489857rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.39
6657489858spacing effectthe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.40
6657489859serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.41
6657489860visual encodingthe encoding of picture images.42
6657489861acoustic encodingthe encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.43
6657489862semantic encodingthe encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.44
6657489863imagerymental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.45
6657489864mnemonicsmemory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.46
6657489865chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.47
6657489866iconic memorya momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.48
6657489867echoic memoryA momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.49
6657489868long-term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.50
6657489869flashbulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.51
6657489870amnesiathe loss of memory.52
6657489871implicit memoryretention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)53
6657489872explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)54
6657489873hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.55
6657489874recalla measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.56
6657489875recognitiona measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.57
6657489876relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.58
6657489877primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.59
6657489878déjà vuthat eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.60
6657489879mood-congruent memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.61
6657489880proactive interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.62
6657489881retroactive interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.63
6657489882repressionin psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.64
6657489883misinformation effectincorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.65
6657489884source amnesiaattributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.66
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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8503963431AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
8503963432DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
8503963433Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
8503963434IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
8503963435IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
8503963436Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
8503963437Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
8503963438LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
8503963439Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
8503963440Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
8503963441Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.10
8503963442Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese11
8503963443Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).12
8503963444Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.13
8503963445Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)14
8503963446BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.15
8503963447Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)16
8503963448Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.17
8503963449OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.18
8503963450Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.19
8503963451Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.20
8503963452ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.21
8503963453VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.22
8503963454CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.23
8503963455DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.24
8503963456FranglaisA form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.25
8503963457EbonicsA dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.26
8503963458SpanglishA hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.27
8503963459FrancophonePlaces and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).28
8503963460HankulThe system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.29
8503963461Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.30
8503963462Germanic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.31
8503963463Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.32
8503963464Balto-Slavic BranchThis branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.33
8503963465Celtic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.34
8503963466Uralic Language FamilyLanguage Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.35
8503963467Austronesian Language FamilyLanguage Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.36
8503963468Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyThis language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.37
8503963469Niger-Congo Language FamilyMore than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.38
8503963470Prehistoric SubgroupA language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European39
8503963471Altaic Language FamilyA language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.40
8503963472Kurgan TheoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.41
8503963473Renfrew (Anatolian) TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.42
8503963474British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.43
8503963475Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.44
8503963476Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).45
8503963477Backward ReconstructionWhen linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.46
8503963478Sound ShiftSlight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).47
8503963479Treaty of TordesillasPope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.48
8503963480HindiApproximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.49
8503963481SwahiliThe lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.50
8503963482UrduPakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.51
8503963483FarsiThe principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.52
8503963484MandarinThis language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.53
8503963485ArabicThis language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.54
8503963486HebrewThis language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.55
8503963487Irish GaelicThis is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.56
8503963488BasqueAlso known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.57
8503963489WelshThis is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.58
8503963490InuktitutThe language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.59
8503963491GlobalizationThe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).60
8503963492QuebecThis province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.61
8503963493Vulgar LatinThis language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.62
8503963494Latin AmericaThis region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.63
8503963495BelgiumThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.64
8503963496SwitzerlandThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).65
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AP Spanish Language Modismos Flashcards

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6671183719a causa debecause of0
6671183720a la vezat the same time1
6671183721a menudooften; frequently2
6671183722a pesar dein spite of3
6671183723a propósitoby the way4
6671183724a tiempoon time5
6671183725ahora mismoright now6
6671183726al día siguientethe following day7
6671183727carecer deto lack8
6671183728dar conto meet up with9
6671183729dar un paseoto take a walk10
6671183730dar por sentadoto take for granted11
6671183731darse cuenta deto realize12
6671183732de acuerdoin agreement13
6671183733de buena ganawillingly14
6671183734de mala ganaunwillingly15
6671183735de golpesuddenly16
6671183736de hechoin fact17
6671183737de memoriaby heart18
6671183738de nuevoagain19
6671183739de repentesuddenly20
6671183740de verasreally; truly21
6671183741de vez en cuandoonce in a while22
6671183742en seguidaat once; immediately23
6671183743en vez deinstead of24
6671183744faltarto lack25
6671183745hace mucho tiempoa long time ago26
6671183746hacer caso deto pay attention to27
6671183747hacer un papelto play a role28
6671183748lograrto succeed in; to achieve29
6671183749llevar a caboto carry out; to accomplish30
6671183750pensar deto think about; to have an opinion about31
6671183751pensar ento think about; to consider32
6671183752por lo menosat least33
6671183753por lo vistoapparently; evidently34
6671183754por supuestoof course35
6671183755querer decirto mean36
6671183756raras vecesseldom37
6671183757sin embargonevertheless38
6671183758sobre todoabove all39
6671183759soñar conto dream about40
6671183760tan pronto como (sea) posibleas soon as possible41
6671183761tardar en + inf.to delay42
6671183762tener ganas de + inf.to feel like doing something43
6671183763tratarse deto be about44
6671183764¡y ya!that's it!45
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AP Language Vocabulary Set 17 Flashcards

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8698803886Cozen(V) Cheat, Hoodwink; swindle0
8698803887Crepuscular(Adj) Of or Like twilight; dim1
8698803888Propitiate(V) to appease; conciliate; make peaceful2
8698803889Dank(Adj) Damp; unpleasantly wet3
8698803890Vulpine(Adj) Like a fox ; crafty4
8698803891Endemic(Adj) Prevailing among a specific group; peculiar region of people5
8698803892Yen(N) Strong desire6
8698803893Hubris(N) Arrogance; excessive self-conceit7
8698803894Idyllic(Adj) Charming carefree; simple and happy8
8698803895Amicable(Adj) Peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome9
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AP Psychology Unit 10 Language and Cognition Flashcards

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9959605160Cognitionthe mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
9959605161Concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
9959605162Prototypea mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides quick/easy methods for sorting things.2
9959605163Algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.3
9959605164Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.4
9959605165Insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
9959605166Confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.6
9959605167Fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mindset.7
9959605168Mental seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.8
9959605169Functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.9
9959605170representative heuristicjudging the likely-hood of things based on how well they represent, or match, particularly prototypes. (Truck driver and librarian)10
9959605171Availability heuristicestimating the likely-hood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common.11
9959605172Overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements12
9959605173Belief perserverenceclinging to ones initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.13
9959605174Intuitionan effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.14
9959605175Framingthe way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments.15
9959605176Phonemesin language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.16
9959605177Morphemesin language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be part of a word.17
9959605178Grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other.18
9959605179Semanticsthe set of rules by which we derive the MEANING from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of MEANING.19
9959605180Syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.20
9959605181Babbling Stagebeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.21
9959605182One word stagethe stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2 , during with a child speaks mostly in single words.22
9959605183Two word stagebeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements.23
9959605184Telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.24
9959605185Aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area.25
9959605186Broca's Areacontrols language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere of the brain, that directs the muscle movements involving speech. (Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex)26
9959605187Wernicke's Areacontrols language reception; a brain area involving in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (Interprets auditory code)27
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AP Language Vocabulary Unit 5 Flashcards

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8977367052amnesty(n.) a general pardon for an offense against a government; in general, any act of forgiveness of absolution0
8977367053autonomy(n.) self-government, political control1
8977367054axiomatic(adj.) self-evident, expressing a universally accepted principle or rule2
8977367055blazon(v.) to adorn or embellish; to display conspiciously; to publish or proclaim widely3
8977367056caveat(n.) a warning or caution to prevent misunderstanding or discourage behavior4
8977367057equitable(adj.) fair, just, embodying principles of justice5
8977367058extricate(v.) to free from entanglements or difficulties; to remove with effort6
8977367059filch(v.) to steal, especially in a sneaky way and in petty amounts7
8977367060flout(v.) to mock, treat with contempt8
8977367061factious(adj.) tending to be troublesome; unruly, quarrelsome, contrary; unpredictable9
8977367062precept(n.) a rule of conduct or action10
8977367063salutary(adj.) beneficial, helpful; healthful, wholesome11
8977367064scathing(adj.) bitterly severe, withering; causing great harm12
8977367065scourge(v.) to whip, punish severely; (n.) a cause or affliction or suffering; a source of severe punishment of criticism13
8977367066sepulchral(adj.) funereal, typical of the tomb; extremely gloomy or dismal14
8977367067soporific(adj.) tending to cause sleep, relating to sleepiness or lethargy; (n.) something that induces sleep15
8977367068straitlaced(adj.) extremely strict in regard to moral standards and conduct; prudish, puritanical16
8977367069transient(adj.) lasting only a short time, fleeting; (n.) one who stays only a short time17
8977367070unwieldy(adj.) not easily carried, handled, or managed because of size or complexity18
8977367071vapid(adj.) dull, uninteresting, tiresome; lacking in sharpness, flavor, liveliness, or force19
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AP Human Geography Chapter 5: Language and Religion Flashcards

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9949977341LanguageOrganized system of words spoken and comprended0
9949984651Language FamilyGroup of languages based on an earlier tongue1
9949991321ProtolanguageA recorded ancestral language2
9950014204SyntaxThe way words are put together in sentences or phrases3
9950024000Speech CommunityA group of people who speak a common language4
9950031082Standard LanguageThe accepted norms of vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation5
9950048174DialectsRecognizable variants in speech6
9950056198VernacularThe nonstandard language or dialect known or adopted by an area/group7
9950080132Linguistic GeographyThe study of character or pattern of dialects and languages8
9950092806IsoglossOuter limit of a dialect feature9
9950100177PidginA simplified language used for communicating across the board10
9950309933CreoleA pidgin that became an official language11
9950323238Lingua FrancaEstablished language used for communication for people who don't share the same language12
9950331610MultilingualismWhen a country uses two or more common languages13
9950364771Toponymsplace names14
9950366654ToponymyThe study of place names15
9950374585ReligionA group with common beliefs, understanding, expectations, and controls and separate them from others16
9950389850Universalizing ReligionsReligions that are constantly trying to transmit and share their beliefs with other17
9950396931Ethnic ReligionsReligions that are only in a certain territory or ethnic group18
9950405814AnimismBelief that there is life in inanimate objects19
9950411407ShamanismType of tribal religion that involve acceptance of a religious leader, healer, or worker that can interpret the spiritual world20
9950423563JudaismAn ethnic religion first developed by the Hebrews21
9950439731ChristianityA universalizing religion based on the teaching of Jesus and Scripture22
9950454839IslamA universalizing religion based on Allah and the prophet Mohammed's teachings23
9950476108HinduismAn Indian religion without central creed, organization, or doctrine24
9950491358SyncretismCombination of different beliefs25
9950493367BuddhismUniversalizing religion based on the teachings of Buddha26
9950508525ConfucianismReligion worshiping Confucius and following his teachings27
9950521646TaoismIdeology based on Tao (The Way)28
9950584250ShintoStructure of customs and rituals centering around Shinto29
9950602667SecularismAn indifference or rejection of religion or religious belief30
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AP Language Vocab List 1 Flashcards

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7433250119august (au-gus-t)p.o.s: adjective d: inspiring reverence and admiration, venerable, grand s: distinguished, majestic - prestigious a: undignified - mundane (mund - of the world), trivial, common ex: We stood up respectfully when the august guest entered the room.0
7433250120contrite (con-tri-te)p.o.s: adjective d: sense of guilt, desire for atonement, showing great sorrow s: apologetic, remorseful, attritional a: shameless, lack of care ex: After getting into a minor car accident, one driver was contrite and apologized seven times.1
7433250121contritionp.o.s: noun d: remorse, the state of having guilt s: repentance compunction (feeling of guilt coming from something bad) a: pride, joy ex: His contrition was overwhelming and he had to confess everything to his friend in order to unburden himself of the weight of his sin.2
7433250122curmudgeon (cur-mudge-en)p.o.s: noun d: a cranky, rude person who is usually old s: grouch, whiner, miser a: optimist ex: The curmudgeon busted his way into the room and, upon hearing bad news, put his fist in the wall.3
7433250123despondentp.o.s: adjective d: feeling hopeless - lost courage, hope s: discouraged, mourning, forlorn, dejected, desperate. a: cheerful, light-hearted, buoyant (cheerful and optimisitic) ex: The man, feeling despondent, could not think of any solutions, and had given up.4
7433250124ensconcep.o.s: verb d: to settle in a comfortable or safe place. Shelter, hide s: conceal, settle, position a: uncover, unveil, expose, reveal ex: The acorns were ensconced in the ground, waiting for the squirrel to return.5
7433250125desultory (des-ul-tor-e)p.o.s: adjective d: disconnected, lacking consistency, jumping from one thing to another s: aimless, chaotic - sporadic, erratic, mercurial (unpredicted change) , capricious, spasmodic. a: organized, orderly, systematic, stable, assiduous, determined, methodical, constant ex: The desultory conversation had four people speaking simultaneously, each one attempting to speak over the other.6
7433250126hegemony (he-je-money)p.o.s: noun d: leadership influence exercised by one nation over others, political domination s: command, authority, leadership, dominance, sovereignty, supremacy a: subordination ex: Germany in WWII trying to take over world7
7433250127supercilious (super-sill-ious)p.o.s: adjective d: disdainful or indifferent because of a feeling of superiority; rival, enemy s: condescending, snobby, haughty a: humble, inferior, subordinate, caviler ex: The supercilious man strode around his mansion, head held high as he walked past those whom he believed to be inferior to him.8
7433250128nemesisp.o.s: noun d: an opponent or rival whom a person cannot best or overcome, just punishment, retribution, and agent of retribution whom you cannot avoid s: rival, enemy, punishment, avenger, antagonist a: friend, associate, colleague, help, support ex: He clashed with his nemesis daily, and it seems as though he'll never best her.9
7433250129putativep.o.s: adjective d: commonly accepted or supposed, an assumption, not proven yet. Allegedly true s: presumptive, assumed, conjectural, (knowledgable guess), ostensible (appearing to be) a: proven, sure, known, demonstrated ex: the putative cause of the accident was that the driver made a wrong turn, but it was found that the other driver has been drinking.10
7433250130prognosticatep.o.s: verb d: to forecast or predict from facts, indicate beforehand. Prophecy an event in the future s: foreshadow, forebode, auger, tend, prophecy, adumbrate( foreshadow or symbolize), portend (predict) a: hindsight, retrospect (review of past time), recollection, reminiscent ex: The birds prognosticated the coming storm and burrowed into their nests.11
7433250131puerilep.o.s: adjective d: relating to a child (puer - latin for boy), youthful, juvenile s: immature, infantile, callow, babyish a: mature, aged, sophisticated ex: The puerile picture portrayed two stick figures.12
7433250132spleneticp.o.s: adjective d: peevish, spiteful, having to do with the spleen, bad-tempered, whiny s: bitter, cross, irascible, bilious, querulous, choleric peevish a: happy, kind, easy going, complacent, forgiving, amiable, complacent ex: The splenetic man made a rude remark to everyone who tried to speak to him.13
7433250133stultify (stel-tif-i)p.o.s: verb d: to make useless, futile. Cause to appear or reduce to foolishness. s: stagnate, stifle, trammel, discourage, inhibit a: excite, put something in a good light - foster, encourage, nourish, pique ex: The boy's prank of having the principal fall onto a slip-n-slide stultified him, causing the principal to give him detention.14
7433250134vapidp.o.s: adjective d: lacking life or sharpness, bland, dull, flavorless - jejune s: boring, stale, uninspiring, innocuous(not harmful or invested) a: vibrant, exciting, lively, zestful ex: The vapid soda was flat and tasted of nothing.15
7433250135wrestp.o.s: verb d: to pull with a violent twist, to get by effort, difficulty s: wrench, extort, wring a: give, yield, surrender, ex: She wrested the wrench from the baby's fist to make sure that he didn't hurt himself.16
7433250136zeitgeist (zeit-geist)p.o.s: noun d: the general feeling of a particular time, climate of an era - (cultural feelings of an era) s: spirit, theme, outlook, feature, trait, indication a: --- ex: Her tearful poem captured the zeitgeist of the night, as everyone was sad to leave and say goodbye the following day.17
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