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Myers for AP Psychology Unit 7B: THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

10367215621	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
10367215622	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
10367215623	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
10367215624	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
10367215625	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
10367215626	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
10367215627	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
10367215628	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
10367215629	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
10367215630	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
10367215631	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	10
10367215632	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
10367215633	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
10367215634	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	13
10367215635	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
10367215636	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
10367215637	Framing	formulation of the plans and important details	16
10367215638	Language	the mental faculty or power of vocal communication	17
10367215639	Phoneme	(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language	18
10367215640	Morpheme	minimal meaningful language unit	19
10367215641	Grammar	studies of the formation of basic linguistic units	20
10367215642	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
10367215643	Syntax	the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
10367215644	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
10367215645	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
10367215646	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
10367215647	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
10367215648	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
10367215649	Noam Chomsky	United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)	28
10367215650	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
10367215651	Benjamin Whorf	Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30

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AP Language: Figurative Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9425217002	Litotes	ironic understatement (you won't be sorry!)	0
9425252297	Antithesis	opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other	1
9425277243	Juxtaposition	the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect	2
9425347896	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. ( We let him go)	3
9425393775	Metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.	4
9425433804	Synecdoche		5

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Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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10439818088	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	0
10439818089	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
10439818090	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
10439818091	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
10439818092	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	4
10439818093	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	5
10439818094	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	6
10439818095	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point	7
10439818096	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos	8
10439818097	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	9
10439818098	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.	10
10439818099	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	11
10439818100	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect	12
10439818101	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	13
10439818102	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	14
10439818103	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal	15
10439818104	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMSyou should be able to describe the uthors diction and understand how it compliments his purpose (along iwth imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)	16
10439818105	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	17
10439818106	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	18
10439818107	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	19
10439818108	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	20
10439818109	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	21
10439818110	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, and differentiate an essay they differentiate they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam,try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	22
10439818111	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genresthemselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.	23
10439818112	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	24
10439818113	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.	25
10439818114	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	26
10439818115	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	27
10439818116	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	28
10439818117	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	29
10439818118	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, loose sentences create loose style. The opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.	30
10439818119	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	31
10439818120	Metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	32
10439818121	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	33
10439818122	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	34
10439818123	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	35
10439818124	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron.	36
10439818125	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	37
10439818126	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	38
10439818127	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	39
10439818128	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	40
10439818129	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	41
10439818130	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	42
10439818131	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	43
10439818132	Prose	one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	44
10439818133	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	45
10439818134	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	46
10439818135	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional an subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	47
10439818136	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	48
10439818137	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	49
10439818138	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	50
10439818139	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined below: (1) the predicate nominative - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star = predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts (2) the predicate adjective -- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic = predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren	51
10439818140	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West that is known for its geysers. underlined phrase = subordinate clause	52
10439818141	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols (1) natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	53
10439818142	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	54
10439818143	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	55
10439818144	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	56
10439818145	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	57
10439818146	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary, etc. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition.	58
10439818147	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	59
10439818148	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speedof understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	60
10439818149	Ad Hominem	An attack on the person rather than the issue at hand - a common fallacy - common in elections	61
10439818150	Chisamus	A rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect. "Ask not what your country Can do for you, But what you Can do for your country" or "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You."	62
10439818151	Malapropism	a word humorously misused: Example, he is the AMPLE of her eye... instead of ' he is the APPLE of her eye,	63
10439818152	Parallelism (parallel syntax)	a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition. Like a train gaining momentum. Ex: When you are right you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative.	64
10439818153	Poisoning the Well	Discrediting a person's claim by presenting unfavorable information (true or false) about the person. Person B attacking Person A before Person A can make his/her claim. Example: 'John, an abusive alcoholic, will now give his argument for the legalization of public drinking'.	65
10439818154	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	66
10439818155	straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.	67
10439818156	Ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. Whenever you encounter an ethos argument, always ask yourself is the credibility is substantiated and valid. An essay advocating policy changes on drug rehabilitation programs is more powerful is the person is a former addict or customer in a current rehab program.	68
10439818157	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite. In art it is called chiaroscuro, where a bright white object is placed next to a black object and thus both are made more visible. My goodness is often chastened by my sense of sin, or The Gasoline savings from a hybrid car as compared to a standard car seem excellent until one compares the asking prices of the two vehicles. The juxtaposition of the asking prices shows that the savings are not as significant as they first appear.	69
10439818158	Logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	70
10439818159	Pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument.	71
10439818160	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed, a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and is a significant tool in the study of rhetoric. One of the most basic purposes for rhetorical questions is cheerleading. Rhetorical questions, therefor, propel an argument emotionally. They often look like extensions of a logical argument, but more often than not, they are setting you up to agree with the writer. As with a parallel syntax, rhetorical questions are excellent devices to use in the development of your own essay writing. As graders, we notice when you use them- if you use them to effectively nurture your argument. There are some types of rhetorical questions, but they always follow the same basic pattern: the writer ask herself something and then answers the question in the next sentence or paragraph. Another form is when the question functions as an ironic assault on the writer's adversaries. This kind if rhetorical question can have many uses, and you should notice its function whenever you encounter one in nonfiction prose. Who's afraid of the big bad wolf? Who's afraid of the jolly green giant? Are we? No!!!	72
10439818161	Simile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance. Remember the ripple effect and look for patterns in similes and metaphors in any piece of nonfiction prose. The troll's fishing technique was like a mercenary throwing bombs in the water to catch trout.	73
10439818162	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	74
10439818163	concrete detail	Strictly defined, concrete refers to nouns that name physical objects, -a bridge. a book, or a coat. Concrete nouns are the opposite of abstract nouns (which refer to concepts like freedom and love). However, as used in the essay portion of the AP Language and Composition Exam. this term has a slightly different connotation. The direc tions may read sometbing like this: "Provide concrete details that will convince the reader." This means that your essay should include details in the passage; at times, you' ll be allowed I() provide details from your own life (readings, obser· vations, experiences, and so forth).	75
10439818164	descriptive detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description. Descriptive detail appealing to the visual sense is usually tbe most predominant, but don't overlook other sensory details. As usual, after you identify a passage's descriptive details, analyze their effect.	76
10439818165	devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	77
10439818166	narrative devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding infomlation until a crucial or appropriate momcnt when revealing it creates a desired effect On the essay portion of the exam, this lerm may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	78
10439818167	narrative techniques	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	79
10439818168	stylistic devices	An essay prompt that mentions stylistic devices is asking you to note and analyze all of the elements in language that contribute to style-such as diction, syntax, tone, attitude, figures of speech, connotations, and repetition.	80
10439818169	Ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue	81
10439818170	Anaphora	Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses: There is a time for everything,and a season for every activity under the heavens:a time to be born and a time to die,a time to plant and a time to uproot, a time to kill and a time to heal, a time to tear down and a time to build,a time to weep and a time to laugh,a time to mourn and a time to dance." Bible, Ecclesiastes 3	82
10439818171	Anecdote	A brief story that illustrates or makes a point	83
10439818172	Antimetabole	Figure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; a chiasmus on the level of words (A-B, B-A). For example, "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK).	84
10439818173	Appeal to authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.	85
10439818174	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	86
10439818175	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	87
10439818176	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.	88
10439818177	attitude	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	89
10439818178	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	90
10439818179	Begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	91

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10143493159	Abate	(v.) to make less in amount, degree, etc.; to subside, become less; to nullify; to deduct, omit	0
10143493160	Acquit	To find not guilty of a fault or crime	1
10143493161	Admonition	an act or action of admonishing; authoritative counsel or warning.	2
10143493162	Affability	a disposition to be friendly and approachable (easy to talk to)	3
10143493163	Amble	To casually walk; stroll	4
10143493164	Appellation	A name, title, or designation	5
10143493165	Approbation	(n.) the expression of approval or favorable opinion, praise; official approval	6
10143493166	Ardor	intense and passionate feeling	7
10143493167	Assiduous	(adj.) persistent, attentive, diligent	8
10143493168	Assuage	(v.) to make easier or milder, relieve; to quiet, calm; to put an end to, appease, satisfy, quench	9
10143493169	Atone	(v.) to make up for	10
10143493170	Audacious	(adj.) bold, adventurous, recklessly daring	11
10143493171	Augment	(v.) to make larger, increase	12
10143493172	Auspicious	(adj.) favorable; fortunate	13
10143493173	Candid	(adj.) frank, sincere; impartial; unposed	14
10143493174	Caprice	A sudden impulse, whim, or unmotivated change of mind	15
10143493175	Circuitous	(adj.) roundabout, not direct	16
10143493176	Clamorous	Characterized by a loud noise or outcry	17
10143493177	Cogent	(adj.) forceful, convincing; relevant, to the point	18
10143493178	Colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	19
10143493179	Commodious	(adj.) roomy, spacious	20
10143493180	Compunction	(n.) remorse, regret	21
10143493181	Contrition	Heartfelt sorrow and aversion for sins committed along with the intention to sin no more	22
10143493182	Corpulent	(adj.) fat; having a large, bulky body	23
10143493183	Debauched	Corrupted	24
10143493184	Decorous	proper; tasteful; socially correct	25
10143493185	Deferential	Respectful	26
10143493186	Deprecate	To express disapproval of	27
10143493187	Diffident	(adj.) shy, lacking self-confidence; modest, reserved	28
10143493188	Disconsolate	(adj.) deeply unhappy or dejected; without hope, beyond consolation	29
10143493189	Dissipate	to break up or scatter; to squander; to engage in extravagant, intemperate, or dissolute pleasure.	30
10143493190	Encumbrance	A burden or impediment	31
10143493191	Eradicate	(v.) to root out, get rid of, destroy completely	32
10143493192	Essay	to test or try; to attempt; to experiment	33
10143493193	Forlorn	(adj.) totally abandoned and helpless; sad and lonely; wretched or pitiful; almost hopeless	34
10143493194	Furtive	Stealthy; secretive	35
10143493195	Hegemony	the domination of one state or group over its allies	36
10143493196	Hortatory	encouraging; exhorting	37
10143493197	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	38
10143493198	Impertinent	Rude and disrespectful	39
10143493199	Impervious	Not affected or hurt by; admitting of no passage or entrance	40
10143493200	Improvident	(adj.) not thrifty; failing to plan ahead	41
10143493201	Inanity	Foolishness; a silly or pointless act	42
10143493202	Incontinent	(adj.) Lacking self-restraint; licentious "The incontinent hysteria of the fans."	43
10143493203	Incredulous	Disbelieving, skeptical	44
10143493204	Indignation	Anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment	45
10143493205	Indolence	Inclination to laziness	46
10143493206	Inexorable	Impossible to stop or prevent	47
10143493207	Insensate	Lacking physical sensation	48
10143493208	Inveigle	to obtain by deception or flattery	49
10143493209	Inviolable	Secure from violation or from being profaned	50
10143493210	Irascible	Easily angered	51
10143493211	Irradiate	v. To render clear and intelligible. illuminate (something) by or as if by shining light on it	52
10143493212	Irrevocable	(adj.) incapable of being changed or called back	53
10143493213	Jocular	Characterized by joking	54
10143493214	Lambent	Softly bright or radiant	55
10143493215	Languid	(adj.) drooping; without energy, sluggish	56
10143493216	Lassitude	(n.) weariness of body or mind, lack of energy	57
10143493217	Laudatory	Expressing praise	58
10143493218	Licentious	Morally unrestrained	59
10143493219	Lurid	Sensational	60
10143493220	Magnanimous	Generous	61
10143493221	Maligned	to speak harmful untruths about; speak evil of; slander; defame	62
10143493222	Maudlin	Excessively sentimental	63
10143493223	Melancholy	Depression of spirits	64
10143493224	Misanthrope	(n.) a person who hates or despises people	65
10143493225	Mitigate	(v.) to make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity	66
10143493226	Monotony	wearisome uniformity or lack of variety; the continuance of an unvarying sound; monotone.	67
10143493227	Mortification	A feeling of humiliation or shame	68
10143493228	Munificent	(adj.) extremely generous, lavish	69
10143493229	Obduracy	Stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing	70
10143493230	Obeisance	A bow or similar gesture expressing deep respect	71
10143493231	Officious	Meddling; excessively forward in offering services or assuming authority	72
10143493232	Peremptorily	Leaving no opportunity for denial or refusal	73
10143493233	Pernicious	(adj.) extremely harmful; deadly, fatal	74
10143493234	Peroration	(rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration	75
10143493235	Persiflage	(n.) lighthearted joking, talk, or writing	76
10143493236	Placid	Not easily upset or excited	77
10143493237	Plaudits	(n. pl.) applause; enthusiastic praise or approval	78
10143493238	Predilection	A preference or special liking for something; a bias in favor of something	79
10143493239	Prodigious	(adj.) immense; extraordinary in bulk, size, or degree	80
10143493240	Propensity	(n.) a natural inclination or predilection toward	81
10143493241	Propitiate	to conciliate; to appease	82
10143493242	Prudent	Careful	83
10143493243	Pugilist	A boxer	84
10143493244	Recompense	(v) to pay back; to give a reward; (n) a payment for loss, service, or injury.	85
10143493245	Regale	To entertain or delight	86
10143493246	Remonstrate	(v.) to argue or plead with someone against something, protest against, object to	87
10143493247	Remuneration	payment for work done	88
10143493248	Repudiate	(v.) to disown, reject, or deny the validity of	89
10143493249	Rigor	Great hardship or difficulty; harshness; severity	90
10143493250	Riven	split or tear apart violently	91
10143493251	Sagacious	Wise; having keen perception and sound judgement	92
10143493252	Sallow	(of a person's face or complexion) of an unhealthy yellow or pale brown color.	93
10143493253	Salubrious	(adj) healthful, promoting health	94
10143493254	Sanguine	ruddy; cheerfully optimistic	95
10143493255	Sedulous	(adj.) persistent, showing industry and determination	96
10143493256	Shirk	(v.) to avoid or get out of doing work, neglect a duty; to sneak, slink	97
10143493257	Shorn	having the hair or wool cut or clipped off as if with shears or clippers	98
10143493258	Sonorous	(adj.) full, deep, or rich in sound; impressive in style	99
10143493259	Spurn	To refuse with scorn, disdain	100
10143493260	Stagnant	(adj.) not running or flowing; foul from standing still; inactive, sluggish, dull	101
10143493261	Stipulate	(v.) to arrange specifically; to require as a condition of agreement	102
10143493262	Sullen	(adj) silent or brooding because of ill humor, anger, or resentment; slow moving, sluggish.	103
10143493263	Supplicate	(v) pray humbly; ask, beg, or seek in a humble way	104
10143493264	Tenacity	Hanging on to something persistently or stubbornly	105
10143493265	Tumid	swollen, distended, a bulging shape, overblown, bombastic	106
10143493266	Umbrageous	(adj) spotted with shadows; inclined to take offense easily	107
10143493267	Uncanny	(adj.) strange, mysterious, weird, beyond explanation	108
10143493268	Vanquish	(v.) to defeat in a battle or contest, overthrow; to overcome a feeling or condition	109
10143493269	Venerable	accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character.	110
10143493270	Verdure	Greenery; fresh and ripe vegetation	111
10143493271	Vindicate	clear of accusation, blame, suspicion, or doubt with supporting proof	112
10143493272	Whelp	A young offspring of a mammal	113

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10249883830	AUTHORITY	the right to control, command, or determine.	0
10249883831	AUDIENCE	group of spectators at a public event	1
10249884876	BACKING	support, strengthen, or protect	2
10249886030	ASSERTION	positive statement or declaration, often without support or reason	3
10249887046	MEANS VS. ENDS	carried out for the sole purpose of achieving something else	4
10249887047	DEDUCTIVE REASONING	reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion	5
10249890489	INDUCTIVE REASONING	reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion	6
10249890490	ALLITERATION	occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words	7
10249891666	TONE	general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	8
10249891676	DICTION	style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words	9
10249893169	Denotation	explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression	10
10249893170	Connotation	secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning	11
10249894801	Colloquial	characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal	12
10249894802	Formal	accordance with the usual requirements, customs, etc.; conventional	13
10249894803	Informal	without formality or ceremony; casual	14
10249896653	Concrete	constituting an actual thing or instance; real	15
10249896654	Abstract	thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances	16
10249896655	Detail	attention to or treatment of a subject in individual or minute parts	17
10249899207	Mood	a state or quality of feeling at a particular time	18
10249899208	Imagery	formation of mental images, figures, or likenesses of things, or of such images collectively	19
10249902792	Setting	surroundings or environment of anything	20
10249902793	FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE	figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful	21
10249903997	Allusion	making of a casual or indirect reference to something	22
10249903998	Simile	figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared	23
10249903999	Metaphor	figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance	24
10249905271	Personification	attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure	25
10249905272	Hyperbole	obvious and intentional exaggeration.	26
10249905273	Understatement	act or an instance of understating, or representing in a weak or restrained way that is not borne out by the facts	27
10249906607	Paradox	statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth	28
10249906608	Verbal Irony	a person says or writes one thing and means another	29
10249909559	Analogy	similarity or comparability	30
10249909560	Anecdote	short account of a particular incident or event	31
10249909561	Metonymy	figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related, or of which it is a part	32
10249910801	Synecdoche	figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for the general or the general for the special	33
10249911671	RHETORICAL MODES/ MODES OF DISCOURSE	variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language-based communication, particularly writing and speaking	34
10249911672	Exemplification	illustration or example	35
10249913881	Cause/Effect	actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others	36
10249913882	Description	statement, picture in words, or account that describes; descriptive representation	37
10249913883	Process Analysis	method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done	38
10249915096	Narration	an account, story, or narrative.	39
10249917112	Comparison/Contrast	differences and similarities	40
10249917113	Exposition	act of expounding, setting forth, or explaining	41
10249917114	Argumentation	process of developing or presenting an argument; reasoning	42
10249919031	Repetition	repeated utterance; reiteration.	43
10249919032	POINT OF VIEW	specified or stated manner of consideration or appraisal; standpoint	44
10249920278	First Person	grammatical person used by a speaker in statements referring to himself or herself	45
10249920279	Second Person	grammatical person used by the speaker of an utterance in referring to the one	46
10249921624	Third Person	grammatical person used by the speaker of an utterance in referring to anyone or anything other than the speaker or the one	47
10249921625	Subjective	pertaining to or characteristic of an individual; personal; individual	48
10249921634	Objective	something that one's efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish	49
10249925159	SYNTAX	the rules or patterns so studied	50
10249925160	Anaphora	repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences	51
10249925161	Antithesis	opposition; contrast	52
10249926787	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions	53
10249926788	Polysyndeton	use of a number of conjunctions in close succession	54
10249926971	Parallel sentence	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance	55
10249927957	Periodic sentence	main clause or predicate at the end	56
10249927958	Rhetorical question	question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer	57
10249927959	Inverted syntax	Subject Verb Object	58

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9922011164	allegory	extending a metapor so objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the test	0
9922014197	alliteration	repetition of an initial consonant sound	1
9922016986	allusion	a brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event	2
9922019617	ambiguity	presence of 2 or more possible meanings in any passage	3
9922022734	analogy	reasoning or explaining from parallel cases	4
9922024835	antithesis	juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases	5
9922031503	assonance	similarity in sound between words or phrases	6
9922037314	colloquial	characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal language as distinct from formal/literary language	7
9922044927	connotation	the emotional implications and associations that a word may carry	8
9922047788	diction	choice and use of words in speech or writing	9
9922052079	didactic	intended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively	10
9922055430	ethos	persuasive appeal based on the projected character of the speaker or narrator	11
9922057894	fallacy	error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid	12
9922060116	hyperbole	when exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect	13
9922063276	irony	use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning, a statement/situation where the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance/presentation of the idea	14
9922066835	metaphor	when an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something important in common	15
9922071670	onomatopoeia	formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to	16
9922074486	oxymoron	when contradictory terms appear side by side	17
9922075566	paradox	a statement that appears to contradict itself	18
9922077875	parallelism	similarity in structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	19
9922081048	pathos	means of persuasion that appeals to the audience's emotions	20
9922085294	simile	when two fundamentally unlike things are compared, like or as	21
9959145338	imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language	22
9959151325	personification	giving human characteristics to non-human things	23
9959154753	tone	general character/attitude of a piece of writing	24
9959158650	foreshadowing	a warning or indication of a future event	25
9959267927	narrative	a written account of connected events	26
9959274935	symbolism	the use of symbols to represent ideas	27

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AP Language Terms Flashcards

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7245919857	alliteration	the repetition of an initial consonant sound	0
7245920531	allusion	a brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional	1
7245922302	anadiplosis	last word of one line is the first word of the next line	2
7245924066	anaphora	a scheme in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive phrases	3
7245925735	anastrophe	a scheme in which normal word order is changed for emphasis	4
7245927288	antimetabole	a sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first; it adds power to the sentence	5
7245929465	antithesis	placement of contrasting or opposing words, phrases, clauses, or sentences side by side	6
7245931075	aphorism	a brief statement of a principle that makes a wise observation about life	7
7245932411	apostrophe	a scheme in which a person or an abstract quality is directly addressed, whether present or not	8
7245934764	apposition	the placement side-by-side of two coordinate elements, the second of which serves to identify or rename the first	9
7245938987	assonance	repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words, usually with different consonant sounds either before or after the same vowel sounds	10
7245943033	asyndeton	omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses	11
7245944792	circumlocution	the use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language to avoid getting to the point. (contrast with conciseness)	12
7245948238	climax	the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex	13
7245950303	consonance	repetition of a consonant sound within 2 or more words in close proximity	14
7245951307	denotation and connotation	denotation: direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings connotation: the emotional implications and associations that a word may carry, in contrast to its literal meanings	15
7245958889	diction	choice and use of words in speech or writing	16
7245960611	ellipsis	the deliberate omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context; it creates an elegant or daring economy of words	17
7245964402	epanalepsis	the repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause	18
7245966724	epistrophe	a scheme in which the same word is repeated the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences	19
7245969627	euphemism	the substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit (ex) she passed away last night	20
7245971834	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work	21
7245976482	figures of speech	the use of a word or words diverging from its usual meaning	22
7245978012	foreshadowing	to show or indicate beforehand; pre-figure of events that are to come	23
7245980066	hyperbole	a trope composed of exaggerated words or ideals used for emphasis and not to be taken literally	24
7245982026	imagery	vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses	25
7245984926	verbal irony	when a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is opposite of the literal meaning	26
7245987465	situation irony	in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so the outcome is contrary to what was expected	27
7245989733	dramatic irony	situation understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play	28
7245993571	malapropism	an act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, especially by the confusion of words that are similar in sound	29
7245995588	metaphor	a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance	30
7245998361	mood	a state or quality of feeling at a particular time	31
7245999158	motivation	the act or providing with a reason to act in a certain way	32
7246000829	narration	a recital of events, as the story narrated in a poem or the exposition of a drama .	33
7246004680	onomatopoeia	the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named	34
7246006471	oxymoron	figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction	35
7246007842	paradox	a seemingly self-contradictory statement that when investigated or explained may prove to be well-founded or true	36
7246010400	parallelism	the state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way	37
7246014208	periphrasis	the use of indirect and circumlocutory speech or writing	38
7246016259	personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristic to something non-human	39
7246019792	plot	storyline, plan, or main story of a literary or dramatic work	40
7246022588	point of view	the position of the narrator in relation to the story	41
7246023636	polysyndeton	the use of a number of conjunctions in close succession	42
7246025140	prosody	the science or study of poetic meters and vetrification	43
7246028646	protagonist	the leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work	44
7246030549	pun	the humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest different meanings	45
7246035864	repetition	act of repeating	46
7246037432	rhetorical question	a question asked solely to produce an effect or make an assertion and not to elicit a reply	47
7246038737	rhyme	identity in sound of some art, especially the end, or words or lines of verse	48
7246040159	sarcasm	harsh or bitter derision or irony	49
7246046716	satire	the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice	50
7246054375	setting	surroundings or environment	51
7246055816	shift or turn	refers to a change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained	52
7246059762	simile	a comparison of 2 different things or ideas through the use of the words "like" or "as"	53
7246061744	sound devices	stylistic devices that convey meaning through sounds	54
7246063630	structure	the framework of organization of a literary selection	55
7246066122	style	writer's characteristic manner of employing language	56
7246067774	suspense	the quality of a short story that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events	57
7246070369	symbol	something used or representing something else	58
7246071540	synecdoche	figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for the part	59
7246073509	syntax	a system or orderly arrangement	60
7246074930	theme	subject of discourse, discussion, mediation, or composition; topic	61
7246077044	tone	attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience	62
7246078390	understatement (litotes)	uses double negatives or, in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions	63

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