| CourseNotes

Personification The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."
Antithesis the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."
Oxymoron From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."
Sarcasm from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.
Synecdoche . a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.
Hyperbole a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
Anaphora repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
Euphony the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.
Theme The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
Metonomy a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

Terms : Hide Images

7290532247	Personification	The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."	0
7290532248	Antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."	1
7290532249	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."	2
7290532250	Sarcasm	from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.	3
7290532251	Synecdoche	. a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.	4
7290532252	Hyperbole	a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	5
7290532253	Anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.	6
7290532254	Euphony	the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.	7
7290532255	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually, __ is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the __ may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	8
7290532256	Metonomy	a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"	9
7290532257	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	10
7290532258	Transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.	11
7290532259	Onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.	12
7290532260	Cacophony	harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word.	13
7290532261	Metaphor	a direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example.	14
7290532262	Symbol	generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract.	15
7290532263	Begging the Question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	16
7290532264	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	17
7290532265	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	18
7290532266	Either-or reasoning	When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives.	19
7290532267	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	20
7290532268	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	21
7290532269	Causal Relationship	In __, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument.	22
7290532270	Equivocation	When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.	23
7290532271	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks.	24
7290532272	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.	25
7290532273	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	26
7290532274	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.	27
7290532275	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	28
7290532276	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."	29
7290532277	Epigraph	The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.	30
7290532278	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.	31
7290532279	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	32
7290532280	Ethos	an appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.	33
7290532281	Situational Irony	a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.	34
7290532282	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	35
7290532283	Pathos	an appeal based on emotion.	36
7290532284	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a __ is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	37
7290532285	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	38
7290532286	Verbal Irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	39
7290532287	Anecdote	A story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.	40
7290532288	Abstract Language	Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.	41
7290532289	Ad Hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	42
7290532290	Denotation	the literal or dictionary meaning of a word	43
7290532291	Cumulative	Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars	44
7290532292	Dramatic Irony	In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	45
7290532293	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	46
7290532294	Connotation	the interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.	47
7290532295	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	48
7290532296	Syntax	The grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	49
7290532297	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	50
7290532298	Voice	can refer to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive). The second refers to the total "sound" of the writer's style.	51
7290532299	Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	52
7290532300	Argument	A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer	53
7290532301	Allusion	A reference contained in a work	54
7290532302	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	55
7290532303	Stream-of-consciousness	This is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought process of the narrator, no matter how random and spontaneous that may be.	56
7290532304	Allegory	A work that functions on a symbolic level	57
7290532305	Explication	The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. __ usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.	58
7290532306	Parallelism	refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	59
7290532307	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	60
7290532308	Rhetorical Modes	The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.	61
7290532309	Analogy	a literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.	62
7290532310	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	63
7290532311	Example	an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern	64
7290532312	Description	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses.	65
7290532313	Narrative Device	This term describes the tools of the storyteller, such as ordering events to that they build to climatic movement or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing in creates a desired effect.	66
7290532314	Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.	67
7290532315	Exposition	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.	68
7290532316	Attitude	the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience	69
7290532317	Backing	Support or evidence for a claim in an argument	70
7290532318	Ellipsis	Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.	71
7290532319	Argumentation	The purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.	72
7290532320	Didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.	73
7290532321	Ambiguity	an event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.	74
7290532322	Narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	75
7290532323	Rhetoric	from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principle governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	76
7290532324	Third Person Limited Omniscient	This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters	77
7290532325	Third Person Omniscient	In ___, the narrator, with a godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.	78
7290532326	Comic Relief	the inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event.	79
7290532327	Character	those who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static, and dynamic are the types.	80
7290532328	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style.	81
7290532329	Antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.	82
7290532330	Style	an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	83
7290532331	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.	84
7290532332	Authority	Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience.	85
7290532333	Chiasmus	Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea.	86
7290532334	Deconstruction	a critical approach that debunks single definitions of meaning based on the instability of language. It "is not a dismantling of a structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself."	87
7290532335	Balance	a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.	88
7290532336	Conflict	a clash between opposing forces in a literary work, such as man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. God; man vs. self	89
7290532337	Tone	Similar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	90
7290532338	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.	91
7290532339	Dialect	the recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God.	92
7290532340	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	93
7290532341	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.	94
7290532342	Point of View	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	95
7290532343	Deduction	The process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.	96
7290532344	Annotation	explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.	97
7290532345	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	98
7290532346	Diction	the author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning	99

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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7468062839	Concession	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, it is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	0
7468084886	Polemic	Greek for "hostile". An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others.	1
7468112848	Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian Triangle)	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	2
7468132690	Ad Hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	3
7468143017	Allegory	A figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters, figures and events. It can be employed in prose and poetry to tell a story with a purpose of teaching an idea and a principle or explaining an idea or principle. The objective of its use is to preach some kind of a moral lesson.	4
7468151649	Alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.	5
7468157097	Allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	6
7468162332	Ambiguity	The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; uncertainty.	7
7468162333	Analogy	A comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. It often uses something simple or familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex.	8
7468164799	Anecdote	A brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	9
7468164800	Antecedent	A literary device in which a word or pronoun in a line or sentence refers to an earlier word. Ex: "Marcus put his book on the table."	10
7468167097	Antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction. Ex: "We shall... support any friend, oppose any foe..."	11
7468171596	Aphorism	A statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. This term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles.	12
7468171597	Apostrophe	When a writer or speaker in a literary work speaks to an object, an idea, or someone who doesn't exist as if it is a living person.	13
7468173697	Atmosphere	The feeling, emotion, or mood a writer conveys to a reader through the description of setting and objects.	14
7468173698	Caricature	A device used in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect.	15
7468177020	Chiasmus	A rhetorical device in which a sentence or phrase is followed by a sentence or phrase that reverses the structure and order of the first one. Ex: "Her life was full of children, and her children full of life."	16
7468177021	Clause	A combination of words within a sentence that is comprised of a subject and a predicate.	17
7468179729	Colloquialism	The use of informal words, phrases, or even slang in a piece of writing.	18
7468179730	Conceit	A comparison between two very unlike things, whose dissimilarity is very obvious. Ex: "Marriage is like getting a root canal."	19
7468183348	Connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. They are often positive or negative, and they often greatly affect the author's tone. Ex: That cat is plump. That cat is fat. That cat obese.	20
7468183349	Denotation	The literal or dictionary definition of a word.	21
7468185337	Diction	A speaker's choice of words.	22
7468185338	Didactic	A type of literature that is written to instruct the reader, especially morally.	23
7468187714	Euphemism	A polite or mild word or expression used to refer to something embarrassing, taboo, or unpleasant.	24
7468187715	Extended Metaphor	A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph, or lines in a poem. It is often comprised of more than one sentence, and sometimes consists of a full paragraph.	25
7468191624	Figurative Language	Nonliteral language, sometimes referred to as tropes or metaphorical language, often evoking strong imagery, figures of speech often compare one thing to another explicitly (simile) or implicitly (metaphor).	26
7468191625	Figure of Speech	A phrase or word having different meanings than its literal meanings. It conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to another, which has connotation or meaning familiar to the audience. That is why it is helpful in creating vivid rhetorical effect.	27
7468194713	Generic Conventions	The features shown by texts that allow them to be put into a specific genre. For example almost all Westerns use the Iconography of cowboy hats, six shooters, horses and spurs to place them in their genre.	28
7468194714	Genre	The type of art, literature or music characterized by a specific form, content and style.	29
7468196590	Homily	A religious sermon or speech that is intended to provide spiritual education, or any moral lessons that are being imparted, especially when being imparted or taught in a tedious way.	30
7468196591	Hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	31
7468198523	Imagery	A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds. It may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses.	32
7468198524	Infer	To make an educated guess. The speaker does the implying, and the listener does the inferring. You listen closely to someone and guess at things they mean but haven't actually said. You're making deductions — guesses based on logic.	33
7468202110	Invective	Denotes speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution. It involves the use of abusive and negative use of language.	34
7468202111	Irony	A figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else, or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected, creating a noticeable incongruity.	35
7468203807	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	36
7468205782	Logical Fallacy	A potential vulnerability or weakness in an argument. It often arises from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	37
7468208308	Loose Sentence	(Also known as a cumulative sentence) is a sentence that starts with an independent clause or main clause, which is simple and straight, provides main idea, and then adds subordinate elements or modifiers. Ex: The fire alarm went off, making a loud clanging noise, startling everyone, and causing some people to knock over their chairs.	38
7468208309	Metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as.	39
7468211051	Metonymy	Figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it. Ex: "The pen is mightier than the sword."	40
7468213051	Modes of Discourse	Any written or spoken communication. It can also be described as the expression of thought through language. While every act of communication can count as an example of this term, some scholars have broken it down into four primary types: argument, narration, description, and exposition.	41
7468213052	Mood	The feeling or atmosphere created by a text.	42
7468214879	Narrative	A report of related events presented to the listeners or readers in words arranged in a logical sequence. A story is taken as a synonym of this term.	43
7468214880	Onomatopoeia	The figurative term for words that attempt to represent a sound.	44
7468218509	Oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words. Ex: "But this peaceful revolution..."	45
7468218510	Paradox	A statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth. Ex: "To live outside the law you must be honest."	46
7468220640	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	47
7468222871	Parody	An imitation of a particular writer, artist or a genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect.	48
7468222872	Pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to it to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	49
7468224808	Pedantic	Someone who is concerned with precision, formalism, accuracy, minute details in order to make an arrogant and ostentatious show of learning. He could be a writer, a character, feelings, tone or words.	50
7468224809	Periodic Sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	51
7468227424	Personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	52
7468227425	Point of View	The mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers "hear" and "see" what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc.	53
7468231000	Predicate Adjective	An adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (i.e., refers back to) the subject of the linking verb. Ex: Lee seems drunk.	54
7468231001	Predicate Nominative	(Also called a predicate noun) is a word or group of words that completes a linking verb and renames the subject. Ex: John was a policeman.	55
7468233483	Prose	A form of language that has no formal metrical structure. It applies a natural flow of speech, and ordinary grammatical structure rather than rhythmic structure, such as in the case of traditional poetry.	56
7468847996	Repetition	A literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer.	57
7468850455	Rhetoric	The art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	58
7468854880	Rhetorical Appeal	Rhetorical technique used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	59
7468856654	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex: "Will you join in that historic effort?"	60
7468863604	Sarcasm	A literary and rhetorical device that is meant to mock with often satirical or ironic remarks with a purpose to amuse and hurt someone or some section of society simultaneously.	61
7468869051	Satire	The use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual.	62
7468869052	Simile	A figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like, as, or as though.	63
7468874214	Style	The literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text.	64
7468878465	Subject Complement	A word or phrase that follows a linking verb and describes or identifies the subject. Ex: That pie looks burnt to a cinder.	65
7468882011	Subordinate Clause	(Dependent clause) a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.	66
7468885305	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. Ex: Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.	67
7468889629	Symbol	A literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight, and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are visible in the literal translation alone; Using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning.	68
7468889630	Syntax	The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	69
7468897297	Theme	A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work, which may be stated directly or indirectly.	70
7468897298	Thesis	A statement in a non-fiction or a fiction work that a writer intends to support and prove.	71
7468901643	Tone	A speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices.	72
7468901644	Transition	Words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.	73
7468906019	Understatement	A figure of speech in which something is presented as less important, dire, urgent, good, and so on, that it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect. Also called litotes, it is the opposite of hyperbole.	74
7470946340	Wit	In rhetoric, the use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument.	75
7655426456	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	76
7655434196	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	77
7655447437	Anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	78
7655455725	Asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	79
7655466248	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	80
7655478507	Imperative Sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	81
7655481410	Inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence.	82
7655498316	Synedoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.	83
7655508748	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	84
7655558533	Ad Populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	85
7655589263	Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	86
7655632895	Argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	87
7655670877	Backing	In the Toulmin model, it consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.	88
7655695849	Begging the Question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	89
7655754673	Circular Reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	90
7655780250	Claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, it states the argument's main idea or proposition. This term differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable.	91
7655805661	Claim of Fact	A claim that asserts something is true or not true.	92
7655847658	Claim of Policy	A claim that proposes a change.	93
7655856404	Claim of Value	A claim that argues something is good or bad, right or wrong.	94
7655886441	Classical Oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion.	95
7655925311	Introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	96
7655938625	Narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	97
7657068657	Confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually the major part of the text, it includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	98
7657083264	Refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	99
7657094464	Conclusion (peroratio)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	100
7657099268	Closed Thesis	A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	101
7657112219	Deduction	A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case.	102
7657146338	Either/Or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	103
7657156717	Faulty Analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.	104
7657168072	First-Hand Evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	105
7657180664	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	106
7657194141	Induction	From the Latin inducere "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	107
7657228781	Open Thesis	A thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends in an essay.	108
7657248346	Post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier.	109
7657266410	Qualifier	In the Toulmin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	110
7662692165	Quantitative Evidence	Evidence which includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers--for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	111
7662710807	Rebuttal	In the Toulmin model, it gives voice to possible objections.	112
7662721300	Reservation	In the Toulmin model, it explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	113
7662732859	Rogerian Arguments	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these arguments are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.	114
7662766403	Second-hand Evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	115
7662785142	Straw Man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	116
7662819863	Toulmin Model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book "The Uses of Argument" (1958).	117
7662841352	Warrant	In the Toulmin model, it expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	118

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AP Literature Figurative language Flashcards

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7208136788	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds. "She sells sea shells by the sea shore..."	0
7208148196	Allusion	A reference to history or literature, including the Bible and mythology. "My father has the patience of Job."	1
7208154847	Anachronism	Persons, objects, or events placed in the wrong time period. "The clock striking in Julius Caesar."	2
7208160770	Analogy	A comparison between two things to show how they are alike. "Imaginations is your staircase to adventure."	3
7208173884	Anaphora	Repetition of the same word(s) or phrase throughout all or part of a work for emphasis. "What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?"	4
7208182089	Apostrophe	A writer or character addressing a person, an idea, or something which cannot be respond. " Oliver Wendell Holmes addressing a shell. "Thanks for the heavenly message brought by thee, Child of the Wandering Sea, Cast from her lap, forlorn!"	5
7208249164	Assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds. In "Song of Myself #33," by Walt whitman, "Tumbling walls buriEd me in their debrIs, Heat and smoke I inspired, I heardthe dIstant clIck of their pIcks and shovels."	6
7208293310	Cacophony	Harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds grating noise such as that hound in Lewis Carroll's poem, Jabberwocky: 'Twas brillig, and the silthy toves Did Grye and Gimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrab."	7
7208339235	Caesura	A pause or a break in a line of poetry. The following quote from The Seafarer, translated by Burton Raffel, exemplifies a caesura: "This tale is true, and mine. It tells How the sea took me, swept me back And for in sorrow and fear and pain, Showed me suffering in a hundred ships..."	8
7208401886	Catalogue	A list. Song of Myself by Walt Whitman: "I hear bravuras of birds, bustle of growing wheat, gossip of flames, clack of sticks cooking my meals."	9
7208426990	Cliché( dead metaphor/ mixed metaphor)	An expression that has lost it freshness because of too much repetition . "Sly as a fox"; the "tip of the iceberg"; the "straw that broke the camel's back"	10
7208456841	Conceit	A shocking comparison between two dissimilar things; usually a metaphor or a simile. T.S. Eliot stated that the "evening was spread out against the sky / Like a person etherized upon a table."	11
7208473606	Consonance	The repetition of final consonant sounds after different vowel sounds; The vowels may be the same but their sounds are different. "Blood wood, food; Tick-tock; strut, fret"	12
7208512095	Euphony	Pleasing sounds; opposite of cacophony. The tide Rises, the Tide Falls by Longfellow exemplifies euphony: "The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveller hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls."	13
7208546890	Hyperbole	Exaggeration used for effect or for humor. Mark twain, the master of hyperbole, writes about Jim in Huckleberry Finn: "When Tom Sawyer takes the sleeping Jim's hat and hangs it on a limb of a tree, Jim overreacts: "Afterward Jim said the witches bewitched him and put him in a trance, and rode him all over that state, and then set him under the tree again, and hung his hat on a limb to show who done it."	14
7208569083	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect: ""Don't go overboard with the gratitude," he rejoined with heavy irony"	15
7208569829	Verbal Irony	Saying the opposite of what is meant. "In Julius Caesar, Antony refers to Brutus as "an Honorable man" when Antony really really despises Brutus for murdering Caesar."	16
7208589114	Dramatic Irony	Occurs when the reader or audience knows something that a character does not know, so that words or actions have meanings about which character is unaware. For example, in To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout unknowingly diffuse a potentially dangerous situation at the jail involving Atticus and some men who want to lynch Atticus's client, Tom Robinson. Scouts friendliness towards one of the men, Mr.Cunningham, shames him and results in his leaving and taking the other men with him	17
7208797607	Situational Irony	When what happens is different from what is expected to happen. We see situational irony in Poe's Cask of Amontillado when Montressor "insists" that Fortunato leave the catacombs because of his persistent cough but we know that Montressor is actually luring Fortunato deeper into the catacombs.	18
7208819615	Kenning	A word or compound substituted as a synonym for a noun. In Beowolf we see the kenning "whale-road" for the sea.	19
7208826031	Metaphor	A comparison between two unlike things without out using the words "like, as, than, seems, or resembles"	20
7208835354	Onomatopoeia	Words which suggest or sound like their meanings. Buzz, thump, hiss	21
7208838126	Oxymoron	A combination of words which are apparently contradictory. Deafening silenece, bittersweet, crual kindness.	22
7208845234	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times..."	23
7208852704	Pathetic Fallacy	A form of personification in which nature is given human emotions, to the degree that it becomes illogical or even absurd for nature to have such emotions	24
7208856412	Personification	Giving human traits to something non-human	25
7208858181	Simile	A comparison between two things using words "like ,as, than, seems, or resembles"	26
7208866110	Synecdoche	Use of a part to represent the whole; some soources consider it synonymous with metonymy. "All hands on deck"	27
7208871586	Trope	A figure of speech involving a 'turn' or change of sense - the use of a word in a sense other than the literal; includes metaphor, simile, irony, and paradox	28
7208877317	Understatement	A statement that says less than is meant; deliberately down-playing something from the purpose of emphasis, humor, or irony	29

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AP Human Geography - Language Flashcards

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5133792870	Accent	a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class	0
5133792871	Anatolian Hypothesis	Proposes that the dispersal of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia. The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo-European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution of the seventh and sixth millennia BC. An alternative (and academically more favored view) is the Kurgan hypothesis	1
5133792872	Kurgan Hypothesis	most widely accepted proposal of several solutions to explain the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages.[note 1] It postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The term is derived from kurgan (курган), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound.	2
5133792873	Nostratic Hypothesis	hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families	3
5133792874	Creole	a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue of a region and/or people	4
5133792875	Dialect	local or regional characteristics of a language. More than just a different accent, dialects have distinctive grammar and vocabulary	5
5133792876	Extinct Language	A language that is going extinct	6
5133792877	Ideogram	pictures that symbolize ideas	7
5133792878	Indo-European	a large, widespread family of languages, the surviving branches of which include Italic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian, spoken by about half the world's population: English, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek, Russian, Albanian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Persian, Hindi, and Hittite	8
5133792879	Isogloss	geographical boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	9
5133792880	Isolated Language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	10
5133792881	Language	a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols	11
5133792882	Language Branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes	12
5133792883	Language Family	group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...)	13
5133792884	Language Group	set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...)	14
5133792885	Lingua Franca	a common language used by speakers of different languages	15
5133792886	Literary Tradition	Language that is written down	16
5133792887	Mono-lingual	Only one language is spoken	17
5133792888	Bi-lingual	2 languages are spoken	18
5133792889	Multi-lingual	3+ languages are spoken	19
5133792890	National Language	-language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. -national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country.	20
5133792891	Official Language	a governmentally designated language of instruction and other official public and private communication	21
5133792892	Orthography	the conventional spelling system of a language	22
5133792893	Pidgin	when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary	23
5133792894	Polyglot	a person who speaks more than one language	24
5133792895	Slang	a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people	25
5133792896	Standard Language	a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue	26
5133792897	Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	27
5133792898	Toponym	the study of place names. (e.g., San Diego or San Francisco indicate they were established by Spain due to their Spanish and Catholic connotations)	28
5133792899	Trade Language	common languages used by merchants who did not speak a common tongue	29
5133792900	Vernacular	Everyday language of a specific nation	30
5133792901	Vocabulary	the body of words used in a particular language	31
5133792902	Explain how Language Families, Branches, and Groups are classified and related	Language Families-group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...) Language Branches-A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes Language groups-set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...) Similarities- LANGUAGE, origin	32
5133792903	Map the Distribution of Major Families Worldwide		33
5133792904	Show the following language groups and give specific examples from each Germanic Slavic Romance		34
5133792905	Describe the following characteristics of English: Origin and Historical Developement Worldwide Diffusion Spatial Variation Cultural and Economic Roles		35
5133792906	Explain the significance of an official languages, national languages, lingua francas		36
5133792907	Describe how languages become extinct and efforts use to preserve them	How they become extinct: - Language Shift (group of people begin to speak another language) - Globalization How to Preserve: - Isolation - Education/Literary Tradition - Cultural/Language Preservation Groups/Societies	37
5133796411	Protolanguage	an assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language	38
5133804477			39

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AP language Review Flashcards

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6681201571	Damning with faint praise	Intentional use of a positive statement that has a negative implication	0
6681201572	Deduction	A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization then applies the generalization to a specific case.	1
6681201573	Digression	A temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing	2
6681201574	Ellipsis	1. In grammar the omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in context 2. The sign that's penning has been led out of quotation "to be or not that is the question"	3
6681201575	Expository writing	Writing that explains or analyzes	4
6681201576	Euphemism	The use of a word or phrase that is less direct but that is also less distasteful or less offensive than another Ex: he is at rest... (he is dead)	5
6681201577	Inverted syntax	Reversing the normal word order of a sentence	6
6681201578	Litotes	In rhetoric a figure in which an affirmative is expressed by a negation of the contrary "a citizen of no mean city is therefore a citizen of an important or famous city"	7
6681201579	Non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from what proceeded it	8
6681201580	Parable	A short story from which a lesson may be drawn Christ used the parable to teach his followers moral truths	9
6681201581	Pedantry	A display of narrow minded and trivial scholarship or arbitrary adherence to rules and forms.	10
6681201582	Periodic sentence structure	A sentence written so that the full meaning cannot be understood until end Ex across the stream beyond the clearing from behind a fallen tree the lion emerged.	11
6681201583	Post hoc fallacy	This fallacy of logic occurs when the writers assume that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident.	12
6681201584	Spatial ordering	Organization of information using special clues such as top to bottom left to right	13
6681201585	Syllogism	A form of reasoning In Which two statements or premises are made and a logical conclusion is drawn from them a form of deductive reasoning.	14
6681201586	Ad hominem fallacy	A fallacy of logic in which a persons character or motive is attacked instead of the persons argument	15
6681201587	Ad populum fallacy	A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true or right	16
6681201588	Appeal to authority	Citizen of information from people recognized for their special knowledge of a subject for the purpose of strengthening a speaker or writers arguments	17
6681201589	False dilemma	A fallacy of logical argument which is committed when too few of the available alternatives are considered and all but one are assessed and deemed impossible and deemed impossible or unacceptable	18
6681201590	Begging the question	A fallacy of logical argument that assumes as true the very thing that one is trying to prove.	19

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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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9353704588	Ad Hominem Argument	Latin for "to or against the person," this fallacy involves switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	0
9353704589	Ad Populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
9353704590	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	2
9353704592	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
9353704593	Analogy	A similarity or relationship between two things. It can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with something more familiar.	4
9353704594	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	5
9353704595	Antithesis	A figure of speech that involves an opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	6
9353704596	Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise on a subject is cited as an authority.	7
9353704597	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.	8
9353704598	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	9
9353704599	Asyndenton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	10
9353704600	Attitude	A writer's position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing.	11
9353704601	Caricature	A representation in which the subject's features are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect.	12
9353704602	Concession	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	13
9353704603	Connotations	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition. They are positive or negative.	14
9353704604	Context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	15
9353704605	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	16
9353704606	Chiasmus	A figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of terms.	17
9353704607	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order. It can be a type of chiasmus, but not all chiasmus are a type of it.	18
9353704608	Colloquialism	Slang or informality in speech or writing	19
9353704611	Claim of Value	Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. Ex. Video games are corrupting today's youth.	20
9353704612	Claim of Policy	Proposes a change. Ex. Legalize marijuana!	21
9353704614	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between two dissimilar objects.	22
9353704617	diction	related to style, refers to the writer's word choices. Examples include, formal or informal, ornate or plain.	23
9353704618	didactic	Have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially teaching moral or ethical principals	24
9353704619	ethos	A speaker's expertise, knowledge, experience, sincerity, and common purpose with the audience are examples of how a speaker demonstrates they are credible and trustworthy.	25
9353704620	euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts	26
9353704622	homily	This term literally means, "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	27
9353704627	juxtaposition	placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas closely together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.	28
9353704628	logical fallacy	A mistake in verbal reasoning. The reasoning must be potentially deceptive.	29
9353704630	mode of discourse: exposition	writing that intends to inform and demonstrate a point	30
9353704631	mode of discourse: narration	writing that tells a story or relates a series of events	31
9353704632	mode of discourse: description	writing that creates sensory images, often evoking a mood or atmosphere	32
9353704633	mode of discourse: argumentation	writing that takes a stand on an issue and supports it with evidence and logical reasoning	33
9353704634	onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sound of words	34
9353704635	parallelism/parallel construction/parallel structure	the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs to give structural similarity	35
9353704636	parody	a work that closely imitates the style or content of another work with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule	36
9353704637	pathos	a speaker's intent to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience	37
9353704641	prose	Refers to fiction and nonfiction. Prose is written in ordinary language and most closely resembles everyday speech.	38
9353704642	repetition	The duplication of any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	39
9353704643	rhetoric	Greek for "orator" describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	40
9353704644	logos	employs logical reasoning, combining a clear idea with well-thought-out and appropriate examples and details	41
9353704645	rhetorical appeals	The persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to a given work.	42
9353704646	oxymoron	a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words	43
9353704648	polemic	An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Ex. No concession to other arguments.	44
9353704649	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	45
9353704651	Qualifier	words used to temper a claim, making it less absolute Ex. usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely	46
9353704652	scheme	artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words	47
9353704654	trope	artful diction; a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche	48
9353704655	metonymy	a figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it.	49
9353704656	synecdoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. Ex. "All hands on deck!"	50
9353704657	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify two or more words when it is appropriate to use only one of them or is appropriate to use each but in a different way. Ex. "To wage war and peace" or "On his fishing trip he caught three trout and a cold."	51
9353704659	satire	a work that targets human vices and follies, or societal institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule	52
9353704661	style	An evaluation of a sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	53
9353704662	syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents to premises--the first one called major and the second minor--that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	54
9353704664	syntax	the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences	55
9353704667	tone	tone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	56
9353704668	mood	The dominant impression or emotional atmosphere evoked by a text. Ex. Mood is how "you" feel after reading a text.	57
9353704670	rhetorical strategies	A global term that refers to all the strategies an author can use. Ex. structure, purpose, style	58
9353704671	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	59
9353704672	Either/Or (false dilemma)	In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	60
9353704673	First-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience or observations.	61
9353704674	Hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate information. Ex. Smoking isn't bad for you; my aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90.	62
9353704675	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. Ex. "Let both sides explore what problem unite us..."	63
9353704676	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	64
9353704677	open thesis	Does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Ex. The popularity of the Harry Potter books demonstrates that both young and old readers value the fanciful world of wizardry.	65
9353832913	anastrophe	inversion or reversal of the usual order of words	66
9353842875	anthimeria	the substitution of one part of speech to another Ex. The thunder would not peace at my bidding.	67
9361625436	loose sentence	a sentence in which the main idea is followed by a series of modifying clauses	68
9361637045	meiosis	understatement	69

6321699358	Ad hominem argument	a writers claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his character	0
6321706422	Anaphora	A type of repetition that occurs when a set of words is repeated near the beginning of successive sentences	1
6321727084	Analogy	an extended comparison between something unfamiliar and something familiar	2
6321737722	Anecdote	brief story to make a point	3
6321741963	Antecedent	A proper noun replaced by a pronoun	4
6321746603	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas	5
6321749448	Aphorism	A short saying expressing a general truth	6
6321755592	Apostrophe	A digression in the form of an address to someone not present	7
6321758843	Appeals	Patriotic, money, emotion, logic, safety, fear, ect.	8
6321766650	Argument	The use of evidence and reason to discover some version of the truth	9
6321773025	Assertion	See claim. A controversial statement asserting belief or truth.	10
6321776774	Audience	The people a piece or work is directed to	11
6321785375	Bandwagon appeal	Course of action is recommended because everyone else is doing it	12
6321791643	Begging the Question	A claim is based on the grounds that are in doubt or dispute	13
6321795255	Characterization	To portray an idea or person in a certain light, to mark with a certain characteristic	14
6321807764	Claim	A controversial statement that asserts a belief or truth	15
6321812186	Cliche	A familiar word that has been used so much it is no longer effective	16
6321819578	Colloquial	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing	17
6321828042	Connotation	Suggestions surrounding words that extend beyond there literal meaning	18
6321835571	Context	The situation in which a piece takes place	19
6325738336	Counterargument	An opposing argument	20
6325740499	Deductive reasoning	A process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases.	21
6325749266	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	22
6325752484	Diction	The author's word choice	23
6325756443	Dogmatism	A claim that is supported on the grounds that is the only conclusion acceptable within a community	24
6325766327	Either or choice	A complicated issue that is misrepresented by offering only two possible options, one is often way better than the other.	25
6325777789	Empirical	Information from observation of experimentation	26
6325782559	Equivocation	A lie is given the appearance of truth or a truth is misrepresented with deceptive language.	27
6325796618	Ethos	appeal to an authors credibilty	28
6325798908	Euphemism	The substitution of mild language for one that is often harsh	29
6325803265	Exhortation	Language intended to encourage somebody.	30
6325808526	Expose	A report of facts about something	31
6325812852	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently throughout a work.	32
6325821344	Fallacy of Argument	A flaw in the structure of an argument making its conclusion invalid.	33
6325842868	Faulty Analogy	A comparison between two objects or concepts that is inaccurate	34
6325856438	Faulty Causality	Makes an assumption that because one event follows the other, the first event caused the other.	35
6325868690	Figurative Language	Writing that is not intended to carry literal meaning but is meant to be imaginative.	36
6325878571	Hasty Generalization	An inference is drawn from insufficient data.	37
6325882856	Hyperbole	Use of exaggeration for effect.	38
6325888037	Imagery	Descriptive writing appealing to your senses that produces mental images.	39
6325894952	Inductive reasoning	A process of thought in which particular cases lead to general principles.	40
6325915507	Inference	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	41
6325924374	Invective	Speech that is directed toward an individual that attacks	42
6325930447	Inversion	A reversal in order or form	43
6325934365	Irony	Use of language that suggests a meaning opposite of the literal meaning of the words.	44
6325940021	Jargon	Uncommon vocabulary used within a specific group	45
6325946662	Juxtapose	To place close together for comparison or contrast.	46
6325951715	Logos	Logical appeal	47
6325955611	Metaphor	Figure of speech comparing two things without using like or as	48
6325959686	Mood	prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura behind a story	49
6325966323	Narrative	The telling of a story	50
6325972662	Non sequitur	Argument where claims, reasons, and warrants fail to connect logically	51
6325976737	Objective	Based on facts. Not influenced by personal bias	52
6325984611	Oxymoron	A paradox made from to contradictory words	53
6326012981	Parallelism	A similarity in the structure of a set of words that are the same or very similar.	54
6326043818	Pathos	Emotional appeal	55
6326047397	Personal Essay	An essay characterized by intimacy	56
6326053280	Personification	figurative language in which an object is given human traits	57
6326059398	Premise	A statement regarded as true and upon which other claims are based.	58
6326065205	Propaganda	An argument advancing a point of view without regarding reason, fairness, or truth	59
6326083588	Purpose	The goal of an argument	60
6326086794	Qualitative Argument	evaluative argument that relies on non numeric criteria.	61
6326100639	Quantitative Argument	Evaluative argument relying on criteria that can be counted or measured.	62
6326105784	Rebuttal	An answer that challenges a claim	63
6326109365	Red Herring	when a writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers from objectionable claims	64
6326117348	Repetition	The repeating of a word or phrase to add rhythm or to emphasize an idea.	65
6326125383	Rhetoric	The art of persuasion	66
6326129050	Rhetorical Analysis	The examination of how well components of an argument work together to persuade an audience	67
6326137554	Rhetorical Question	A question to create an effect rather than get a response	68
6326140302	Satire	A work targeting human behaviors advocating for reform	69
6326151915	Scare Tactic	presents an issue through exaggerated threats or dangers.	70
6326165189	Sentimental Appeal	an appeal based on excessive emotion	71
6326170050	Simile	a comparison using like or as	72
6326174806	Slippery Slope	Exaggerating the possibility of a inconsequential action today will have serious consequences in the future	73
6326185189	Stacking the Deck	When the writer shows only one side of an argument	74
6326190207	Straw Man	When an opponents position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it really is.	75
6326198524	Style	an evaluation of the choices an author makes regarding diction, syntax, and figurative language.	76
6326208991	Subjective	Based on thoughts and opinions	77
6326211653	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into sentences	78
6326216675	Thesis	A sentence that concisely states a writer's main point	79
6326221501	Tone	The narrators attitude towards the material	80
6326226875	Understatement	A figure of speech that makes a weaker statement than a situation calls for.	81
6326235657	Values	a writer invokes shared principles of a society as a reason to accept a claim	82
6326245030	Warrant	A statement that links a claim to a supporting reason	83

9951851096	Exposition	A comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory.	0
9951854891	Style	The author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice.	1
9951860778	Diction	The style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation.	2
9951865169	Rhetoric	The use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience.	3
9951868884	Allegory	An extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. A story with two meanings, literal meaning and symbolic meaning.	4
9951873885	Extrapolate	Estimate or conclude something based on application of what is known to an unknown situation.	5
9951919103	Evidence	The information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position.	6
9951921083	Metaphor	Comparison of two UNLIKE things.	7
9951927175	Syntax	The way sentences are grammatically constructed.	8
9951930179	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral meaning.	9
9951932087	Synecdoche	When author's use a part of something to represent the whole. Ex.	10
9951946338	Personification	The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristic to a nonhuman or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	11
9951956700	Cliche	An overused, worn-out word or phrase and can also be an idiom, a phrase that is figurative, not literal.	12
9951959572	Point-of-View	The position from which something or someone is observed or described.	13
9951962601	Logical Fallacy	The use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument.	14
9951969738	Ad hominem argument	Attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, rather than attacking the facts or claims of the argument itself.	15
9951976553	Ad populum argument	Conclusion that a position must be true because so many people believe it; "If many believe so, it is so."	16
9951980907	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same phrase is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines.	17
9951982451	Aphorism	A brief saying embodying a moral, a concise statement or precept given in pointed words.	18
9951986345	Apostrophe	Interrupts the discussion or discourse and addresses directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent. Its most common purpose in prose is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back.	19
9951996792	Red herring	Narrative element that is used to throw off readers to false conclusions.	20
9952000086	Metonymy	A form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche, in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.	21
9952012550	Periodic sentence	A sentence that is not grammatically complete until the final clause or phrase.	22
9952030272	"The wind whispers" is an example of _______________________	Personification	23
9952041472	"If I were arguing that Anne is a good student, I might reference her straight-A report card and her 1500 SAT score" is an example of ___________________________	Evidence	24
9952048001	The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis is an example of ______________________________________________	Allegory	25
9952060242	"My love is like a red, red rose" is an example of a ______________________	Cliche	26
9952064719	"The orders came directly from the White House." "You can't fight city hall." and "The power of the crown was mortally weakened." are all examples of ____________________________________	Metonymy	27
9952073590	"Nike is the best brand in America because so many professional athletes wear their gear" is an example of _____________________________	Ad populum	28
9952123957	You might say "What's up, loser?" to your little brother, but you would probably say "How are you doing today?" to your principal. This tailored language is an example of ____________________	Diction	29
9952157508	"Lost Time is never Found again" is an example of __________________________	Aphorism	30
9952162242	A writer might employ _________________ in order to apply human characteristics to something nonhuman, thus furthering the writer's use of imagery and figurative language.	Personification	31
9952164934	"If you travel to Canada and encounter only friendly, kind natives, you might _____________________ that all Canadians are friendly."	Extrapolation	32
9952171839	"I have a dream... I have a dream.... I have a dream..." by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is an example of ________________________ used in speeches.	Anaphora	33
9952176648	An author might provide one or more __________________________________ intentionally to divert attention from the true object or person of interest, thereby making the conclusion to the book more of a surprise.	Red herring	34
9952179159	Conscientious = positive __________________________; while fussy = negative _______________________________.	Connotation	35
9952183697	You could say that Taylor Swift's songwriting ________________ is straightforward and emotive.	Style	36
9952198512	"O woe, o woeful, woeful, woeful day!" is an example of _________________________	Apostrophe	37
9952218748	"She likes pie," is _________________________ simple. On the other hand, "As it so happened, when Barbara got out class early, she like to have a piece of pie -- key lime or pecan, always -- at the corner diner; while she was there she watched the people passing by the window and imagined herself inside each of the other lives, riding in their heads for moments and moments until the afternoon was whiled away and she'd become fifty people," is ______________________ (same word) complicated.	Syntax	38
9952261091	"You asked what I've done to counteract global warming. In my first two years in office, we've had lower than average temperatures" is an example of ___________________	Red herring	39
9952291638	"Read between the lines" and "Roses are red, violets are blue ..." are examples of _______________________.	Cliches	40
9952295141	"And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge, and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing" is an example of __________________________	Periodic sentence	41
9952313988	First person ______________________ uses the 'I' narrator and the reader knows nothing about any other people or events that this character hasn't personally experienced.	Point of view	42
9952345628	"All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances;" (William Shakespeare, As You Like It, 2/7) is an example of ___________________________________	Metaphor	43
9952363099	"Pigskin" for football, from the early use of a pig's bladder to cover the football is an example of ___________________________.	Synecdoche	44
9952382706	"Well, you're a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument." is an example of _______________________.	Ad hominem	45

7633047754	Ad Hominem argument	A fallacy of argument in which a writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his or her character.	0
7633087879	anaphora	A type of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial word(s) over successive phrases or clauses. Ex. "to raise a happy, healthy, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy; it takes business people; it take community leaders; it takes those who protect our health and safety. It takes all of us." --Hillary Clinton, 1996 Democratic National Convention Address	1
7633114133	Analogy	An extended comparison between something unfamiliar and something more familiar for the purpose of illuminating or dramatizing the unfamiliar.	2
7633121617	Anecdote	A brief story used to make a point.	3
7633123571	Antecedent	A noun, often a proper noun, that is replaced by a pronoun. Ex. In Kayleigh lost a glove and she couldn't find it. Kayleigh is the antecedent of she and glove is the antecedent of it.	4
7633130368	Antithesis	The opposition or contrast of ideas.	5
7633132429	Aphorism	A short saying expressing a general truth. Ex. "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely."	6
7633139844	Apostrophe	A digression in the form of an address to someone not present, or to a personified object or idea. Ex. "O Death, where is thy sting?"	7
7633144722	Appeals	Ex. patriotic, money, safety, bandwagon, tradition, honor, science, authority, God/religion, statistics, history, values, novelty, worst fears.	8
7633151289	Argument	The use of evidence and reason to discover some version of the truth.	9
7633153349	Assertion	A controversial statement that asserts a belief or truth. In arguments, claims require evidence.	10
7633157273	Audience	The person(s) to whom a written or spoke work is directed.	11
7633161304	Bandwagon appeal	A fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.	12
7633164038	Begging the question	A fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute: Rita can't be the bicycle thief; she's never stolen anything.	13
7633173379	Characterize/Characterization	To attribute or mark with a certain characteristic; to describe or portray the character of a person, idea, etc. in a certain light. Ex. In his Steel Prices News Conference, President Kennedy characterized US steel executives as greedy and unpatriotic.	14
7633182176	Claim	A controversial statement that asserts a belief or truth. In arguments, claims require evidence.	15
7633186230	Cliche	A familiar word or phrase which has been used to much that it is no longer a good, effective way of saying something, as in "sharp as a tack" or "fresh as a daisy."	16
7633192121	Colloquial/colloquialism	The use of slang or in-formalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Ex. "Wanna," "Go nuts," "Old as the hills," "Pass the buck."	17
7633205709	Connotation	The suggestions or associations that surround most words and extend beyond their literal meaning, creating effects of association. Slender and skinny have similar meanings, for example, but carry different connotations, the former more positive than the latter.	18
7633214328	Context	The entire situation in which a piece of writing takes place, including the writer's purpose for writing, intended audience, time, place, and influences.	19
7633223870	Counterargument	An opposing argument. An answer that challenges or refutes a specific claim or charge. Rebuttals may also be offered by writers who anticipate objections to the claims or evidence they offer. The opposition or contrast of ideas.	20
7633237187	Deductive reasoning	A process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases.	21
7633239262	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary, definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. Ex. The denotation of a knife would be a utensil used to cut; the connotation of a knife might be fear, violence, anger, foreboding, etc.	22
7633247775	Diction	The author's word choice.	23
7633249535	Dogmatism	A fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	24
7633252666	Either-or choice	A fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	25
7633257002	Empirical	Empirical evidence or data is information acquired by observation or experimentation.	26
7633260411	Equivocation	A fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.	27
7633263785	Et al.	Abbreviation for et alii (= and other people). For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author's last name, and replace the additional names with et al. Ex. According to Franck et al, "Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans" (327). The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327). Corresponding works cited entry: Franck, Caroline, et al. "Agricultural Subsidies and the American OBesity Epidemic." American Journal of PReventative MEdicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp 327-333.	28
7633298071	Ethos	Appeals based on an attempt by the writer or speaker to prove themselves a credible authority on the subject to the reader or listener in order to convince an audience to accept a claim.	29
7633308565	Euphemism	The substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. Ex. "To pass away" is a euphemism for "to die."	30
7633317393	Exhortation	Language intended to incite and encourage. To try to influence (someone) by words or advice; to strongly urge (someone) to do something.	31
7633328610	Exigence	The issue or situation that leads to the need for a rhetorical speech or writing. According the Lloyd Bitzer: "Any exigence is an imperfection marked by urgency; it is a defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should be," and "rhetoric comes into existence as a response to situation [exigence], in the same sense that an answer comes into existence in response to a question.	32
7633342799	Expose	A report of the facts about something especially a journalistic report that reveals something scandalous. To publicly expose or discredit something or someone. Ex. "A shoking expose of a medical cover-up."	33
7633353804	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	34
7633358594	Fallacy of argument	A flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect. Ex. Ad hominem argument, bandwagon appeal, begging the question, dogmatism, either-or-choice, equivocation, false authority, faulty analogy, faulty causality, hasty generalization, non sequitur, scare tactic, sentimental appeal, slippery slope, and straw amn.	35
7633369610	Faulty analogy	A fallacy of argument in which a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate.	36
7633378681	Faulty causality	A fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the other.	37
7633381571	Figurative language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is meat to be imaginative and vivid.	38
7633385647	Hasty generalization	A fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.	39
7633390491	Hyperbole	Use of overstatement/exaggeration for effect on the listener or reader.	40
7633396277	Imagery	Descriptive writing appealing to one of the five senses, such as how something looks, smells, feels, sounds, or tastes. These vivid descriptions are use to produce mental images.	41
7633404308	Inductive reasoning	A process of thought in which particular cases lead to general principles.	42
7633406269	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion form the information presented. On the AP Language exam, when a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	43
7633429665	Invective	Speech that may be directed toward an individual, cause, idea, or system that attacks or denounces it. Ex. "Simultaneous and identical actions of United States Steel and other leading steel corporations increasing steel prices by some $6 a ton constitute a wholly unjustifiable and irresponsible defiance of the public interest." -President John F. Kennedy, "Steel Prices News Conference" (1962).	44
7634309470	Inversion	A reversal in order or form. With sentence structure, sentences in which the verb comes before the subject are "inverted." Ex. Down that dark path sits the haunted house.	45
7634315646	Irony	Use of language that suggests a meaning opposite of the literal meaning of the words.	46
7634320070	Jargon	1) The language, especially the vocabulary, specific to a particular trade, profession, or group. 2) Language characterized by uncommon or pretentious vocabulary, often vague in meaning.	47
7634340687	Juxtaposition	To place close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. Writers employ the literary technique of juxtaposition in order to surprise their readers and evoke their interest by means of developing a comparison between two dissimilar thins by placing them side by side. Ex. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness" -Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities	48
7634357007	Logos	An appeal to logic. A strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to make audience members accept a claim.	49
7634362541	Metaphor	A figure of speech that makes a comparison without using like or as as in The ship was a beacon of hope.	50
7634375321	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood.	51
7639056252	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	52
7639058991	Non sequitur	A fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically. Ex. If you're really my friend, you'll lend me $500.	53
7639060820	Objective	Not influenced by personal feelings or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased. Ex. an objective opinion	54
7639062632	Oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words. Ex. "But this peaceful revolution..." -John F. Kennedy	55
7639065299	Parallelism	Figure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases, clauses, sentences; successive words, phrases, clauses with the same or very similar grammatical structure. This figure often occurs public address with others such as antithesis, anaphora, asyndeton, climax, epistrophe and symploce. Ex. "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." --John F. Kennedy.	56
7639073887	Pathos	An appeal to emotion. A strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions, such as envy, fear, anger, or pity, in an audience to influence it to accept a claim.	57
7639077885	Personal Essay	A subcategory of the essay, characterized by intimacy, the "personal element," humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionally or novelty of theme, and incomplete treatment of topic.	58
7639085030	Personification	A form of figurative language in which an idea or object is given human characteristics.	59
7639086473	Premise	A statement or position regarded as true and upon which other claims are based.	60
7639087510	Propaganda	An argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth.	61
7639089659	Author's purpose	The goal of an argument. Purposes include entertaining, informing, convincing, exploring, and describing, among others.	62
7639093901	Qualitative argument	An argument of evaluation that relies on non numeric criteria supported by reason, tradition, precedent, or logic.	63
7639095370	Quantitative argument	An argument of evaluation that relies on criteria that can be measured, counted, or demonstrated objectively.	64
7639097118	Rebuttal	An answer that challenges or refutes a specific claim or charge. Rebuttals may also be offered by writers who anticipate objections to the claims or evidence they offer.	65
7639100597	Red herring	A fallacy or argument in which a writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers from potentially objectionable claims.	66
7639102965	Repetition	The repeating of a word or phrase to add rhythm or emphasize an idea.	67
7639104525	Rhetoric	The art of persuasion	68
7639105187	Rhetorical analysis	An examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience.	69
7639106393	Rhetorical question	A question posed to raise an issue or create an effect rather than to get a response.	70
7639107990	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	71
7639117318	Scare tactic	A fallacy of argument presenting an issue in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers.	72
7639118417	Sentimental appeal	A fallacy of argument in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion.	73
7639120021	Simile	A comparison using like or as. Ex. I wandered lonely as a cloud.	74
7639121134	Slippery slope	A fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious negative consequences in the future.	75
7639125220	Stacking the deck	A fallacy of argument in which the writer shows only one side of an argument.	76
7639126165	Straw man	A fallacy of argument in which an opponent's position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it actually is, so that it's easier to refute.	77
7639128768	Style	An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are quickly recognizable. we can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc.	78
7639137668	Subjective	Based on one's thoughts, opinions, feelings, moods. Ex. A subjective evaluation	79
7639138643	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple choice section of the AP Language exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you may need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	80
7639144139	Thesis	A sentence that concisely states a writer's main point.	81
7639144904	Tone	The narrator's attitude towards the material, the audience, or both. Tone can be positive, negative, personal, impersonal, satiric, humorous, serious, amused, angry, sad, neutral, cheerful, etc.	82
7639153281	Understatement	A figure of speech that makes a weaker statement than a situation seems to call for. It can lead to powerful or humorous effects. Ex. Mark Twain once described Tom Sawyer's Aunt Polly as being "prejudiced against snakes." Since she actually hated snakes, this way of saying so is an understatement.	83
7639159480	Values	Appeals to a strategy in which a writer invokes shared principles and traditions of a society as a reason for accepting a claim.	84
7639164332	Warrant	A statement that links a claim to a supporting reason. The bank will fail (claim) because it has lost the support of its largest investors (reason). Implied statement (warrant) - Banks without large investors fail. Claim - Don't eat that mushroom. Reason - It's poisonous. Warrant - What is poisonous should not be eaten.	85

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