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7902560984Cumulative (Loose) Sentencebegins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.0
7902560985Periodic Sentencea sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.1
7902560986Litotes/Understatementa figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.2
7902560987Warrantexpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.3
7902560988Ethosan appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.4
7902560989Pathosan appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.5
7902560990Logosan appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.6
7902560991Concessionan acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.7
7902560992SyllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.8
7902560993Major premisecontains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.9
7902560994Minor premisecontains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.10
7902560995Inductiona logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.11
7902560996Deductiona logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).12
7902560997Equivocationa fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.13
7902560998Refutationa denial of the validity of an opposing argument.14
7902560999Dictiona speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.15
7902561000Similea figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.16
7902561001Metaphorfigure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.17
7902561002Anaphorathe intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.18
7902561003Rhetoricit is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.19
7902561004Rhetorical Trianglespeaker-subject-audience20
7902561005Allusionbrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.21
7902561006Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.22
7902561007Personificationattribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.23
7902561008Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.24
7902561009Polysyndetonthe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.25
7902561010Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.26
7902561011Antithesisopposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.27
7902561012Enumerationto mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list28
7902561013Rhetorical QuestionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?29
7902561014Chiasmusthe reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.30
7902561015RebuttalIn the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.31
7902561016Fallacy of Argumenta flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.32
7902561017Bandwagon Appeala fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.33
7902561018Begging the Questiona fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.34
7902561019Anecdotea brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.35
7902561020Modes of DisclosureExposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.36
7902561021Examplea specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.37
7902561022Contrast/ Comparisona method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination38
7902561023Cause and Effectestablishes a relationship: B is the result of A.39
7902561024Classificationseparates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.40
7902561025Processsimply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.41
7902561026Definitionidentifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.42
7902561027Narrationis nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.43
7902561028Descriptionwriting that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.44
7902561029Dogmatism`a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.45
7902561030False Dilemma or Dichotomya fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.46
7902561031False authoritya fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.47
7902561032Faulty causalitya fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.48
7902561033Hasty generalizationa fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.49
7902561034Non sequitora fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.50
7902561035AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.51
7902561036AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").52
7902561037AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.53
7902561038AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.54
7902561039AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.55
7902561040AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.56
7902561041Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.57
7902561042AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)58
7902561043ApostropheA prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.59
7902561044AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.60
7902561045Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.61
7902561046ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.62
7902561047Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.63
7902561048Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense64
7902561049ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.65
7902561050DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.66
7902561051DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.67
7902561052DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."68
7902561053EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT69
7902561054Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.70
7902561055Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid71
7902561056Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement72
7902561057GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.73
7902561058HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.74
7902561059HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")75
7902561060ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.76
7902561061Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.77
7902561062Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.78
7902561063Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.79
7902561064Loose sentence/non-periodic sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.80
7902561065MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.81
7902561066MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.82
7902561067MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.83
7902561068NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.84
7902561069onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.85
7902561070OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.86
7902561071ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.87
7902561072Parallelismthe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.88
7902561073ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.89
7902561074PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).90
7902561075Periodic sentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.91
7902561076PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.92
7902561077Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told.93
7902561078Prosewritten or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.94
7902561079RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.95
7902561080RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.96
7902561081SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.97
7902561082SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.98
7902561083Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.99
7902561084SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.100
7902561085Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.101
7902561086SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.102
7902561087ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.103
7902561088ThesisThe sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.104
7902561089ToneDescribes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.105
7902561090TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.106
7902561091Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.107
7902561092Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.108
7902561093Slippery SlopeThis is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.109
7902561094straw manWhen a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.110
7902561095EthosAn appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.111
7902561096JuxtapositionMaking on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.112
7902561097LogosAn appeal to reason.113
7902561098PathosAn appeal to emotion.114
7902561099Rhetorical QuestionA question whose answer is assumed.115
7902561100SimileA critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.116
7902561101rhetorical appealthe persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.117
7902561102descriptive detailWhen an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.118
7902561103devicesThe figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.119
7902561104narrative devicesThis term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.120
7902561105narrative techniquesThe style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.121
7902561106Ad hominem argumentAn argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue122
7902561107AnaphoraFigure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses123
7902561108AnecdoteA brief story that illustrates or makes a point124
7902561109Appeal to authorityA fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.125
7902561110Argumentationone of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.126
7902561111AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity127
7902561112AsyndetonA series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).128
7902561113toneA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.129
7902561114audienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.130
7902561115Balanced sentenceA sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast131
7902561116Begging the questionOften called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.132
7902561117understatement"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye133
7902561118parallelism"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy134
7902561119allusionThe rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.135
7902561120hyperbole"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"136
7902561121aphorism"Having nothing, nothing can he lose."137
7902561122metonymy"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act I138
7902561123invective"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels139
7902561124antithesis"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"140
7902561125euphemism"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello141
7902561126periodic sentenceIn spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.142
7902561127paradox"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi143
7902561128alliteration"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."144
7902561129chiasmus"he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling"145
7902561130oxymoron"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."146
7902561131personification"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."147
7902561132onomatopoeia"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."148
7902561133inverted syntax"Patience you must have, my young padawan."149
7902561134spatial description"In my pantry, coffee, tea powder, and sugar have been kept in the top shelf. Flour, canned food, and dry pasta are on the second shelf."150
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AP Language Literary Terms, AP Language terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8514021266Cumulative (Loose) Sentencebegins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.0
8514021267Periodic Sentencea sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.1
8514021268Litotes/Understatementa figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.2
8514021269Warrantexpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.3
8514021270Ethosan appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.4
8514021271Pathosan appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.5
8514021272Logosan appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.6
8514021273Concessionan acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.7
8514021274SyllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.8
8514021275Major premisecontains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.9
8514021276Minor premisecontains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.10
8514021277Inductiona logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.11
8514021278Deductiona logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).12
8514021279Equivocationa fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.13
8514021280Refutationa denial of the validity of an opposing argument.14
8514021281Dictiona speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.15
8514021282Similea figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.16
8514021283Metaphorfigure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.17
8514021284Anaphorathe intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.18
8514021285Rhetoricit is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.19
8514021286Rhetorical Trianglespeaker-subject-audience20
8514021287Allusionbrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.21
8514021288Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.22
8514021289Personificationattribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.23
8514021290Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.24
8514021291Polysyndetonthe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.25
8514021292Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.26
8514021293Antithesisopposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.27
8514021294Enumerationto mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list28
8514021295Rhetorical QuestionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?29
8514021296Chiasmusthe reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.30
8514021297RebuttalIn the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.31
8514021298Fallacy of Argumenta flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.32
8514021299Bandwagon Appeala fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.33
8514021300Begging the Questiona fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.34
8514021301Anecdotea brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.35
8514021302Modes of DisclosureExposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.36
8514021303Examplea specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.37
8514021304Contrast/ Comparisona method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination38
8514021305Cause and Effectestablishes a relationship: B is the result of A.39
8514021306Classificationseparates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.40
8514021307Processsimply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.41
8514021308Definitionidentifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.42
8514021309Narrationis nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.43
8514021310Descriptionwriting that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.44
8514021311Dogmatism`a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.45
8514021312False Dilemma or Dichotomya fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.46
8514021313False authoritya fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.47
8514021314Faulty causalitya fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.48
8514021315Hasty generalizationa fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.49
8514021316Non sequitora fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.50
8514021317AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.51
8514021318AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").52
8514021319AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.53
8514021320AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.54
8514021321AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.55
8514021322AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.56
8514021323Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.57
8514021324AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)58
8514021325ApostropheA prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.59
8514021326AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.60
8514021327Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.61
8514021328ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.62
8514021329Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.63
8514021330Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense64
8514021331ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.65
8514021332DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.66
8514021333DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.67
8514021334DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."68
8514021335EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT69
8514021336Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.70
8514021337Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid71
8514021338Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement72
8514021339GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.73
8514021340HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.74
8514021341HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")75
8514021342ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.76
8514021343Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.77
8514021344Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.78
8514021345Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.79
8514021346Loose sentence/non-periodic sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.80
8514021347MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.81
8514021348MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.82
8514021349MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.83
8514021350NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.84
8514021351onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.85
8514021352OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.86
8514021353ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.87
8514021354Parallelismthe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.88
8514021355ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.89
8514021356PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).90
8514021357Periodic sentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.91
8514021358PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.92
8514021359Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told.93
8514021360Prosewritten or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.94
8514021361RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.95
8514021362RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.96
8514021363SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.97
8514021364SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.98
8514021365Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.99
8514021366SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.100
8514021367Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.101
8514021368SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.102
8514021369ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.103
8514021370ThesisThe sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.104
8514021371ToneDescribes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.105
8514021372TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.106
8514021373Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.107
8514021374Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.108
8514021375Slippery SlopeThis is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.109
8514021376straw manWhen a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.110
8514021377EthosAn appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.111
8514021378JuxtapositionMaking on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.112
8514021379LogosAn appeal to reason.113
8514021380PathosAn appeal to emotion.114
8514021381Rhetorical QuestionA question whose answer is assumed.115
8514021382SimileA critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.116
8514021383rhetorical appealthe persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.117
8514021384descriptive detailWhen an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.118
8514021385devicesThe figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.119
8514021386narrative devicesThis term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.120
8514021387narrative techniquesThe style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.121
8514021388Ad hominem argumentAn argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue122
8514021389AnaphoraFigure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses123
8514021390AnecdoteA brief story that illustrates or makes a point124
8514021391Appeal to authorityA fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.125
8514021392Argumentationone of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.126
8514021393AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity127
8514021394AsyndetonA series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).128
8514021395toneA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.129
8514021396audienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.130
8514021397Balanced sentenceA sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast131
8514021398Begging the questionOften called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.132
8514021399understatement"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye133
8514021400parallelism"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy134
8514021401allusionThe rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.135
8514021402hyperbole"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"136
8514021403aphorism"Having nothing, nothing can he lose."137
8514021404metonymy"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act I138
8514021405invective"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels139
8514021406antithesis"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"140
8514021407euphemism"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello141
8514021408periodic sentenceIn spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.142
8514021409paradox"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi143
8514021410alliteration"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."144
8514021411chiasmus"he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling"145
8514021412oxymoron"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."146
8514021413personification"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."147
8514021414onomatopoeia"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."148
8514021415inverted syntax"Patience you must have, my young padawan."149
8514021416spatial description"In my pantry, coffee, tea powder, and sugar have been kept in the top shelf. Flour, canned food, and dry pasta are on the second shelf."150
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AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
9382657609cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
9382657610concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
9382657611prototypethe best or most typical example of a concept2
9382657612algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.3
9382657613heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
9382657614insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
9382657616confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.6
9382657618functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.7
9382657619representative heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how it connects to our past experiences8
9382657620availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.9
9382657622belief biasclinging to one's initial conceptions despite logic10
9382657623Chomsky, NoamLinguist who suggested children have an innate capacity for language acquisition11
9382657624framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.12
9382657625Languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning13
9382657626phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.14
9382657627morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).15
9382657628grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.16
9382657629syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.17
9382657630babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo18
9382657631one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words19
9382657632telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.20
9382657633Whorf, BenjaminWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.21
9405491681CreativityA mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to the solutions of problems.22
9405553593convergent thinkingnarrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution23
9405553594divergent thinkinga type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems24
9405553595mental setthe tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past25
9405553596belief perseverancetendency to stick to initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them26
9405553597AnchoringThe tendency for individuals to rely too heavily on a single piece of information.27
9405553598intuitionthe power of knowing things without thinking; sharp insight28
9405553599SemanticsMeaning of words and sentences29
9405553600two-word stagebeginning about age 2, children speak mostly in two-word sentences30
9405553601universal grammarNoam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure31
9405553602surface structurethe literal ordering of words in a sentence32
9405553603deep structure of languageunderlying meaning of sentences33
9405553604Critical Period Hypothesis(Chomsky) A proposal that there is a limited period during which language acquisition can occur.34
9405553605linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think35
9405553606Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahnemanpsychologists who researched heuristics and their effects on decision making36
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ap language, set 14 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8273169297alchemymedieval chemistry; attempt to change base metal into gold0
8273169298anomalysomething that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected1
8273169299broodedto think deeply about something that makes one unhappy2
8273169300chagrinsfeel distressed or humiliated3
8273169301chauvinisticfeeling or displaying aggressive or exaggerated patriotism4
8273169302churlishrude and boorish5
8273169303conciliatestop (someone) from being angry or discontented; placate; pacify6
8273169304contentionheated disagreement7
8273169305disconcertedunsettled; the state of feeling disturbed8
8273169306eclatgreat brilliance, as of performance or achievement; conspicuous success9
8273169307extrapolatingarriving at a conclusion by inferring from known facts10
8273169308futileuseless; hopeless; ineffectual11
8273169309granularhaving a grainy texture12
8273169310maladiesa disease or ailment13
8273169311moribundclose to death; in a dying state14
8273169312ostentationboastful display15
8273169313piquancypleasantly stimulating or exciting to the mind.16
8273169314sovereignpossessed of controlling power17
8273169315sycophanticbehaving or done in an obsequious way in order to gain advantage18
8273169316titilatingarousing mild sexual excitement or interest19
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AP Language Terms: Tropes Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7926993880AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical (like referring to Hitler), literary (like referring to Lennie in Of Mice and Men), religious (like referring to Noah and the flood), or mythical (like referring the Zeus). There are many more possibilities and a piece of writing may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.0
7927020146AnalogyA similarity or comparison made between two different things to show how they are alike or to show a relationship between the two. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with something more familiar. Analogies also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.1
7927032786AnthropomorphismAttributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (this is a form of personification). Or, anthropomorphism is the describing of gods or goddesses in human forms and possessing human characteristics such as jealousy, hatred, or love.2
7927049046ApostropheCalling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. An exclamatory rhetorical figure of speech, which a speaker or writer breaks off and directs speech to an imaginary person or abstract quality or idea. In dramatic works and poetry, it is often introduced by the word "O"; (not to be confused with the exclamation "Oh"). If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called an Invocation.3
7927069813ConceitAn elaborate, extended metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different (fanciful or startling).4
7927073421EpithetAn objective or objective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality.5
7927081046HyperboleA figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration or overstatement for effect.6
7927083932ImageA word or words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the sense. An image is always a concrete representation.7
7927092158ImageryThe use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, a thing, a place, or an experience.8
7927099033IronyA discrepancy between appearances and reality.9
7927102582Verbal IronyOccurs when someone says one thing but really means something else.10
7927108269Situational IronyTakes place when there is a discrepancy between what is expected to happen, or what would be appropriate to happen, and what really does happen.11
7927114132Dramatic IronyIs so called because it is often used on state. A character in the play or story thinks one thing is true, but the audience or reader knows better.12
7927119781LitotesIs a form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form. A figure of speech in which the speaker either strengthens or weakens the emphasis of a claim by denying its opposite.13
7927132194MetaphorA figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of such specific words of comparison as like, as, than, or resembles.14
7927139463Implied MetaphorDoes not state explicitly the two terms of the comparison.15
7927142585Extended MetaphorIs a metaphor that is extended or developed as far as the writer wants to take it.16
7927145856Dead MetaphorIs a metaphor that has been used so often that the comparison is no longer vivid.17
7927162832Mixed MetaphorIs a metaphor that has gotten out of control and mixes its terms to that they are visually or imaginatively incompatible.18
7927175465MetonymyA figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing is referred to by something closely associated with it.19
7927180985MoodAn atmosphere created by a writer's diction and the details selected; the atmosphere or pervading tone of a place or situation.20
7927185904MotifA recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work (or in several works by one author), unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme.21
7927195653OxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.22
7927199991PersonificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes.23
7927204121SimileA figure of speech that makes an explicitly comparison between two unlike things, using words such as like, as, than, or resembles.24
7927212400SymbolA person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself and that also stands for something more than itself.25
7927217690UnderstatementA statement that says less than what is meant.26
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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6392102686AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent and abstraction in addition to literal meaning.0
6392102687AntecedentWord, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.1
6392102689AphorismTerse statement of unknown authorship which expresses a general truth or moral2
6392102690ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.3
6392102691Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.4
6392102692ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.5
6392102697AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.6
6392102717AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.7
6392117586CoherenceA principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.8
6392121395ConnotationAn idea that is implied or suggested9
6392132130AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something that is commonly known. A book, historical event, work of art10
6392138904AlliterationRepetition of consonant sounds11
6392144156AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.12
6392147318ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.13
6392152280analogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar.14
6392160586ambiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.15
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Positive terms AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7955181756BenevolentKindly or charitable0
7955184291CompassionateAware of the suffering of others1
7955186674DeterminedShowing a decision, purpose2
7955188775EcstaticIntensely joyful or delighted3
7955191511EffusiveOutpouring of feeling4
7955193528EnthusiasticInterested or excited5
7955196664HopefulDesire accompanied by confident expectation6
7955202935LaudatoryExpressing or conferring praise7
7955205012LearnedShowing knowledge8
7955206936SympatheticShowing mutual understanding, affection, or pity9
7955211482PlayfulFull of fun; frolicsome10
7955215240HumorousThe quality that makes something laughable or amusing11
7955217738WittyCleverly humorous12
7955220200Satiric/ironicWords used to convey the opposite meaning or to criticize human folly13
7955223073NostalgicA bittersweet longing for the past14
7955225314ConfidentTrust or faith in a person or thing15
7955228466Optimistic16
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

Terms : Hide Images
9719125527DialectA particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.0
9719125528Extinct LanguageAn extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.1
9719125529IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)2
9719125530IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.3
9719125531Isolated Languagea natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.4
9719125532Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.5
9719125533LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.6
9719125534Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.7
9719125535Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history8
9719125536Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.9
9719125537Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese10
9719125538Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages11
9719125539Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken12
9719125540MonolingualThe condition of being able to speak only a single language13
9719125541BilingualThe ability to speak two languages14
9719125542MultilingualThe ability to speak multiple languages15
9719125543Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.16
9719125544Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.17
9719125545Standard LanguageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.18
9719125546Trade LanguageA language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.19
9719125547VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.20
9719125549Creolea mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage21
9719125550DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.22
9719125551Franglaisa form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.23
9719125552EbonicsAmerican black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English24
9719125553Spanglisha hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.25
9719125554Institutional LanguageProfessional language (not slang)26
9719125555Developing LanguageLanguage used daily for face-to-face communication, includes a standard written expression, but not used by people all the time27
9719125556Vigorous LanguageLanguage used daily by all ages but doesn't include a written expression28
9719125557SubdialectBroken down version of dialects, usually very close to each other but may differ in pronunciation of local words.29
9719125558Received Pronunciationthe standard form of British English pronunciation, based on educated speech in southern England.30
9719125559Vulgar LatinInformal Latin spoken by common folk (farmers, soldiers, etc.) in classical times31
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AP Language vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5319961177Allusionan indirect or casual reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object0
5319969587Antiphrasisthe use of a word opposite to its proper meaning; irony1
5319974266Apophasisaccentuating something by denying that it will be mentioned2
5319983358Aporiaexpressing doubt about an idea, conclusion, or position3
5320002213Aposiopesisstopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished, giving the impression that the writer or speaker is unwilling or unable to continue4
5320016405Analogya comparison of two things. Metaphors and similes are both types of analogy5
5320021990Hyperboleusing exaggeration for emphasis or effect; overstatement6
5320028584sententiaquoting a maxim or wise saying to apply a general truth to the situation, thereby offering a single statement of general wisdom7
5320042500Pleonasmusing more words than necessary to express an idea8
5320048889Epizeuxisthe immediate repetition of words for emphasis9
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AP Language Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8292101039RhetoricThe art of using language effectively and persuasively; uses speech, writing, and compositional methods0
8292101040Visual Rhetoricuses images to establish tone and mood; appeals to emotions OPTIC1
8292101041Dictionword choice2
8292101042SyntaxThe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.3
8292101043Detailsinformation the author includes, or does not include4
8292101044Languagethe entire body of words/style; formal, informal, or slang5
8292101045Tonethe general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.6
8292101046ConnotationAll the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests7
8292101047DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word8
8292101048MoodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader9
8292101049Syntax: Sentence LengthStaccato: 1-2 abrupt words (Emphatic) Telegraphic: <5 words Short: 5-12 words Medium: 13-20 words Long: >20 words10
8292101050Syntax: Word OrderLoose: main point at beginning Periodic: main point at end Interrupted: subordinate clause in middle for anticipation and emphasis11
8292101051Syntax: Sentence Typedeclarative, interrogative (rhetorical or hypophora), imperative (demand or horative), exclamatory12
8292101052HypophoraA figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers the question.13
8292101053Horativemeant to express strong encouragement14
8292101054Tropesthe use of a word in a way not intended by its normal signification15
8292101055SchemesA change in standard word order or pattern.16
8292101056Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses17
8292101057IsocolonUse of parallel elements similar not only in structure, but in length18
8292101058Tricolon3 parallel clauses, phrases, or words used in quick succession without interruption19
8292101059Ellipsisdeliberate omission of a word or words20
8292101060AsyndetonDeliberate omission of conjunctions21
8292101061Polysyndetondeliberate use of many conjunctions22
8292101062AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds23
8292101063AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity24
8292101064Anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines25
8292101065Epistrophethe repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences26
8292101066Epanalepsisrepetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause27
8292101067Anadiplosisrepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause28
8292101068Climaxthe arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance29
8292101069Antimetabolerepetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order30
8292101070Chiasmusreversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses31
8292101071Metaphoran implied comparison between two unlike things that have something in common32
8292101072SimileAn explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature that have something in common, using "like" or "as"33
8292101073Synecdocheusing one part of an object to represent the entire object34
8292101074Metonymysubstitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant35
8292101075Zeugmausing a word, typically a verb, in two different ways in one sentence36
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