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AP Language Literary Terms, AP Language terms Flashcards

8477980234	Cumulative (Loose) Sentence	begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.	0
8477980235	Periodic Sentence	a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.	1
8477980238	Ethos	an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.	2
8477980239	Pathos	an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	3
8477980240	Logos	an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.	4
8477980242	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	5
8477980243	Major premise	contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.	6
8477980244	Minor premise	contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.	7
8477980245	Induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	8
8477980246	Deduction	a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).	9
8477980249	Diction	a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.	10
8477980250	Simile	a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.	11
8477980251	Metaphor	figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.	12
8477980252	Anaphora	the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.	13
8477980253	Rhetoric	it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	14
8477980254	Rhetorical Triangle	speaker-subject-audience	15
8477980255	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.	16
8477980256	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	17
8477980257	Personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	18
8477980260	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	19
8477980261	Antithesis	opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.	20
8477980263	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?	21
8477980265	Rebuttal	In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	22
8477980268	Begging the Question	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.	23
8477980269	Anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	24
8477980271	Example	a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.	25
8477980272	Contrast/ Comparison	a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination	26
8477980273	Cause and Effect	establishes a relationship: B is the result of A.	27
8477980277	Narration	is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.	28
8477980285	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	29
8477980286	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").	30
8477980287	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	31
8477980289	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	32
8477980291	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	33
8477980292	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)	34
8477980296	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	35
8477980297	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	36
8477980299	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	37
8477980300	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	38
8477980301	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	39
8477980303	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	40
8477980304	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	41
8477980305	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	42
8477980306	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	43
8477980307	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	44
8477980309	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")	45
8477980310	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	46
8477980311	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	47
8477980314	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	48
8477980315	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	49
8477980317	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	50
8477980318	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	51
8477980321	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	52
8477980322	Parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	53
8477980325	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	54
8477980326	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	55
8477980327	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	56
8477980329	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	57
8477980330	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	58
8477980333	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.	59
8477980334	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	60
8477980335	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	61
8477980336	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	62
8477980337	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	63
8477980338	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	64
8477980339	Tone	Describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	65
8477980340	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.	66
8477980341	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.	67
8477980343	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	68
8477980346	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.	69
8477980351	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	70
8477980353	devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	71
8477980354	narrative devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	72
8477980355	narrative techniques	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	73
8477980360	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	74
8477980363	tone	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	75
8477980364	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	76
8477980365	Balanced sentence	A sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	77
8477980367	understatement	"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye	78
8477980368	parallelism	"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy	79
8477980369	allusion	The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.	80
8477980370	hyperbole	"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"	81
8477980374	antithesis	"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"	82
8477980376	periodic sentence	In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.	83
8477980377	paradox	"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi	84
8477980378	alliteration	"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."	85
8477980381	personification	"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."	86
8477980382	onomatopoeia	"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."	87
8477980383	inverted syntax	"Patience you must have, my young padawan."	88

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AP Language Terms Flashcards

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6214814722	Carpe Diem	Latin for "seize the day"	0
6214817174	Connotation	Which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	1
6214822544	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word	2
6214826966	Anachronism	The placement of something in a time where it does not belong	3
6214835029	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text	4
6214845465	Antecedent	The noun to which a pronoun refers	5
6214850714	Complex Sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	6
6214859409	Cumulative Sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	7
6214871819	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that is not grammatically complete until the end. The independent clause comes after the dependent clause	8
6214879936	Didactic	Designed or intended to teach	9
6214884562	Digression	Insertion of material not closely related to the work or subject at hand	10
6214889671	Epiphany	A sudden understanding or realization	11
6214898547	Euphemism	The substitution of an acceptable term for an offensive one	12
6214919402	Invective	Insulting or abusive	13
6214925045	Kitsch	Something that appears to popular or low brow taste and is often of poor quality or tacky	14
6215005137	Pedantic	Bookish and scholarly in tone, often boring or dull	15
6215020337	Parody	A writing that imitates another serious piece and pokes fun at the original	16
6215034582	Satire	A literary style used to poke fun at, attack, or ridicule an idea or vice often for the purpose of inducing change	17
6215069587	Transcendental	Being beyond or ordinary or common experience, thought, or belief: supernatural	18
6215100689	Utopia	A visionary system of political or social perfection; an ideal place or state	19
6215108410	Dystopia	A society characterized by human misery, as squalor, oppression, disease, and overcrowding	20

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ap language, set 12 Flashcards

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7978748780	nativity	n. the occasion of a person's birth	0
7978748781	nihilism	n. the rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless	1
7978748782	notorious	adj. famous or well known, typically for some bad quality or deed	2
7978748783	omnipotent	adj. having unlimited power; able to do anything (god)	3
7978748784	patronage	n. the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges	4
7978748785	pent	adj. pent up	5
7978748786	perplexed	adj. completely baffled; very puzzled	6
7978748787	pining	v. suffer a mental and physical decline, especially because of a broken heart	7
7978748788	precipitous	adj. extremely steep	8
7978748789	presume	v. suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability	9
7978748790	primitive	adj. preserving the character of an early stage in the evolutionary or historical development of something	10
7978748791	prudence	n. caution; good judgement	11
7978748792	pungent	adj. sharp to the smell or taste	12
7978748793	pusillanimity	pettiness, cowardly	13
7978748794	quelled	v. put an end to	14
7978748795	quixotic	adj. exceedingly idealistic; unrealistic and impractical	15
7978748796	recapitulation	n. an act or instance of summarizing and restating the main points of something	16
7978748797	refluent	adj. flowing back; ebbing	17
7978748798	remnant	n. a small part remaining behind	18
7978748799	predecessor	n. a person who held a job or office before the current holder	19

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AP Language Literary Terms, AP Language terms Flashcards

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7970791462	Cumulative (Loose) Sentence	begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.	0
7970791463	Periodic Sentence	a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.	1
7970791464	Litotes/Understatement	a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.	2
7970791465	Warrant	expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	3
7970791466	Ethos	an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.	4
7970791467	Pathos	an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	5
7970791468	Logos	an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.	6
7970791469	Concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	7
7970791470	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	8
7970791471	Major premise	contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.	9
7970791472	Minor premise	contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.	10
7970791473	Induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	11
7970791474	Deduction	a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).	12
7970791475	Equivocation	a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.	13
7970791476	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument.	14
7970791477	Diction	a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.	15
7970791478	Simile	a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.	16
7970791479	Metaphor	figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.	17
7970791480	Anaphora	the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.	18
7970791481	Rhetoric	it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	19
7970791482	Rhetorical Triangle	speaker-subject-audience	20
7970791483	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.	21
7970791484	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	22
7970791485	Personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	23
7970791486	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	24
7970791487	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.	25
7970791488	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	26
7970791489	Antithesis	opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.	27
7970791490	Enumeration	to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list	28
7970791491	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?	29
7970791492	Chiasmus	the reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.	30
7970791493	Rebuttal	In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	31
7970791494	Fallacy of Argument	a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.	32
7970791495	Bandwagon Appeal	a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.	33
7970791496	Begging the Question	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.	34
7970791497	Anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	35
7970791498	Modes of Disclosure	Exposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.	36
7970791499	Example	a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.	37
7970791500	Contrast/ Comparison	a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination	38
7970791501	Cause and Effect	establishes a relationship: B is the result of A.	39
7970791502	Classification	separates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.	40
7970791503	Process	simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.	41
7970791504	Definition	identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.	42
7970791505	Narration	is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.	43
7970791506	Description	writing that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.	44
7970791507	Dogmatism`	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	45
7970791508	False Dilemma or Dichotomy	a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.	46
7970791509	False authority	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.	47
7970791510	Faulty causality	a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.	48
7970791511	Hasty generalization	a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.	49
7970791512	Non sequitor	a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.	50
7970791513	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	51
7970791514	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").	52
7970791515	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	53
7970791516	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	54
7970791517	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	55
7970791518	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	56
7970791519	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	57
7970791520	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)	58
7970791521	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	59
7970791522	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.	60
7970791523	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.	61
7970791524	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	62
7970791525	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	63
7970791526	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	64
7970791527	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	65
7970791528	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	66
7970791529	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	67
7970791530	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."	68
7970791531	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	69
7970791532	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	70
7970791533	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	71
7970791534	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	72
7970791535	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	73
7970791536	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	74
7970791537	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")	75
7970791538	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	76
7970791539	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	77
7970791540	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	78
7970791541	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	79
7970791542	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	80
7970791543	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	81
7970791544	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	82
7970791545	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	83
7970791546	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	84
7970791547	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	85
7970791548	Oxymoron	Oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	86
7970791549	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	87
7970791550	Parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	88
7970791551	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	89
7970791552	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	90
7970791553	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	91
7970791554	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	92
7970791555	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	93
7970791556	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	94
7970791557	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	95
7970791558	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	96
7970791559	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	97
7970791560	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	98
7970791561	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.	99
7970791562	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	100
7970791563	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	101
7970791564	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	102
7970791565	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	103
7970791566	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	104
7970791567	Tone	Describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	105
7970791568	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.	106
7970791569	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.	107
7970791570	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.	108
7970791571	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	109
7970791572	straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.	110
7970791573	Ethos	An appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	111
7970791574	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.	112
7970791575	Logos	An appeal to reason.	113
7970791576	Pathos	An appeal to emotion.	114
7970791577	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed.	115
7970791578	Simile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.	116
7970791579	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	117
7970791580	descriptive detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.	118
7970791581	devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	119
7970791582	narrative devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	120
7970791583	narrative techniques	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	121
7970791584	Ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue	122
7970791585	Anaphora	Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses	123
7970791586	Anecdote	A brief story that illustrates or makes a point	124
7970791587	Appeal to authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.	125
7970791588	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	126
7970791589	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	127
7970791590	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).	128
7970791591	tone	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	129
7970791592	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	130
7970791593	Balanced sentence	A sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	131
7970791594	Begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	132
7970791595	understatement	"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye	133
7970791596	parallelism	"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy	134
7970791597	allusion	The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.	135
7970791598	hyperbole	"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"	136
7970791599	aphorism	"Having nothing, nothing can he lose."	137
7970791600	metonymy	"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act I	138
7970791601	invective	"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels	139
7970791602	antithesis	"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"	140
7970791603	euphemism	"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello	141
7970791604	periodic sentence	In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.	142
7970791605	paradox	"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi	143
7970791606	alliteration	"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."	144
7970791607	chiasmus	"he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling"	145
7970791608	oxymoron	"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."	146
7970791609	personification	"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."	147
7970791610	onomatopoeia	"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."	148
7970791611	inverted syntax	"Patience you must have, my young padawan."	149
7970791612	spatial description	"In my pantry, coffee, tea powder, and sugar have been kept in the top shelf. Flour, canned food, and dry pasta are on the second shelf."	150
8117779930	cliche (n)	a worn-out idea or overused expression	151
8117779931	Interjection	A word thrown into a sentence or conversation	152
8117779932	jargon		153

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Ap Language and Composition Vocab 17 Flashcards

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9855377646	Cogent	Convincing; reasonable	0
9855473510	Quandary	(n.) a state of perplexity or doubt	1
9855477588	Ebullience	Intense enthusiasm	2
9855493329	Frenetic	Wildly excited or active	3
9855495659	Auspicious	Favorable; promising	4
9855501499	Surreptitiously	Done by secretive means	5
9855503846	Clandestine	Secretive	6
9855558730	Capricious	Impulsive or erratic	7
9855588243	Consensus	General agreement	8
9855591338	Intrepid	Courageous Fearless	9
9855597217	Dogmatic	stubbornly adhering to unproved beliefs	10
9855619854	Pernicious	Having a harmful effect	11
9855636504	Dilettante	one with an amateurish or superficial interest in the arts or a branch of knowledge	12
9855647224	Pejorative	words or phrases that belittle or speak negatively of someone	13
9855660935	Stoic	Indifferent to pleasure or pain	14

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AP Language and Composition Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

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4886384923	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	0
4886384924	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
4886384925	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. They can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical.	2
4886384926	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
4886384927	Anadiplosis	The repetitionof the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. "Fear leads to hate, hate leads to suffering" -Yoda	4
4886384928	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. They can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	5
4886384929	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times."	6
4886384930	Anecdotes	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	7
4886384931	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for this of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	8
4886384932	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
4886384933	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: / England hath need of thee."	10
4886384934	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently it foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	11
4886384935	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	12
4886384936	Colloquial/ colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, it give a work a conversational, familiar tone. The expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	13
4886384937	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligble	14
4886384938	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. It displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	15
4886384939	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. It may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	16
4886384940	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude or color.	17
4886384941	Diction	Related to style, it refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	18
4886384942	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." The words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	19
4886384943	Epistrophe	The opposite of anaphors, repetition at the end of successive clauses. "They saw no evil, they spoke no evil, and they heard no evil."	20
4886384944	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," they are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. They may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of this device.	21
4886384945	Exposition	One of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. It's main purpose is to explain something. In drama it is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	22
4886384946	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	23
4886384947	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	24
4886384948	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. They include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	25
4886384949	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	26
4886384950	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, it is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc.	27
4886384951	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	28
4886384952	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") They often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, they produce irony. The opposite of it is understatement.	29
4886384953	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work.	30
4886384954	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	31
4886384955	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	32
4886384956	Irony/Ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. It is often used to create poignancy or humor.	33
4886384957	Loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many many of these is often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, it creates a loose style.	34
4886384958	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. It makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful	35
4886384959	Metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," it is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using the device; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	36
4886384960	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	37
4886384961	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	38
4886384962	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," it is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay.	39
4886384963	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	40
4886384964	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of this device are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	41
4886384965	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written it offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being mirrored in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, the take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	42
4886384966	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	43
4886384967	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of this sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety.	44
4886384968	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. It is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	45
4886384969	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	46
4886384970	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement--an adjective, group of adjectives or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It modifies or describes the subject	47
4886384971	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns or noun clause that renames the subject.	48
4886384972	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In this device the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	49
4886384973	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	50
4886384974	Rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written test.	51
4886384975	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	52
4886384976	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional an subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.	53
4886384977	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," it involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, it can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	54
4886384978	Satire	work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, it is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of it are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	55
4886384979	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	56
4886384980	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	57
4886384981	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective).	58
4886384982	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, it depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that.	59
4886384983	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," it is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. The conclusion of the device is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. It may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men").	60
4886384984	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. It is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of it as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple- choice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates it. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how it produces effects.	61
4886384985	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings."	62
4886384986	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually it is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	63
4886384987	Thesis	In expository writing, this is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proven it.	64
4886384988	Tone	Similar to mood, it describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. It is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing it are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	65
4886384989	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, these effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, on the contrary, etc. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means.	66
4886384990	Trope	An artful variation from expected modes of expression of thoughts and ideas, a figure of speech involving a "turn" or chafe of sense- a use of the word in a sense other than its proper or literal one.	67
4886384991	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, it presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. It is the opposite of hyperbole	68
4886384992	Undertone	An attitude that may lay under the ostensible tone of the piece.	69
4886384993	Unreliable narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	70
4886384994	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. It usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, it originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	71
4886384995	Zeugma	A trope, one word (usually a noun or main verb) governs two words not related in meaning. "He maintained a business and his innocence."	72

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AP Language Vocabulary Week 2 Flashcards

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4886262934	ascribe	(v.) to attribute, to describe as a cause or source I ________________ my smarts to my mom.	0
4886262935	askance	(adv.) distrustfully, scornfully (said of how one looks at something) At the 9/11 memorial, everyone looked ______________ at George Bush (#BushDid9/11)	1
4886262936	askew	(adj.) turned to one side, crooked After Anders finally kissed her, Paige's glasses were __________.	2
4886262937	asperity	(n.) roughness, harshness, irritability, acrimony Stone talked down to her with ___________, for he was annoyed with her (as per usual).	3
4886262938	assess	(v.) to measure The car's value was _____________ at $420 billion.	4
4886262939	assiduous	(adj.) attentive, diligent, thorough (an ~ work team finished the job in two days) She was very ______________ when stalking Anders.	5
4886262940	assuage	(v.) to make less severe Tasha bought Paige chocolate to ____________ the feeling of being rejected by Anders.	6
4886262941	astral	(adj.) pertaining to the stars Dipper's birthmark is ______________ (his birthmark is in the shape of the big dipper)	7
4886262942	astute	(adj.) shrewd, sharp, keen The ___________ girl knew right away when her boyfriend was cheating (HE AINT WORTH IT GIRLS #DROPHIM)	8
4886262943	atropy	(n.) wasting away (often a body part from disuse), degeneration, decline Since she never worked out, her muscles were prone to ___________.	9
4886262944	attrition	(n.) a wearing down, a gradual decrease (not always referring to a body) Since she always wore the same shoes, the soles started to wear down by ________________.	10
4886262945	augment	(v.) to increase, to make larger When he smiled at her, her love for Anders ______________.	11
4886262946	augury	(n.) prediction, omen The future teller made an ____________ about the girl marrying Anders.	12
4886262947	august	(adj.) respected, stately, of supreme dignity, venerable Because of andersishot, Anders is _____________.	13
4886262948	auspicious	(adj.) favorable, promising success Since he is so hot, Anders is ______________, for he will probably be a movie star or model.	14
4886262949	austere	(adj.) severe The punishment for hurting either Tasha or Hannah is ___________ (if you hurt them i hurt you)	15
4886262950	authentic	(adj.) genuine, real Although there are a few haters (@my mom), my love for Anders and Gravity Falls is ______________.	16
4886262951	authoritarian	(adj.) like a dictator With his _______________ rule, Nedler can do anything he wants (this why we need to start a rebellion against him)	17
4886262952	autonomous	(adj.) self-governing The state of Paigelandia is __________________, for I make all the rules.	18
4886262953	avarice	(n.) greed While running andersishot, ____________ got the best of me, for I did not want to have to share the glory with anyone else.	19
4886262954	aver	(v.) to assert with confidence I will always ________ that my love for Anders is strong.	20
4886262955	averse	(adj.) reluctant, not inclined, against I am ___________ to anyone who is homophobic or a meninist.	21
4886262956	avert	(v.) to prevent As an attempt to __________ chaos, the sub had the kids watch a movie.	22
4886262957	avid	(adj.) eager, with enthusiasm She is an ______ fan of Survivor and even has the first season on DVD.	23
4886262958	avouch	(v.) to state strongly, guarantee I __________ that I would get an A in Spanish to my mom.	24
4886262959	awry	(adj.) askew, amiss, not as expected Things went ___________ when the Fire Nation attacked.	25
4886262960	axiomatic	(adj.) self-evident, obvious, given The fact that harambe was a hero is ___________.	26
4886262961	baleful	(adj.) deadly, evil, ominious Mayonnaise is ___________.	27
4886262962	balk	(v.) to refuse to continue or allow, stop short, to not allow I will ___________ any girl to date Anders.	28
4886262963	balmy	(adj.) mild, refreshing, temperate The light breeze was _____________.	29
4886262964	banal	(adj.) unoriginal, trite, commonplace, hackneyed, ordinary The popular song was very _________.	30
4886262965	baneful	(adj.) destructive Anders' beautiful eyes are ___________.	31
4886262966	banter	(n.) playful and light-hearted conversation, jest, teasing Me and Bennyboo are meant for eachother because of our playful __________.	32
4886262967	beget	(v.) to produce offspring, to cause or bring about A 16-year old boy is definitely not ready to _______. Having a hard working attitude __________ being successful in life.	33
4886262968	beguile	(v.) to cheat, delude, charm deceitfully In order to win over her love, the girl had to _________ him into believing she was perfect for him.	34
4886262969	belittle	(v.) to put down, disparage Stone constantly ___________ people in order to seem more powerful.	35
4886262970	bellicose	(adj.) aggressive, ready to fight, belligerent Every time my annoying coworker Carlos talks to me I am _____________.	36
4886262971	benefactor	(n.) helper, supporter I keep praying that a _____________ will come and give me money so I can be rich.	37
4886262972	benevolent	(adj.) kind-hearted, having good will towards others The girl was known for being ___________ and caring for old people in her free time.	38
4886262973	benign	(adj.) kindly, not maligant The __________ king invited everyone to his grand ball.	39
4886262974	bibliophile	(n.) a book-lover As a _____________, I wish I had more time to read books, but instead I have to make these quizlets for everyone's entertainment.	40
4886262975	bigoted	(adj.) prejudiced and intolerant of a viewpoint other than one's own Many people are usually ___________ and unwilling to listen to other's opinions or reasoning.	41
4886262976	bizarre	(adj.) strange Ford's extra finger is ________.	42
4886262977	bland	(adj.) mild, tasteless, dull The girl was so _________, many people called her "white bread" behind her back.	43
4886262978	blandish	(v.) to persuade by mild flattery, coax, cajole They ___________ the guard into letting them into the concert but flashing him.	44
4886262979	blasphemy	(n.) an irreverent or impious act towards something sacred, sacrilegious disrepect Peeing in Holy Water would probably be considered a ____________.	45
4886262980	blatant	(adj.) obvious, flagrant (often glaringly or offensively so) Although she tried to keep her crush a secret, it was __________ she was into Anders.	46
4886262981	blithe	(adj.) cheerful In order to get my job, I acted _________ so the manager would like me more.	47
4886262982	bolster	(v.) to support My bra _________ me.	48
4886262983	bombastic	(adj.) pompous in language, verbose, know it all Many people see me as ____________ because I know and admit to being smart.	49
4886262984	bounty	(n.) plenty, abundance, a reward often given for someone's capture They had a ___________ of food left over from the party. The pirates held a __________ on his head.	50
4886262985	braggadocio	(n.) unjustified boasting, empty bragging After his constant ____________ about how smart he was, he still only earned a 58%.	51
4886262986	brevity	(n.) briefness The _________ of the conversation was caused by her desire to pee.	52
4886262987	brusque	(adj.) abrupt, blunt, curt, terse The doctor was __________, for he had many other patients to see.	53
4886262988	bucolic	(adj.) pertaining to the countryside, pastoral The _________ view from the farmhouse was breathtaking.	54
4886262989	bumptious	(adj.) boldly conceited, cocky, pushy The ___________ frat boy thought he was the life of the party, but everyone pretty much hated him.	55
4886262990	buttress	(n.)an architectural structure meant to support a wall from the outside	56
4886262991	cabal	(n.) a small group plotting secretly, a faction The _________ of revolutionaries met up after midnight to discuss how they would bring down the patriarchy.	57
4886262992	cache	(n.) a hiding place for food or ammunition, etc; stash Katniss hid her supplies in a _________ in order to find them later.	58
4886262993	cadaverous	(adj.) haggard, skeletal, ghastly, like a corpse Harambe seems _________________ now a days (#ripharambe #DicksOutTitsOut)	59

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7234095502	Personification	(Descriptive) A figure of speech where human characteristics are given to non human things such as animals, objects, etc.	0
7234095503	Extended Metaphor	(Descriptive) An extended comparison between two unlike things which is developed over several sentences or paragraphs. Example: ""It never takes longer than a few minutes, when they get together, for everyone to revert to the state of nature, like a party marooned by a shipwreck. That's what a family is. Also the storm at sea, the ship, and the unknown shore. And the hats and the whiskey stills that you make out of bamboo and coconuts. And the fire that you light to keep away the beasts."	1
7234095504	Allusion	(Descriptive) A reference within a piece of literature to another work of literature, art, or music or to a well known historical event, person, or place. Example: "Wisconsin is the Cinderella team in this year's basketball tournament."	2
7234095505	Anaphora	(Syntactical) A type of parallelism where repetition of a word/words occurs at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences. Example: ""My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration."	3
7234095506	Anastrophe (Inversion)	(Syntactical) Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence.	4
7234095507	Antithesis / Juxtaposition	(Syntactical) Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure. Example: ""It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness ..."	5
7234095508	Appositive	(Syntactical) A grammatical construction in which a noun (or noun phrase) is placed in proximity with another as an explanation. Example: "The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table."	6
7234095509	Parallelism	(Syntactical) Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other. Example: ""My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."	7
7234095510	Periodic Sentence	(Syntactical) A sentence where the point or the subject is not clear until the end. Example: "In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued."	8
7234095511	Polysyndeton / Freight Train	(Syntactical) Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted; opposite of asyndenton. Example: "Today, my teacher gave me math homework and science homework and reading homework and a project to complete."	9
7234095512	Zeugma	(Syntactical) Artfully using a single verb to refer to two different objects in an ungrammatical but striking way, or artfully using an adjective to refer to two separate nouns, even though the adjective would logically only be appropriate for one of the two. Example: ""You held your breath and the door for me."	10
7234095513	Conceit	(Sundries) An unusual type of metaphor with an extreme or unexpected comparison between two very dissimilar ideas, objects or things. Example is "I'm fit as a fiddle." which compares two unexpected items together.	11
7234095514	Oxymoron	(Sundries) A form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression. Example: "jumbo shrimp"	12
7234095515	Paradox	(Sundries)A situation where something seems implausible but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	13
7234095516	Alliteration	(Sundries) The occurrence of the same sound at the start of words.	14
7234095517	Apostrophe	(Figurative) A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	15
7234095518	Reification	(Figurative) A form of personification that treats an abstract concept as though it were real.	16
7234095519	Synecdoche	(Figurative) A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the badge for police officer).	17
7234095520	Metonymy	(Figurative) A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely related (such as "crown" or "royalty").	18
7234095521	Euphemism	(Diction) A polite or vague word or phrase used to replace another word or phrase that is thought of as too direct or rude ("passed away" instead of "died").	19
7234095522	Litotes	(Diction) A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. The phrase "not bad" is an example.	20
7234095523	Colloquialism	(Diction) A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't).	21
7234095524	Satire	(Satire) A literary work in which the author ridicules the vices and follies of mankind, usually for the purpose of producing some change in attitude or action.	22
7234095525	Parody	(Satire) A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	23
7234095526	Understatement	(Satire) A statement that downplays the intended meaning.	24
7234095527	Hyperbole	(Satire) Gross exaggeration for effect. Example: "I have a TON of homework tonight!"	25
7234095528	Pun	(Satire) Play on words that uses the different meanings of a word to convey humor or a point. No sarcasm. Example: "I thought Santa was going to be late, but he arrived in the Nick of time."	26
7234095529	Irony	(Satire) An unexpected twist or contrast between what happens and what was intended or expected to happen.	27
7234095530	Anachronism	(Satire) An event or detail existing out of its proper time in history. For example if someone painted the thinker Aristotle and it shows him wearing a wrist watch it would be an example of this.	28

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10425490558	Allusion	An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	0
10425493174	Analogy	A comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.	1
10425494550	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.	2
10425495485	Antecedent	A thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.	3
10425496242	Antithesis	A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else.	4
10425498771	Aphorism	A pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it.".	5
10425499456	Apostrophe	When a speaker directly addresses someone or something that isn't present in the poem. The speaker could be addressing an abstract concept like love, a person (dead or alive), a place, or even a thing, like the sun or the sea.	6
10425501879	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of informal words, phrases, or even slang in a piece of writing.	7
10425507370	Connotation	An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	8
10425509241	Denotation	The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.	9
10427016634	Euphemism	A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.	10
10427020941	Figurative Language	Uuses figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful.	11
10427021484	Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	12
10427024338	Image/Imagery	Uses figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses.	13
10427026132	Inference/Infer	A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.	14
10427032272	Invective	Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.	15
10427035706	Irony	The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	16
10427038187	Juxtaposition	The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.	17
10427039887	Mood (Atmosphere) (Ambiance)	Evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions.	18
10427045103	Motif	A recurring symbol which takes on a figurative meaning	19
10427049776	Paradox	A statement that contradicts itself and still seems true somehow.	20
10427058026	Parallelism	A literary device in which parts of the sentence are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction.	21
10427063841	Parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing.	22
10427069232	First Person P.O.V.	The story is narrated by one character at a time (uses 'I').	23
10429638335	Second Person P.O.V.	The narrator tells the story to another character using the word 'you.'	24
10429639644	Third Person Limited P.O.V.	The narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character.	25
10429640132	Third Person Omniscient P.O.V.	The narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters.	26
10429668708	Rhetoric	The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.	27
10429672951	Rhetorical Modes	Describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language-based communication, particularly writing and speaking. Four of the most common rhetorical modes and their purpose are narration, description, exposition, and argumentation.	28
10429680606	Sarcasm	The use of irony to mock or convey contempt.	29
10429681409	Satire	The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	30
10429686252	Style	The literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text.	31
10429688268	Syllogism	A deductive scheme of a formal argument consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion.	32
10429690016	Syntax	The actual way in which words and sentences are placed together in the writing.	33
10429693199	Thesis	A short statement, usually one sentence, that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, etc., and is developed, supported, and explained in the text by means of examples and evidence.	34
10429694322	Tone	An attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience.	35
10429695689	Understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.	36
10429695690	Voice	he individual writing style of an author, a combination of idiotypical usage of syntax, diction, punctuation, character development, dialogue, etc., within a given body of text.	37

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9931660576	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of this fallacy.	0
9931665409	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
9931669481	alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words of syllables in sequence.	2
9931670488	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	3
9931672239	analogy	A comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Often, it uses something simple or familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex.	4
9931674534	anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	5
9931675758	anecdote	A brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	6
9931676464	annotation	The taking of notes directly on a text.	7
9931677320	antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order. "Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country." ~JFK	8
9931679318	antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction. "We shall...support any friend, oppose any foe..." ~JFK	9
9931681554	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, though pharmaceutical advertisement often use celebrity endorsements.	10
9931686393	archaic diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	11
9931687130	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry. A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	12
9931688904	assertion	A statement that presents a claim or thesis.	13
9931689515	asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." ~JFK	14
9931692947	audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text.	15
9931693746	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	16
9931695269	circular reasoning	A fallacy in which the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	17
9931696360	claim	Also called an assertion or proposition, it states the argument's main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable.	18
9931698999	claim of fact	A claim that asserts that something is true or not true.	19
9931699949	claim of policy	A claim that proposes a change.	20
9931701702	claim of value	A claim that argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	21
9931702817	closed thesis	A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	22
9931705095	complex sentence	A sentence that includes on independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	23
9931706137	compound sentence	A sentence that includes at least two independent clauses.	24
9931707070	concession	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, it is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	25
9931709440	connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. They are often positive or negative, and they often greatly affect the author's tone.	26
9931713448	context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	27
9931714802	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring it, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	28
9931716729	cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	29
9931718545	deduction	A logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.	30
9931722252	diction	A speaker's choice of words. Analysis of this looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.	31
9931724438	either/or (false dilemma)	In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	32
9931725907	enthymeme	Essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood.	33
9931727163	equivocation	A fallacy that uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive.	34
9931728702	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to this to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. It is established by both who you are and what you say.	35
9931731738	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, so we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people.	36
9931734988	figurative language (figure of speech)	Nonliteral language, sometimes referred to as tropes or metaphorical language, often evoking strong imagery, they often compare one thing to another either explicitly or implicitly. Other forms include personification, paradox, overstatement (hyperbole), understatement, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony.	37
9931740858	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	38
9931744273	hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	39
9931745701	hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	40
9931746910	hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	41
9931748228	imagery	A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds. It may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses.	42
9931749883	imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	43
9931750820	induction	A logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	44
9931752704	inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order).	45
9931753731	irony	A figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else, or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected, creating a noticeable incongruity.	46
9931755817	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	47
9931756985	logical fallacies	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	48
9931759969	logos	Speakers appeal to reason by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	49
9931763354	metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as.	50
9931764729	metonymy	Figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it. "The pen is mightier than the sword."	51
9931766071	modifier	An adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose of it is usually to describe, focus, or qualify.	52
9931767685	mood	The feeling or atmosphere created by a text.	53
9931768910	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	54
9931770736	open thesis	A thesis that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	55
9931772078	oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words.	56
9931773694	paradox	A statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth. "To live outside the law you must be honest." ~Bob Dylan	57
9931778928	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. "Let both sides explore...Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals...Let both sides seek to invoke...Let both sides unite to heed..." ~JFK	58
9931781965	pathos	Speakers appeal to this to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to it might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	59
9931784509	periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	60
9931786467	personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	61
9931787743	polemic	An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	62
9931790091	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. "I paid for my plane ticket, and the taxes, and the fees, and the charge for the checked bags, and five dollars for a bottle of water."	63
9931793461	post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. "We elected Johnson as president and look where it got us: hurricanes, floods, stock market crashes."	64
9931799796	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, it is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	65
9931804007	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	66
9931805221	qualified argument	An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger cause for its own position.	67
9931806768	qualitative evidence	Evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent.	68
9931808019	quantitative evidence	Evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers--for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	69
9931811647	rebuttal	Gives voice to possible objections	70
9931813189	refutation	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, it often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	71
9931818813	rhetoric	The art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	72
9931819698	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major ones are ethos, logos, and pathos.	73
9931822336	rhetorical question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	74
9931828758	satire	The use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual.	75
9931830911	second-hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	76
9931833238	simile	A figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicity to something else, using the words like, as, or as though.	77
9931836261	SOAPSTone	A mnemonic device that stands for subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, and tone. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	78
9931839033	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	79
9931842406	stance	A speaker's attitude toward the audience (differing from tone, the speaker's attitude toward the subject).	80
9931845663	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	81
9931847831	subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	82
9931847843	syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. Major premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.	83
9931853950	synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. "In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course." ~JFK	84
9931856422	syntax	The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order, the length and structure of sentences, and such schemes as parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole.	85
9931860409	text	While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read"--meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	86
9931865312	tone	A speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices.	87
9931868052	understatement	A figure of speech in which something is presented as less important, dire, urgent, good, and so on, that it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect. Also called "litotes," it is the opposite of hyperbole.	88
9931872611	wit	In rhetoric, the use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument.	89
9931875486	zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings. "When you open a book, you open your mind." ~JFK	90

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