AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 8599862630 | Cajole | To plead with | 0 | |
| 8599872566 | Capitulate | To yield | 1 | |
| 8599886174 | Egregious | Obviously bad | 2 | |
| 8599886180 | Premonition | A warning in advance | 3 | |
| 8599891808 | Prestigious | Highly valued | 4 | |
| 8599900414 | Reverent | Feeling or expressing respect or awe | 5 | |
| 8599905558 | Stupor | A drowsy state | 6 | |
| 8599915978 | Sycophant | A flatterer | 7 | |
| 8599924613 | Urbane | Refined | 8 | |
| 8599932734 | Zany | Absurdly funny | 9 |
| 7216631083 | Keys to Franchise Success | 1) Uniformity 2) Cheap labor-typically teens 3) High turn over 4) Little room for pay increase or advancement 5) Extensive & expensive marketing 6) Direct appeals to young children | 0 | |
| 7216631084 | Drastic Societal Changes that Influenced Fast Food Industry | 1) Population growth-especially during the baby boomer years 2) Massive increase in highways across the nation 3) Massive growth in the housing industry & move to the suburbs 4) Increased car ownership and driving (car culture) 5) Growth of drive-thru chains (food) & assembly line production of food 6) Mass marketing efforts to children—toys, playgrounds, school advertising, etc. 7) Increase in consumption of soda | 1 | |
| 7216631085 | McDonald's Business Model | 1) McDonald's makes money by operating its own restaurants and franchises to third parties. 2) Of its 32,278 restaurants around the world (September 30, 2009), 25,975 (80%) were franchises and 6,303 (20%) were company-operated. | 2 | |
| 7216631086 | Influence of Suburban Sprawl | 1) Growth of suburban strip malls & large shopping malls 2) Growth in fast food industry & strict regimentation & standardization 3) 90% of workers paid an hourly wage (low wage), with no benefits, scheduled to work only when needed 4) Workers subjected to numerous abuses (ex.) paid with food rather than wages for all hours worked | 3 | |
| 7216631087 | Worker Vulnerabilities | 1)Injury rate of teens 2X rate of adults 2) Subjected to workplace violence & victims of robberies (ex.) May 2000, 5 Wendy's employees murdered during a robbery attempt ----->Craig Godineaux was sentenced to five life terms behind bars for his part in the Wendy's Massacure of 2000 | 4 | |
| 7216631088 | Most Popular Fast Food Item | 1) FRIES! Frozen fries—low cost, huge profits 2) Typical American eats > 30 lbs. of frozen fries yearly 3) ½ of potato farmers gone—now Corporate Farms 4) Fries cooked in vegetable oil—taste like beef 5) Aroma of food—90% of flavor—use of flavor additives, chemicals | 5 | |
| 7216631089 | Consolidation of Ranches | 1) Only 4 top meatpacking firms—ConAgra, IBP, Excel, National Beef—allowing mergers without anti-trust violations during Reagan era 2) Slaughter 84% of the nation's cattle 3) Concentration reduces prices for independent ranchers 4) Same thing happened to poultry growers—8 plants control the poultry industry in only 4 states—Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi > ½ of poultry produced | 6 | |
| 7216631090 | McDonald's Chicken McNuggets | 1)McDonald's Chicken McNugget is 56% corn 2) McNuggets also contain several synthetic ingredients, quasiedible substances that ultimately come not from a corn or soybean field but from a petroleum refinery or chemical plant. 3) Most alarming ingredient is TBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone, an antioxidant derived from petroleum that is either sprayed directly on the nugget or the inside of the box it comes in to "help preserve freshness" | 7 | |
| 7216631091 | Status of Ranches | 1) Cheated by large meatpacking giants 2) Traditional way of life of ranchers now destroyed 3) Suicide 3X higher among ranchers & farmers 4) Tangible connection to the past now lost | 8 | |
| 7216631092 | Meatpacking Industry: From Urban to Rural | 1) Past: Cities like NY and Chicago 2) History of abusive practices—book, "Jungle," Upton Sinclaire led to safety legislation in 1906 3) After WWII most jobs union—good paying 4) From 1970s onward one by one they closed down 5) New meatpacking plants now in rural areas—Iowa, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, Nebraska paying wages up to 50% less than union wages | 9 | |
| 7216631093 | ConAgra | 1) #1 producer of french fries & largest sheep & turkey processor 2) #2 manufacture of frozen food & flour miller 3) #3 producer of chicken & pork 4) Largest distributor of agricultural chemicals 5) Leading seed & feed producer 6) Sells food under 100 consumer brand names | 10 | |
| 7216631094 | Tax Shelters of Large Corporations | 1) ConAgra influenced re-writing of Nebraska's tax code 2) Lower taxes paid by large corporations & wealthy executives 3) Provided tax deductions for ConAgra's corporate jets 4) Due to the 1987 legislation, IBP paid NO corporate taxes in Nebraska for the next decade 5) 1997 IBP re-located to South Dakota with NO corporate or personal income taxes 6) From 1967 onward, IBP crushed labor unions | 11 | |
| 7216631095 | Changing Nature of Lexington | 1) 1990, IBP opened new slaughterhouse, pop. 7,000 2) 1991, highest crime rate in Nebraska 3) 2000, # of serious crimes doubled & became a major distributer of illegal drugs 4) Gangs, drive-by shootings appeared 5) Latino inhabitants increased ten-fold, now 50% of pop 6) White inhabitants left 7) 1 slaughterhouse responsible for such sudden change, hardship, and despair | 12 | |
| 7216631096 | Most Dangerous Job | 1) Common injuries: lacerations, tendinitis, back & shoulder problems, "trigger-finger," trauma, carpel tunnel syndrome, accidential stabbings of self & others 2) Meatpacking industry—1/3 higher than national average in industry 3) IBP directly responsible for many of the hazards due to the expectations of speed working the assembly line 4) Widespread methamphetamine abuse 5) Late-night cleaning crew jobs also very dangerous | 13 | |
| 7216631097 | Rise in Food-borne Illnesses | 1) Changes in how food is produced 2) Industrialization & centralization of food processing can lead to statewide or even national outbreaks 3) Huge feedlots, slaughterhouses, hamburger grinders allow for wide dispersal of food supply 4) According to the CDC, > ¾ of food-related illnesses & deaths caused by infectious agents NOT YET IDENTIFIED | 14 | |
| 7216631098 | E-Coli Infection | 1) The result of an infection may be as little as a case of diarrhea. 2) From 5 to 10% of people infected develop a serious condition known as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), in which the kidneys are damaged. 3) HUS can lead to permanent kidney damage, requiring long-term dialysis treatment. Some patients die, with the very young and very old being most at risk. | 15 | |
| 7216631099 | Children Becoming Ill and Dying | 1) > 500,00, mainly children, made ill by E coli 2) Thousands hospitalized 3) Hundreds died 4) Herds of cattle became infected via being fed livestock waste (dead sheep & cattle) until 1997 when the FDA banned such practices 5) However, allow cattle feed to contain dead pigs, horses & chickens 6) Also fed to cattle, waste products from poultry, including sawdust & old newspapers | 16 | |
| 7216631100 | Spread of Pathogens | 1) Spread not only in feedlots but also at slaughterhouses & hamburger grinders 2) 1 infected animal can contaminate 32,000 lbs of ground beef 3) 1 fast food hamburger can contain meat from dozens or even hundreds of different cattle 4) Reagan & Bush administrations cut spending on public health measures & staffed U.S. Dept of Agriculture with officials more interested in deregulation than food safety | 17 | |
| 7216631101 | Meatpacking Allies in Congress | 1) 1990s Congressional support thwart modernization of meat inspection system 2) Even now, USDA cannot demand a recall—just suggest that meat be withdrawn 3) Company under no obligation to inform the public that a recall is taking place 4) Republicans in Congress failed to enact legislation that would demand meat recalls & impose fines on meatpackers (legislation introduced 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999) | 18 | |
| 7216631102 | What Kids Eat | 1) In 1980s & 1990s, questionable beef served in school cafeterias 2) Typically sell the cheapest meat to schools 3) 1998, Georgia, 11 year old seriously ill after eating a hamburger at school 4) Tests of ground beef found that the facility was so filthy, USDA withdrew inspectors, a highly unusual move 5) Next day, company's owner committed suicide | 19 | |
| 7216631103 | Obesity Statistics | 1) Obesity is the #2 cause of preventable death in U.S. ----->60 million Americans, 20 years and older are obese ----->9 million children and teens ages 6-19 are overweight 2) Being overweight or obese increases the risk of health conditions and diseases including: Breast cancer, Coronary heart disease, Type II diabetes, Sleep apnea, Gallbladder disease, Osteoarthritis, Colon cancer, Hypertension and Stroke | 20 | |
| 7216631104 | Obesity Among Children | 1) Diabetes, hypertension & other obesity-related chronic diseases prevalent among adults, now more common in youngsters. 2) % of children & adolescents who are overweight & obese is now higher than ever before. Poor dietary habits and inactivity are reported to contribute to the increase of obesity in youth. 3) Today's youth are considered the most inactive generation in history caused in part by reductions in school P.E. programs & unavailable or unsafe community recreational facilities. | 21 | |
| 7216631105 | Explain the irony of the scene that Schlosser depicts regarding Cheyenne Mountain. | Cheyenne Mountain is beautiful and serene that could be quite possibly be found as "the backdrop of an old Hollywood Western." However, one of the nation's most important military installations lies within it, housing units of North American Aerospace Command, the Air Force Space Command, and the U.S. Space Command | 22 | |
| 7216631106 | Identify statements that appear to act as a thesis: specific enough to identify the author's intent but broad enough to include development of a whole book on the subject. | 1) This is a book about fast food, the values it embodies, and the world it has made 2) Colorado Springs chosen as focal pt for book bc the changes that have recently swept through the city serve as a symbol of those that fast food have encouraged throughout the U.S. 3) The impact of McDonald's on the way we live today is hard to overstate. The Golden Arches are now more widely recognized that the Christian Cross; 4) "Armageddon", Stating that future archeologists may find important clues about our nation by looking to our fast food wrappers and the food that we eat | 23 | |
| 7216631107 | What similarities of character, background, etc. do the "Founding Fathers" have? | 1) Started out poor, very hardworking 2) Started by "door to door salesmen, short-order cooks, orphans, and dropouts, by eternal optimists looking for a piece of the next big thing". | 24 | |
| 7216631108 | Explain how cars and highways influenced the growth of the fast food industry. | 1) allowed more restaurants to be built in both rural and urban communities 2) drive thru created which made getting food quicker and easier 3) People who didn't want to get out of their cars could now sit in them and eat (drive-ins/thrus) 4) highways spurred car and truck sales, and ignited the purchases of suburban homes | 25 | |
| 7216631109 | Explain the concept of "synergy" and give examples. | Synergy: a state in which two or more things work together in a fruitful way that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects ex. 1: Snow White toys, book, clothes, snacks and records were already for sale when the film opened ex. 2: television broadcast "One Hour in Wonderland"(1950) culminated in a promotion for the upcoming Disney Film "Alice in Wonderland" ex. 3: McDonald's began to sell its hamburgers and french fries at Disney's theme parks (Disney and Kroc come full circle) | 26 | |
| 7216631110 | How has the fast food industry worked its way into our schools? What do you think of this trend? | 1) District 11 in Colorado Springs: first public school district in U.S. to place ads for Burger King in its hallways and on school buses 2) Dr. Pepper ads appeared on school rooftops 3) today, fast food places market their products in public school through ad campaigns, classroom teaching materials, and lunchroom franchises -This trend doesn't surprise me...children are extremely easy to convince. The school district saw a great opportunity to earn money and took it. | 27 | |
| 7216631111 | How does the fast food industry keep its workers from unionizing? | 1) by showing tremendous interest in the emotional and financial well-being of the workers there 2) "flying squad" sent to restaurant if any union activity is suspected 3) informal "rap sessions" held with disgruntled employees, where they are encouraged to share their feelings and info about the union's plan and the names of union sympathizers 4) lie detectors, rap sessions, and high priced attorneys are most effective | 28 | |
| 7216631112 | What problems and risks come from young people who work in the fast food industry (hint—not just crime)? | 1) kids can drop out of school at the age of sixteen 2) kids who work a lot likely to cut classes, drop out of school, develop substance abuse problems, etc. 3) if job is boring, this can cause lifelong aversion to work 4) high injury rates occur among teens working in fast food | 29 | |
| 7216631113 | What are some of the risks and benefits of opening and operating a franchise? | -It is helpful for the franchisor, because they doesn't have to spend their own funds to extend the reach of the company. -The franchisee wants to start his own business without going into it alone and risking everything on a new idea. ----However, the franchisor has to give up some control and the franchisee has to accept that he is under the company's rules. | 30 | |
| 7216631114 | Explain the problem and irony of the federal small business loans for franchises (SBA). | -the food industry has used the SBA to finance new restaurants, and as a result of this, they have turned a federal agency that was created to help independent small businesses into one that eliminates them | 31 | |
| 7216631115 | How have big-business farms ("agribusiness") influenced potato farming in the United States? | 1) Idaho potato farmers face enormous pressure to either get bigger, or get out of the business 2) over the past 25 years, Idaho has lost about half of its potato farmers, but the amount of land devoted to potatoes has increased 3) family farms are giving way to corporate farms, and as a result, the farms who've been driven off the land are often hired to manage them | 32 | |
| 7216631116 | What are the problems facing independent cattle ranchers today? | 1) rising land prices 2) stagnant beef prices 3) oversupplies of cattle 4) increased shipments of live cattle from Canada and Mexico 5) development pressures 6) inheritance taxes 7) health scares about beef | 33 | |
| 7216631117 | Explain the impact/import of the Chicken McNugget. | 1) turned a bird that once had to be carved at a table into something that could easily be eaten behind the car wheel 2) encouraged a system of production that has turned many chicken farmers into little more than serfs 3) helped change the American diet and its system for raining and processing poultry | 34 | |
| 7216631118 | Why are recent immigrants good for the meatpacking industry? | 1) There is an extremely high turnover rate because of these workers. 2) the workers accept what we consider low wages, because theses wages would be extremely high in their home countriesr 3) they are reluctant to join unions. | 35 | |
| 7216631119 | What is the value of a high turnover rate? | helps maintain a workforce that is harder to unionize and much easier to control | 36 | |
| 7216631120 | Why does the meatpacking industry have such a high rate of turnover? | because of low pay and the poor working conditions ----->workers quit one meatpacking job and float from town to town in the High Plains, looking for something better | 37 | |
| 7216631121 | What are some of the techniques the meatpacking companies use to avoid dealing with injured workers? How has the federal government helped? | 1) workers are under tremendous pressure not to report injuries bc annual bonuses of plant foremen/supervisors are based in part on the injury rate of their workers ----->these bonus schemes encourage slaughterhouse managers to make sure that accidents and injuries go unreported -Federal govt greatly reduced the enforcement of health and safety laws | 38 | |
| 7216631122 | How does meat become contaminated? | 1) rise of huge feedlots, slaughterhouses, and hamburger grinders seems to have provided the means for E. Coli to become widely dispersed in the nation's food supply | 39 | |
| 7216631123 | How and why has the meatpacking industry avoided dealing with the issue? | How: U.S. Govt cannot order a meatpacking company to remove contaminated, potentially lethal ground beef from fast food kitchens and supermarket shelves Why: the companies know that if the public found out about this through mass media, their image would suffer | 40 | |
| 7216631124 | Define the "archetypal symbols" listed at the top of page 226 and explain what is symbolized by each item of the list. Define Irony. How might one find Schlosser's list ironic? | the smokestack: industrialism -the smokestacks refers to the heaps of smoke released above Germany's factories in WWI...refers to the factories and assembly lines the swastika: fascism -the swastika strikes a well known connotation between Germany and Nazi Germany's reign the hammer and sickle: communism -refers to time period after WWII when Russia controlled Eastern Germany and adopted communist principles golden arches: consumerism -refers to McDonald's and a time period of a society concerned about buying material items Irony: the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning List is ironic bc it is meant to be a list of all terrible things and dark parts of history. Although McDonald's is not considered as a dark part of history to most, the author equates the symbol of the golden arches as one that is horrible and intimidating. | 41 | |
| 7216631125 | Define "libel" and explain what big mistake McDonald's made in suing Steele and Morris. What does Morris see as the main problem w/companies like McDonald's? | Libel: a false statement that is damaging to one's reputation -McDonald's mistake allowed Steel and Morris to put McDonald's on trial and force a public examination of the chain's labor, as well as marketing, environmental, nutrition, food safety, and animal welfare policies -main problem with McDonald's= arrogant behavior: the rise of powerful multinationals that shift capital across borders with few qualms, that feel no allegiance to any nation, no loyalty to any group of farmers, workers, or consumers | 42 | |
| 7216631126 | Give one example of a business that does not follow the usual pattern of exploitation and poor quality. | In-N-Out Burger -has Bible verses on the bottom of their cups -have not heightened or lowered prices -have no heat lamps or microwaves -have no freezers in the kitchens -have fresh ground, never frozen beef -peel their potatoes every day to make fries -make their shakes from ice cream instead of syrup | 43 | |
| 7216631127 | How can we change things? | -Congress should eliminate the tax breaks that reward chains for churning through their workers and keeping job skills to a minimum -pass new laws to facilitate union organizing -food served in school cafeteria should be safer than what is sold at fast food restaurants -USDA should insist upon the highest possible food safety standards -stop the purchase of ground beef -Congress should ban advertising that preys upon children, should stop subsidizing dead-end jobs, should pass tougher food safety laws, and should protect American workers from serious harm -We need to work to improve sanitary conditions in slaughterhouses, as well as the working conditions and food safety standards in the nation's meatpacking plants -stop buying the fast food, and protest for the right foods | 44 | |
| 7216631128 | Why is mad cow disease a "powerful symbol of all that is wrong about the industrialization of farm animals," as Schlosser says on page 272. | -demonstrates how America cattle, meatpacking, processing, manufacturing etc. will fight anything that disrupts their supply -shows how fast food companies will ignore scientific evidence until it finally harms or kills people (customers) | 45 |
| 5844598842 | Satire | the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity | 0 | |
| 5844598843 | Juvenalian | any bitter and ironic criticism with personal attacks, angry and moral indignation, and pessimism | 1 | |
| 5844598844 | Horatian | meant to delight and humor using laughter and ridicule in a non-accusatory manner to highlight vice and folly | 2 | |
| 5844598845 | Verbal Irony | in which a person says or writes one thing and means another or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning. | 3 | |
| 5844598846 | Situational Irony | irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome to what was expected. | 4 | |
| 5844598847 | Dramatic Irony | irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play. | 5 | |
| 5844598848 | Exaggeration | a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is. | 6 | |
| 5844598849 | Hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 7 | |
| 5844666254 | Distortion | twisting or emphasizing some aspect of a condition, individual, or event intends to highlight it. A type of distortion may include the juxtaposition or inappropriate or incongruous ideas or things. | 8 | |
| 5844598850 | Understatement | the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is. | 9 | |
| 5844676076 | Innuendo | a hint, indirect suggestion, or reference (often in a derogatory sense), a valuable tool for the satirist because it allows him to implicate a target by a completely indirect attack. This is especially useful when the target is dangerous, for it is often possible to deny the insinuation. | 10 | |
| 5844598851 | Invective | insulting, abusive, or highly critical language. | 11 | |
| 5844598852 | Diatribe | a forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something. | 12 | |
| 5844598853 | Pun | make a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word. | 13 | |
| 5844598854 | Malapropism | the mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one | 14 | |
| 5844598855 | Lampoon | a speech or text criticizing someone or something in this way. | 15 | |
| 5844598856 | Caricature | a picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect. | 16 | |
| 5844598857 | Farce | the type of a comedy that makes the use of highly exaggerated and funny situations aimed at entertaining the audience. | 17 | |
| 5844598859 | Epigram | a pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way. | 18 | |
| 5844598860 | sarcastic | marked by or given to using irony in order to mock or convey contempt. | 19 | |
| 5844598861 | sardonic | grimly mocking or cynical. | 20 | |
| 5844598862 | mocking | making fun of someone or something in a cruel way | 21 | |
| 5844598863 | ridiculing | to contemptuous and dismissive language or behavior. | 22 | |
| 5844598864 | facetious | treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor | 23 | |
| 5844598865 | parody | an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect. | 24 | |
| 5844598866 | self-deprecating | modest about or critical of oneself, especially humorously so | 25 | |
| 5844598867 | tongue-in-cheek | with ironic or flippant intent. | 26 | |
| 5844598868 | bantering | talk or exchange remarks in a good-humored teasing way. | 27 | |
| 5844598869 | condescending | having or showing a feeling of patronizing superiority. | 28 | |
| 5844598870 | taunting | provoke or challenge (someone) with insulting remarks. | 29 | |
| 5844598871 | contentious | causing or likely to cause an argument | 30 | |
| 5844598872 | incisive | intelligently analytical and clear-thinking. | 31 | |
| 5844598873 | indignant | feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment. | 32 | |
| 5844598874 | insolent | showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect. | 33 | |
| 5844598875 | lampooning | publicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm. | 34 | |
| 5844598876 | scornful | feeling or expressing contempt or derision. | 35 | |
| 5844598877 | vice | is a a wrongdoing or evil of some sort. Examples of vices used typically in satire: stupidity, gullibility, poor decision making, narrow-mindedness, intolerance/prejudice, vanity, apathy, selfishness, hypocrisy, dishonesty, irresponsibility | 36 | |
| 5844598878 | folly | is a lack of good morals or common sense. | 37 | |
| 5844655328 | seven deadly sins | avarice (greed), lust, gluttony( excessive love of comforts), sloth, pride, envy, and anger | 38 | |
| 5847253302 | social satire | A work of literature that mocks social conventions, another work of art, or anything its author thinks ridiculous; satire aimed specifically at the general foibles of society rather than an attack on an individual | 39 |
| 8674374804 | Accomodate | To hold | 0 | |
| 8674376765 | Clairvoyant | Seeing beyond the senses | 1 | |
| 8674382693 | Contiguous | Adjoining | 2 | |
| 8674385424 | Debilitate | To weaken | 3 | |
| 8674386822 | Obliterate | To wipe out | 4 | |
| 8674386823 | Officious | Interfering | 5 | |
| 8674389961 | Preclude | To rule out | 6 | |
| 8674391338 | Spurn | To reject | 7 | |
| 8674393213 | Stealthy | Secretive | 8 | |
| 8674395158 | Taciturn | Reluctant to talk | 9 |
| 9894181123 | apathetic | uncaring | 0 | |
| 9894181124 | ambivalent | having mixed feelings | 1 | |
| 9894181125 | audacious | recklessly bold or contemptuous | 2 | |
| 9894181126 | belligerent | hostile, or combative | 3 | |
| 9894181127 | callous | uncaring, or feeling no emotion | 4 | |
| 9894181128 | condescending | air of superiority, talking down to | 5 | |
| 9894181129 | contemptuous | lacking respect, derisive | 6 | |
| 9894181130 | caustic | harshly sarcastic | 7 | |
| 9894181131 | cautionary | prudent forethought | 8 | |
| 9894181132 | cynical | doubtful or distrustful of the goodness or sincerity of human motives | 9 | |
| 9894181133 | demoralized | weakened the spirit of | 10 | |
| 9894181134 | diffident | reserved, unassertive | 11 | |
| 9894181135 | disdainful | scorn, despise | 12 | |
| 9894181136 | didactic | intending to instruct; teach a lesson | 13 | |
| 9894181137 | derisive | insulting and condescending | 14 | |
| 9894181138 | earnest | heartfelt and serious | 15 | |
| 9894181139 | effusive | overflowing and demonstrative | 16 | |
| 9894181140 | elegiac | sorrowful lamentation | 17 | |
| 9894181141 | empathetic | sensitivity, relating to another's emotions | 18 | |
| 9894181144 | flippant | frivolously disrespectful | 19 | |
| 9894181145 | frivolous | carefree and unconcerned | 20 | |
| 9894181146 | incredulous | skeptical and unbelieving | 21 | |
| 9894181147 | incensed | full of rage | 22 | |
| 9894181148 | indignant | self-righteously angry | 23 | |
| 9894181149 | intimate | personal and emotional | 24 | |
| 9894181150 | jovial | hearty conviviality and good cheer | 25 | |
| 9894181151 | laudatory | praise | 26 | |
| 9894181152 | lugubrious | mournful, dismal, or gloomy | 27 | |
| 9894181154 | malicious | vicious, wanton, or mischievous | 28 | |
| 9894181156 | objective | unemotional, unbiased, fair | 29 | |
| 9894181157 | obsequious | overly obedient, dutiful | 30 | |
| 9894181158 | patronizing | Talking down to, experienced | 31 | |
| 9894181160 | poignant | keen or strong | 32 | |
| 9894181161 | provocative | inciting, stimulating, irritating | 33 | |
| 9894181163 | ribald | abusive, or irreverent, scurrilous | 34 | |
| 9894181164 | reticent | reluctant or restrained | 35 | |
| 9894181165 | reverent | deeply respectful | 36 | |
| 9894181167 | resigned | passive, accept as inevitable | 37 | |
| 9894181170 | sentimental | emotional attachment | 38 | |
| 9894181171 | vehement | with great energy or exertion, with great emphasis and passion | 39 | |
| 9894181172 | volatile | tending or threatening to break out into open violence | 40 | |
| 9894181173 | earnest | serious and sincere | 41 | |
| 9894181175 | placid | calm, peaceful | 42 | |
| 9894181176 | whimsical | characterized by whim; unpredictable | 43 | |
| 9894181177 | wistful | full of longing or unfulfilled desire | 44 | |
| 9894181178 | desolate | lonely; forlorn; | 45 | |
| 9894181179 | insolent | marked by casual disrespect | 46 | |
| 9894181180 | insidious | intended to entrap | 47 | |
| 9894181181 | jubilant | joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success | 48 |
| 7175033247 | Alliteration | The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage. | 0 | |
| 7175039190 | Allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. | 1 | |
| 7175046090 | Analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can make writings more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. | 2 | |
| 7175053241 | Antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. | 3 | |
| 7175057861 | Antithesis | The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite. | 4 | |
| 7175061315 | Aphorism | A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb). An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point. | 5 | |
| 7175066575 | Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed. | 6 | |
| 7177521793 | Colloquial/Colloquialism | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversation. | 7 | |
| 7177523862 | Conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. | 8 | |
| 7177528046 | Connotation | The non-literal associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions and attitudes. | 9 | |
| 7177546047 | Denotation | The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude , or color. | 10 | |
| 7177550387 | Diction | Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices , especially with the regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. | 11 | |
| 7177553036 | Euphemism | From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. May be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness to add humor or ironic understatement. | 12 | |
| 7177557667 | Extended Metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 13 | |
| 7177559655 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and its usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 14 | |
| 7178093562 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. Prose can be divided into fiction or nonfiction. Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. | 15 | |
| 7178100683 | Hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect, but a serious effect is also possible. It also often produces irony. | 16 | |
| 7178104825 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses of visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. | 17 |
| 9251393672 | Allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. |  | 0 |
| 9251393673 | Alliteration | The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage. |  | 1 |
| 9251393674 | Allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. |  | 2 |
| 9251393675 | Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee) | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. |  | 3 |
| 9251393676 | Analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him |  | 4 |
| 9251393677 | Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh) | One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. |  | 5 |
| 9251393678 | Anecdote | A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person |  | 6 |
| 9251393679 | Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt) | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. |  | 7 |
| 9251393680 | Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis) | Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas. |  | 8 |
| 9251393681 | Aphorism | A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point. |  | 9 |
| 9251393682 | Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back: |  | 10 |
| 9251393683 | Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn) | consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used. |  | 11 |
| 9251393684 | Atmosphere | The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood. |  | 12 |
| 9251393685 | Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs) | (From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words. |  | 13 |
| 9251393686 | Clause | a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing. |  | 14 |
| 9251393687 | Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl) | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. |  | 15 |
| 9251393688 | Coherence | A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence. |  | 16 |
| 9251393689 | Conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. |  | 17 |
| 9251393690 | Connotation | - The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. |  | 18 |
| 9251393691 | Denotation | The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color. |  | 19 |
| 9251393692 | Diacope | repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X. |  | 20 |
| 9251393693 | Diction | Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style. |  | 21 |
| 9251393694 | Didactic (dahy-dak-tik) | From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. |  | 22 |
| 9251393695 | Enumeratio | Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something. |  | 23 |
| 9251393696 | Expletive (ek-spli-tiv) | Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive. |  | 24 |
| 9251393697 | Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm) | From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. |  | 25 |
| 9251393698 | Exposition | In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict. |  | 26 |
| 9251393699 | Extended metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work. |  | 27 |
| 9251393700 | Figure of Speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. |  | 28 |
| 9251393701 | Figurative Language | - Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. |  | 29 |
| 9251393702 | Generic conventions | This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention. |  | 30 |
| 9251393703 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. |  | 31 |
| 9251393704 | Homily (hom-uh-lee) | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. |  | 32 |
| 9251393705 | Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee) | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. |  | 33 |
| 9251393706 | Hypophora | Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered. |  | 34 |
| 9251393707 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery. |  | 35 |
| 9251393708 | Inference/infer | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. |  | 36 |
| 9251393709 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language. |  | 37 |
| 9251393710 | Irony/ironic | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor. |  | 38 |
| 9251393711 | Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn) | When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast. |  | 39 |
| 9251393712 | Litotes (lahy-toh-teez) | From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion. |  | 40 |
| 9251393713 | Loose sentence | a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style. |  | 41 |
| 9251393714 | Metaphor | A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful. |  | 42 |
| 9251393715 | Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee) | A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response. |  | 43 |
| 9251393716 | Mood | This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere. |  | 44 |
| 9251393717 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. |  | 45 |
| 9251393718 | Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh) | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect. |  | 46 |
| 9251393719 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term. |  | 47 |
| 9251393720 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. |  | 48 |
| 9251393721 | Parallelism | Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. |  | 49 |
| 9251393722 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original |  | 50 |
| 9251393723 | Pedantic (puh-dan-tik) | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. |  | 51 |
| 9251393724 | Periodic sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. |  | 52 |
| 9251393725 | Personification | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader. |  | 53 |
| 9251393726 | Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn) | Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity. |  | 54 |
| 9251393727 | Predicate adjective | One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. |  | 55 |
| 9251393728 | Predicate nominative | A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. |  | 56 |
| 9251393729 | Prose | One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line |  | 57 |
| 9251393730 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. |  | 58 |
| 9251393731 | Rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 59 | |
| 9251393732 | Rhetorical modes | This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse. |  | 60 |
| 9251393733 | Rhetorical Question [erotesis] | - differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand. |  | 61 |
| 9251393734 | Sarcasm | From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel |  | 62 |
| 9251393735 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. |  | 63 |
| 9251393736 | Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another |  | 64 |
| 9251393737 | Style | The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement. | | 65 |
| 9251393738 | Subject complement | The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions. |  | 66 |
| 9251393739 | Subordinate clause | Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that. |  | 67 |
| 9251393740 | Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm) | From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows; |  | 68 |
| 9251393741 | Symbol/symbolism | Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction. |  | 69 |
| 9251393742 | Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee) | is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa). |  | 70 |
| 9251393743 | Syntax | The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects. |  | 71 |
| 9251393744 | Theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing. |  | 72 |
| 9251393745 | Thesis | In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis. |  | 73 |
| 9251393746 | Tone | Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber |  | 74 |
| 9251393747 | Transition | A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later. |  | 75 |
| 9251393748 | Understatement | The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. | 76 | |
| 9251393749 | Undertone | An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone. |  | 77 |
| 9251393750 | Wit | In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception. |  | 78 |
| 9642370624 | Estrategias | strategies |  | 0 |
| 9642370625 | solicitar | ask for, request |  | 1 |
| 9642370626 | graduarse | to graduate |  | 2 |
| 9642370627 | matricularse | to register |  | 3 |
| 9642370628 | el horario | schedule |  | 4 |
| 9642370629 | el aula | the classroom |  | 5 |
| 9642370630 | ayuda financiera | financial aid |  | 6 |
| 9642370631 | una beca | a scholarship |  | 7 |
| 9642370632 | ingresar | admit, get in |  | 8 |
| 9642370633 | la materia | subject, matter |  | 9 |
| 9642370634 | repasar | to review |  | 10 |
| 9642370635 | el curso | the course |  | 11 |
| 9642370636 | aprobar | to approve, enact |  | 12 |
| 9642370637 | reprobar | to fail, to flunk |  | 13 |
| 9642370638 | apuntes | notes |  | 14 |
| 9642370639 | la asignatura | subject, course | | 15 |
| 9642370640 | el bachillerato | high school diploma |  | 16 |
| 9642370641 | las calificaciones | report card, grades |  | 17 |
| 9642370642 | la carrera | the career |  | 18 |
| 9642370643 | la especialización | specialization |  | 19 |
| 9642370644 | la facultad | department |  | 20 |
| 9642370645 | la licenciatura | The degree |  | 21 |
| 9642370646 | la matricula | register. license plate |  | 22 |
| 9642370647 | optativo(a) | optional, optative |  | 23 |
| 9642370649 | el título | title |  | 24 |
| 9642370650 | arquitecto | architect |  | 25 |
| 9642370651 | las ventajas | the advantages |  | 26 |
| 9642370652 | las desventajas | the disadvantages |  | 27 |
| 9642370653 | el consejero | the counselor |  | 28 |
| 9642370654 | el décano | dean at university |  | 29 |
| 9642370655 | el profesor | the professor |  | 30 |
| 9642370656 | el rector | dean, rector |  | 31 |
| 9642370657 | arquitectura | architecture |  | 32 |
| 9642370658 | bellas artes | fine arts |  | 33 |
| 9642370659 | artista | the artist |  | 34 |
| 9642370660 | científico | scientist |  | 35 |
| 9642370661 | físico | physical, physicist |  | 36 |
| 9642370662 | químico | chemist |  | 37 |
| 9642370663 | abogado | attorney |  | 38 |
| 9642370664 | médico | doctor |  | 39 |
| 9642370665 | filósofo | philosopher |  | 40 |
| 9642370666 | ingeniero | engineer |  | 41 |
| 9642370667 | programador | programmer |  | 42 |
| 9642370668 | escritor | writer |  | 43 |
| 9642370669 | mecánico | mechanic |  | 44 |
| 9642370670 | psicólogo | psychologist |  | 45 |
| 9642370671 | sociólogo | sociologist |  | 46 |
| 9642370672 | contable | accountant |  | 47 |
| 9642370673 | amo(a) de casa | stay at home spouse |  | 48 |
| 9642370674 | albañil | builder, construction worker |  | 49 |
| 9642370675 | las ciencias | the sciences |  | 50 |
| 9642370676 | economía | economy |  | 51 |
| 9642370677 | derecho (leyes) | law |  | 52 |
| 9642370678 | filosofía | philosophy |  | 53 |
| 9642370679 | ingeniería | engineering |  | 54 |
| 9642370680 | informática | computer science |  | 55 |
| 9642370681 | medicina | medicine |  | 56 |
| 9642370682 | psicología | psychology |  | 57 |
| 9642370683 | sociología | sociology |  | 58 |
| 9642370684 | los formularios | forms, questionnaire |  | 59 |
| 9642379930 | fracasar | to fail, struggle | 60 |
| 9683540372 | Mural | A large painting applied directly to a wall or ceiling surface |  | 0 |
| 9683540373 | Parody | Artistic work that imitates the style of another work for comic effect | | 1 |
| 9683540374 | Virtuoso | a tremendously skilled artist |  | 2 |
| 9683540375 | Modest | quiet or humble in manner or appearance |  | 3 |
| 9683540376 | Propriety | appropriateness of behavior |  | 4 |
| 9683540377 | Prudent | Exercising good judgement or common sense |  | 5 |
| 9683540378 | Disparage | to speak of in a slighting way or negatively; to belittle |  | 6 |
| 9683540379 | Perjorative | describing words or phrases that belittle or speak negatively of someone |  | 7 |
| 9683540380 | Vilify | to make vicious statements about |  | 8 |
| 9683540381 | Brusque | rudely abrupt |  | 9 |
| 9683540382 | Caustic | bitingly sarcastic or witty |  | 10 |
| 9683540383 | Brittle | easily broken when subjected to pressure |  | 11 |
| 9683540384 | Deleterious | having a harmful effect: injurious |  | 12 |
| 9683540385 | Enmity | mutual hatred or ill-will |  | 13 |
| 9683540386 | Archaic | characteristic of an earlier period; old-fashioned |  | 14 |
| 9683540387 | Hackneyed | worn out through overuse; trite |  | 15 |
| 9683540388 | Medieval | referring to the middle ages; old-fashioned |  | 16 |
| 9683540389 | Obsolete | no longer in use; old-fashioned |  | 17 |
| 9683540390 | Austere | without decoration; strict |  | 18 |
| 9683540391 | Mediocrity | the state or quality of being average; of moderate to low quality |  | 19 |
| 9683540392 | Apprehension | anxiety or fear about the future |  | 20 |
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
