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ap world history Flashcards

9710618282	Jawaharial Nehru	India's first Prime Minister from 1947-64.	0
9710618283	Ho Chi Minh	Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)	1
9710618284	Gamal Abdel Nasser	He led the bloodless coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and heralded a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism.	2
9710618285	Kwame Nkrumah	founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident	3
9710618286	Jomo Kenyatta	Leader of colonial opposition in Kenya	4
9710618287	Deng Xiaoping	Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)	5
9710618288	Indira Gandhi	Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977.	6
9710618289	Anwar Sadat	Egyptian president who made peace with Israel	7
9710618290	Yasser Arafat	Palestinian statesman who is chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (born in 1929)	8
9710618291	Ayatollah Khomeini	Iranian religious leader of the Shiites	9
9710618292	Saddam Hussein	Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran	10
9710618293	Juan Peron	Argentine military and political leader: president 1946-55, 1973-74.	11
9710618294	Jimmy Carter	39th President of the United States (1924-)	12
9710618295	Nelson Mandela	South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)	13
9710618296	Decolonization	the action of changing from colonial to independent status	14
9710618297	Bandung Conference	as a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent	15
9710618298	Balfour Declaration	British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI	16
9710618299	Suez Crisis	Canal in Egypt, passage from Red Sea to Mediterranean; owned by England and France but Egypt wanted the land back; led to a war; US wanted to help Egypt get the land back but couldn't go against the Allies	17
9710618300	Kikuyu	dominant native tribe in Kenya	18
9710618301	Great Leap Forward	a five-year economic plan that collectivized farms in China and put them into communes	19
9710618302	Cultural Revolution	a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard	20
9710618303	Tiananmen Square	Chinese citizens want political reform and stood their ground at Tiananmen Square.	21
9710618304	Palestine Liberation Organization	a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine	22
9710618305	Islamism	the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life	23
9710618306	Jihad	a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels	24
9710618307	Institutional Revolutionary Party	Mexican political party in power for 70 years	25
9710618308	Sandinistas	anti-American revolutionaries in Nicaragua	26
9710618309	Liberation Theology	a Catholic Church crusade for social justice and an end to poverty in Latin America	27
9710618310	Dependency Theory	a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones	28
9710618311	Organization of African Unity	Promotes unity of African states, eradicate colonialism- 53 states are members	29
9710618312	Apartheid	Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.	30
9710618313	African National Congress	an organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for the black inhabitants of South Africa.	31

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Chapter 13 Vocabulary - AP World History (Strayer) Flashcards

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8743110924	Great Dying	The time in which Europeans brought back diseases and ailments from Europe and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and the bubonic plague (Black Death) to America. Over 90 percent of the Native American population was wiped out as a result.	0
8743112046	Little Ice Age	A temporary but significant cooling period between 1300 to 1800 CE followed by wide temperature alterations: droughts and storms that caused famines and dislocation.	1
8743113290	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's maritime voyages to the Caribbean/Hispaniola.	2
8744453065	Mercantilism	European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promotes overseas trade between a country and its colonies in order to accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country.	3
8744462986	Bullion	Bars of silver and gold ingot.	4
8744465040	Ecomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.	5
8744471857	Repartimiento	A replacement of the ecomienda with news laws that mandated the repartimiento system.	6
8744481505	Hacienda	A rural estate that produced primarily for American consumers, which became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy.	7
8744487471	Peninsulares	People who were born in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain or Portugal). They saw themselves as "pure" Spanish/Portuguese and better than the Creoles.	8
8744501082	Creoles	Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, and economic status.	9
8744506264	Mesitizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	10
8744509155	Indios	The indigenous peoples (or natives) of the Americas.	11
8744514362	Mulattoes	The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.	12
8744519713	Negros	An old history term used to identify African slaves or their descendants.	13
8744522986	Maroons	Meaning African and native. This meant that the person was a product of two runaways or in a "maroon society."	14
8744529845	One Drop Rule	A rule among Protestants that classified any mixed-race person as either "black" or "red."	15
8744536232	Chattel slavery	A system in which slaves do not have rights and are considered to be the property of their owner.	16
8744542284	Yasak	(1450 to 1750 CE) Also known as a tribute paid in cash or in kind that Russian rulers demanded from the Native peoples of Siberia mainly for pelts.	17
8744572802	Russification	The forcing of variating ethnic groups to learn Russian culture.	18
8744574861	Czar	[Caesar] A Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III.	19
8744577771	Qing (Manchu) Dynasty	(1540 to 1750 CE) The ruling dynasty of China (1644 to 1912 CE). This is the dynasty that helped expand the dynasty North by enlarging the territorial size of the country. It was originally from Manchuria. No assimilating foreigners- the interest in expansion and court of colonial affairs.	20
8744577728	Mughal Empire	An Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent with began in 1526 CE, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and ended in the mid-nineteenth century.	21
8744585703	Emperor Akbar	The most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556 to 1605 CE). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.	22
8744587436	Emperor Aurangzeb	A Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death, despotic ruler, whose strict laws led to divisions and decentralization of government in the Mughal Empire.	23
8744587437	Sati	A ritual that required a woman to throw herself onto her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly, and if a woman didn't comply with this, she was to be disgraced.	24
8744587438	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia c. 1300 CE. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, which was based at Istanbul (prev. Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922 CE. It ruled over lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	25
8744589574	Safavid Empire	Originally a Turkic nomadic group; an Iranian kingdom (1502 to 1722 CE) that was established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. Conquered territory and established their kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran. Frequently disputed with the Mughal Dynasty because of the Sunni-Shia split.	26
8744592038	Devshirme	The Ottoman policy of taking boys and young men from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers.	27
8744594180	Janissaries	A member of elite fighting force compromised of Christian slaves in the Ottoman Empire.	28

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Chapter 12 Vocab World Civilizations-The Global Experience (AP World History) Flashcards

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7941537810	Indians	Misnomer created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of the New World; implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist; still used to apply to Native Americans	0
7941538916	Toltec Culture	succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethnic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 CE; declined after 1200 CE	1
7941540829	Topiltzin	religious leaders and reformer of the Toltecs in the 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula	2
7941541494	Quetzalcoatl	Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god	3
7941541495	Tenochtitlan	founded c. 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica	4
7941542664	Tlaloc	Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain	5
7941544820	Huitzilopochtli	aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god	6
7941545820	Nezhualcoyotl	leading Aztec king of the 15th century	7
7941545821	chinampas	beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "flotaing islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs	8
7941546636	pochteca	special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items	9
7941547347	calpulli	clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors	10
7941547348	Pachacuti	Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca	11
7941548668	Twantinsuyu	word for Inca empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina	12
7941548669	split inheritance	Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy	13
7941549584	ayllus	households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor	14
7941549585	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas	15
7941551134	tambos	way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on the move; relay points for systems of runners used to carry messages	16
7941551135	mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control	17
7941551136	Inca socialism	a view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole	18
7941552252	yanas	a class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility	19
7941552253	quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records	20

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AP World History Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

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7949629377	Black Death What:	Great epidemic of the bubonic plague that killed large numbers, including perhaps as much as one-third of the European population	0
7949642398	Black Death Who:	Europeans, Mongols(East Asians), Muslims, and North Africans	1
7949667070	Black Death Where:	China, Europe and the Muslim world	2
7949673978	Black Death How:	Trade routes caused the spread of black death	3
7950174145	Black Death When	1310-1400	4
7949679775	Black Death Importance:	Caused Mongol empire to disintegrate thus the way was prepared for experiments in state building, religious beliefs, and cultural understandings.(Paves the way for the renissance)	5
7949720954	Devshirme What:	System of taking non-muslime children, in place of taxes in order to educated them in Ottoman Muslim ways and prepare them for service in the Sultan's bureaucracy	6
7949727269	Devshirme Who:	Non-muslim children	7
7949739488	Devshirme Where:	Ottoman Empire	8
7949743192	Devshirme importance:	Allowed the Ottomans to establish their legitimacy via military skill, religious backing, and a loyal bureaucracy.	9
7949755084	Dynasty What:	Heredity ruling family that passes control from one generation to the next.	10
7949767886	Dynasty who:	Afro-Eurasia	11
7949778387	Three ways to establish a dynasty	1.The ruling households affirmed that God or the heavens intended for them to hold power. 2.Leaders prevented squabbling among potential heirs by establishing clear rules about succession to the throne. 3.Elevation of power through conquest or alliance.	12
7949822831	Dynasty Importance:	A political institution that was the basis of power and well known to Afro-Eurasians for centuries	13
7949825511	Humanism What:	The renaissance aspiration to know more about the human experience beyond what the Christian scriptures offered by reaching into ancient Greek and Roman texts.	14
7950145023	Humanism When:	Renaissance period	15
7949933493	Humanism Why:	For Renaissance scholars it wasn't enough to concern themselves with with the next world, they had to go back to Greek and Roman sources to understand the human condition	16
7949946455	Humanism Importance:	Gave insight on the human condition	17
7949949639	Inquisition What:	Tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church that enforced religious orthodoxy during the Protestant Reformation	18
7949982632	Inquisition Why:	To drive all non-Catholics out of Spain	19
7950124586	Inquisition When:	1481	20
7949989655	Inquisition Importance	Since there were fewer groups within Spain trying to get influence it allowed the rulers to turn their attention outwards. Leading way to the colonization of North America	21
7950010201	Monarchy What:	Political system in which one individual holds supreme power and passes that power on to his or her next of kin.	22
7950025878	Monarchy Importance:	Caused political stabilization and led to an economic and cultural flowering(The Renaissance.	23
7950073829	Monarchy Who:	Portugal, Spain (City-states in Europe)	24
7950084530	Ottoman Empire:	An empire that embraced the sunni view of islam and adopted traditional byzantine government practices	25
7950110588	Ottoman Empire Who:	Turks	26
7950115018	Ottoman Empire Where:	Ruled Anatolia, the Arab world, and much of southern and eastern Europe	27
7950119609	Ottoman Empire When	Early Sixteenth century	28
7954345232	ottoman empire importance	Allowed multiple cultures to integrate into one empire.	29
7950180265	Red Turban Movement What:	Diverse religious movement which blended China's diverse cultural and religious traditions(Buddhism, Daoism, and other faiths)	30
7950184452	Red Turban Movement Where	China	31
7950198546	Red Turban Movement something to know(kinda important)	Emphasized strict dietary restrictions, penance, and ceremonial rituals and made proclamations that the world was drawing towards the end.	32
7950209166	Red Turban Movement Importance	Undercutted the power of the last Yuan Mongol rulers.	33
7950215002	Renaissance What	A time period that characterized the expanded cultural production of European nations	34
7950229484	Renaissance When	1430-1550	35
7950231197	Renaissance Who:	Europe	36
7950233157	Renaissance (Important info)	Emphasized secular forms of learning rather than just Christian doctrine and a more human-centered understanding of the cosmos	37
7950240891	Renaissance importance	Gave knowledge that could help people understand an expanding world and support the rights of secular individuals to exert power in it.	38
7950259929	Topoki Palace	Political headquarters of the ottoman empire	39
7950263114	Topoki Palace Where:	Located in Istanbul	40
7950267417	Topoki Palace Who:	Ottomans	41
7950274671	Topoki Palace Importance	Exhibited the Ottomans' view of governance, the sultans' emphasis on religion, and the continuing influence of Ottoman familial traditions.	42
7950287299	Zheng He	Ming naval leader(Commanded the world's greatest armada and led several naval expeditions	43
7950290994	Zheng He Importance	Established tributary relations with Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean parts, the Persian Gulf, and the East coast of Africa.	44

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AP World History Flashcards

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7326457053	PATRIARCHY	A society where men dominate (have more power than) women.	0
7326474125	SOCIAL CLASS	Levels of a society based on power and wealth	1
7326479689	CIVILIZATION	A complex, highly organized society.	2
7326544620	THEOCRACY	When government and religion are combined. Religious leader is also the political leader.	3
7326554976	GENDER ROLES	The different expectations (jobs, dress, actions) for men and women in a society.	4
7326563635	POLYTHEISM	The belief in many gods.	5
7326565573	MONOTHEISM	The belief in only one god	6
7326569941	INFRASTRUCTURE	the basic structures (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society	7
7326583249	SPECIALIZATION	when people train to be experts at different jobs.	8
7326601500	DOMESTICATION	Breeding wild animals or plants to be helpful for humans (ex: Cows, horses, corn, wheat)	9
7326648767	MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE	Fancy religious or governmental buildings designed to show-off power	10
7326665969	INTERREGIONAL	When two areas of the world are connected through trade of goods and the spread of ideas	11

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AP World History AMSCO Chapter 18 Flashcards

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8798537370	fur trade	caused Russia to expand eastward and explore	0
8798537371	Ivan III	ruled 1462-1505, often has "the Great" attached to his name. Tripled the size of Russia and became one of its longest reigning rulers	1
8798537372	boyars	noble land-owning class in Russia	2
8798537373	Ivan IV	ruler known as "The Terrible" for his violent conquests and for killing his own son	3
8798537374	Cossacks	fierce peasant warriors	4
8798537375	Time of Troubles	period in which Russia was in a state of anarchy without a strong government in control	5
8798537376	Peter I	ruled 1682 to 1725. Made reforms to the Orthodox church, visited Western Europe to get their ideas and implemented other Western reforms	6
8798537377	St. Petersburg	Peter I moved the Russian capital here	7
8798537378	Kremlin	name for the central citadel in Moscow	8
8798537379	Catherine II	ruled 1762 to 1796. Joined the royal ruling family through marriage. Oversaw a huge expansion of the Russian empire in part through the Russo-Turkish Wars. Also known as "The Great."	9
8798537380	Pale of Settlement	territory created by Catherine II in which Russian Jews were required to live	10
8798537381	Yemelyan Pugachev	Cossack who initiated a peasant rebellion and was later executed for it	11

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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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5858024986	Pre-History	the time period before writing	0
5858028087	Secular	apart from religion; non-religious	1
5858033489	Theocracy	a government run by religious officials and principles	2
5858039478	Monarchy	of the King or Queen of any country	3
5858042145	Cultural Diffusion	the spreading of ideas and technology through trade network	4
5858053740	Religion	a set of beliefs that deals with the supernatural	5
5858057193	Peasant	a poor farmer	6
5858059580	Hierarchy	a rigid "chain of command" in a society	7
5858208424	Aristocracy	the "upper class" and powerful people in a society	8
5858063440	Culture	a groups habit, traditions, and belief that form that groups way of life.	9
5858068132	Nomadic	to move around often; not settled	10
5858071590	Empire	controlling lands outside of one's original home boundaries	11
5858077752	Primary Resources	docs written by the participants of a certain event or time period.	12
5858084376	Secondary Resources	docs written by outsiders of a certain event or time period	13
5858093645	Bias	to feel a certain way about an issue generally due to one's occupation or background.	14
5858098887	BCE	'Before the Common Era': replaces "BC"	15
5858105206	CE	'Common Era': replaces "AD"	16
5858110147	Society	pertaining to a specific group	17
5858112020	Demography	the study of human pop living patterns, age groups, etc.	18
5858119880	Oceania	Geo. region consisting of the South Pacific islands, including Australia and New Zealand	19
5858128823	Clans	a group of fam. belonging to a common ancestor.	20
5858133116	Tribes	a society of people who share ancestry, beliefs, and leadership in commmon	21
5858138797	Oligarchy	gov. run by a small # of powerful people	22
5858144297	Republic	gov. run by elected officials	23
5858147877	Democracy	gov. run by the common citizens of the society	24
5858152203	Dynasty	a long line of rulers from the same family	25
5858156833	Agrarian	of or to do w/ agriculture	26
5858166755	Civilization	highly advanced society with governments, writing, complex institution	27
5858175277	Politics	of or having to do w/ making rules for and from govt's	28
5858179439	Economics	study of a societies scarce resources and how they are used.	29

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AP World HISTORY Flashcards

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7253207891	paleoanthropology	the study of the history of human evolution through fossil record	0
7253207892	myth	story	1
7253207893	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life	2
7253207894	Hominid	An early ancestor of humans	3
7253207895	Homo sapiens	Scientific name for humans	4
7253207896	Homo erectus	the closest thing to look like present day humans	5
7253207897	Shaman	a person believed to have the power to summon spirits and heal the sick	6
7253207898	Neolithic	"New Stone Age"	7
7253207899	Innovation	something created independently but shared	8
7253207900	Diffusion	the spreading of something more widely	9
7253207901	Ziggurat	a pyramid shaped temple tower	10
7253207902	Hammurabi's Code	first written code/set of laws that all were expected to obey.	11
7253207903	pictograms	A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept	12
7253207904	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	13
7253207905	Ideograms	Pictures or symbols that stand for ideas	14
7253207906	hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing system	15
7253207907	Amon-Re	sun god	16
7253207908	osiris	God of the underworld	17
7253207909	Great Sphinx	Giant sculpture of half man, half cat	18
7253207910	Mesopotamia	Birthplace of the Sumerian civilization among many others.	19
7253207911	Indus River	a large river surrounded by fertile land in modern India/Pakistan.	20
7253207912	Mandate of Heaven	the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods	21
7253207913	Zimbabwe	central African royal stone courts.	22
7253207914	Oracle bones	Used to predict the future	23
7253207915	Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han	first Chinese dynasties	24

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AP World History (Period 1) Flashcards

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9870487825	Mesopotamia	"land between the rivers", area of arable land between the Tigris and Euphrates devloped by 5000 BCE	0
9870491901	Mesopotamia	The Sumerians, Babylonians, and Persians were all based around this region that included the Fertile Crescent	1
9870500725	Bureaucratic Government	Way of organizing government by departments so that each department can specialize and stabilize, most notably in the Zhou Dynasty	2
9870507214	Bronze Age	Age defined by the latter part of the neolithic age where people found out how to use its namesake metal	3
9870513810	Polis	Structure of city-states in Ancient Greek; composed of its own individual governments and identities	4
9870520811	Code of Hammurabi	Series of social codes developed by this namesake person of Babylon; first step toward modern legal codes	5
9870527435	Mandate of Heaven	Way that Chinese Emperors would gain power; power could only be retained by the will of the gods	6
9870539902	Olmecs	Ancient Mexican Civilization that favored polytheism, sophisticated farming, and a system of writing; DID NOT develop in a river valley	7
9870545332	Chavin	Ancient Andes Civilization that favored polytheism, sophisticated farming, and a system of writing; DID NOT develop in a river valley	8
9870556088	City States	Early civilizations made up of an urban center and arable land surrounding it; independent of its own neighbors although some combined because of similar cultural identities	9
9870566144	Caste System	System of social hierarchy first developed by the Aryans	10
9870573598	Hebrews	These namesake people were the first believers of Judaism, a monotheistic religion based in Palestine. Enjoyed religious freedom under the Persians	11
9870586541	Cuneiform	Form of writing developed by the Sumerians, recorded laws, treaties, social life, and customs. Spread through trade routes	12
9870593768	Hieroglyphics	Writing system developed by Ancient Egyptians consisting of pictures	13
9870598684	Hinduism	Religions that developed in India that is both religious and a social system; Brahma is the creator and every other gods are just manifestations of Brahma	14
9870612168	Judaism	Religion originally practiced by Hebrews where they believe Hebrew's are God's chosen people; not only a religion but also a set of customs	15
9870622729	Torah	Book by which the Jewish followed, consists of the 5 books of the Old Testament	16
9870626148	Neolithic Revolution	Time Period where groups of people transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to a farming and city lifestyle. Also known as the Agricultural Revolution	17
9870845312	Shang Dynasty	Earliest recorded Chinese Dynasty that had a monopoly on bronze, a well-armed military, and utilized oracle bones	18
9870868718	Silk	Luxury good first produced in the Shang Dynasty produced by its namesake worm	19
9870884000	Zhou Dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Shang Dynasty; first to use the Mandate of Heaven when they overthrew the Shang Dynasty	20
9870899189	Yellow River Civilization	Civilization based around its namesake river, also referred to as the Huang He; nicknamed "China's Sorrow". First to organize public life with its legendary founder, Yu	21
9870912406	Varnas	Social classes originally formed around skin color in the caste system	22
9870916749	Brahmins	Priests of the caste system	23
9870916750	Kshatriyas	Warriors and aristocrats of the caste system	24
9870919992	Vaishyas	Cultivators, artisans, and merchants of the caste system	25
9870923790	Shudras	Landless peasants and serfs of the caste system	26
9870927091	Untouchables	Social class that did all of the unpleasant tasks in the caste system	27
9870937432	Vedas	Ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit that were a collection of songs handed down to Brahmins	28
9870944769	Aryans	Pastoral nomads who migrated south and established communities in Northern India; replaced Harappan civilization; had horses	29
9870958855	Indus River Civilization	Civilization of complex gridded cities based around its namesake river. Clear evidence of long-distance trade with other civilizations around 2500 BCE	30
9870973749	Phoenicians	Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Lebanon, seafaring traders that spread its namesake dialect influencing Latin	31
9870992766	Patriarchy	Way that gender was organized in Ancient Civilizations, here these people dominated public life as evidence in the Code of Hammurabi	32
9871002661	Iron	Tool used by the Assyrians to conquer Mesopotamia; spread through cultural diffusion	33
9871008488	Assyrian Empire	Empire that took over Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Anatolia, and most of Egypt with its standardized military units	34
9871026889	Nile River Civilization	Civilization that began in 5500 BCE but was united under King Menes where women were given much more rights than other ancient civilizations. Also had a complex architecture, 365 Calendar, and irrigation since its namesake river was predictable	35
9871066421	Bantu Migrations	Movement of these people across Africa from 3000 BCE to 500 CE. Shared one of the first common cultures of Africa and possessed Iron Metallurgy	36
9871086377	Jericho	One of the world's first neolithic cities	37
9871096698	Paleolithic Age	Oldest age of human history; organized by clans (chiefdoms) where men hunted and women gathered	38

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