| 6695832630 | Assembly Line | In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. Used interchangeable parts. Though not invented by Henry Ford, this production method was used famously by the automobile maker. | | 0 |
| 6695832631 | Balance of Power | Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong. | | 1 |
| 6695832632 | Communism | In an effort to resolve the problem of early Industrialization, Karl Marx, wrote a manifesto in 1848, which became a foundation for this. It held that capitalism is driven by a deeply divisive class struggle between the capitalists (he called them: bourgeois) who owned the means of production and the proletariat, wage workers who owned only their labor to sell. In this struggle the ruling-class minority appropriates the surplus labor of the working-class majority as profit. He believed that competition between capitalists would continue to cause exploitation of the workers. Marx advocated the end of private property and predicted that capitalism would end as crisis's of overproduction and under-consumption which would collide with the constantly growing and exploited proletariat who would come to view the overthrow of the existing order as the only option. Marx believed that the state would wither away after the workers revolution since there would be no exploiting class that required a state. The first revolution of this type was in Russia in 1917. The government system didn't disappear, but instead grew to dominate economic, political, and cultural life under Stalin. In this system the government owns and controls all resources and means of production and makes all economic decisions. | | 2 |
| 6695832633 | Corporation | A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. During the 1850s and 1860s governments in Britain and France created the legal foundation for this, which became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies. The business would be owned by thousands of individuals who purchase stocks representing ownership shares in the company. The company would sometimes pay their profits to shareholders as dividends, but laws would protect shareholders from liability from financial loss beyond the investment. By the late 19th century this organization was used by most businesses that required large investments in land, labor or machinery. | | 3 |
| 6695832634 | Enclosure Movement | During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm. Large land owners in England had gained power in Parliament, and they used that power to replace the older Manorial land system with a more modern private property. This entailed ending the practice of some land being set aside as "commons" where anyone could graze sheep, etc. All land was owned, fenced off (or enclosed), and worked to the greatest extent, which increased yields even as the labor needed to work the land was decreased because of new machines (like the threshing machine.) | | 4 |
| 6695832635 | Age of Enlightenment | Eighteenth-century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rationalism, the notion that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science. | | 5 |
| 6695832636 | Estates-General | An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. Those being the 1st: clergy, 2nd, nobility, and 3rd: everyone else. In the late 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment, many members of the 3rd Estate considered this body an expression of the theory of popular sovereignty, which states that legitimacy of rule is based on the consent of the governed. This contrasts sharply with the Divine Right of Kings, which automatically grants monarchs legitimacy to rule. In 1789 after the King Louis XVI calls this assembly into session, it sets off a series of events that eventually results in the transformation of France from a Monarchy to a more liberal and more modern government founded on Liberty with a bill of rights and constitution that guaranteed equality under the law. | | 6 |
| 6695832637 | Free Market | An economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies. | | 7 |
| 6695832638 | Free Trade | An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition. The Mercantilism of period 4 (1450-1750) didn't allow for this, but the classic economics of enlightenment thinkers like Adam Smith argued for this on the grounds that it would increase overall economic activity, which would increase the amount of wealth created in the economy. | | 8 |
| 6695832639 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, culturally and economically. From about 1870 - 1914, after Europe's industrialization project was complete, it dominated most of the rest of the world in this way, often with forms of indirect rule such as protectorates or, as in China, Sphere's of Influence. After 1945 when the world had witnessed Germany and Japan ignite global war by invading their militarily weaker neighbors, this kind of control of one country by another was discredited and many of the former global powers began abandoning the project of dominating foreign lands. The French leaving Algeria in 1962 and India's independence from Great Britain in 1947 are examples.. | | 9 |
| 6695832640 | Industrial Revolution | A period during the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, making it cheaper to manufacture goods in factories than at home. The invention of the steam engine facilitated this revolution, which transformed the way human societies were organized as factory owners replaced land owners as the most wealthy and powerful elites, and as urban workers began to replace rural peasants and the most prominent popular group. | | 10 |
| 6695832641 | Laissez-Faire | Hands off. No government intervention in business. French for "let them do". The firsts economists known as "classical economist" used this term to express their view that governments should not regulate or interfere in the economy. Specifically, they did not want regulations such as price controls or minimum wage laws, and they didn't want tariffs placed on their goods as these manufactured goods were traded around the world. | | 11 |
| 6695832642 | Labor Union | An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members. Sometimes called trade unions. | | 12 |
| 6695832643 | Marxism | The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded. | | 13 |
| 6695832644 | Nationalism | The definition of "nation" has changed over time. The French Revolution had used it to mean "the sovereign people" as opposed to the sovereign king or the nobility, and they developed an argument that a Nation based on the equality of its members, was more just and more powerful. Therefore a National state, army, and legal system trumped the old regime where nobles controlled regions and pledged loyalty to the crown. This, therefore was a movement by liberals who wanted to end the old order and base the nation on constitutions and the equality of citizens with basic rights. It motivated the ending of the fragmented German territories into one Nation. It generated a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. Conservatives of the 19th century were against it because it would end feudal privileges and national political institutions threatened to erode the local power of aristocratic elites. A.K.A. National identities. | | 14 |
| 6695832645 | Social Darwinism | Although rejected by biologists, this theory from the 1870s is often associated with Herbert Spencer and is said to have justified the competition of laissez-faire capitalism, the new racial superiority ideas, and imperialist policies. It essentially states that the best people are the most wealthy and they should have offspring while the poor and undesirable people of earth should not have offspring. It inspired laws against racial mixing, Eugenics, and forced sterilization of those deemed genetically inferior in many countries including the U.S. | | 15 |
| 6695832646 | Socialism | A range of economic and social systems characterized by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production, as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective or cooperative ownership, or to citizen ownership of equity. There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them, though social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms. It typically means that some of the most economically productive industries are run by the government. | | 16 |
| 6695832647 | American Revolution | Following Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years War (1754 - 1763)--which ensured that Britain would dominate global trade--the British Parliament attempted to raise money to pay war debts by levying new taxes on the North American colonies. In response, the colonists argued that they should govern their own affairs. They quoted Enlightenment writers, using ideas like popular sovereignty, to argue that it's governments' role to secure rights such as liberty and equality, and that governments derive their authority from the "consent of the governed." The colonists fought a war for Independence in which they received support from Britain's rivals, especially France. Rather than risk the possibility that France might establish a close alliance with North America, the British surrendered and concluded the Peace of Paris in 1783, recognizing American Independence. American society broadened the implications of the Enlightenment values of freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty. | | 17 |
| 6695832648 | Latin American Revolutions | Thought they were governed by peninsulares (colonial officials from Spain or Portugal), the Latin American colonies all had a wealthy elite of Euro-American Creoles (people born in the Americans of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry). In 1800 there were 30,000 peninsulares, 3.5 million creoles, and about 10 million in the popular classes of indigenous and black slaves and mixed race mulattoes and mestizos. The elite creoles sought to displace the peninsulares but retain their privileged position in society. Thus, from 1810-1826 there was a series of uprisings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes. For example, in Mexico Migual de Hidalgo rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule, calling for a new government, redistribution of wealth, equality for peasants, and the return of land to indigenous peoples. but, he was captured and executed by creoles elites. | | 18 |
| 6695832649 | Berlin Conference (1884) | European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to divide Africa amongst one another, as if it was completely uninhabited; led by Otto Von Bismarck, signalling Germany's interest in overseas colonies and imperialism. No Africans present. | | 19 |
| 6695832650 | Boer Wars (Africa 1899-1902) | War between the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of South Africa called Afrikaners or Boers (who had arrived in the early 1800s) and the British who had begun to settle in the resource-rich area during the age of imperialism. In the 1880s, after gold was discovered in an area settled by Boer farmers, the British diamond imperialist, Cecil Rhodes, tried to start a war in order to add the Boer's diamond mines to his territory. In 1899 a series of disputes resulted in war. The brutal guerrilla war dragged on for three years, both sides committing atrocities. The British instituted "concentration camps"--the first use of the term--where Afrikaner civilians were rounded up and forced to live in appalling conditions. 20,000 died due to disease. In the end the Afrikaners lost and turned their old republics over to a new British "Union of South Africa." Afterwards, both groups created an uneasy alliance that preserved their high standard of living by relying on cheap African labor and eventually, a system of racial segregation known as apartheid. | | 20 |
| 6695832651 | Boxer Rebellions | First the Self-Strengthening movement that tried to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology failed to introduce enough industry to bring real military strength to China. China was then carved into sphere's of Influence by the European Powers. Then the Hundred Days Reforms of 1898 that sought to transform China into a constitutional monarchy, guarantee civil liberties, and westernize education was stopped by Empress Dowager Cixi who executed the leading reformers because they had offended the traditional Confucian Scholar-Gentry class of landed elites. Lastly, Empress Dowager Cixi thew her support behind this anti-foreign uprising. It was led by militia units that the British called Boxers. In 1899 they went on a rampage in Northern China killing foreigners and Chinese with ties to foreigners. 140,000 Boxers attacked foreign embassies in Beijing in 1900. The Europeans quickly crushed the movement after this, and many Chinese regarded the Qing Dynasty as a failure for supporting the Boxers and revolutionary uprisings gained support throughout the country. By 1912 the last emperor of the Qing dynasty abdicated his throne and the dynastic system ended. | | 21 |
| 6695832652 | British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. | | 22 |
| 6695832653 | Charles Darwin | (1809—1882): British naturalist whose theory of evolution, in particular, the principles of natural selection and adaptation, and his theory of animal man, left an indelible and enduring transformational influence upon science in general and psychology in particular | | 23 |
| 6695832655 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. | | 24 |
| 6695832656 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens | | 25 |
| 6695832657 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. | | 26 |
| 6695832658 | Intolerable Acts | passed by Parliament in 1774 in reaction to the Boston Tea Party. Passed series of measures including shutting down Boston Harbor and the Quartering Act, which allowed British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes and other buildings. This resulted in the colonists forming the First Continental Congress and drawing up a declaration of colonial rights. This was a combination of the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act. | | 27 |
| 6695832659 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | | 28 |
| 6695832660 | Maxim Guns | this was the frist automatic machine gun that gave Europeans a huge advantage in fighting African armies. | | 29 |
| 6695832661 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | | 30 |
| 6695832662 | Napoleon Bonaparte | (1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena. | | 31 |
| 6695832663 | Opium Wars | War between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges. | | 32 |
| 6695832664 | The Raj | Title of British control in India. created in order to trade, wanted cooperation from the government. slowly became entangled in government before it took over completely. | | 33 |
| 6695832665 | Reign of Terror | the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution where thousands were executed | | 34 |
| 6695832666 | Russo-Japanese War | "The first great war of the 20th century," it grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Japan Won. One of the factors that led to the Russian Revolution. | | 35 |
| 6695832667 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. | | 36 |
| 6695832668 | Sepoy Mutiny (1857) | This was a mutiny of Sepoys of the British East India Company's army on 10 May 1857 in the town of Meerut. This soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region. This eventually led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858 and led the British to reorganize the army, financial system and the administration in India. | | 37 |
| 6695832669 | Seven Year War | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | | 38 |
| 6695832670 | Sino-Japanese War | (1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate. | | 39 |
| 6695832671 | Spanish American War | War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. | | 40 |
| 6695832672 | Steam Engine (James Watts) | invented by James in mid 1700s, powered by steam and coal that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. | | 41 |
| 6695832673 | Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) revolt against the Qing dynasty in China led by Hong Xiuquan, a convert to Christianity; over 20 million Chinese died; eventually suppressed with British and French aid | | 42 |
| 6695832674 | Otto Von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire. | | 43 |
| 6695832675 | Wealth of Nations | This work criticized mercantilism by saying that it meant a combination of stifling government regulations and unfair privileges for state-approved monopolies and government favorites.
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics. | | 44 |
