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AP Biology - Ecology Flashcards

7608900166	ecology	study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment	0
7608900167	population	group of individuals of the same species living in the same area	1
7608900168	community	group of populations of different species living in the same area	2
7608900169	ecosystem	interrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment	3
7608900170	biosphere	composed of all the regions of the earth that contain living things (hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere)	4
7608900171	habitat	type of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment	5
7608900172	niche	all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism	6
7608900173	biotic	living	7
7608900174	abiotic	nonliving	8
7608900175	climate	long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind	9
7608900176	macroclimate	global, regional, or local climate example: changing angle of earth with respect to the sun, bodies of water, mountains that exert long-term effects	10
7608900177	microclimate	fine-scale variations, like sunlight and temperature under a log	11
7608900178	biome	large region of the earth whose distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area; characterized by dominant vegetation and animal life	12
7608900179	major biomes of the world	tropical rainforest, temperate grasslands, conifer forest (taiga), desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical seasonal (dry) forest, tundra, savanna, chaparral, and aquatic biomes	13
7608900180	tropical rainforest	abundant rainfall, stable temperature, high humidity most biodiversity of any biome	14
7608900181	desert	little to no rainfall, greatly varying temperatures, no humidity plants are drought-resistant and animals are typically active only at night	15
7608900182	temperate grasslands	covers huge areas in temperate and tropical regions of the world low total annual rainfall, uneven seasonal rainfall, occasional fires grazing and burrowing mammals; soil is rich in nutrients and is great for agriculture	16
7608900183	temperate deciduous forest	trees drop their leaves in winter vertical stratification of plants and animals soil is rich due to decomposition	17
7608900184	conifer forest/taiga	dominated by conifer forests fresh water lakes and ponds very cold winters, heavy snowfall largest terrestrial biome large mammals flying insects and birds in summer	18
7608900185	tundra	characterized by permafrost "frozen desert" gently rolling plains with many lakes, ponds, and bogs insects are abundant large to medium mammals	19
7608900186	savanna	grasses and some trees dominant herbivores include insects fire is a dominant abiotic factor plant growth increases during rainy season, but low otherwise	20
7608900187	chaparral	dominated by dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs coastal areas with mild rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers plants are adapted to fires	21
7608900188	aquatic biomes include...	freshwater, estuaries, marine	22
7608900189	primary way to distinguish aquatic biomes	salinity	23
7608900190	vertical stratification in aquatic biomes	photic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: very little light benthic zone: bottom of biome with sand, detritus, and inorganic matter	24
7608900191	thermocline	narrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters	25
7608900192	littoral zone	in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit shallow water near the shore that contains rooted and floating aquatic plants	26
7608900193	limnetic zone	in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit open surface waters farther from shore that are occupied by phytoplankton	27
7608900194	oligotrophic lakes	deep lakes that are nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich, and contain sparse phytoplankton	28
7608900195	eutrophic lakes	shallower, higher-nutrient content, lower oxygen content, high concentration of phytoplankton	29
7608900196	primary way to characterize moving bodies of water	current	30
7608900197	marine biome	largest and most stable biome temperature varies little because of water's high heat capacity	31
7608900198	marine biome zones	intertidal zone: land meets water, as in tide pools neritic zone: beyond intertidal zone; shallower water over continental shelves pelagic zone: vast realm of open blue water coral reef: biome created by corals, varying in shape and support the growth of other organisms	32
7608900199	population ecology	study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations	33
7608900200	population growth is described by...	biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors	34
7608900201	population size	symbolically represented by N it is the total number of individuals in the population	35
7608900202	population density	total number of individuals per area or volume occupied	36
7608900203	population dispersion	describes how individuals in a population are distributed	37
7608900204	clumped dispersion	most common pattern, like humans in cities or schools of fish	38
7608900205	uniform dispersion	like trees in an orchard, or plants with toxins	39
7608900206	random dispersion	like trees in a forest; occurs because of special attractions or repulsions	40
7608900207	age structure	describes the abundance of individuals of each age	41
7608900208	survivorship curves	describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes	42
7608900209	type I survivorship curve (K- strategist)	describe a species in which most individuals survive to middle age; after that age, mortality is high. example: humans	43
7608900210	type II survivorship curve (c- strategist)	describe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any age example: rodents, invertebrates	44
7608900211	type III survivorship curve (r-strategist)	describe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyond example: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae	45
7608900212	biotic potential	maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions	46
7608900213	factors that contribute to biotic potential	age at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity	47
7608900214	carrying capacity	maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat	48
7608900215	limiting factors	elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential	49
7608900216	types of limiting factors	density-dependent factors and density-independent factors	50
7608900217	density-dependent factors	limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases examples: parasites and disease, competition, toxic effect of waste products, predation, stress	51
7608900218	density-independent factors	occur independently of the density of a population examples: natural disasters and climate extremes	52
7608900219	r-strategist (or r-selected species)	rapid, exponential growth quickly invade a habitat, quickly reproduce, then die offspring are small, quickly maturing, and require little to no parental care	53
7608900220	k-strategist (or k-selected species)	slower, logistic growth size of mature population remains relatively constant small number of large offspring extensive parental care reproduction repeats throughout lifetime	54
7608900221	exponential growth	occurs when reproductive rate is greater than zero; forms a J-shaped curve on a graph	55
7608900222	logistic growth	occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of a population to the carrying capacity of the habitat; forms an S-shaped curve on a graph	56
7608900223	life history	describes an organism's strategy for maximum fitness	57
7608900224	reproductive success	measure of fitness - how well an organism survives and reproduces	58
7608900225	reproductive success depends on four variables	age of reproductive maturity frequency of reproduction number of offspring per reproductive event how long the organism lives	59
7608900226	community ecology	concerned with the interaction of different populations	60
7608900227	interspecific competition	competition between two different species via... - competitive exclusion principle (Gause's principle) - resource partitioning - realized niche - character displacement (niche shift)	61
7608900228	Competitive Exclusion (Gause's principle)	when two species compete for exactly the same resources, or occupy the same niche, one is likely to be more successful	62
7608900229	resource partitioning	some species coexist in spite of apparent competition for the same resources. they actually occupy slightly different niches.	63
7608900230	fundamental niche	niche that an organism occupies in the absence of competition	64
7608900231	realized niche	when competitors are present, one or both species may be able to coexist by occupying realized niches. here, any niche overlap is absent. they do not compete for the same resources.	65
7608900232	character displacement	niche shift certain characteristics may enable individuals to obtain resources in their partitions more successfully. this reduces competition and leads to a divergence of features.	66
7608900233	predation	predator totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal	67
7608900234	true predator	kills and eats other animals	68
7608900235	parasite	spends most or all of its live living on or in a host; obtains nourishment by feeding on host tissues	69
7608900236	parasitoid	insect that lays eggs on a host, usually an insect or spider, and after hatching the larvae consume the host	70
7608900237	herbivore	animal that eats plants; some act like predators and totally consume the organism whereas others may only eat a part of the plant	71
7608900238	symbiosis	two species that live together in close contact during a portion or all of their lives	72
7608900239	types of symbiotic relationships	mutualism commensalism parasitism	73
7608900240	mutualism	both species benefit	74
7608900241	commensalism	one species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed	75
7608900242	parasitism	parasite benefits while the host is harmed	76
7608900243	coevolution	evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species - evolutionary arms race	77
7608900244	secondary compounds	toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores	78
7608900245	cryptic coloration	camouflage; any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings	79
7608900246	aposematic coloration	warning coloration; conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or are otherwise to be avoided	80
7608900247	mimicry	two or more species resemble one another in appearance	81
7608900248	mullerian mimicry	several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same or similar coloration	82
7608900249	batesian mimicry	an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense	83
7608900250	ecological succession	change in the composition of species over time; one community is gradually and predictably replaced by another community	84
7608900251	climax community	final successional stage of constant species composition; persists relatively unchanged until destroyed by a catastrophic event, like fire	85
7608900252	in succession, resident species may alter...	substrate texture, soil pH, soil water potential, light, and crowding	86
7608900253	pioneer species	species that are the first to colonize a newly exposed habitat; work to break down rock into smaller rock, then into sand, and finally into soil as succession progresses	87
7608900254	primary succession	occurs where no soil was previously present; begins on rock. pioneer species and other plants break down rock into pebbles, then sand, then soil. as organisms die and decompose, it nourishes the soil allowing for more and larger organisms to grow or live in that area	88
7608900255	secondary succession	occurs as primary succession, except soil is already present	89
7608900256	food chain	linear flow chart of who eats whom example: grass >>> zebra >>> lion >>> vulture	90
7608900257	food web	expanded, more complete version of a food chain that shows all major plants in the ecosystem, various animals that eat them, and the animals that eat the animals	91
7608900258	autotrophs	obtain energy from light or inorganic material	92
7608900259	heterotrophs	consumer other organisms for organic material and/or a source of energy	93
7608900260	ecological pyramids	show relationships between trophic levels	94
7608900261	trophic level	an organism's place in a food chain or food web	95
7608900262	primary producers	autotrophs that perform photosynthesis	96
7608900263	primary consumers	herbivores, heterotrophs that eat primary producers	97
7608900264	secondary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat primary consumers	98
7608900265	tertiary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat secondary consumers	99
7608900266	quaternary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat tertiary consumers	100
7608900267	detritivores	heterotrophs that obtain their energy by consuming dead plants and animals (detritus)	101
7608900268	why will you typically not see more than five levels in a food chain, pyramid, or web?	only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next trophic level. 90% of the energy is used, stored, or lost. there's not enough energy in any ecosystem to support more than 5 levels. this is called ecological efficiency.	102
7608900269	primary productivity	amount of organic matter produced through photosynthetic activity per unit of time	103
7608900270	dominant species	most abundant species or species that contributes the greatest biomass to a community	104
7608900271	keystone species	one that has a strong influence on the health of a community or ecosystem; removal of a keystone species results in dramatic changes in the makeup of species that comprise other trophic levels	105
7608900272	invasive species	introduced species that proliferates and displaces native species because it is a better competitor or because its natural predators or pathogens are absent	106
7608900273	bottom-up model of trophic interactions	describes how changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the bottom level (plants)	107
7608900274	top-down model of trophic interactions	changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the top trophic level	108
7608900275	biodiversity	function of the number of species, niches, and trophic levels in the ecosystem and the complexity of its food web	109
7608900276	factors that influence biodiversity	climate, latitude, habitat size and diversity, and elevation	110
7608900277	biogeochemical cycles	describe the flow of essential elements from the environment to living things and back; elements are stored in reservoirs and assimilated into organisms as well as released back into the environment	111
7608900278	hydrologic cycle - reservoirs	oceans, air (water vapor), ground water, glaciers	112
7608900279	hydrologic cycle - assimilation	plants absorb water from soil, animals drink water or eat other organisms	113
7608900280	hydrologic cycle - release	plants transpire, animals and plants decompose	114
7608900281	carbon cycle - reservoirs	atmosphere, bodies of water, fossil fuels, peat, durable organic material	115
7608900282	carbon cycle - assimilation	photosynthesis, consumption	116
7608900283	carbon cycle - release	respiration, decomposition, burning	117
7608900284	nitrogen cycle - reservoirs	atmosphere, soil	118
7608900285	nitrogen cycle - assimilation	absorption, consumption, nitrogen fixation, nitrification	119
7608900286	nitrogen cycle - release	denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen, detritivorous bacteria convert organic compounds into ammonia, and animals excrete ammonia, urea, or uric acid	120
7608900287	phosphorus cycle - reservoirs	rock and ocean sediments	121
7608900288	phosphorus cycle - assimilation	plants absorb from soils, animals eat plants or other animals	122
7608900289	phosphorus cycle - release	decomposition, excretion	123
7608900290	humans damage the biosphere by...	exponential population growth habitat destruction pollution	124
7608900291	most destructive consequences of human activity include...	global climate change, deforestation, acid rain, reduction in species diversity, ozone depletion, desertification, and pollution	125
7608900292	global climate change	Burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation, raising the temperature of the earth's atmosphere and resulting in large scale climate change.	126
7608900293	acid rain	burning of fossil fuels like coal and other industrial processes release pollutants in the air, which react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which rains down on us	127
7608900294	desertification	overgrazing of grasslands that border deserts transform those grasslands into deserts; agricultural output decreases and habitats available to native species are lost	128
7608900295	deforestation	clear-cutting of forests causes erosion, flooding, and changes in weather patterns; occurs most often in the tropical rainforest, where most of our carbon fixation occurs	129

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AP Language Vocab 1-4 Flashcards

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7261862117	Blasè	nonchalantly unconcerned; uninterested because of frequent exposure or indulgence. Very sophisticated especially because of surfeit, versed in the the ways of the world	0
7261862118	Blatant	with out any attempts at concealment; conspicuously and offensively loud. Given to vehement out cry. Very obvious and offensive	1
7261862119	bourgeois	being of the property owning class and exploitive of the working class; belonging to middle class. conforming to the standards and conventions of the middle class.	2
7261862120	cynical	believing the worst of human nature and motives. Having a sneering disbelief in sincereness of others.	3
7261862121	deflect	turn from a straight course, fixed direction, or line of interest. Prevent the occurrence of prevent from happening; draw Some ones attention away from helping. Draw some ones away from something.	4
7261862122	dejection	lower someone's spirit; make down hearted	5
7261862123	empathy	understanding and entry into anothers feeling	6
7261862124	facade	the face or front of a building. A snowy misrepresentation intended to conceal something important	7
7261862125	fallacy	misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning.	8
7261862126	Incognito	without revealing ones identity	9
7261862127	incoherent	without logical, meaningful connection. physics of waves having no stable definition. Stable phase relation, unable to express yourself clearly, fluently	10
7261862128	Incorruptible	incapable of being morality corrupted	11
7261862129	malice	feeling a need to see others suffer/ the quality of threatening evil	12
7261862130	nonchalant	marked by by the uncorncern	13
7261862131	osteacize	expel from a community or group/ avoid speaking to dearly with	14
7261862132	passive aggressive	denotating a type of behavior or personality characterized by indirect resistance to the demands of others and an accident of direct confrontation	15
7261862133	qualm	uneasiness about the fitness of an action; mild state of nausea	16
7261862134	reprehensible	bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure	17
7261862135	reticent	reluctant to draw attention to yourself, cool and formal in manner. Temp disinclined to talk	18
7261862136	unscrupulous	without scruples or principles	19
7311462932	Ambiguity	unclearness by virtue of having more than one meaning/ expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its contex	20
7311462933	autonomy	immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority; political independence; personal independence	21
7311462934	aversive	tending to repeal or dissuade	22
7311462935	cognitive	relating to or involving the metal process of knowing	23
7311462936	disjunction	state of being disconnected/ act of breaking a connection	24
7311462937	elicit	call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) /deduce a principle or construe a meaning derive by reason	25
7311462938	empirical	derived from experiment and observation rather than theory/ relying on medical quackery	26
7311462939	illicit	contrary to accepted morality (especially sexual morality) or convention/ contrary to or forbidden by law	27
7311462940	implication	something that is inferred (deduced, entailed, implied)/ meaning that's not expressly stated but can be inferred/ an accusation that brings into intiment and usually incriminating connection	28
7311462941	inexplicable	incapable of being explained or accounted for	29
7311462942	inference	reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion/ making a logical judgement on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation	30
7311462943	modulate	fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of, adjust the pitch, tone, or volume of. change the key of, in music	31
7311462944	novelty	originality by virtue of being refreshingly novel/ originally by virtue of being new, surprising, a small and impressive mass- produced article	32
7311462945	paradox	(logic) a statement that contradicts itself	33
7311462946	Precocius	characterized by characteristics of exceptionally early development or maturity/ appearing or developing early	34
7311462947	Prevalent	most frequent or common	35
7311462948	Suppress	to put down by force/ authority/ comedown on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority/ control and refrain from showing (emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior)	36
7311462949	tenacious	stubbornly unyielding, sticking together, good at remembering	37
7311462950	Visceral	obtained through intuition rather than from reasoning or observation	38
7311462951	Zealous	marked by active interest and enthusiasm	39
7441526273	Ambivalence	mixed feeling or emotions	40
7441530304	Aphorism	A short pithy instructive saying	41
7441550973	Cognizant	(Something followed by 'of') having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception of.	42
7441558614	Diatribe	thunderous verbal attack	43
7441563264	Discourse	An extended communication (often intergative) dealing w/ some particular topical/ extended verbal expression in speech or writing. An address of a religious nature. (usually during church)	44
7441598633	Discombobulate	Cause to be confused emotionally, be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly	45
7441611141	Disillusioned	Freed from illusion	46
7441617390	Expedient	Appropriate to a purpose; practical/ serving to promote your interests. A means to an end, not necessarily a principled or ethnical one.	47
7441650078	Heinous	extremely wicked, deeply criminal	48
7456841064	imperative	requiring attention/ action/ mood that expresses intention to influences the listener's behavior some duty that's essential and urgent	49
7456860805	inherent	with out logical or meaningful connection? (physics of waves having no stable, definite, or stable phase relation. Unable to express clearly or fluently	50
7456877365	innocuous	Not injurious to physical or mental health. lacking intent or capacity to injure, not causing disapproval	51
7456912792	mythologize	make into a myth or construct a myth	52
7456919483	naïve	marked by showing unaffected, simplicity and lack of quale or wordily experience. Lacking info, instruction, inexperienced.	53
7456946748	paradigm	standard or typical example. Class of all items that can be substituted into the same position in a grammatical sentence/ standard or typical example	54
7456966738	pervasive	spreading or spread throughout	55
7456992569	prevail	larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance? prove superior? continue to exist	56
7457033399	Skepticism	doubt about the truth of something, disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge	57
7457048512	Vehement	marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions; inclined to react violently; fervid or characterized by great force or energy	58
7457075524	Vernacular	Everyday speech of the people (distinguished from literary language) characteristic lang of a particular group (as among thieves) Being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday lang.	59
7671260912	amiable	diffusing warmth and friendliness. Disposed to please	60
7671271717	assuage	provide physical relief, as form pain, satisfy (thirst), cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of.	61
7671296291	callous	emotionally hardened, calluses. Skin made tough and thick through wear. Make insensitive, callous, and deaden feelings or morals.	62
7671320536	derogatory	expressive of low opinion	63
7671330614	diffuse	spread out; not concentrated in one place. Transmitted from a broad light source or reflected. Cause to become widely known.	64
7671355213	disaffection	the feeling of being alienated from other people. Disloyalty to the gov or to establish authority.	65
7671375543	disparage	express a negative opinion of	66
7671388627	exemplify	be characteristic of, clarify by giving an example of.	67
7671440428	explicit	precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable leaving nothing to implication. In accordance with fact or the primary meaning of a term.	68
7671467068	hospitable	disposed to treat guest and strangers with cordiality and generosity. Favorable to life and growth, having an open mind.	69
7671702311	idyllic	suggestive of an idyll. Charmingly simple and serene. Excellent and delightful in all respects	70
7671736029	insidious	working and spreading in a hidden and usually injurious way. Intended to entrap being hurtful, harmful	71
7671771366	ostensible	appearing as such but not necessarily so, represented or appearing as such. pertinence	72
7671797163	poignant	keenly distressing to the mind or feelings. Arousing affect	73
7671818611	precipitate	bring about abruptly. Fall vertically, sharply or headlong. Done with very great haste or without due deliberation. Fall from clouds.	74
7672250978	presumption	an assumption that's taken for granted. (law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or jurally noticed. Audacious or arrogant behavior that you have no right to.	75
7672294899	provoke	provide needed stimulus for. (emotions) feelings, responses. Annoy continually or chronically.	76
7672344601	subtlety	ability of being difficult to detect or analyze a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude.	77
7672371670	unorthodox	breaking with convention or tradition, independent in behavior or thought.	78
7672385991	viable	capable of life or normal growth and development. Capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are.	79

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AP Language Vocab 5- Roots Flashcards

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9166476896	ac(d)	to, toward	0
9166476897	clam	to cry out	1
9166476899	de	to remove	2
9166479375	circum	around	3
9166479376	loqu	speech	4
9166479377	col	with	5
9166482869	loqu (2)	to speak	6
9166482870	pro	favor	7
9166484719	verb	word	8
9166484720	incend(ere)	fire	9
9166486650	incense	fire (2)	10
9166486651	con	with (2)	11
9166488552	flu	to flow	12
9166488553	flux	to flow (2)	13
9166490621	Elysium	classical mythology, the elysian fields, was the home of the blessed after death, the final resting place of the souls of the heroic and pire	14
9166498673	Epicurean	Greek philosopher, Epicurus, preached sensual enjoyment and luxury	15
9166504417	Erotic	mid 17th century, from french érotique, from Greek erōtikos, from erōs, erōt- 'sexual love;	16
9166509657	Gorgon	greek myth, each of three sisters, stheno, euryale, and medusa, with snakes for hair who had the power to turn anyone who looked at them into stone	17
9166516195	Harpy	greek & Roman myth, a rapacious monster described as having a woman's head and body, and a bird's wings and claws, or depicted as a bird of prey with a woman's face.	18
9166524462	Hector	Greek Myth, son of priam, husband of andromache, and trojan champion slain by achilles, he was a bully	19

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Unit #1 Vocabulary (AP Language and Composition) Flashcards

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8142558618	acquisitive	(adj.) able to get and retain ideas or information; concerned with acquiring wealth or property SYNONYMS: greedy, grasping, avaricious, retentive ANTOMYMS: altruistic, unrententive	0
8142558619	arrogate	(v.) to claim or take without right SYNONYMS: expropriate, usurp, seize, commandeer ANTONYMS: relinquish, renounce, abdicate, abandon	1
8142558620	belabor	(v.) to work on excessively; to thrash soundly SYNONYMS: overwork, blow out of proportion ANTONYMS:	2
8142558621	carping	(adj.) tending to find fault, especially in a petty, nasty, or hairsplitting way; (n.) petty, nagging criticism SYNONYMS: (adj.) nit-picking, complaining, whining ANTONYMS: (adj.) approving, uncritical	3
8142558622	coherent	(adj.) holding or sticking together; making a logical whole; comprehensible, meaningful SYNONYMS: connected, unified, consistent, cohesive, reasonable, logical ANTONYMS: muddled, chaotic, disjointed	4
8142558623	congeal	(v.) to change from liquid to solid, thicken; to make inflexible or rigid SYNONYMS: harden, jell, coagulate, solidify ANTONYMS: melt, liquidfy	5
8142558624	emulate	(v.) to imitate with the intent of equaling or surpassing the model SYNONYMS: copy, mimic, rival, match, measure up to ANTONYMS:	6
8142558625	encomium	(n.) a formal expression of praise, a lavish tribute SYNONYMS: eulogy, commendation, accolade, tribute, testimonial ANTONYMS:	7
8142558626	eschew	(v.) to avoid, shun, keep away from SYNONYMS: forgo, steer clear of, abstain from ANTONYMS: embrace, adopt	8
8142558627	germane	(adj.) relevant, appropriate, apropos, fitting SYNONYMS: pertinent, apt, suitable, applicable ANTONYMS: irrelevent, extraneous, inappropriate	9
8142558628	insatiable	(adj.) so great or demanding as not to be satisfied SYNONYMS: voracious, ravenous, unquenchable ANTONYMS:	10
8142558629	intransigent	(adj.) refusing to compromise, irreconcilable SYNONYMS: uncompromising, unyielding, obstinate, stubborn ANTONYMS: lukewarm, halfhearted, yielding	11
8142558630	invidious	(adj.) offensive, hateful; tending to cause bitterness and resentment SYNONYMS: unfair, discriminatory, spiteful, malicious, prejudicial, pejorative ANTONYMS: complimentary, flattering	12
8142558631	largesse	(n.) generosity in giving; lavish or bountiful contributions SYNONYMS: bounty, kindness, generosity, charity ANTONYMS: stinginess, miserliness	13
8142558632	reconnaissance	(n.) a survey made for military purposes; any kind of preliminary inspection or examination SYNONYMS: scouting expedition, survey, exploration, inspection, observation ANTONYMS:	14
8142558633	substantiate	(v.) to establish by evidence, prove; to give concrete or substantial form to SYNONYMS: verify, confirm, validate, authenticate ANTONYMS: refute, disprove, invalidate	15
8142558634	taciturn	(adj.) habitually silent or quiet, inclined to talk very little SYNONYMS: tight-lipped, uncommunicative, untalkative, quiet, secretive, laconic ANTONYMS: garrulous, loquacious, prolix, verbose	16
8142558635	temporize	(v.) to stall or act evasively in order to gain time, avoid a confrontation, or postpone a decision; to compromise SYNONYMS: hedge, dillydally, procrastinate, delay ANTONYMS:	17
8142558636	tenable	(adj.) capable of being held or defended SYNONYMS: justifiable, defensible, supportable, arguable, maintainable ANTONYMS: indefensible, unjustifiable	18
8142558637	banal	(adj.) hackneyed, trite, commonplace SYNONYMS: stale, insipid ANTONYMS: fresh, novel, original, new	19

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AP Language and Composition SAT Vocabulary List #2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9308747994	reprove	(v) to scold; to find fault with	0
9308749574	pessimism	(n) gloominess; a belief that the bad guys always win	1
9308750030	cursory	(adj) hasty, not thorough	2
9308751985	profligate	(adj) extremely wasteful; wildly extravagant	3
9308752520	miser	(n) someone who hoards money	4
9308782289	jocular	(adj) joking	5
9308783400	fracas	(n) uproar; brawl	6
9308784371	caricature	(n) a satiric portrait or representation	7
9308785256	corroborate	(v) to confirm	8
9308785890	precarious	(adj) dangerously unstable	9
9308786969	expository	(adj) explanatory	10
9308791879	bolster	(v) to support ; to prop up	11
9308792355	daunt	(v) to intimidate; to discourage	12
9308792832	inclined	(v) tending toward one direction	13
9308793463	uniform	(adj) constant; without variety	14
9308794085	perceptive	(adj) having keen understanding; discerning	15
9308794086	superficial	(adj) shallow; on the surface only; concerned with only whats apparent and obvious	16
9308803818	lucid	(adj) clear; easy to understand (elucidate)	17
9308806003	immune	(adj) safe from harm; protected	18
9308806415	aesthetic	(adj) concerned with art or beauty (not the same as ascetic)	19

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AP Language: Composition Syntax Flashcards

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6081424110	Compound	Contains TWO independent clauses	0
6081451731	Complex	Contains ONE independent clause and one or more dependent clauses	1
6081460946	Compound-Complex	Contains TWO or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses	2
6081467326	Adjective Phrase	A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by stating what kind or which one	3
6081476693	Prepositional Phrase	A group of words that includes a preposition to indicate relations of time, place, responsibility, and motivation; a noun/pronoun follows the preposition	4
6081494127	Adverb Phrase	A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb by pointing out where, when, in what way, or to what extent	5
6081553528	Participial Phrase	A modifier containing a present or past participle	6
6081559783	Absolute Phrase	A modifier containing a noun or pronoun and a present or past participle	7
6081505434	Infinitive Phrase	A form of a verb following the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb; a verb follows the preposition to	8
6081516970	Appositive Phrase	A modifying noun or pronoun placed next to a noun or pronoun, off-set by commas, to provide additional information	9
6081723040	Gerund Phrase	A form or a verb- with its modifiers and complements- that acts as a noun	10
6081759132	Chiasmus	The repetition and arrangement of two key terms in a sentence using the ABBA pattern	11
6081774913	Asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses	12
6081780751	Zeguma	Includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving grammatically correct linkage of two or more parts of speech by another part of speech	13
6081802692	Scesis Onomaton	Emphasizes an idea by expressing it in a string of generally synonymous phrases or statements	14
6081860204	Syllepsis	A kind of ellipsis in which one word is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which modifies or governs	15
6081886020	Polysyndeton	Opposite of asyndeton, the deliberate use of many conjunctions for emphasis, a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up	16
6081902606	Anadiplosis	Repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next. Can be generated in series for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progression	17
6081918778	Epizeuxis	Repetition of one word for emphasis	18
6081921606	Anaphora	Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or lines	19
6081984759	Epistrophe	Ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences, with the same word or words	20
6081991479	Antanaclasis	A play on words in which a key word is repeated in a different, often contrary sense	21
6081998548	Polyptoton	A rhetorical term for repetition of words derived from the same root but with different endings	22

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AP Lang Flashcards

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7389769750	Anticlimax	A break in climatic order of events, making the climax less intense.	0
7389783318	Conflict	A struggle that grows out of interplay of 2 opposing forces in plot.	1
7389788604	Deus ex machina	"God from the machine" The resolution of the plot from some implausible chance or coincidence.	2
7389797083	Flashback	Reference back to a previous moment	3
7389800448	Plot	Structure of events in story	4
7389807617	Exposition	Process of telling a reader the information he or she needs before the novel begins.	5
7389820582	Rising Action	Sets the stage for the climax	6
7389823008	Climax	High point of novel.	7
7389825611	Denouement	Final resolution of plot	8
7389853261	Falling action	Events after climax that lead to conclusion	9
7389871789	Stream of Consciousness	lengthy passage where a character examines her own thoughts or feelings	10
7389905919	Subplot	Minor complication running throughout story.	11
7389911772	Objective Point of View	No emotion from the author or character's thoughts.	12
7389922676	First Person point of view	Main character tells the story	13
7390062314	Limited Point of View	You learn things as the character learns them	14
7390078617	Omniscient Point of View	The author tells the story, using third person, knowing all and free to tell us everything	15
7390084834	Antagonist	Force in the story in conflict with protagonist	16
7390094755	Characterization	Construction of a fictional character	17
7390116744	Developing Character	Dynamic Character	18
7390122621	Flat Character	Character that doesn't change	19
7390125651	Foil Character	A minor character whose situation parallel those of the main character.	20
7390133105	Round Character	Character with complex personalities	21
7390140713	Static Character	Character who remains same from beginning to end.	22
7390145801	Stock Character	A stereotypical character	23
7390156078	Abstract Noun	Name of something intangible (love, existence, equality)	24
7390160285	Concrete Noun	Name of something tangible (cat, car)	25
7390168756	Antecedent	Word referred to by pronoun	26
7390177299	Pronoun	Word used as a substitute for a noun	27
7390186765	Active Voices	Subject does action. The TEACHER -threw- the book	28
7390206090	Passive Voice	The subject is being acted upon. The BOOK was thrown by the teacher.	29
7390357694	Preposition	Word that relates to a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence.	30
7390376408	Coordinating Conjunction	For, and,nor,but,or,yet,so.	31
7390398974	Subordinating Conjunction	Joins dependent clauses with independent clauses. Although it was raining, I still played in the street.	32

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Consciousness AP Psychology Myers Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9460284634	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	0
9460284635	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.	1
9460284636	REM (rapid eye movement) sleep	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	2
9460284637	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.	3
9460284638	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)	4
9460284639	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.	5
9460284640	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	6
9460284641	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.	7
9460284642	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	8
9460284643	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	9
9460284644	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	10
9460284645	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	11
9460284646	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	12
9460284647	manifest content	according to Freud, the story of the dream.	13
9460284648	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).	14
9460284649	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	15
9460284650	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	16
9460284651	posthypnotic suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	17
9460284652	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	18
9460284653	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.	19
9460284654	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.	20
9460284655	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.	21
9460284656	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	22
9460284657	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.	23
9460284658	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.	24
9460284659	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	25
9460284660	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.	26
9460284661	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	27
9460284662	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	28
9460284663	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	29
9460284664	methamphetamines	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.	30
9460284665	Ecstacy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	31
9460284666	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	32
9460284667	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).	33
9460284668	near-death experiences	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.	34
9460284669	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.	35
9460284670	Suprachiasmatic nucleus	(SCN) A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms	36
9460284671	Substance Use Disorder	Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.	37

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AP Psychology Important People Flashcards

Important people in AP PSychology

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9012880829	Sigmund Freud	1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference	0
9012880830	Anna Freud	1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis, fully developed defense mechanisms, emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle	1
9012880831	Carl Jung	1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation	2
9012880832	Erik Erikson	1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"	3
9012880833	Lawrence Köhlberg	1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior	4
9012880834	Carol Gilligan	1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles	5
9012880835	William James	1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth	6
9012880836	William Wundt	1832-1920; Field: structuralism, voluntarism; Contributions: introspection, basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig	7
9012880837	BF Skinner	1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box	8
9012880838	John B Watson	1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning, emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert	9
9012880839	Jean Piaget	1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)	10
9012880840	Harry Harlow	1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)	11
9012880841	Carl Rogers	1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person	12
9012880842	Abraham Maslow	1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence	13
9012880843	Karen Horney	1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends	14
9012880844	Alfred Adler	1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order	15
9012880845	Gordon Allport	1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary	16
9012880846	Hermann Rorschach	1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary	17
9012880847	Solomon Asch	1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures	18
9012880848	Stanley Schachter	1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it	19
9012880849	Stanley Milgram	1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study	20
9012880850	Philip Zimbardo	1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior	21
9012880851	Elizabeth Kübler-Ross	1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)	22
9012880852	Elizabeth Loftus	1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction, Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus' sex abuse)	23
9012880853	Robert Sternberg	1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)	24
9012880854	Albert Bandura	1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play	25
9012880855	Raymond Cattell	1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test)	26
9012880856	Aaron Beck	1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories	27
9012880857	Noam Chomsky	1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	28
9012880858	Edward Thorndike	1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats	29
9012880859	HJ Eysenck	1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion	30
9012880860	Mary Ainsworth	1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment	31
9012880861	Kenneth Clark	1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls	32
9012880862	Lev Vygotsky	1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research	33
9012880863	Martin Seligman	1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology, learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness	34
9012880864	Howard Gardner	1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)	35
9012880865	Kurt Lewin	1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities	36
9012880866	Ivan Pavlov	1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation	37
9012880867	Hermann Ebbinghaus	1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words	38
9012880868	Benjamin Whorf	1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think	39
9012880869	Robert Rosenthal	1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students	40
9012880870	Judith Langlois	dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing, effects of appearance on behavior, origin of social stereotypes, sex/love/intimacy, facial expression	41
9012880871	David Rosenhan	dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis	42
9012880872	Daniel Goleman	1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence	43
9012880873	Charles Spearman	1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)	44
9012880874	Albert Ellis	1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions	45
9012880875	Harry Stack Sullivan	1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits	46
9012880876	Robert Yerkes	187601956; Field: intelligence, comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps, Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance	47
9012880877	Alfred Binet	1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)	48
9012880878	Little Albert	ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear	49
9012880879	Karl Wernicke	1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense	50
9012880880	Ernst Weber	1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND	51
9012880881	Gustav Fechner	1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold	52
9012880882	Mary Cover-Jones	1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned	53
9012880883	Robert Zajonc	1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings	54
9012880884	Henry Murray	1893-1988; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances	55
9012880885	Paul Ekman	1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal	56
9012880886	Clark Hull	1884-1952; Field: motivation; Contributions: maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, mechanism through which reinforcement operates	57
9012880887	David McClelland	1917-1998; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT), developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not the TAT	58
9012880888	Francis Galton	1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins, Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution, & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability	59
9012880889	Charles Darwin	1809-1882; Field: geology, biology; Contributions: transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle	60
9012880890	Lewis Terman	1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children	61
9012880891	Phineas Gage	1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning	62
9012880892	William Sheldon	1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny)	63
9012880893	David Weschler	1896-1981; Field: testing; Contributions: established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS)	64
9012880894	Walter B. Cannon	1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs	65

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AP Psychology Important People Flashcards

Important people in AP PSychology

Terms : Hide Images

9018056563	Sigmund Freud	1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference	0
9018056564	Anna Freud	1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis, fully developed defense mechanisms, emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle	1
9018056565	Carl Jung	1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation	2
9018056566	Erik Erikson	1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"	3
9018056567	Lawrence Köhlberg	1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior	4
9018056568	Carol Gilligan	1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles	5
9018056569	William James	1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth	6
9018056570	William Wundt	1832-1920; Field: structuralism, voluntarism; Contributions: introspection, basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig	7
9018056571	BF Skinner	1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box	8
9018056572	John B Watson	1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning, emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert	9
9018056573	Jean Piaget	1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)	10
9018056574	Harry Harlow	1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)	11
9018056575	Carl Rogers	1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person	12
9018056576	Abraham Maslow	1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence	13
9018056577	Karen Horney	1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends	14
9018056578	Alfred Adler	1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order	15
9018056579	Gordon Allport	1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary	16
9018056580	Hermann Rorschach	1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary	17
9018056581	Solomon Asch	1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures	18
9018056582	Stanley Schachter	1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it	19
9018056583	Stanley Milgram	1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study	20
9018056584	Philip Zimbardo	1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior	21
9018056585	Elizabeth Kübler-Ross	1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)	22
9018056586	Elizabeth Loftus	1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction, Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus' sex abuse)	23
9018056587	Robert Sternberg	1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)	24
9018056588	Albert Bandura	1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play	25
9018056589	Raymond Cattell	1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test)	26
9018056590	Aaron Beck	1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories	27
9018056591	Noam Chomsky	1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	28
9018056592	Edward Thorndike	1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats	29
9018056593	HJ Eysenck	1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion	30
9018056594	Mary Ainsworth	1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment	31
9018056595	Kenneth Clark	1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls	32
9018056596	Lev Vygotsky	1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research	33
9018056597	Martin Seligman	1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology, learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness	34
9018056598	Howard Gardner	1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)	35
9018056599	Kurt Lewin	1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities	36
9018056600	Ivan Pavlov	1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation	37
9018056601	Hermann Ebbinghaus	1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words	38
9018056602	Benjamin Whorf	1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think	39
9018056603	Robert Rosenthal	1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students	40
9018056604	Judith Langlois	dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing, effects of appearance on behavior, origin of social stereotypes, sex/love/intimacy, facial expression	41
9018056605	David Rosenhan	dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis	42
9018056606	Daniel Goleman	1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence	43
9018056607	Charles Spearman	1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)	44
9018056608	Albert Ellis	1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions	45
9018056609	Harry Stack Sullivan	1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits	46
9018056610	Robert Yerkes	187601956; Field: intelligence, comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps, Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance	47
9018056611	Alfred Binet	1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)	48
9018056612	Little Albert	ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear	49
9018056613	Karl Wernicke	1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense	50
9018056614	Ernst Weber	1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND	51
9018056615	Gustav Fechner	1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold	52
9018056616	Mary Cover-Jones	1896-1987; Field: learning; Contributions: systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned	53
9018056617	Robert Zajonc	1923-present; Field: motivation; Contributions: believes that we invent explanations to label feelings	54
9018056618	Henry Murray	1893-1988; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances	55
9018056619	Paul Ekman	1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal	56
9018056620	Clark Hull	1884-1952; Field: motivation; Contributions: maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, mechanism through which reinforcement operates	57
9018056621	David McClelland	1917-1998; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT), developed scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not the TAT	58
9018056622	Francis Galton	1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins, Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution, & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability	59
9018056623	Charles Darwin	1809-1882; Field: geology, biology; Contributions: transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle	60
9018056624	Lewis Terman	1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children	61
9018056625	Phineas Gage	1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning	62
9018056626	William Sheldon	1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny)	63
9018056627	David Weschler	1896-1981; Field: testing; Contributions: established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS)	64
9018056628	Walter B. Cannon	1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs	65

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