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AP Biology - Ecology Review Flashcards

5152869669	ecology	study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment	0
5152869670	population	group of individuals of the same species living in the same area	1
5152869671	community	group of populations of different species living in the same area	2
5152869672	ecosystem	interrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment	3
5152869673	biosphere	composed of all the regions of the earth that contain living things (hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere)	4
5152869674	habitat	type of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment	5
5152869675	niche	all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism	6
5152869676	biotic	living	7
5152869677	abiotic	nonliving	8
5152869678	climate	long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind	9
5152869679	macroclimate	global, regional, or local climate example: changing angle of earth with respect to the sun, bodies of water, mountains that exert long-term effects	10
5152869680	microclimate	fine-scale variations, like sunlight and temperature under a log	11
5152869681	biome	large region of the earth whose distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area; characterized by dominant vegetation and animal life	12
5152869682	major biomes of the world	tropical rainforest, temperate grasslands, conifer forest (taiga), desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical seasonal (dry) forest, tundra, savanna, chaparral, and aquatic biomes	13
5152869683	tropical rainforest	abundant rainfall, stable temperature, high humidity most biodiversity of any biome	14
5152869684	desert	little to no rainfall, greatly varying temperatures, no humidity plants are drought-resistant and animals are typically active only at night	15
5152869685	temperate grasslands	covers huge areas in temperate and tropical regions of the world low total annual rainfall, uneven seasonal rainfall, occasional fires grazing and burrowing mammals; soil is rich in nutrients and is great for agriculture	16
5152869686	temperate deciduous forest	trees drop their leaves in winter vertical stratification of plants and animals soil is rich due to decomposition	17
5152869687	conifer forest/taiga	dominated by conifer forests fresh water lakes and ponds very cold winters, heavy snowfall largest terrestrial biome large mammals flying insects and birds in summer	18
5152869688	tundra	characterized by permafrost "frozen desert" gently rolling plains with many lakes, ponds, and bogs insects are abundant large to medium mammals	19
5152869689	savanna	grasses and some trees dominant herbivores include insects fire is a dominant abiotic factor plant growth increases during rainy season, but low otherwise	20
5152869690	chaparral	dominated by dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs coastal areas with mild rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers plants are adapted to fires	21
5152869691	aquatic biomes include...	freshwater, estuaries, marine	22
5152869692	primary way to distinguish aquatic biomes	salinity	23
5152869693	vertical stratification in aquatic biomes	photic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: very little light benthic zone: bottom of biome with sand, detritus, and inorganic matter	24
5152869694	thermocline	narrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters	25
5152869695	littoral zone	in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit shallow water near the shore that contains rooted and floating aquatic plants	26
5152869696	limnetic zone	in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit open surface waters farther from shore that are occupied by phytoplankton	27
5152869697	oligotrophic lakes	deep lakes that are nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich, and contain sparse phytoplankton	28
5152869698	eutrophic lakes	shallower, higher-nutrient content, lower oxygen content, high concentration of phytoplankton	29
5152869699	primary way to characterize moving bodies of water	current	30
5152869700	marine biome	largest and most stable biome temperature varies little because of water's high heat capacity	31
5152869701	marine biome zones	intertidal zone: land meets water, as in tide pools neritic zone: beyond intertidal zone; shallower water over continental shelves pelagic zone: vast realm of open blue water coral reef: biome created by corals, varying in shape and support the growth of other organisms	32
5152869702	population ecology	study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations	33
5152869703	population growth is described by...	biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors	34
5152869704	population size	symbolically represented by N it is the total number of individuals in the population	35
5152869705	population density	total number of individuals per area or volume occupied	36
5152869706	population dispersion	describes how individuals in a population are distributed	37
5152869707	clumped dispersion	most common pattern, like humans in cities or schools of fish	38
5152869708	uniform dispersion	like trees in an orchard, or plants with toxins	39
5152869709	random dispersion	like trees in a forest; occurs because of special attractions or repulsions	40
5152869710	age structure	describes the abundance of individuals of each age	41
5152869711	survivorship curves	describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes	42
5152869712	type I survivorship curve	describe a species in which most individuals survive to middle age; after that age, mortality is high. example: humans	43
5152869713	type II survivorship curve	describe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any age example: rodents, invertebrates	44
5152869714	type III survivorship curve	describe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyond example: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae	45
5152869715	biotic potential	maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions	46
5152869716	factors that contribute to biotic potential	age at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity	47
5152869717	carrying capacity	maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat	48
5152869718	limiting factors	elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential	49
5152869719	types of limiting factors	density-dependent factors and density-independent factors	50
5152869720	density-dependent factors	limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases examples: parasites and disease, competition, toxic effect of waste products, predation, stress	51
5152869721	density-independent factors	occur independently of the density of a population examples: natural disasters and climate extremes	52
5152869722	r-strategist (or r-selected species)	rapid, exponential growth quickly invade a habitat, quickly reproduce, then die offspring are small, quickly maturing, and require little to no parental care	53
5152869723	k-strategist (or k-selected species)	slower, logistic growth size of mature population remains relatively constant small number of large offspring extensive parental care reproduction repeats throughout lifetime	54
5152869724	exponential growth	occurs when reproductive rate is greater than zero; forms a J-shaped curve on a graph	55
5152869725	logistic growth	occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of a population to the carrying capacity of the habitat; forms an S-shaped curve on a graph	56
5152869726	life history	describes an organism's strategy for maximum fitness	57
5152869727	reproductive success	measure of fitness - how well an organism survives and reproduces	58
5152869728	reproductive success depends on four variables	age of reproductive maturity frequency of reproduction number of offspring per reproductive event how long the organism lives	59
5152869729	community ecology	concerned with the interaction of different populations	60
5152869730	interspecific competition	competition between two different species via... - competitive exclusion principle (Gause's principle) - resource partitioning - realized niche - character displacement (niche shift)	61
5152869731	Competitive Exclusion (Gause's principle)	when two species compete for exactly the same resources, or occupy the same niche, one is likely to be more successful	62
5152869732	resource partitioning	some species coexist in spite of apparent competition for the same resources. they actually occupy slightly different niches.	63
5152869733	fundamental niche	niche that an organism occupies in the absence of competition	64
5152869734	realized niche	when competitors are present, one or both species may be able to coexist by occupying realized niches. here, any niche overlap is absent. they do not compete for the same resources.	65
5152869735	character displacement	niche shift certain characteristics may enable individuals to obtain resources in their partitions more successfully. this reduces competition and leads to a divergence of features.	66
5152869736	predation	predator totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal	67
5152869737	true predator	kills and eats other animals	68
5152869738	parasite	spends most or all of its live living on or in a host; obtains nourishment by feeding on host tissues	69
5152869739	parasitoid	insect that lays eggs on a host, usually an insect or spider, and after hatching the larvae consume the host	70
5152869740	herbivore	animal that eats plants; some act like predators and totally consume the organism whereas others may only eat a part of the plant	71
5152869741	symbiosis	two species that live together in close contact during a portion or all of their lives	72
5152869742	types of symbiotic relationships	mutualism commensalism parasitism	73
5152869743	mutualism	both species benefit	74
5152869744	commensalism	one species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed	75
5152869745	parasitism	parasite benefits while the host is harmed	76
5152869746	coevolution	evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species - evolutionary arms race	77
5152869747	secondary compounds	toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores	78
5152869748	cryptic coloration	camouflage; any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings	79
5152869749	aposematic coloration	warning coloration; conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or are otherwise to be avoided	80
5152869750	mimicry	two or more species resemble one another in appearance	81
5152869751	mullerian mimicry	several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same or similar coloration	82
5152869752	batesian mimicry	an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense	83
5152869753	ecological succession	change in the composition of species over time; one community is gradually and predictably replaced by another community	84
5152869754	climax community	final successional stage of constant species composition; persists relatively unchanged until destroyed by a catastrophic event, like fire	85
5152869755	in succession, resident species may alter...	substrate texture, soil pH, soil water potential, light, and crowding	86
5152869756	pioneer species	species that are the first to colonize a newly exposed habitat; work to break down rock into smaller rock, then into sand, and finally into soil as succession progresses	87
5152869757	primary succession	occurs where no soil was previously present; begins on rock. pioneer species and other plants break down rock into pebbles, then sand, then soil. as organisms die and decompose, it nourishes the soil allowing for more and larger organisms to grow or live in that area	88
5152869758	secondary succession	occurs as primary succession, except soil is already present	89
5152869759	food chain	linear flow chart of who eats whom example: grass >>> zebra >>> lion >>> vulture	90
5152869760	food web	expanded, more complete version of a food chain that shows all major plants in the ecosystem, various animals that eat them, and the animals that eat the animals	91
5152869761	autotrophs	obtain energy from light or inorganic material	92
5152869762	heterotrophs	consumer other organisms for organic material and/or a source of energy	93
5152869763	ecological pyramids	show relationships between trophic levels	94
5152869764	trophic level	an organism's place in a food chain or food web	95
5152869765	primary producers	autotrophs that perform photosynthesis	96
5152869766	primary consumers	herbivores, heterotrophs that eat primary producers	97
5152869767	secondary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat primary consumers	98
5152869768	tertiary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat secondary consumers	99
5152869769	quaternary consumers	carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat tertiary consumers	100
5152869770	detritivores	heterotrophs that obtain their energy by consuming dead plants and animals (detritus)	101
5152869771	why will you typically not see more than five levels in a food chain, pyramid, or web?	only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next trophic level. 90% of the energy is used, stored, or lost. there's not enough energy in any ecosystem to support more than 5 levels. this is called ecological efficiency.	102
5152869772	primary productivity	amount of organic matter produced through photosynthetic activity per unit of time	103
5152869773	dominant species	most abundant species or species that contributes the greatest biomass to a community	104
5152869774	keystone species	one that has a strong influence on the health of a community or ecosystem; removal of a keystone species results in dramatic changes in the makeup of species that comprise other trophic levels	105
5152869775	invasive species	introduced species that proliferates and displaces native species because it is a better competitor or because its natural predators or pathogens are absent	106
5152869776	bottom-up model of trophic interactions	describes how changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the bottom level (plants)	107
5152869777	top-down model of trophic interactions	changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the top trophic level	108
5152869778	biodiversity	function of the number of species, niches, and trophic levels in the ecosystem and the complexity of its food web	109
5152869779	factors that influence biodiversity	climate, latitude, habitat size and diversity, and elevation	110
5152869780	biogeochemical cycles	describe the flow of essential elements from the environment to living things and back; elements are stored in reservoirs and assimilated into organisms as well as released back into the environment	111
5152869781	hydrologic cycle - reservoirs	oceans, air (water vapor), ground water, glaciers	112
5152869782	hydrologic cycle - assimilation	plants absorb water from soil, animals drink water or eat other organisms	113
5152869783	hydrologic cycle - release	plants transpire, animals and plants decompose	114
5152869784	carbon cycle - reservoirs	atmosphere, bodies of water, fossil fuels, peat, durable organic material	115
5152869785	carbon cycle - assimilation	photosynthesis, consumption	116
5152869786	carbon cycle - release	respiration, decomposition, burning	117
5152869787	nitrogen cycle - reservoirs	atmosphere, soil	118
5152869788	nitrogen cycle - assimilation	absorption, consumption, nitrogen fixation, nitrification	119
5152869789	nitrogen cycle - release	denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen, detritivorous bacteria convert organic compounds into ammonia, and animals excrete ammonia, urea, or uric acid	120
5152869790	phosphorus cycle - reservoirs	rock and ocean sediments	121
5152869791	phosphorus cycle - assimilation	plants absorb from soils, animals eat plants or other animals	122
5152869792	phosphorus cycle - release	decomposition, excretion	123
5152869793	humans damage the biosphere by...	exponential population growth habitat destruction pollution	124
5152869794	most destructive consequences of human activity include...	global climate change, deforestation, acid rain, reduction in species diversity, ozone depletion, desertification, and pollution	125
5152869795	global climate change	Burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation, raising the temperature of the earth's atmosphere and resulting in large scale climate change.	126
5152869796	acid rain	burning of fossil fuels like coal and other industrial processes release pollutants in the air, which react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which rains down on us	127
5152869797	desertification	overgrazing of grasslands that border deserts transform those grasslands into deserts; agricultural output decreases and habitats available to native species are lost	128
5152869798	deforestation	clear-cutting of forests causes erosion, flooding, and changes in weather patterns; occurs most often in the tropical rainforest, where most of our carbon fixation occurs	129

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AP Biology: Big Idea 2 Flashcards

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7913356654	entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness.	0
7913356655	endergonic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.	1
7913356656	exergonic reaction	Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.	2
7913356657	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.	3
7913356658	endothermic	Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.	4
7913356659	ectothermic	Animals that gain heat mostly from external sources.	5
7913356660	homeostasis	"Steady state" or "constant internal milieu".	6
7913356661	heterotroph	Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes.	7
7913356662	chemosynthesis	Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.	8
7913356663	autotroph	Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds.	9
7913356664	chlorophyll	Green pigment located within the chloroplasts.	10
7913356665	stomata	Microscopic pores in the leaf which lets carbon dioxide in and oxygen out. Also where water is lost.	11
7913356666	grana	Stack of thylakoids.	12
7913356667	stroma	Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens.	13
7913356668	thylakoid	Flattened membranes in the chloroplast where the light reactions take place.	14
7913356669	photosynthesis equation	H2O + CO2 + sun -> C6H12O6 + O2	15
7913356670	light reactions	Part of photosynthesis that involves light. ATP and NADPH are produced. Takes place on the thylakoid membrane.	16
7913356671	pigments	Molecules that absorb, reflect, or transmit light.	17
7913356672	photosystem	A cluster of pigments embedded into a thylakoid membrane (II then I).	18
7913356673	photolysis	In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.	19
7913356674	phosphorylation	Process of adding a phosphate group (i.e. what is done by ATP synthase to make ATP)	20
7913356675	carbon fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds.	21
7913356676	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	The intermediate molecule that will be eventually turned into glucose in the Calvin cycle	22
7913356677	RuBisCO	enzyme involved in the first step of carbon-fixation; must abundant enzyme on Earth	23
7913356678	Calvin cycle	Carbon fixation process in photosynthesis. Forms sugar and other organic compounds.	24
7913356679	chemiosmosis	Process by which protons are pumped into the thylakoid membrane. Protons passively flow through the ATP synthase, which leads to the synthesis of ATP.	25
7913356680	fermentation	A partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen (only glycolysis).	26
7913356681	cellular respiration	When oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.	27
7913356682	electron transport chain	Breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen in several energy-releasing steps.	28
7913356683	glycolosis	Breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.	29
7913356684	Krebs cycle	Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.	30
7913356685	oxidative phosphorylation	When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP.	31
7913356686	ATP synthase	The enzyme that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.	32
7913356687	anaerobic respiration	Occurs by fermentation	33
7913356688	alcohol fermentation	When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.	34
7913356689	lactic acid fermetation	When pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactic as am end product, with no release of carbon dioxide.	35
7913356690	polar	Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water. (Hydrophilic)	36
7913356691	nonpolar	No partial charges. Do not mix with water. (Hydrophobic)	37
7913356692	cohesion	Water molecules sticking to each other.	38
7913356693	adhesion	Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.	39
7913356694	specific heat	The heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade.	40
7913356695	heat of vaporization	The heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature.	41
7913356696	evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.	42
7913356697	plasma membrane	The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.	43
7913356698	diffusion	When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy.	44
7913356699	osmosis	The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.	45
7913356700	passive transport	Transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion. Going with a concentration gradient.	46
7913356701	active transport	When a cell gets materials or excretes them by using its own energy, usually through ATP; going against a concentration gradient.	47
7913356702	hypertonic	Describes a solution that has a greater concentration of total solute.	48
7913356703	hypotonic	Describes a solution that has a lesser concentration of total solute.	49
7913356704	isotonic	Describes solutions that have an equal concentration of total solutes.	50
7913356705	turgor pressure	The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.	51
7913356706	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	52
7913356707	selective permeability	A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	53
7913356708	amphipathic	Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.	54
7913356709	fluid mosaic model	Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.	55
7913356710	transmembrane proteins	Integral proteins that span the membrane.	56
7913356711	glycolipids	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.	57
7913356712	glycoproteins	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.	58
7913356713	transport protein	A membrane protein that is responsible for moving hydrophilic substances from one side to the other.	59
7913356714	channel protein	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.	60
7913356715	aquaporin	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.	61
7913356716	carrier protein	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.	62
7913356717	concentration gradient	A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.	63
7913356718	osmoregulation	The control of water balance.	64
7913356719	facilitated diffusion	Passive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy.	65
7913356720	membrane potential	The voltage of a plasma membrane.	66
7913356721	gated channel	A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.	67
7913356722	phagocytosis	Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.	68
7913356723	endomembrane system	A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.	69
7913356724	smooth ER	Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones, and helps detoxify drugs and toxins.	70
7913356725	rough ER	A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.	71
7913356726	Golgi apparatus	Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.	72
7913356727	lysosome	A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.	73
7913356728	cell wall	Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.	74
7913356729	negative feedback	A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.	75
7913356730	positive feedback	A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.	76
7913356731	thermoregulation	Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.	77
7913356732	kinesis	A simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimuli.	78
7913356733	taxis	Automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimuli.	79
7913356734	innate immunity	Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.	80
7913356735	acquired immunity	Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.	81
7913356736	lymphocytes	White blood cells.	82
7913356737	antibodies	Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.	83
7913356738	inflammtory response	Innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing the response, eliminating the invader and restore tissue function.	84
7913356739	histamine	Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.	85
7913356740	antigen	Any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits an immune response.	86
7913356741	B lymphocytes (B cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies.	87
7913356742	T lymphocytes (T cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses.	88
7913356743	antigen presentation	The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.	89
7913356744	memory cells	General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.	90
7913356745	primary immune response	Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure.	91
7913356746	secondary immune response	Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.	92
7913356747	humoral immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies.	93
7913356748	cell-mediated immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.	94
7913356749	helper T cells	Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.	95
7913356750	cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells"	T cells that directly attack infecting organisms; these cells attack antigen labeled foreign or host tissue.	96
7913356751	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	97
7913356752	mutualism	Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.	98
7913356753	commensalism	Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.	99
7913356754	parasitism	Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism, called the host, and consequently harms it.	100
7913356755	pathogen	An organism that causes disease.	101
7913356756	invasive species	Species introduced to new areas that often disrupt the indigenous communities.	102
7913356757	macrophage	A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in both specific and nonspecific immunity.	103
7913356758	cell differentiation	The process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.	104
7913356759	zygote	Diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid egg and a haploid sperm.	105
7913356760	apoptosis	Programmed cell death.	106
7913356761	totipotent stem cells	Stem cell that can divide and become a full organism (i.e. the zygote)	107
7913356762	pluripotent stem cells	stem cell that can become any type of cell in an organism, but cannot actually divide into the full organism itself	108
7913356763	multipotent stem cells	stem cell that can become just a few different types (organ stem cells)	109
7913356764	homeotic (hox) genes	genes that control the general body blueprint of an organism; highly conserved through evolution	110

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Campbell AP Biology--CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

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8776281979	signal transduction pathway	a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response	0
8776281980	cell junctions	allows molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells	1
8776281981	cell-cell recognition	two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces	2
8776281982	paracrine signaling	(local) a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator	3
8776281983	synaptic signaling	(local) a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	4
8776281984	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood	5
8776281985	hormones	in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning	6
8776281986	reception		7
8776281987	transduction		8
8776281988	response		9
8776281989	ligand	a signal molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one	10
8776281990	g protein-coupled receptor	a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein	11
8776281991	g protein	a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell	12
8776281992	receptor tyrosine kinases	a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the intracellular part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein	13
8776281993	ligand-gated ion channel		14
8776281994	intracellular receptor		15
8776281995	protein kinase	an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein	16
8776281996	protein phosphatases	an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase	17
8776281997	phosphorylation cascade		18
8776281998	second messengers	a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein	19
8776281999	cyclic amp	cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; also a regulator of some bacterial operons	20
8776282000	adenylyl cyclase	an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal	21
8776282001	the specificity of cell signaling		22
8776282002	apoptosis	a program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die	23

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AP Biology Quarter 1 Review Flashcards

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7879583273	explain the difference between organic and inorganic molecules	organic contain both carbon and hydrogen. inorganic contain other elements	0
7879583274	building blocks of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	monosaccharides, 3 fatty acids and a glycerol, amino acids, and a nucleotide	1
7879583275	bond created between carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids	glycosidic linkage, ester linkage, peptide bonds, and hydrogen bonds	2
7879583276	an example of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids	starch, fat, transport, and DNA	3
7879583277	explain how the chemical reactions dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are involved in the creation and destruction of macromolecules	dehydration synthesis- 2 monomers are connected by the loss of a water molecule hydrolysis- 2 monomers are disconnected by the addition of a water molecule	4
7879583279	amino acid	has an amine group on one side which is 2 hydrogens connected with a nitrogen and on the other side it has a carboxyl group which is a carbon double bonded to a oxygen and a single bonded -OH with an R side chain (varies)	5
7879583280	fatty acid	a long carbon skeleton connected to a carboxyl group at the end	6
7879583281	phosphate group	phosphate bonded with 2 oxygens (one with a double bond) and 2 -OHs	7
7879583284	chemical properties of amino acid	changes in the side chain (R) can result in a change in job specification (affects its role in a polypeptide)	8
7879583285	chemical properties of fatty acids	saturated includes only single bonds which are solid and have no kinks, whereas unsaturated contain at least one double bond which are liquid and have at least one kink	9
7879583286	chemical properties of phosphate groups	contributes to the negativity of whatever particle it is attached to, when attached to a molecule they have the potential to react with water	10
7879583287	describe the structure and chemical properties of phosopholipids	structure: polar, hydrophillic head and nonpolar, hydrophobic tails and diversity is based on the differences in the fatty acid tails chemical: hydroplillic "water loving" and hydrophobic "fear of water" together phospholipids are amphipathic	11
7879583288	structure and functional properties of saturated fatty acid tail	structure: contains only single bonds with lipid structure and a phosphate group functional: packed tightly forming a solid	12
7879583289	structure and functional properties of unsaturated fatty acid tail	structure: contains at least one double bond with lipid structure and a phosphate group functional: loosely packed forming a liquid	13
7879583290	structural differences between DNA and RNA	DNA: double helix, ATCG RNA: single helix, AUCG (smaller for transport)	14
7879583291	primary structure	-linear chain of amino acids -in a specific sequence -determined by DNA -dictates secondary and tertiary structures (R chains cause reactions with eachother) -peptide bonds	15
7879583292	secondary structure	-folds and coils of polypeptide chain repeatedly contribute to overall shape -a helix or b pleated sheets -hydrogen bonds	16
7879583293	tertiary structure	-3D shape -shaped by interactions between R side chain - bonds include Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Van der Waals-weak Disulfide bridges	17
7879583294	quaternary structure	-multiple polypeptide chain folded together forming a protein example: collagen or hemoglobin	18
7879583299	what is the function of an enzyme and what does it do to complete its function?	-a protein macromolecule that acts as a catalyst -speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier -allows the reactants to absorb enough energy to react at room temperature	19
7879583300	list factors that affect enzyme activity and for each be sure to explain how they affect the enzyme	-temperature (substrates collide more frequently under higher temperatures) -pH -optimal	20
7879583303	compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells	-prokaryotic- DNA found in nucleoid -DNA is circular with 1 chromosome -evolved before eukaryotic -simple -plasma membrane, cell wall, flaggellum, nucleoid, ribosomes, capsule, and cytosol -lack membrane-bound organelles -small -eukaryotic-DNA in nucleus (double membrane) -linear chromosomes -membrane bound organelles -larger similarities:-interior cytoplasm -plasma membrane -cell walls (plants only for eukaryotic) -chromosomes, DNA, and ribosomes -cytoskeleton	21
7879583304	tell the function of lysosome	functions:-breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components	22
7879583305	tell the structure and function of ER	structure: -folded flattened function: -(smooth) manufacture of carbs and lipids -(rough) protein synthesis	23
7879583306	tell the structure and function of golgi bodies	structure: -flattened sacs (pita bread) function: -collects, packages, and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell	24
7879583307	tell the structure and function of ribosome	structure: -small sphere function: -site of protein synthesis	25
7879583308	tell the structure and function of vacuole	structure: -sac function: -isolate materials -containers	26
7879583309	tell the structure and function of nucleus	structure: -large sphere function: -command center	27
7879583310	tell the structure and function of mitochondria	structure: -bacteria shaped function: -cellular respiration -create ATP	28
7879583311	tell the structure and function of peroxisome	structure: -sac function: -contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions like detox	29
7879583312	tell the structure and function of nucleolus	structure: -small dense sphere function: -site of ribosome synthesis	30
7879583314	list structures found in animal cells that arent found in plants cells	centrosomes, lysosomes, centrioles	31
7879583316	structure and function of the cell membrane	structure: -fluid mosaic model: fluid is the phospholipids and the mosaic pieces are proteins, carbs, cholesterols, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins function: -integral proteins: channel and carrier -peripheral proteins: structural shape to the plasma membrane -cholesterol: increases membrane fluidity during cold -oligosaccharides and carbohydrates: cell-cell recognition -glycolipids and glycoproteins: proteins with attachments for cell-cell recognition	32
7879583317	water potential	(water potential=solute potential+pressure potential) -determines the direction of water movement -affected by solute and pressure potential	33
7879583318	solute potential	(solute potential= -iCRT) -proportional to the osmolarity of a solution -can be either 0 or negative	34
7879583319	pressure potential	-physical pressure on a solution -negative sucks -positive presses	35
7879583320	hypertonic solution	-the solution with more solute -sucks liquid from comparative solution -cell loses water -salt h20	36
7879583321	hypotonic solution	-the solution with less solute -adds liquid to comparative solution -cell takes in more water -pure water	37
7879583322	isotonic	-same solute concentration -no change -saline	38
7879583323	why does water move from hypotonic to hypertonic?	-water moves towards areas of higher solute concentration	39
7879583324	exocytosis	-cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	40
7879583325	endocytosis	-liquids or are taken up by the cellthrough invagination of the plasma membrane	41
7879583326	3 types of endoctyosis	-phagocytosis: cell engulfs particle through wrapping pseudopodia around it, in a vacuole -pinocytosis: cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles -receptor-mediated: cell may acquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even though substances may not be very concentrated in extracellular fluid	42
7879583327	bulk transport	-endocytosis and exocytosis	43

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AP Biology: Chapter 14 (heredity) Flashcards

Mendel and the Gene Idea

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8525506785	trait	genetically determined variant of a characteristic	0
8525506786	P generation	parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross	1
8525506787	F1 generation	the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms	2
8525506788	F2 generation	the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation	3
8525506789	alleles	different forms of a gene	4
8525506790	dominant	observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait	5
8525506791	recessive	The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.	6
8525506792	law of segregation	first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed	7
8525506793	Punnett square	A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross	8
8525506794	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a trait	9
8525506795	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a trait	10
8525506796	genotype	the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism	11
8525506797	phenotype	physical characteristics of an organism	12
8525506798	test cross	the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype	13
8525506799	monohybrid cross	a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits	14
8525506800	dihybrid cross	a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene	15
8525506801	law of independent assortment	the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis	16
8525506802	multiplication rule	The rule that states that to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another	17
8525506803	addition rule	the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities	18
8525506804	complete dominance	a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another	19
8525506805	incomplete dominance	creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other	20
8525506806	codominance	a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed	21
8525506807	Tay-Sachs disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.	22
8525506808	epistasis	the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene	23
8525506809	pleiotropy	A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype	24
8525506810	polygenic inheritance	An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.	25
8525506811	pedigree	a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family	26
8525506812	carriers	individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele	27
8525506813	Cystic Fibrosis	a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)	28
8525506814	Sickle cell anemia	a genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape	29
8525506815	Huntington's disease	a degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is 35-45 yrs old	30
8525506816	amniocentesis	A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.	31
8525506817	chorionic villus sampling	sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities	32

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AP Biology Chapter 7 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6812089364	phagocytosis	one cell engulfs a smaller organism and creates a vacuole	0
6812089380	peripheral proteins	loosely bound to surface of membrane or integral protein and receive chemical signals	1
6812089381	glycolipids	carbohydrate chain attached to a lipid and used for cell-cell recognition	2
6812089382	transport proteins	proteins that allow substances that can't diffuse across the membrane, to cross	3
6812089383	aquaporins	channel protein for water	4
6812089384	gated channels	facilitated diffusion, has a hydrophilic channel, only transports one substance	5
6812089385	passive transport	diffusion of substance across membrane with the concentration gradient without the use of energy	6
6812089386	osmosis	diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane	7
6812089387	tonicity	ability of a surounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water	8
6812089388	isotonic	solution and cell have same concentration	9
6812089389	hypertonic	solution is more concentrated than cell so cell loses water	10
6812089390	hypotonic	solution is less concentrated than cell so water enters cell and it explodes	11
6812089391	osmoregulation	controls solute concentrations and water balance	12
6812089392	turgid	cell in hypotonic solution makes cell swell a little and become very firm (healthy in many plants)	13
6812089393	flaccid	plants' cells and surroundings are isotonic so there is no water movement	14
6812089394	plasmolysis	cell in a hypertonic solution loses water, pulls away from cell wall, and shrivels	15
6812089395	facilitated diffusion	diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules through a protein w/o energy	16
6812089396	diffusion	diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules across membrane	17
6812089397	active transport	diffusion against concentration gradient through a protein pump from low to high concentration with the use of energy.	18
6812089398	sodium potassium pump	active transport where for every three Na+ ions thrown out of cell, two K+ ions are brought in	19
6812089399	unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in a membrane...	prevent packing of phospholipids and causes fluidity which allows more flexibility(good)	20
6812089400	saturated hydrocarbon tails in a membrane...	pack together and increase viscosity making membrane too rigid (bad)	21
6812089401	proton pump	actively transports H+ ions out of the cell	22
6812089402	exocytosis	cell secretes molecules by fusing vesicle with membrane	23
6812089403	endocytosis	cell takes in large molecules by forming new vesicles out of the membrane	24
6812089406	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane	25
6812089407	pinocytosis	cells pinch in small vesicles, bringing in membrane and extracellular fluids	26
6812089409	electrochemical gradient	might accentuate or negate concentration of gradient	27
6812089413	water potential	how likely water is to move from one location to another, is mathematically the sum of pressure potential and solute potential	28
6812416480	glycoproteins	membrane proteins attached to carbohydrate chains that are used for cell-cell recognition	29
6812436823	integral proteins	Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.	30
6812496871	amphipathic	Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.	31
6812499378	concentration gradient	A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.	32
6812501790	cotransport	The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.	33
6812504275	electrogenic pump	A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, causing a net separation in charge.	34
6812508859	fluid mosaic model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	35
6812512768	ion channels	channel proteins that transport ions	36
6812514261	ligand	Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.	37
6812523911	receptor mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.	38
6812527206	selective permeability	A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	39

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AP Biology Chapter 16 Vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell AP Biology Chapter 16

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6815212082	Bacteriophages	Bacteria- infecting viruses	0
6815212083	Double helix	Twisted shape of DNA	1
6815212084	Semi conservative model	Early model of DNA replication	2
6815212085	Origins of replication	Where DNA begins to replicate	3
6815212086	Replication fork	Y- shaped region where DNA unzips	4
6815212087	Helicases	Enzymes that untwist DNA	5
6815212088	Single strand binding proteins	stabilize single strands of DNA	6
6815212089	Topoisomerase	Breaks, swells, and rejoins DNA strands	7
6815212090	Primer	RNA chain that starts replication	8
6815212091	Primase	Enzyme that synthesizes primers	9
6815212092	DNA polymerases	Enzymes that catalyze the replication of DNA	10
6815212093	Leading strand	New DNA strand	11
6815212094	Okazaki fragments	Segments of the lagging strand	12
6815212095	DNA ligase	Turns the fragments into DNA strands	13
6815212096	Mismatch repair	Enzymes automatically correct DNA errors	14
6815212097	Nuclease	Damaged segment of DNA strand	15
6815212098	Nucleotide excision repair	Repairs DNA	16
6815212099	Telomeres	DNA at the tips of chromosomes	17
6815212100	Telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres	18
6815212101	Nucleoid	A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell	19
6815212102	Chromatin	DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes	20
6815212103	Heterochromatin	DNA that is densely packed around histones; the genes in heterochromatin are generally inaccessible to enzymes and are turned off	21
6815212104	Euchromatin	The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription	22
6815212105	DNA replication	the process of making a copy of the DNA	23
6815212106	Histones	the proteins in eukaryotic chromosomes used for packaging DNA	24
6815212107	Lagging strand	DNA being elongated away from the replication fork discontinuously in Okazaki fragments	25
6815212108	Nucleotide	subunit of DNA made of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base	26
6815212109	Nucleosome	basic unit of DNA packing	27
6815212110	Transformation	the uptake of DNA from the environment ny a prokaryote	28
6815212111	Virus	"An infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core, which is dependent on a host organism for replication"	29
6815212145	A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain	30
6815212146	E Site (exit site)	where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome	31
6815212147	Polyribosomes	-strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly	32
6815212148	Signal Peptide	-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion	33
6815212149	Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)	brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane	34
6815212150	Signal Mechanism for Targeting Proteins to ER	1. polypeptide synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol 2. SRP binds to signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3. SRP binds to receptor proteins in ER membrane (receptor is part of protein complex w/ membrane and signal cleaving enzyme) 4. SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes w/ simultaneous translocation across membrane (signal peptide stays attached to translocation complex) 5. signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide 6. rest of complexed polypeptide leaves ribosome and folds into final conformation	35
6815212151	Mutations	-change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms	36
6815212152	Point Mutations	-chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations	37
6815212153	Missense Mutations	-change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions	38
6815212154	Nonsense Mutation	-change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene	39
6815212155	Insertions	additions of nucleotide pairs in gene	40
6815212156	Deletion	losses of nucleotide pairs in gene	41
6815212157	Frameshift Mutations	-# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message	42
6815212158	Mutagen	physical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations	43
6815212159	rRNA	makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis	44
6815212160	RNAi	Interference RNA	45
6815212161	ribozyme	RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme	46
6815212162	substitution	when one base is place where another belongs, a C replaces an A	47
6815212163	silent mutation	a mutation that occurs in a noncoding region of the chromosome	48

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AP Biology Evolution/Selection/Evidence Flashcards

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9463921997	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
9463921998	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
9463921999	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
9463922000	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
9463922001	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
9463922002	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
9463922003	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
9463922004	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
9463922005	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
9463922006	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
9463922007	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
9463922008	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
9463922009	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
9463922010	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
9463922011	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
9463922014	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	15
9463922016	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	16
9463922019	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	17
9463922020	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	18
9463922021	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	19
9463922045	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	20
9658456943	Biogeography	The study of where patterns in organisms occur geographically. Can suggest relatedness between organisms.	21
9658460891	Radiometric dating	An exact measure of the age of a fossil measured by the amount of radioactive elements in rock	22
9658467086	Relative Dating	The comparison of fossils in layers of rock to determine relative age	23
9658474537	Large population size	Required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ensures that genetic drift is less likely to happen	24
9658479031	Migration	Movement of organisms and alleles from one population to another	25
9658484470	p + q = 1	Part of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, shows the allele frequencies in a popualtion	26
9658491800	p² + 2pq + q² = 1	Part of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, shows the genotype frequencies in a population	27

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GWHS AP Biology - Chapter 27: Bacteria Flashcards

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8911353384	peptidoglycan	A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. This molecular fabric encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other molecules that extend from its surface.	0
8911353385	Gram stain	A technique that allows scientists to categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.	1
8911353386	Gram-positive	These bacteria tend to have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan.	2
8911353387	Gram-negative	These bacteria tend to have less peptidoglycan, are more structurally complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded to lipids).	3
8911353388	capsule	A dense and well-defined sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes.	4
8911353390	fimbriae	hair-like appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one another.	5
8911353391	pili	Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other; tend to be longer and less numerous than fimbriae.	6
8911353393	nucleoid	A region of cytoplasm containing the prokaryote's genetic material; not enclosed by a membrane.	7
8911353394	plasmids	Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that only carry a few genes, found in prokaryotic cells, in addition to its single chromosome.	8
8911353395	transformation	The genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.	9
8911353396	transduction	Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another.	10
8911353397	conjugation	DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined. In bacteria, the DNA transfer is always one-way: One cell donates the DNA, and the other receives it.	11

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AP Biology: Chapter 55 (ecosystems) Flashcards

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9818487853	Ecosystem	The sum of all the organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors with which they interact (varying sizes of areas)	0
9818487854	Energy flow in ecosystems	Enters as sunlight, goes to autotrophs, dispersed among heterotrophs	1
9818487855	Transform	What do cells do to matter and energy?	2
9818487856	Law of Conservation of Mass	Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed	3
9818487857	Primary producer	Trophic level that supports all others (Autotroph)	4
9818487858	Primary consumer	Herbivore that eats the primary producers (Heterotroph)	5
9818487859	Secondary consumer	Carnivores that eat herbivores	6
9818487860	Tertiary consumer	Carnivores that eat other carnivores	7
9818487861	Detrivores	Get nutrients from nonliving organic material (dead organisms, fallen leaves)	8
9818487862	Primary production of an ecosystem	The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs in the form of organic compounds	9
9818487863	Gross Primary Production (GPP)	Total primary production in an ecosystem-- the amount of energy from light converted the chemical energy or organic molecules per unit time	10
9818487864	Net Primary Production (NPP)	Gross primary production minus the energy used by the primary producers for their "autotrophic respiration" (Usually half of GPP on average) (Expressed as energy per unit area per unit time)	11
9818487865	Limiting nutrient	The element that must be added for production to increase (Usually Nitrogen or Phosphorous--sometimes iron)	12
9818487866	Secondary Production	The amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period	13
9818487867	Energy production efficiency	Percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration	14
9818487868	Assimilation of primary production	Consists of total energy taken in used for growth, reproduction, and respiration (not including losses in feces)	15
9818487869	Trophic efficiency	Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next (generally only about 10% and range from 5-20% (90% of the energy in one trophic level is typically not transferred to the next)	16
9818487870	Pyramid of Net production	Demonstrates the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain, trophic levels are arranged in tiers where the width of each trophic level is proportional to the net production in Joules	17
9818487871	Biomass pyramid	Represents ecological consequences of low trophic efficiencies, each tier represents the standing crop (total dry mass of all oragnisms) in one trophic level	18
9818487872	Carbon cycle	CO2 -> Photosythesis -> Cellular respiration	19
9818487873	Nitrogen cycle	N2 -> N fixation -> Organisms -> Denitrification	20
9818487874	The water cycle	Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation	21
9818487875	Phosphorous cycle	Weathering of rocks adds phosphorous to soil, some leaches into groundwater and surface water and may eventually reach the sea, producers take in phosphates, consumers eat producers, phosphate is returned to soil or water (Phosphorous never goes into the atmosphere)	22

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