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AP Biology: Big Idea 1 Flashcards

1.A.1, 1.A.2, 1.A.3, 1.A.4

7913393289	natural selection	A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.	0
7913393290	evolutionary adaptation	An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.	1
7913393291	artificial selection	Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding.	2
7913393292	fitness	better chance of surviving in a given environment and will leave more offspring.	3
7913393293	homologous structures	Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.	4
7913393294	analogous structures	Different structure, same function. Comes from common environmental challenges, NOT common ancestor.	5
7913393295	vestigial structures	Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.	6
7913393296	population	Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.	7
7913393297	gene pool	All the genes in a given population at a given time.	8
7913393298	allele frequency	Proportion of an allele in a gene pool.	9
7913393299	Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	Helps measure changes in allele frequencies over time. Provides an "ideal" population to use as a basis of comparison.	10
7913393300	mutation	Changes in nucleotide sequence in DNA.	11
7913393301	genetic drift	Change in allele frequencies due to chance, not natural selection.	12
7913393302	bottleneck effect	When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's.	13
7913393303	founder effect	When a small number of individuals colonize a new area; new gene pool not reflective of original population.	14
7913393304	gene flow	When a population gains or loses alleles, movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population.	15
7913393305	genetic variation	Heritable variations in a population.	16
7913393306	heterozygous advantage	Maintains recessive alleles in a population. (example: sickle cell anemia resistance to malaria)	17
7913393307	sexual selection	Natural selection for mating success.	18
7913393308	directional selection	Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.	19
7913393309	stabilizing selection	Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.	20
7913393310	disruptive selection	Natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait and may lead to speciation.	21
7913393311	cladogram	Shows patterns of shared characteristics.	22
7913393312	speciation	Origin of new species and the source of biological diversity.	23
7913393313	biological species concept	Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.	24
7913393314	reproductive isolation	Barriers that impede members of two different species from producing fertile offspring. examples: prezygotic, temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, gametic, postzygotic, reduced hybrid viability/sterility	25
7913393315	allopatric speciation	The formation of new species caused by separation by geography	26
7913393316	sympatric speciation	speciation without a divided population.	27
7913393317	5 Conditions of Hardy Weinberg	(1) No natural selection (2) Large population (3) Random mating (4) No gene flow (5) No mutations	28
7913393318	convergent evolution	Evolution that occurs when unrelated species occupy the same environment and are subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations (known as analogous structures).	29
7913393319	divergent evolution	Evolution that occurs when related species evolve in different patterns due to different selective pressures and show differing adaptations (known as homologous structures)	30
7913393320	Miller-Urey Experiment	Chemical experiment that shows that it is possible to form complex organic molecules form inorganic molecules in the absence of life. (primordial soup hypothesis)	31
7913393321	RNA world hypothesis	RNA could have been the earliest genetic material	32

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AP Biology Concept 2: Cells Flashcards

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6679956476	active transport	the movement of materials using ATP energy either as bulk transport or as solute pumping against a concentration gradient	0
6679956477	apoptosis	programmed cell death	1
6679956478	aquaporin	channel protein for water in every cell membrane; facilitated diffusion	2
6679956479	axon	long extension of the neuron to sends action potentials away from the cell body to a different neuron	3
6679956480	carrier protein	a protein that changes shape as it moves specific polar chemicals across the cell membrane in facilitated diffusion	4
6679956481	cell wall	a structural layer outside of the cell membrane of plants, fungi and bacteria; it is made of cellulose in plants	5
6679956482	centrioles	structures used in the movement of chromosomes during cell reproduction in animal cells	6
6679956483	channel protein	a protein that allows specific polar chemicals to cross the cell membrane without changing its shape; it may or may not have a gate	7
6679956484	chloroplast	an organelle that converts light energy to chemical energy; it contains its own form of DNA because it descended from photosynthetic bacteria (endosymbiont theory)	8
6679956485	concentration gradient	the difference in concentrations of one ion or molecule on either side of a cell membrane	9
6679956486	cytoplasm	the fluid & material inside of the cell membrane, but outside of the nucleus	10
6679956487	cytoskeleton	protein filaments that provide anchors for transport of organelles and control the shape of the cells	11
6679956488	dendrites	extensions of the cell membrane of a neuron that receive incoming action potentials from other neurons	12
6679956489	depolarization	the movement of sodium (Na+) ions into a neuron that increase the membrane potential of a neuron briefly	13
6679956490	diffusion	the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration	14
6679956491	endocytosis	the movement of materials into a cell through a form of active transport called bulk transport	15
6679956492	endoplasmic reticulum	membranes inside of a eukaryotic cell that serve as a surface for chemical reactions like protein synthesis and lipid synthesis	16
6679956493	Golgi apparatus	membranes inside of a eukaryotic cell that package proteins for transport	17
6679956494	hypertonic	a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell; water moves out of a cell in this type of solution	18
6679956495	hypotonic	a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell; water moves into a cell in this type of solution	19
6679956496	isotonic	a solution that contains the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell; water moves both into and out of a cell in this type of solution	20
6679956497	ligand	a chemical that binds to a receptor like neurotransmitters bind to receptors on dendrites and open sodium (Na+) gated protein channels	21
6679956498	lysosome	a membranous sac inside of eukaryotic cells that contains digestive enzymes used to destroy old organelles and bacteria	22
6679956499	membrane	a material present in all cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) made from phospholipids either on the border of the cell or composing the ER and Golgi	23
6679956500	mitochondrion	an organelle that converts chemical energy in glucose to usable chemical energy in ATP; it contains its own form of DNA because it descended from aerobic bacteria (endosymbiont theory)	24
6679956501	neuron	a nerve cell that transmits action potentials as electrochemical messages	25
6679956502	neurotransmitter	a ligand that binds to receptors on the dendrites of neurons to open gated sodium channels and pass on action potentials from one neuron to another neuron	26
6679956503	nuclear envelope	the membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell	27
6679956504	phospholipid	a macromolecule that is amphipathic, with a polar head that contains phosphate and two nonpolar tails	28
6679956505	plasma membrane	a structure present in all cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) made from phospholipids that controls what enters and exits the cell	29
6679956506	plasmolysis	the process in which cells lose water when they are in a hypertonic solution	30
6679956507	polarization	processes that lead to ions having different concentrations on different sides of a membrane	31
6679956508	prokaryotic cell	a cell that predates nuclei; bacteria are an example	32
6679956509	repolarization	the movement of potassium (K+) ions out of a neuron to restore the electrochemical gradient so the inside of the cell returns to a negative potential	33
6679956510	ribosome	organelles present in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells that assemble proteins from mRNA recipes	34
6679956511	rough ER	a form of membranous organelle that acts as a surface for chemical reactions, especially protein synthesis because it is studded with ribosomes	35
6679956512	selectively permeable	the quality of a membrane that allows the membrane to control which particles enter or exit the cell	36
6679956513	smooth ER	a form of membranous organelle that acts as a surface for chemical reactions, especially lipid synthesis because it lacks ribosomes	37
6679956514	synapse	the space between two different neurons through which action potentials spread by ligands called neurotransmitters traveling across the space	38
6679956515	exocytosis	the movement of materials out of a cell through a form of active transport called bulk transport	39
6679956516	eukaryotic cell	a cell that contains a true nucleus; fungi, protists, animal, and plant cells are examples	40
6679956517	facilitated diffusion	the movement of particles that cannot normally cross a cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration by the use of carrier proteins or protein channels	41
6679956518	flagella	an extension of the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane that allows prokaryote and some animal cells to move	42
6679956519	fluid mosaic model	a description of the plasma membrane that describes how the phospholipids and embedded proteins flow within the membrane	43
6679956520	nucleus	the control center of the cell that contains the DNA	44
6679956521	organelles	"little organs" of the cell that each have specific tasks they do to keep the cell alive, fed, and able to reproduce	45
6679956522	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a cell membrane through aquaporins from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration; "water follows solutes"	46
6679956523	passive transport	the movement of materials without the input of ATP energy; facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and simple diffusion are all examples of this	47
6679956524	phagocytosis	the movement of one large particle like a bacterium into a cell through bulk transport, which is a form of active transport	48
6679956525	surface area:volume ratio	a comparison of the amount of plasma membrane a cell has to the amount of cytoplasm a cell has; as a cell grows, this comparison decreases and this triggers cells to begin cell division	49
6679956526	transmembrane protein	a carrier protein or protein channel that crosses the entire plasma membrane from the intracellular space to the extracellular space	50
6679956527	vacuole	a membranous sac that contains materials for the cell to use	51
6679961123	amphipathic	having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region	52

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AP Biology Pre-Assessment Flashcards

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4735625854	Hydrophobic compounds	substances that do not have an affinity for water and are often non-polar	0
4735630678	Organic compounds	Compounds containing carbon	1
4735632444	Adenosine triphosphate	molecule storing potential "free energy" for the cell	2
4735635438	Carbohydrates	compounds that serve as fuel and building material for the cell	3
4735639788	Lipids	a group of hydrophobic molecules with much diversity in their function	4
4735640837	Proteins	Very diverse group of compounds composed of amino acid monomers	5
4735640838	DNA --> RNA ----> Protein	Central idea to biology: Protein Synthesis	6
4735647329	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids composed of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base	7
4735649931	Eukaryote	complex cell with most of the DNA concentrated in a nucleus	8
4735653553	Organelles	sub-cellular structures which are membrane-enclosed compartments that serve a particular function for the cell	9
4735655288	Mitochondrion	double- membrane organelle that carries out cellular respiration for the cell	10
4735662684	Chloroplast	double-membrane organelle that carries out photosynthesis for the cell	11
4735662685	Osmosis	the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in order to balance water concentration	12
4735668239	Metabolism	the sum total of an organism's chemical reactions	13
4735669688	Enzyme	proteins that speed up chemical reactions	14
4735673731	Glucose	eventual product of photosynthesis	15
4735676612	Mitotic cell division	results in genetically identical daughter cells	16
4735680767	Meiotic cell division	reduces the number of chromosomes sets to half	17
4735682244	Alleles	alternative versions of a gene	18
4735683414	Phenotype	an organism's appearance or observable traits	19
4735687256	Codon	a triplet of mRNA bases	20
4735688134	Plasmid	a small, circular DNA molecule carrying genes of interest	21
4735689773	Restriction enzymes	enzymes useful for cutting DNA at specific sequence sites	22
4735691546	Selective breeding	when humans choose organisms with desirable traits to breed and modify over generations	23
4735695037	Natural selection	the proposed mechanism that explains the observable patterns of evolution	24
7245171484	Prokaryote	single cell organism with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles	25

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AP Biology - Chapter 10 (photosynthesis), AP Biology Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards

Photosynthesis

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5409481296	photosynthesis (definition)	process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria)	0
5409481297	photosynthesis (equation)	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	1
5409481298	autotroph	organism that CAN capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer)	2
5409481299	heterotroph	organism that CANNOT produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer)	3
5409481302	light-dependent reactions	1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH	4
5409481303	light-independent reactions	2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step	5
5409481304	thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts	location of light-dependent reactions	6
5409481305	stroma of chloroplasts	location of light-independent reactions	7
5409481306	G3P	carbon product of the light-independent reactions	8
5409481307	photon	(1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties	9
5409481308	inverse	What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?	10
5409481309	reflected, transmitted, or absorbed	When a photon strikes a substance it can be _____________________	11
5409481310	pigments	substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light	12
5409481311	absorption spectrum	graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light	13
5409481312	action spectrum	graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light	14
5409481313	violet, blue and red	Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB?	15
5409481314	green and yellow	Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT?	16
5409481315	carotenoids	accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange)	17
5409481316	mesophyll	(C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis	18
5409481317	chlorophyll b	pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast	19
5409481318	chlorophyll a	pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast	20
5409481319	excited state	(7) when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus	21
5409481320	photosystems	(6) photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane	22
5409481321	parts of photosystems	(3+4) reaction-center complex and light harvesting complex	23
5409481322	reaction-center complex	(4) centrally located proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor	24
5409481323	light harvesting complex	(3) proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to center of a photosystem	25
5409481324	photosystem II (PS II)	1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll	26
5409481325	primary electron acceptor	(2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule	27
5409481326	water	splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII	28
5409481327	O2	released as a byproduct of splitting water	29
5409481328	photosystem I (PS I)	2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH	30
5409481329	proton-motive force	created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I	31
5409481330	ATP synthase	enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force	32
5409481331	Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation	other names for light independent reactions	33
5409481332	3 steps of light independent reaction	1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP	34
5409481333	reduction	step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P	35
5409481334	carbon dioxide	molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar	36
5409481335	thylakoids	(C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy	37
5409481336	absorbed	energy is ____________ in photosynthesis	38
5409481337	released	energy is _____________ in cellular respiration	39
5409481338	glucose and oxygen	reactants of cellular respiration	40
5409481339	carbon dioxide and water	reactants of photosynthesis	41
5409481340	glucose	source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration	42
5409481341	intermembrane space	site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration	43
5409481342	thylakoid space	site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis	44
5409481343	NAD+ and FAD	high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC)	45
5409481344	NADH and FADH2	high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle)	46
5409481345	NADP+	high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle)	47
5409481346	NADPH	high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC)	48
5409481347	ATP	energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration	49
5409481348	ATP and NADPH	energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis	50
5409481349	glucose, NADH and FADH2	reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration	51
5409481350	H2O	reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons)	52
5409481351	cyclic electron flow	light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH)	53
5409481352	linear electron flow	light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH	54
5409481353	rubisco	enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)	55
5409481354	PEP carboxylase	enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis	56
5409481355	stomata	pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out	57
5409481356	bundle-sheath cells	tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants)	58
5409481357	photorespiration	occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars	59
5409481358	C3 plants	do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle	60
5409481359	C4 plants	spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2	61
5409481360	CAM plants	temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2	62
5409481361	autotroph	organism capable of synthesizing its own food from CO₂ and other inorganic raw materials. The producers.	63
5409481362	heterotroph	an organism that depends on other's complex organic substances for nutrition.	64
5409481363	photoautotroph	plants that use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds.	65
5409481364	chlorophyll	the green pigment located within chloroplasts. It absorbs light energy to drive the synthesis of food molecules in the chloroplast.	66
5409481365	mesophyll	the tissue in the interior of the leaf, contains 30-40 chloroplasts	67
5409481366	stomata	microscopic pores, help CO₂ enter the cell and O₂ exit.	68
5409481367	stroma	thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast, surrounding thylakoids membranes.	69
5409481368	photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O	70
5409481369	splitting of water	hydrolysis that occurs inside the thylakoid space, splits H₂O to produce H+ and O₂.	71
5409481370	pigment	a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light	72
5409481371	light reactions	the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to an acceptor, called NADP⁺. give off O₂. Happen in thylakoid or in chloroplast in eukaryotic cells.	73
5409481372	NADP⁺	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, temporarily stores the energized electrons	74
5409481373	photophosphorylation	The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	75
5409481374	Calvin cycle	carbon fixation using energy from ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce a three carbon sugar, happens in stroma.	76
5409481375	carbon fixation	incorporating CO₂ from the atmosphere into organic molecules from the chloroplast	77
5409481376	rubisco	Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, an enzyme that fixes CO₂ together with RuBP.	78
5409481377	RuBP	ribulose biphosphate	79
5409481378	wavelength	the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves, range from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer	80
5409481379	electromagnetic spectrum	the entire range of radiation	81
5409481380	visible light	380-750nm	82
5409481381	spectrometer	a machine that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light	83
5409481382	absorption spectrum	a graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength. (a) shows the absorption of each chlorophyll	84
5409481383	chlorophyll a	first type of pigment in chloroplasts, participate directly in light reactions; works best with blue and red light, blue-green	85
5409481384	chlorophyll b	accessory pigment; almost identical to chlorophyll a, but slightly different absorption spectra, yellow-green	86
5409481385	action spectrum	profiles the relative performance of different wavelengths	87
5409481386	carotenoids	second accessory pigment, hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange, may broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis	88
5409481387	photosystems	has a light-gathering antenna complex consisting of a cluster of a fer hundred chlorophyll a, a chlorophyll b, and carotenoid molecules	89
5409481388	reaction center	where the first light-driven chemical reaction of photosynthesis occurs, e⁻ goes in, gets excited and jumps up, grabbed by PEA	90
5409481389	primary electron acceptor	grabs the e⁻ when it gets excited and dumps it into ETC	91
5409481390	photosystem II	first photosystem, center is p680, takes in H₂O, splits and leaves out 1/2 O₂ and takes 2 e⁻, excites electrons and sends to primary acceptor	92
5409481391	photolysis	takes the H₂O, splits, releasing 2 H⁺ and 1/2 O₂, sending 2 e⁻ to photosystem	93
5409481392	photosystem I	takes e⁻ from ETC and excites them (uses light), gives them to primary acceptor in noncyclic, go down ETC again	94
5409481393	noncyclic electron flow	A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+.	95
5409481394	noncyclic photophosphorylation	ATP synthesis during noncyclic electron flow	96
5409481395	cyclic electron flow	uses photosystem I but not photosystem II, no production of NADPH and no release of oxygen, but does generate ATP	97
5409481396	cyclic photophosphorylation	ATP synthesis in cyclic electron flow	98
5409481397	G3P	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, the threecarbon sugar formed in the Calvin cycle	99
5409481398	C₃ plants	produce less food when their stomata close on hot/dry days.	100
5409481399	photorespiration	A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.	101
5409481400	C₄ plants	corn, sugarcane, grass. forms a four carbon sugar, contains bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. spacial separation of steps	102
5409481401	bundle-sheath cell	arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf. CO₂ is released and enters the calvin cycle	103
5409481402	mesophyll cell	more loosely arranged between bundle-sheath and leaf surface. takes in CO₂, fixed by PEP carboxylase	104
5409481403	PEP carboxylase	adds CO₂ to PEP, higher affinity to CO₂ than rubisco	105
5409481404	CAM plants	(crassulacean acid metabolism) temporal adaptation, open stomata during the night, closed during day. store organic acids made during night in vacuoles	106

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AP Biology Chapter 2 and 3 Flashcards

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6109379904	Matter	- Anything that takes up space and has mass - Composes organisms - Made up of elements	0
6109379905	Element	- A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions - 92 naturally occurring elements	1
6109379906	Compound	- A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio - Has chemical and physical characteristics different from those of its elements - Ex. Water (H20) is a compound that has a 2:1 ratio	2
6109379907	Essential Elements	- Elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce	3
6109379908	Trace Elements	- Elements that are required by an organism in small quantities. - Ex. in vertebrates iodine is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland.	4
6109379909	Toxic Elements	- Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms. - Some species have adapted to environments containing elements that are usually toxic. - Ex. Sunflowers can absorb lead, zinc and other heavy metals in concentrations that would kill other organisms.	5
6109379910	Atom	- The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. - Each element consists of a certain type of atom that is different from the atoms of any other element. - Most empty space	6
6109379911	Subatomic particles	- Compose atoms. - Three relevant kinds: neutrons, protons and elections	7
6109379912	Proton	- Charge: positive - Location: nucleus - Mass: 1 dalton	8
6109379913	Electron	- Charge: negative - Location: orbits around the nucleus - Mass: so small that electrons are insignificant when computing the total mass of an atom	9
6109379914	Neutron	- Charge: electrically neutral - Location: nucleus - Mass: 1 dalton	10
6109379915	Atomic Nucleus	- The center of an atom - Has a positive charge due to the protons inside of it	11
6109379916	Atomic Number	- Number of protons. - All atoms of a particular element have the same atomic number. - If an atom is neutral, the # of protons= # electrons	12
6109379917	Mass Number	- Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.	13
6109379918	Atomic Mass	- An approximation of the total mass of an atom. - Same number as the Mass Number.	14
6109379919	Isotope	- Different atomic forms of the same element. - Same number of protons, different number of neutrons. - Behave identically in chemical reactions.	15
6109379920	Radioactive Isotope	- Isotope where the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy. - Decay will lead to a change in the number of protons, and the atom transforms to an atom of a different element.	16
6109379921	Energy	- The capacity to cause change by doing work.	17
6109379922	Potential Energy	- Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure - Matter has a natural tendency to move to the lowest possible state of potential energy.	18
6109379923	Electrons & Potential Energy	- The electrons of an atom have potential energy because of how they are arranged in relation to the nucleus. - Because negative electrons attract to the positive nucleus, it takes work to move an electron father away from the nucleus. - The farther away an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its potential energy. - An electron's potential energy is determined by its energy level.	19
6109379924	Electron Shells	- Places of high probability of finding an electron. - First shell- lowest potential energy, and so forth - An electron can change its shell by absorbing/ loosing energy. - 1st shell holds 2 electrons, 2nd shell holds 8 electrons	20
6109379925	Electron Distribution & Chemical Properties	- The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shells.	21
6109379926	Valence Electrons	- The outermost electrons. - Chemical behavior depends mostly on valence electrons. - Atoms with the same number of electrons in their valence shells exhibit similar chemical behavior.	22
6109379927	Valence Shell	- The outermost electron shell. - An atom with a completed valence shell is unreactive because it is stable (inert).	23
6109379928	Chemical Bonds	- Bonds between atoms when they either share or transfer valence electrons. - The strongest kinds of chemical bonds are covalent and ionic bonds. - When bonds form, they make fill the atoms valence shell	24
6109379929	Covalent Bond	- The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	25
6109379930	Molecule	- Composed of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	26
6109379931	Single Bond	- A pair of shared electrons. - Represented by a single line	27
6109379932	Double bond	- 2 shared pairs of valence electrons. - Represented by 2 lines	28
6109379933	Valence	- Bonding capacity of an atom - Usually equals the number of electrons required to complete the atom;s outermost (valence shell)	29
6109379934	Electronegativity	- The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. - The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons towards itself.	30
6109379935	Nonpolar covalent bond	- A bond where the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity. - Ex. H2 is nonpolar	31
6109379936	Polar covalent bond	- Bond where an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom. - Electrons are not shared equally.	32
6109379937	Ionic Bond	- Formed by the attraction of cations and anions. - Electrons are transfered. - Environment affects the strength of ionic bonds. - Dry salt crystal- bonds are very strong. - Salt crystal dissolved in water- bonds are waker because each ion is partially shielded by its interactions with water molecules.	33
6109379938	Ion	- A charged atom (or molecule). - Electrons have either been lost or gained.	34
6109379939	Cation	- Positively charged atom. - An electron has been lost.	35
6109379940	Anion	- Negatively charged atom. - An electron has been gained.	36
6109379941	Ionic compounds/salts	- Compounds formed by ionic bonds. - Does not consist of molecules, only elements.	37
6109379942	Advantages of weak chemical bonds	- Two molecules can adhere temporarily by weak bonds. - Two molecules can come together, respond to one another in some way and then separate.	38
6109379943	Hydrogen bonds	- Partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom allows the hydrogen to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby. - A hydrogen bond is the nonequivalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.	39
6109379944	Van deer Walls Interactions	- Individually weak bonds that occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together. - Ex. Geckos can climb up walls because their toes have tiny hairs and there are van der Waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the wall's surface. Because they are so numerous they can support the Gecko's body.	40
6109379945	Molecular Shape	- Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specific. - Complementary molecules bind to each other. - Ex. Because opiates have similar shapes to endorphins, they bind to endorphin receptors in the brain.	41
6109379946	Chemical reactions	- The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. - Matter is neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged. - Reactions are reversible.	42
6109379947	Reactants	- Starting materials in a chemical reaction	43
6109379948	Products	- The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.	44
6109379949	Chemical equilibrium	- The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly. - This is dynamic: reactions still occur, but with no effect on the concentrations of reactants and products. - Concentrations are stabilized at a ratio.	45
6109379950	Water's polarity	- Unequal sharing of electrons and water's V- like shape make it a polar molecule. - The oxygen region has a partial negative charge. - Each hydrogen has a partial positive charge - Because of this, the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen of another molecule, forming a hydrogen bond.	46
6109379951	Cohesion of Water	- Result of the hydrogen bonds that hold water together. - Contributes to the transport of water & dissolved nutrients.	47
6109379952	Adhesion	- The clinging of one substance to another.	48
6109379953	Surface tension	- A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. - Hydrogen bonds in water give it a very high surface tension.	49
6109379954	Moderation of temperature by water	- Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler. - Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.	50
6109379955	Kinetic energy	- Energy of motion.	51
6109379956	Thermal energy	- The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. - Total thermal energy of matter depends on volume.	52
6109379957	Temperature	- The average kinetic energy of molecules, regardless of volume.	53
6109379958	Heat	- Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.	54
6109379959	Calorie	- The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1degree C.	55
6109379960	kilocalorie	- (1,000 cal) is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree C.	56
6109379961	Specific Heat	- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C. - Aka how well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs/releases heat. - Water has a unusually high specific heat (heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds and released when they form)	57
6109379962	Evaporation/ Vaporization	- Transformation from a liquid to a gas. - Even at low temperatures, fast molecules can escape (some move faster than others and temperature is an average).	58
6109379963	Heat of vaporization	- The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. - Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.	59
6109379964	Evaporative Cooling	- As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. - "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first. - Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.	60
6109379965	Frozen Water	- Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid. - Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds. - 0 degree C, molecules are locked into a crystalline lattice, and hydrogen bonds keep them far away. - Floating ice is important so that lakes do not freeze solid.	61
6109379966	Solution	- A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.	62
6109379967	Solvent	- The dissolving agent of a solution.	63
6109379968	Solute	- The substance that is dissolved.	64
6109379969	Aqueous solution	- Solution where water is the solvent.	65
6109379970	Hydration Shell	- The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion. - Water molecules pull appart compounds by surrounding each ion and separating and shielding them from one another. - To be dissolved by water you must have ionic and polar regions.	66
6109379971	Hydrophilic	- A substance that has an affinity for water. - Substances can be hydrophilic without actually dissolving (cotton).	67
6109379972	Hydrophobic	- Substances that repel water. - They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.	68
6109379973	Molecular mass	- The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule.	69
6109379974	Mole	- Represents an exact number of objects - 6.02 * 10^23 - A mole of one substance has exactly the same number of molecules as a mole of any other substance.	70
6109379975	Dissociation of Water	- A hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred - The water molecule that lost a proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) and has a charge of 1- - The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)	71
6109379976	Acid	- Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. - When acids dissolve in water, they donate an additional H+ to the solution.	72
6109379977	Base	- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. - Some directly accept hydrogen ions (Ammonia) - Some dissociate to form hydroxide ions which combine with hydrogen ions and form water. - Basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than H+	73
6109379978	Strong Acid/Strong Base	- Compounds that completely dissociate when mixed with water. - Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. - Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.	74
6109379979	pH	- The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration.	75
6109379980	pH scale	- pH declines as H+ concentration increases. - pH less than 7- acidic - pH above 7- basic - When the pH of a solution changes slightly, the actual concentrations of H+ and OH- in the solution change substantially (logs)	76
6109379981	Buffer	- A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. - Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted. - Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system	77
6109379982	Acidification	- Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 into the air, and when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which lowers ocean pH. - As seawater acidifies the extra hydrogen ions combine with carbonate ions to form bicarbonate ions and reduces the carbonate ion concentration. - This is bad, because carbonate ions are required for calcification by many marine organisms (reef-building corals and animals with shells).	78

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AP Biology Functional Groups Flashcards

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7443639766	Phosphate Group	consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms. ATP, DNA, & RNA component	0
7443639767	Amino Group	composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. It acts as a base by picking up H+ from a solution. Organic compounds with an amino group are called amines. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain a carboxyl and an amino group.	1
7443639768	Carbonyl Group	a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. If the carbon of the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, the compound is called an aldehyde; if it is within the chain, the compound is called a ketone.	2
7443639769	Hydroxyl Group	consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Ethanol and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols.	3
7443639770	Sulfhydryl	consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen. These groups can cross link and help to fold proteins, when present.	4
7443639771	Carboxyl Group	-COOH. These are a source of H. Considered an acids & polar.	5
7443639772	Methyl	consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens. Compounds with these groups are called methylated compounds. When combined with DNA or RNA, they affect DNA function and gene expression	6

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AP Biology Metabolism Chapter 8 Flashcards

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7706699049	Metabolism	the totality of an organisms chemical reactions that result from interactions between molecules within the cell	0
7706699050	metabolic pathway	a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism, start with substrate end with product	1
7706699051	catabolic pathway	breaking a complex molecule down into its simpler parts, releasing energy. ie. cellular respiration	2
7706699052	anabolic pathway	using energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules. ie. protein synthesis	3
7706699053	Bioenergetics	the study of how organisms manage their energy resources	4
7706699054	energy	capacity to cause change, do work	5
7706699055	kinetic energy	energy of motion	6
7706699056	heat(thermal energy)	kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules	7
7706699057	potential energy	energy of position	8
7706699058	chemical energy	potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, energy within bonds	9
7706699059	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations	10
7706699060	closed system	isolated from surroundings, no energy transfer, cant work at equilibrium bc its exhausted its ability to do work. free energy at a min	11
7706699061	open system	not isolated, energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings, ie. cells	12
7706699062	1st law of thermodynamics	energy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed, conservation of energy	13
7706699063	2nd law of thermodynamics	during every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost, every energy transfer or transformation increases the total entropy of the universe	14
7706699064	entropy	disorder, randomness	15
7706699065	free energy	delta G, energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are constant, related to change in enthalpy(delta H), change in entropy(delta S) and temperature in Kelvin(T). delta G = delta H - T delta S	16
7706699066	exergonic reaction	a reaction with a net release of free energy, negative free energy, spontaneous	17
7706699067	endergonic reaction	a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non-spontaneous, positive free energy	18
7706699068	coupled reactions	the use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones, the energy given off from the exergonic is absorbed by the endergonic	19
7706699069	ATP	adenosine triphosphate, composed of ribose (5 carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups. Phosphate tail can be broken through hydrolysis to produce energy, ADP, and an inorganic phosphate	20
7706699070	phosphorylation	how ATP drives endergonic reactions, covalently bonding a phosphate with another molecule, such as as reactant	21
7706699071	catalyst	a chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction	22
7706699072	enzymes	a catalytic protein, speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy, very specific, reusable, unchanged by reaction	23
7706699073	activation energy	initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, free energy for activating reaction, given off by heat	24
7706699074	induced fit	brings the chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction, makes the enzyme more effective	25
7706699075	cooperativity	another type of allosteric activation, binds to one active site but locks ALL active sites open, allowing products to be constantly produced	26
7706699076	Substrate	the REACTANT that an enzyme acts on	27
7706699077	Enzyme-Substrate Complex	enzyme and substrate	28
7706699078	Active Site	region on the enzyme where substrate binds	29
7706699079	Hydrogen and Ionic Bonds	substrate held in active site by WEAK interactions	30
7706699080	Lock and Key	active site on enzyme fits substrate exactly	31
7706699081	Ways enzymes lower activation energy	can do this by having a favorable environment, straining substrate molecules, orienting substrates correctly	32
7706699082	hydrolysis	happens when phosphate leaves ATP to give energy to something else. This causes ATP to become ADP, produces water	33
7706699083	cofactors	non-protein enzyme helpers ex. zinc, iron, copper	34
7706699084	coenzymes	organic enzyme helpers ex. vitamins	35
7706699085	Denature	above a certain temperature, activity declines, protein changes shape	36
7706699086	Gene Regulation	cell switches on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes	37
7706699087	negative feedback inhibition	accumulation of end product slows the reaction to stop production	38
7706699088	positive feedback	end product speeds up production (less common)	39
7706699089	Allosteric Regulation	can accelerate or inhibit production and enzyme activity by attaching to another part of the protein. this changes the shape of the active site which inhibits substrates from bonding and producing more products	40
7706699090	Activator	one of the allosteric regulators, stabilizes and keeps active site open for production	41
7706699091	Inhiibitor	one of the allosteric regulators, changes shape of the active site so the substrate can't bind	42
7706699092	Competitive Inhibitor	inhibitor that mimics original substrate and blocks the active site	43
7706699093	Noncompetetitive Inhibitor	bind to another part of enzyme to change shape and block substrate from producing	44
7706699094	ways enzymes are affected	pH, temperature, salinity, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration	45
7706699095	exergonic	reaction is spontaneous (-G), releases energy	46
7706699096	endergonic	reaction is not spontaneous (positive G), absorbs energy	47

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AP BIOLOGY - Chapter 8 (energy) Flashcards

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8165102828	metabolism	all of an organism's chemical reactions	0
8165102829	metabolic pathway	step-wise conversion of precursors to products using specific enzymes to catalyze each step	1
8165102830	catabolic pathway	break down of complex molecules into simple ones (releases energy)	2
8165102831	anabolic pathway	building of complex molecules from simple ones (requires energy)	3
8165102832	drives	Energy from catabolism __________ anabolism.	4
8165102833	kinetic energy	based on an object's motion	5
8165102834	potential energy	based on an object's location or structure	6
8165102835	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations in a collection of matter	7
8165102836	open system	both energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings	8
8165102837	closed system	energy, but not matter, is exchanged with its surroundings	9
8165102838	open	Organisms are ________ systems.	10
8165102839	First Law of thermodynamics	energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.	11
8165102840	increase	Energy transformations ________ entropy of the universe.	12
8165102841	entropy	measure of disorder or randomness of a system (S)	13
8165102842	Second Law of thermodynamics	every energy transformation increases entropy of the universe	14
8165102843	spontaneous reactions	-∆G; release energy; occur in nature by themselves (can be very slow)	15
8165102844	free energy	portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system (as in a living cell)	16
8165102845	Negative, less	____ ∆G... _____ free energy in products... MORE stable at the end	17
8165102846	Positive, more	____ ∆G... _____ free energy in products... LESS stable at the end	18
8165102847	exergonic reaction	releases free energy, ∆G is negative (spontaneous)	19
8165102848	endergonic reaction	absorbs free energy from surroundings, ∆G is positive (nonspontaneous)	20
8165102849	reversible reactions	occur in both directions till reach equilibrium; exergonic one way and endergonic the other (ex. cellular respiration)	21
8165102850	equilibrium	Reactions in a closed system eventually reach a state of balance called ____.	22
8165102851	types of cellular work	chemical (synthesizing polymers from monomers), mechanical (beating cilia, contracting muscle cells), transport (moving substances across a membrane)	23
8165102852	ATP	energy currency of the cell	24
8165102853	phosphorylation	transfer of a phosphate group	25
8165102854	enzymes	speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energies which are not consumed (catalysts)	26
8165102855	activation energy	initial energy required to start a reaction; lowered by enzymes (bumps in figures)	27
8165102856	substrate	reactant(s) an enzyme acts on	28
8165102857	enzyme-substrate complex	enzyme bound to substrate	29
8165102858	active site	region where substrate binds to enzyme	30
8165102859	induced fit	when enzyme changes shape slightly because of interactions between substrate and active site	31
8165102860	concentration	Substrate _______ affects rate of reaction.	32
8165102861	temperature and pH	Changing ______ can affect the rate of enzymatic reactions.	33
8165102862	cofactors	nonprotein molecules or ions required for proper functioning of some enzymes (minerals)	34
8165102863	coenzymes	organic molecules necessary for some enzymatic reactions (vitamins)	35
8165102864	competitive inhibitors	chemical other than the substrate that binds to the active site and blocks it	36
8165102865	noncompetitive inhibitors	chemical other than the substrate that binds somewhere other than the active site and changes the site's shape so substrate can no longer bind	37
8165102867	allosteric regulation	binding of regulatory molecule at one site that affects function at a different site; similar to noncompetitive inhibitors but reversible (can inhibit or activate).	38
8165102868	cooperativity	when enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule binds	39
8165102869	feedback inhibition	end product shuts down initial steps of metabolic pathway	40

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AP Biology Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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6313727902	anatomy	study of the biological form of an organism	0
6313727903	physiology	study of the biological functions an organism performs	1
6313727904	levels of organization	1. cell 2. tissue 3. organ 4. organ system	2
6313727906	organ	one functional unit of tissues	3
6313727907	organ system	organs working together to perform a specific function	4
6313727908	tissue	a group of related cells	5
6313727913	epithelial tissue	tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities; tightly bound to form a protective layer; highly regenerative	6
6313727919	gland	a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions	7
6313727920	connective tissue	tissue that provides support for the body and connects all its parts; has an extracellular matrix (secreted by fibroblasts) made of collagen, elastin and reticulin	8
6313727921	loose connective tissue	less packed connective tissue which makes it loose and flexible, includes adipose	9
6313727922	adipose	fat reserve cells	10
6313727923	dense connective tissue	have large amounts of either collagen fibers (making them strong) or elastic fibers, or both, includes tendons and ligaments	11
6313727924	tendon	connects muscle to bone	12
6313727925	ligament	connects bone to bone	13
6313727926	chondrocyte	cartilage, connects and cushions joints	14
6313727927	osteocyte	bone, calcified cells that provide sturdy support	15
6313727928	plasma	liquid part of blood	16
6313727929	erythrocyte	red blood cell	17
6313727930	leukocyte	white blood cell	18
6313727931	thrombocyte	platelet	19
6313727932	muscular tissue	tissue that moves the body and its parts; striated muscles contain actin and myosin filaments for contraction	20
6313727933	smooth muscle	involuntary, in walls of blood vessels and viscera, one nucleus	21
6313727934	skeletal muscle	voluntary, attached to bones, multinucleated, striated	22
6313727935	cardiac muscle	involuntary, single nucleated, striated, have gap junctions to link adjacent cells and help the heart perform as one unit (intercalated disks)	23
6313727936	nervous tissue	tissue that senses stimuli, integrates and analyzes them, and controls the body's response	24
6313727937	neuron	main cell of the nervous system	25
6313727938	neuroglia	cells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells)	26
6313727939	cell body	contains nucleus of the neuron	27
6313727940	dendrite	receive stimuli; highly branched extensions	28
6313727941	axon	conduct and propagate impulses	29
6313727942	Schwann cell	support and insulates axons using a myelin sheath	30
6313727943	node of Ranvier	gap between myelin sheaths that expose the axon, help accelerate impulses	31
6313727944	saltatory conduction	rapid jumping of an impulse from node to node	32
6313727945	motor neuron	sends impulses to muscles to create movement	33
6313727946	sensory neuron	pick up stimuli from the environment and send to the brain	34
6313727947	interneuron	neurons in the CNS that communicate internally and connect sensory to motor neurons; are responsible for reflexes	35
6313727948	nervous system	system that is responsible for body intercommunication, picking up and responding to stimuli, and stimulating movement	36
6313727949	endocrine system	system that is responsible for sending out hormones that regulate homeostasis in the body	37
6313727950	muscular system	system that is responsible for carrying out voluntary movement	38
6313727951	skeletal system	system that is responsible for creating a rigid framework	39
6313727952	digestive ssytem	system that is responsible for food breakdown and nutrient absorption	40
6313727953	circulatory system	system that responsible fordistributing nutrients, oxygen and other vital materials throughout the body	41
6313727954	respiratory system	system that is responsible for gas exchange	42
6313727955	urinary system	system that is responsible for waste elimination	43
6313727956	integumentary system	system that is responsible for protecting the outer body	44
6313727957	immune system	system that is responsible for protecting the inner body from pathogens	45
6313727958	reproductive system	system that is responsible for producing gametes and reproducing	46
6313727959	homeostasis	tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	47
6313727960	stimulus	change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react	48
6313727961	negative feedback	process that reduces stimuli to return organism to homeostasis	49
6313727962	positive feedback	process that amplifies stimuli away from homeostasis	50
6313727963	effector	organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus	51
6313727964	integrator	organ that evaluates condition change	52
6313727965	thermoregulation	process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range; adaptations for this include: - insulation (fur, blubber, feathers) - countercurrent circulation - sweating - behavioral responses (shivering) - adjustig metabolic hear production (antifreeze)	53
6313727966	endotherm	organism that is internally warmed by generating heat through metabolic processes	54
6313727967	ectotherm	organism that is externally warmed by behaviors	55
6313743119	LH	The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is	56
6313745914	FSH	an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the follicles in females and the function of the seminiferous tubules in males	57
6313749135	TSH	increases release of thyroid hormone	58
6313752061	Growth Hormone	hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones	59
6313768242	Adrenaline	hormone responsible for the fight or flight response; increased heart rate and breathing	60
6313768243	epinephrine	Adrenaline	61
6313770035	acetylcholine	A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction	62

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AP Biology Chapter 19 Vocabulary Flashcards

Viruses

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6818707812	Virus	An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.	0
6818707813	Capsid	The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped (helical), polyhedral(icosahedral), or more complex in shape.	1
6818707816	Bacteriophage (Phage)	-viruses that infect bacteria -capsids w/ elongated icosahedral heads w/ DNA -protein tail piece w/ fibers by which phages attach to bacterium attached to head	2
6818707817	Host Range	limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus	3
6818707819	Lytic cycle	A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.	4
6818707821	Virulent Phage	a phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle	5
6818707822	Restriction Enzymes	An endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes). The enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites).	6
6818707823	Lysogenic cycle	Allows replication of the phage genome without destroying the host	7
6818707825	Temperate Phage	phage capable of using both modes of reproduction in bacteria through replication via the lytic or lysogenic cycle.	8
6818707826	Prophage	phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome.	9
6818707828	Retrovirus	An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.	10
6818707829	Reverse Transcriptase	An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.	11
6818707830	HIV	The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus.	12
6818707831	AIDS	The symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.	13
6818707833	Provirus	A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome	14
6818727613	Viral envelope	A membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome.	15

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