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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 3 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 3 Colonial Society in the 18th Century

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8514204738English cultural dominationIn the 18th century, cultural life in the colonies was dominated by English culture. Architecture, painting, and literature were strongly influenced by the English. (p. 50)0
8514204739Benjamin WestPainter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)1
8514204740John CopleyPainter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)2
8514204741Benjamin FranklinHe was the most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century. (p. 51)3
8514204742Poor Richard's AlmanackWritten by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 and annually revised, contained aphorisms and advice. (p. 51)4
8514204743Phillis WheatleyHer poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse. (p. 51)5
8514204744John BartramSelf-taught botanist from Philadelphia. (p. 51)6
8514204745professions; religion, medicine, lawMinisters, physicians, and lawyers were all respected careers in the 18th century colonies. (p. 52)7
8514204746religious tolerationThe overwhelming majority of colonists were Protestants. Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from the most serious discrimination and even persecution. (p. 49)8
8514204747established churchChurches that were financed by the government. (p. 49)9
8514204748Great AwakeningThis religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (p. 49)10
8514204749Jonathan EdwardsThis reverend from Massachusetts argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. (p. 49)11
8514204750George WhitefieldHe came to the colonies from England in 1739. He spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometime attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. He taught that ordinary people could understand scripture without depending on ministers to lead them. (p. 50)12
8514204751Cotton MatherThis minister from Massachusetts, was the author of several widely read religious tracts. (p. 51)13
8514204752sectarianThe first colonial colleges were sectarian, meaning they promoted the doctrines of a particular religion. The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636. (p. 51)14
8514204753nonsectarianIn the mid 18th century, one nonsectarian colleges was founded. The College of Philadelphia (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded, with no religious sponsors. (p. 52)15
8514204754subsistence farmingIn the mid 18th century the colonies had little manufacturing and were devoted almost entirely to agriculture. In New England colonies, most farms were under 100 acres and farming was limited to subsistence levels that provided just enough for a farm family to survive. In the southern colonies, most people lived on small subsistence family farms with no slaves. (p. 48)16
8514204755J. Hector St. John CrevecoeurIn 1782, this Frenchman wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (p. 45)17
8514204756colonial familiesIn the mid 18th century, there was an abundance of fertile land and a dependable food supply in the colonies. This attracted thousands of European settlers each year and supported the raising of large families. (p. 45)18
8514204757GermansThis group of immigrants settled chiefly on the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia. By 1775, they comprised 6 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)19
8514204758Scotch-IrishThese English-speaking people emigrated from northern Ireland. They were known as Scotch-Irish because their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the colonial population. (p.46)20
8514204759Huguenots; Dutch; SwedesThe Huguenots (French Protestants), the Dutch, and the Swedes came to the colonies. By 1775, these groups comprised 5 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)21
8514204760AfricansThe largest single group of non-English immigrants did not come to America by choice. By 1775, the African American population (slave and free) comprised 20 percent of the colonial population. About 90 percent were in the southern colonies. (p. 46)22
8514204761immigrantsNewcomers to the colonies, were mostly Protestant, and came from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and Western and Central Europe. Some left Europe to escape religious persecution and wars. Others sought economic opportunities in farming, or setting up shop as an artisan or merchant. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly. (p. 45)23
8514204762social mobilityEveryone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their standard of living and social status with hard work. (p. 47)24
8514204763hereditary aristocracyThere was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top. Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the population. (p. 47)25
8514204764John Peter ZengerIn 1735, he published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. According to English common law at the time this was a criminal act, but he was acquitted by a jury. This encouraged newspapers in the colonies to take greater risks in criticising the government. (p. 52)26
8514204765Andrew HamiltonIn 1735, he was the lawyer for John Peter Zenger in the Zenger case. (p. 52)27
8514204766EnlightenmentIn the 18th century, some colonists were attracted to this European movement in literature and philosophy. They believed that human reason could be used to solve most of humanity's problems. They reasoned that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural law based on the rights of individual. (p. 53)28
8514204767colonial governorsIn 1750, there were 13 colonies. In the eight royal colonies the governors were appointed by the King, in the three proprietary colonies the governors were appointed by the proprietors, and in Rhode Island and Connecticut the governors were elected by popular vote. (p. 54)29
8514204768colonial legislaturesIn every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. In every colony, the members of the lower house were elected by eligible voters. In the royal and proprietary colonies, the members of the upper house were appointed by the king or the proprietor. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut, the members of both houses were elected by eligible voters. (p. 54)30
8514204769town meetingsThe dominant form of local government in the New England colonies, in which the people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues. (p. 54)31
8514204770county governmentIn the southern colonies, the local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a county. (p. 54)32
8514204771limited democracyIn the mid 18th century, colonial democracy was limited to mostly white men that owned land. Those barred from voting included white women, poor white men, all slaves, and most free blacks. (p. 54)33
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

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8514211963Thomas JeffersonHe was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, and carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. (p. 131)0
8514211964Louisiana PurchaseIn 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, and extended the western frontier well beyond the Mississippi River. (p. 133)1
8514211965war hawksThe 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139)2
8514211966Henry ClayIn 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)3
8514211967John C. CalhounIn 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)4
8514211968TecumsehThis Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)5
8514211969ProphetThis Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)6
8514211970William Henry HarrisonIn 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138)7
8514211971Battle of TippecanoeAn 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138)8
8514211972strict interpretation of ConstitutionPresident Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133)9
8514211973John MarshallThis Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134)10
8514211974judicial reviewIn 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134)11
8514211975Marbury v. MadisonA Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134)12
8514211976Aaron BurrHe was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. A new vice president was chosen for Jefferson's second term. He then organised a failed conspiracy, attempting to unite New England states and secede from the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was acquitted of the charge. (p. 135)13
8514211977QuidsIn 1812, they were "Old" Democratic-Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 because it violated the classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited federal power and the maintenance of peace. (p. 140)14
8514211978Hartford Convention (1814)In December 1814, a special convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141)15
8514211979Napoleon BonaparteIn the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141)16
8514211980Toussaint I'OuvertureHe led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132)17
8514211981Barbary piratesThe United States had been paying the Barbary states on the North African coast in exchange for safe passage of U.S. ships in the Mediterranean. President Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136)18
8514211982neutralityAround 1804, the Napoleonic wars dominated Europe. Britain was seizing U.S. ships, confiscating the cargo and forcing sailors to join the British navy. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict. (p. 136)19
8514211983impressmentThe British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136)20
8514211984Chesapeake-Leopard affairIn 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Three U.S. sailors were killed and four were taken captive. Many Americans demanded war but Jefferson used diplomacy and economic pressure in response. (p. 136)21
8514211985Embargo Act (1807)In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels, by depriving them of American trade. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain. In 1809 it was repealed. (p 136)22
8514211986James MadisonThe fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137)23
8514211987Nonintercourse Act (1809)In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137)24
8514211988Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation. (p. 138)25
8514211989War of 1812A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138)26
8514211990Old IronsidesThe nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140)27
8514211991Battle of Lake ErieProbably the most important U.S. naval victory in the War of 1812. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. to victory against the British. (p. 140)28
8514211992Oliver Hazard PerryThis naval captain won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. His famous quote was, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." (p. 140)29
8514211993Battle of the Thames RiverThis naval battle, near Detroit, was led by General William Henry Harrison. The U.S. defeated the British, and the American Indian Tecumseh was killed. (p. 140)30
8514211994Thomas MacdonoughIn 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)31
8514211995Battle of Lake ChamplainA battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)32
8514211996Andrew JacksonIn the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141)33
8514211997Battle of Horseshoe BendIn March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation, an important British ally. The battle was fought in present-day Alabama and ended American Indian resistance in that area. (p. 141)34
8514211998Creek NationThis American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141)35
8514211999Battle of New OrleansOn January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141)36
8514212000Treaty of Ghent (1814)The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141)37
8514212001Lewis and Clark ExpeditionIn 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134)38
8514212002Francis Scott KeyHe wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141)39
8514212003The Star Spangled BannerThe United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141)40
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 11 Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860

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8514216360utopian communitiesOver one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210)0
8514216361ShakersThis early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210)1
8514216362Amana ColoniesA German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living. (p. 210)2
8514216363Robert OwenA Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210)3
8514216364New HarmonyNonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210)4
8514216365Joseph Humphrey NoyesHe started a cooperative community in Oneida, New York. (p. 210)5
8514216366Oneida communityThis community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210)6
8514216367Charles Fourier phalanxesIn the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210)7
8514216368Horace MannHe was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213)8
8514216369temperanceReformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212)9
8514216370American Temperance SocietyFounded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212)10
8514216371WashingtoniansA temperance movement which argued that alcoholism was a disease that need practical helpful treatment. (p. 212)11
8514216372Women's Christian Temperance UnionIn the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212)12
8514216373asylum movementIn the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. (p. 212)13
8514216374Dorothea DixA reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212)14
8514216375Thomas GallaudetHe started a school for the deaf. (p. 213)15
8514216376Samuel Gridley HoweHe started a school for the blind. (p. 213)16
8514216377penitentiariesThese institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213)17
8514216378Auburn systemA prison system in New York which enforced rigid rules of discipline, while also providing moral instruction and work programs. (p. 213)18
8514216379public school movementIn the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213)19
8514216380McGuffey readersElementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. (p. 213)20
8514216381American Peace SocietyFounded in 1828, this society want to abolish war. (p. 216)21
8514216382American Colonization SocietyFounded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215)22
8514216383American Antislavery SocietyThe organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)23
8514216384abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The LiberatorIn 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)24
8514216385Liberty partyIn 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215)25
8514216386Frederick Douglass; The North StarIn 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)26
8514216387Harriet TubmanFamous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)27
8514216388David RugglesAn African American leader who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)28
8514216389Sojourner TruthA United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215)29
8514216390William StillAn African American leader, who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)30
8514216391David WalkerAn African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)31
8514216392Henry Highland GarnetAn African American, who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)32
8514216393Nat TurnerIn 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215)33
8514216394antebellum periodThe period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207)34
8514216395romantic movementIn early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by the transcendentalists. (p. 209)35
8514216396transcendentalistsThey questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209)36
8514216397Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209)37
8514216398Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience"A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209)38
8514216399Brook FarmAn attempted communal experiment in Massachusetts to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor. (p. 207)39
8514216400George RipleyThis Protestant minister started a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts to live out the transcendentalist ideals. (p. 207)40
8514216401feministsThe term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214)41
8514216402Margaret FullerA feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210)42
8514216403Theodore ParkerA theologian and radical reformer. (p. 210)43
8514216404George Caleb BinghamAn American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211)44
8514216405William S. MountContemporary of the Hudson River school. He began as a painter of history but moved to depicting scenes from everyday life. (p. 211)45
8514216406Thomas ColeFounder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. (p. 211)46
8514216407Frederick ChurchCentral figure in the Hudson River School and pupil of Thomas Cole. He is known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places. (p. 211)47
8514216408Hudson River schoolIn the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211)48
8514216409Washington IrvingThis author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211)49
8514216410James Fenimore CooperThis author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211)50
8514216411Nathaniel HawthorneAuthor of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211)51
8514216412Sylvester GrahamAn American dietary reformer who advocated whole wheat bread and graham crackers to promote good digestion. (p. 216)52
8514216413Amelia BloomerShe urged women to wear pantalettes instead of long skirts. (p. 216)53
8514216414Second Great AwakeningA religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207)54
8514216415Timothy DwightPresident of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207)55
8514216416revivalism; revival camp meetingsIn the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207)56
8514216417millennialismIn the early 1800s, this popular belief, that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus Christ. (p. 208)57
8514216418Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; MormonsFounded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)58
8514216419Joseph SmithFounded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah. (p. 208)59
8514216420Brigham YoungAfter Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah. (p. 208)60
8514216421New ZionThis was the religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)61
8514216422women's rights movementWomen started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214)62
8514216423cult of domesticityAfter industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214)63
8514216424Sarah Grimke, Angelina GrimkeTwo sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214)64
8514216425Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the SexesWritten by Angelina and Sarah Grimke, it protested males opposition to their abolitionist work. (p. 214)65
8514216426Lucretia MottA women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)66
8514216427Elizabeth Cady StantonA women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)67
8514216428Seneca Falls ConventionIn 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214)68
8514216429Susan B. AnthonySocial reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214)69
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 14 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 14 The Civil War, 1861-1865

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8514219190border statesDuring the Civil War the term for the the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Keeping these states in the Union was a primary political and military goal of President Lincoln. They were slave states, but did not secede. (p. 269)0
8514219191Confederate States of AmericaIn February 1861, representatives of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama to form this new country. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution, except that it provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto (power to veto part of a bill). (p. 269, 270)1
8514219192Jefferson DavisHe served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270)2
8514219193Alexander H. StephensHe served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270)3
8514219194Second American RevolutionA term sometimes used for the Civil War. (p. 282)4
8514219195greenbacksName given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280)5
8514219196Morrill Tariff ActIn 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281)6
8514219197Morrill Land Grant ActIn 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281)7
8514219198Pacific Railway ActIn 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281)8
8514219199Homestead ActIn 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281)9
8514219200Fort SumterA federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269)10
8514219201Bull RunIn July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271)11
8514219202Thomas (Stonewall) JacksonIn July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271)12
8514219203Winfield ScottHe was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271)13
8514219204Anaconda PlanThe Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271)14
8514219205George McClellanThe commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271)15
8514219206Robert E. LeeConfederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278)16
8514219207AntietamThis battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273)17
8514219208FredericksburgOn December 13, 1862, General Ambrose Burnside launched a frontal attack on General Lee's strong position at this Virginia city. The Union army suffered 12,000 casualties (dead or wounded), while the Confederates only 5,000 casualties. (p. 273)18
8514219209Monitor vs. MerrimacFirst engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)19
8514219210Ulysses S. GrantIn early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278)20
8514219211ShilohMajor battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274)21
8514219212David FarragutHe led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274)22
8514219213GettysburgOn July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277)23
8514219214VicksburgIn May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277)24
8514219215Sherman's MarchUnion General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277)25
8514219216Appomattox Court HouseSite of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278)26
8514219217executive powerDuring the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, often without the approval of Congress. He called for 75,000 volunteers to stop the Confederacy, authorized spending for the war, and suspended habeas corpus. (p. 270)27
8514219218habeas corpusThis is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279)28
8514219219insurrectionA term President Lincoln used, to describe the Confederacy actions at the start of the Civil War. (p. 269)29
8514219220Confiscation actsSeries of acts passed by the Union government, designed to liberate slaves in Confederate states. The second act in July 1862, freed slaves from anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States (Union). (p. 275)30
8514219221Emancipation ProclamationAfter the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276)31
851421922213th AmendmentThis constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276)32
8514219223Ex Parte MilliganIn 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279)33
8514219224draft riotsIn July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280)34
8514219225CopperheadsNorthern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279)35
8514219226election of 1864In this presidential election, the Democrats nominated the popular General George McClellan. The Republicans renamed to the Unionist party, nominated President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, however McClellan did win 45 percent of the popular vote. (p. 278)36
8514219227Trent AffairIn 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274)37
8514219228AlabamaA Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274)38
8514219229Laird ramsThese ships with iron rams could have been used against the Union's naval blockade. However, the Union persuaded the British government to cancel the sale of these ships to the Confederacy, rather than risk war with the Union. (p. 274)39
8514219230John Wilkes BoothAn American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278)40
8514219231segregated black troopsAlmost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276)41
8514219232Massachusetts 54th RegimentAn all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)42
8514219233women in the workplaceAs men went off to battle in the Civil War, women stepped into the labor vacuum, operated farms and took factory jobs customarily held by men. (p. 282)43
8514219234women in nursingDuring the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282)44
8514219235war's long term effectsThe Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282)45
85142192364 million freedmenWith the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282)46
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AP US History Chronology Flashcards

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4859414350Colonial Period, 1607-1776Jamestown 1607 Economies Develop based on Geography Navigation Acts Colonial Wars0
4859414351Road to Revolution, 1763-1775Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act Conspiracy Theory Boston Massacre1
4859414352Revolutionary War, 1775-1783Declaration of Independence 1776 Articles of Confederation State Constitution2
4859414353Constitutional Period, 1787-1791Convention and 3/5 Compromise Ratification & The Federalist Bill of Rights Added to appease Anti fedealis3
4859414354Federalist Period, 1790sWashington Administrations Federalist vs Republicans Trouble with England & France Adams and Alien & Sedition Acts4
4859414355Industrial Revolution And Market Revolution, 1790-1840New Technology--> Changes in Society Factory System Interchangeable parts Textiles first5
4859414356Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816Republican Revolution Louisiana Purchase 1803 James Madison6
4859414357War of 1812, 1814-1816Sectional Divide Northeast against/ West for Mr Madisons War Washington Burned7
4859414358Jacksonian Era (Andrew Jackson) 1828-1840Westward Expansion--> expansion of suffrage Clay, Calhoun & Webster Bank War Nullification Crisis8
4859414359Antebellum Period, 1820-1860Expansion Sectionalism States Rights Reform movements/Abolitionilism9
4859414360Decade of Expansion, 1840sOregon Texas Mexican War Mexican Cession, Mormans settle Utah10
4859414361The Union in Peril, 1850sCompromise of 1850 Kansas Nebraska Act Republican Party John Browns Raid11
4859414362The Civil War, 1861-1865Abraham Lincoln Technology--> Modern (Total) War Emancipation Proclamation Remarkable Southern Leadership12
4859414363Reconstruction Johnson &, 1865-1877Presidential vs Radical Reconstruction New Southern State Governments 13, 14, & 15th Amendments Impeachment of Johnson13
4859414364Indian Wars/Final conquest of the west, 1865-1900Competition of Miners, ranchers, Homesteaders & Indians Western railroads Indian Reservations14
4859414365Age of Invention Rise of Industry Gilded Age, 1865-1900Corporate Consolidation--> Labor Unions Immigration & Urban Society Corporate influence on politics15
4859414366Populist movement, 1890sAgrarian Discontent Sherman Anti trust Act 1790 Response to Corporate Wealth & Power16
4859414367Imperialism/US on world stage, 1890-1913Hawaii Alaska Philippines (Spanish American War) Roosevelt Corollary/ "Big Stick"17
4859414368Progressive era, 1901-1918Progressive Party (Roosevelt) 1912 Roosevelt Taft & Wilson Reform Movement18
4859414369World War I, 1914-1918American Isolationism Zimmerman Telegraph Russian Revolution (USSR) 14 Points-Treaty of Versailles19
4859414370The Jazz Age/Roaring Twenties, 1920s19th Amendment (Women's Suffrage) Consumer economy Post War Boom Prohibition & Bootlegging Impact of Automobile20
4859414371Great Depression/New Deal, 1929-1939The Bust after the Boom Lame Duck Hoover Democrats and FDR's New Deal Relief, Recovery, & Reform21
4859414372World War II, 1941-1945Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941 European & Pacific THeaters FDR & Truman Allies vs Axis Begins Atomic Age22
4859414373The Cold War, 1950s, 1945-1989Defined by Atomic Weapons US & Allies vs, USSR & Axis Powers Eisenhower McCarhyism and "Red Scare"23
4859414374Civil Rights & Vietnam, 1960sVietnam, Containment & Domino Theory Civil Rights Acts of '64 & '65 Lyndon Johnson's 'Great Society' Nixon escalates in Vietnam- Protest at home24
4859414375Nixon Oil embargo, Recession & Disco, 1970sNixon, Ford and Carter Watergate & Nixon's resignation Stagflation Iranian hostages & Soviets in Afghanistan25
4859414376Reagan, Bush & conservatism, 1980sReagan revolution Supply Side economics Military Build up Collapse of Soviet communism26
4859414377Clinton & Prosperity, 1990sBalanced Budget Dot Com Revolution Impeachment Charges27
4859414378New Millennium, 2000+Disputed election Bush & Gore Terrorism 9/11 Bush Doctorine28
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AP US History -- Vietnam Flashcards

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6554942075Tonkin Gulf resolutionjustification for the US to enter Vietnam0
6554942076William C. WestmorelandUS commander in Vietnam1
6554942077Tet offensiveeffort by Americans to retake Hue from the Viet Cong2
6554942078Eugene McCarthyMinnesota senator who challenged Johnson in the 1968 Democratic primaries3
6554942079James Earl Rayassassin who killed Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 44
6554942080Sirhan Sirhanassassin who killed Robert Kennedy on June 55
6554942081Hubert H. HumphreyDemocratic candidate in the election of 19686
6554942082George WallaceAmerican Independent candidate in the election of 19687
6554942083Spiro AgnewNixon's vice president from Maryland8
6554942084Vietnamizationtraining South Vietnamese soldiers to replace US forces in the war9
6554942085madman theoryidea that Nixon might do anything to stop the war10
6554942086My Lai Massacreincident where William Calley ordered the murder of 347 Vietnamese civilians11
6554942087Kent State shootingsincident where the Ohio National Guard opened fire on protesting university students12
6554942088Pentagon Papersstudy commissioned by Robert McNamara showing that the US was planning to go into Vietnam long before it did13
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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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8606510653George Washington1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address0
8606510654John Adams1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts1
8606510655Thomas Jefferson1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 18072
8606510656James Madison1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff3
8606510657James Monroe1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine4
8606510658John Quincy Adams1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"5
8606510659Andrew Jackson1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act6
8606510660Martin Van Buren1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 18377
8606510661William Henry Harrison1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President8
8606510662John Tyler1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty9
8606510663James Polk1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War10
8606510664Zachary Taylor1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist11
8606510665Millard Fillmore1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 185012
8606510666Franklin Pierce1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase13
8606510667James Buchanan1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid14
8606510668Abraham Lincoln1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation15
8606510669Andrew Johnson1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment16
8606510670Ulysses Grant1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 187317
8606510671Rutherford Hayes1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes18
8606510672James Garfield1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office19
8606510673Chester Arthur1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City20
8606510674Grover Cleveland1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike21
8606510675Benjamin Harrison1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier22
8606510676William McKinley1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy23
8606510677Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy24
8606510678William Howard Taft1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded25
8606510679Woodrow Wilson1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare26
8606510680Warren Harding1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition27
8606510681Calvin Coolidge1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative28
8606510682Herbert Hoover1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff29
8606510683Franklin Delano Roosevelt1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"30
8606510684Harry Truman1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations31
8606510685Dwight Eisenhower1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex32
8606510686John Kennedy1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps33
8606510687Lyndon Johnson1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society34
8606510688Richard Nixon1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate35
8606510689Gerald Ford1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis36
8606510690Jimmy Carter1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords37
8606510691Ronald Reagan1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal38
8606510692George H. W. Bush1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War39
8606510693Bill Clinton1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment40
8606510694George W. Bush2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"41
8606510695Barack Obama2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act42
8606510696Donald Trump2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"43
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 2 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754

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9643600662Cecil Calvert, Second Lord BaltimoreIn 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)0
9643600663Act of TolerationThe first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)1
9643600664Roger WilliamsA respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)2
9643600706ProvidenceThis settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)3
9643600665Anne HutchinsonThis Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)4
9643600666antinomianismThe idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)5
9643600667Rhode IslandIn 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)6
9643600668Halfway covenantIn the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)7
9643600669QuakersMembers of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)8
9643600670William PennIn 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)9
9643600671Holy ExperimentWilliam Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)10
9643600672Charter of LibertiesIn 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)11
9643600673rice plantationsThese plantations required a loarge land area and many slaves. (p. 37)12
9643600674tobacco farmsAs Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37)13
9643600707John CabotFirst Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25)14
9643600708JamestownIn 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)15
9643600709Captain John SmithBecause of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)16
9643600710John RolfeHe helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)17
9643600711PocahontasShe was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)18
9643600712PuritansGroup of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)19
9643600713SeparatistsRadical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26)20
9643600714PilgrimsThey were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26)21
9643600715MayflowerIn 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)22
9643600716Plymouth ColonyThis colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)23
9643600717John WinthropIn 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)24
9643600718Great MigrationThis movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)25
9643600719VirginiaSir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)26
9643600675Thomas HookerIn 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30)27
9643600676John DavenportIn 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)28
9643600677ConnecticutIn 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)29
9643600678New HampshireHoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)30
9643600679The CarolinasIn 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)31
9643600680New YorkIn 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)32
9643600681New JerseyThe territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)33
9643600720PennsylvaniaIn 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)34
9643600682DelawareIn 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)35
9643600683GeorgiaIn 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)36
9643600684James OglethorpeFounder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)37
9643600685WampanoagsAn American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31)38
9643600686MetacomThis American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)39
9643600721King Philip's WarFrom 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)40
9643600722Mayflower CompactIn 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)41
9643600723Virginia House of BurgessesIn 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)42
9643600687Sir William BerkeleyRoyal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)43
9643600688Bacon's RebellionIn 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)44
9643600689Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutIn 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)45
9643600690New England ConfederationIn 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)46
9643600691Frame of Government (1682)In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)47
9643600692corporate coloniesColonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)48
9643600693royal coloniesColonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)49
9643600694proprietary coloniesColonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)50
9643600695Chesapeake ColoniesIn 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)51
9643600724joint-stock companyCorporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)52
9643600725Virginia CompanyEngland's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)53
9643600696mercantilismAn economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)54
9643600697Navigation ActsBetween 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)55
9643600698Dominion of New EnglandJames II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36)56
9643600699Sir Edmund AndrosIn 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36)57
9643600700Glorious RevolutionIn 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37)58
9643600701indentured servantsYoung people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28)59
9643600702headright systemA method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28)60
9643600703slaveryThe first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28)61
9643600704triangular tradeMerchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37)62
9643600705Middle PassageVoyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38)63
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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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8643943102George Washington1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address0
8643943103John Adams1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts1
8643943104Thomas Jefferson1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 18072
8643943105James Madison1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff3
8643943106James Monroe1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine4
8643943107John Quincy Adams1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"5
8643943108Andrew Jackson1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act6
8643943109Martin Van Buren1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 18377
8643943110William Henry Harrison1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President8
8643943111John Tyler1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty9
8643943112James Polk1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War10
8643943113Zachary Taylor1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist11
8643943114Millard Fillmore1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 185012
8643943115Franklin Pierce1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase13
8643943116James Buchanan1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid14
8643943117Abraham Lincoln1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation15
8643943118Andrew Johnson1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment16
8643943119Ulysses Grant1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 187317
8643943120Rutherford Hayes1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes18
8643943121James Garfield1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office19
8643943122Chester Arthur1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City20
8643943123Grover Cleveland1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike21
8643943124Benjamin Harrison1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier22
8643943125William McKinley1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy23
8643943126Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy24
8643943127William Howard Taft1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded25
8643943128Woodrow Wilson1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare26
8643943129Warren Harding1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition27
8643943130Calvin Coolidge1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative28
8643943131Herbert Hoover1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff29
8643943132Franklin Delano Roosevelt1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"30
8643943133Harry Truman1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations31
8643943134Dwight Eisenhower1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex32
8643943135John Kennedy1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps33
8643943136Lyndon Johnson1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society34
8643943137Richard Nixon1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate35
8643943138Gerald Ford1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis36
8643943139Jimmy Carter1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords37
8643943140Ronald Reagan1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal38
8643943141George H. W. Bush1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War39
8643943142Bill Clinton1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment40
8643943143George W. Bush2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"41
8643943144Barack Obama2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act42
8643943145Donald Trump2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"43
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AP US History Period 1 Terms Flashcards

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9757493725A land bridge from AsiaHow early Americans reached North and South America0
9757493726Nomadic; following food and herdsThe lifestyle that encouraged Indians to cross the land bridge1
9757493727Mayan, Inca and AztecsThe most complex Indian communities living in South America2
9757493728MaizeThis crop transformed nomadic hunter-gatherer societies into settled farm communities3
9757493729Silk, Spices, Oils/PerfumesItems desired from Persia & China4
9757493730God, Gold & Glory3 motives for Spanish Exploration5
9757493731HispaniolaThe area in which Columbus landed6
9757493732Treaty of TordesillasThe agreement settling the dispute between Spain & Portugal for land in the Americas.7
9757493733Semi-permanent settlementsMost people in the Americas lived in this type of settlement by the time of Christopher Columbus.8
9757493734Anasazi; PuebloTribes that settled in the Southwest; had culture based on farming & irrigation systems with permanent buildings9
9757493735Northwest IndiansLived in permanent longhouses that had a rich diet based on hunting & fishing10
9757493736Great Plains IndiansTribe that was nomadic OR farmers/traders; hunted buffalo, raised maize, beans & squash11
9757493737What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say?Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil.12
9757493738CortesConquered the Aztecs13
9757493739PizzaroConquered the Incas14
9757493740Bartolome de las CasasMan who stood up for the rights on the natives.15
9757493741RenaissanceTime period that allowed for the invention of gunpowder, the compass and advanced shipbuilding and mapmaking16
9757493742Vasco de GamaFirst European to reach India using the route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope.17
9757493743John CabotFirst explorer sent by England to the New World; explored the North American coast18
9757493744Christopher ColumbusExplorer who won the backing of Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain to sail west from Europe to the "Indies."19
9757493745Ferdinand MagellanExplorer who is credited with the 1st circumnavigation of the earth20
9757493746Henry HudsonWhile searching for the northwest passage, this explorer sailed up a a broad river to give the Dutch claim21
9757493747Columbian ExchangeExchange of plants, animals, and diseases (beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes & tobacco) between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.22
9757493748Corn, beans, squash (3 sister farming)3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe?23
9757493749HorsesAnimal introduced by the Spanish that changed the lifestyle of the Native American24
9757493750Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenzaDiseases from the Old World and went to the New World25
9757493751SyphillisDisease from the New World to the Old World26
9757493752Valladolid DebateThe argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish.27
9757493753EncomiendaA grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; essentially set up slavery for Native Americans28
9757493754Atlantic slave tradeLasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.29
9757493755IroquoisA later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests30
9757493756CherokeeAre a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family.31
9757493757InuitA member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)32
9757493758MayaMesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.33
9757493759Aztec(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky.34
9757493760IncaTheir empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun.35
9757493761TenochtitlanCapital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.36
9757493762NomadEarly, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge.37
9757493763Martin LutherBroke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church.38
9757493764King Henry VIIIBroke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country.39
9757493765New FranceEstablished in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade.40
9757493766AnimismBelief that non-human things possess a spiritual essence41
9757493767MestizoPeople with mixed Indian & European heritage42
9757493768MulattoPeople of mixed white and black ancestry43
9757493769Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt1680 conflict that lead to death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic churches in the area44
9757493770Cultural autonomyConflicts between Natives and Europeans were for the Natives to maintain this45
9757493771MercantilismEconomic system in which the colonies exist to enrich the Mother country; attempt to export to colonies more than they import46
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