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AP US History - Chapter 10 - 16th edition Flashcards

7562697467	1. Thomas Jefferson	He was the first Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, he adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states' rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. his argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank, they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict interpretation of the construction. his beliefs led to the creation of the political party known as the Democratic Republicans. They believed in an extremely weak central government, no special privileges for classes, and did not believe in letting every white male vote, only those intelligent enough to make wise decisions (however they did believe in extending the right to vote to more people than did the Federalists, who were even more elitist still).	0
7562697468	2. Alexander Hamilton	He was a great political leader and youngest and brightest of the Federalists. He was known as the "father of the National Debt." Hailing from New York, he became a major general and was a military genius. He became the first Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789 and established a plan for the economy that went into effect in 1790 including a (1) tariff that passed in 1789, (2) a plan to take care of the national debt which included (a) funding the debt at face value or "funding at par," and (b) the assumption of state debts by the federal government, (3) an excise tax on whiskey in 1791, and (4) a plan for a National Bank which was approved in 1791. His ideas founded the Federalist Party which opposed Jefferson's Republicans.	1
7562697469	3. Henry Knox	he was the first Secretary of War, beginning with the new government in 1789.	2
7562697470	4. Assumption	It stated that the federal government would assume all the states' debts for the American Revolution. This angered states such as Virginia who had already paid off their debts. In exchange for agreeing to this, Virginia was promised that the new capital would be in the South.	3
7562697471	5. Funding at Par	This was an economic plan devised in 1790 by Hamilton in order to "bolster the nation's credit" and strengthen the central government. It was a plan to exchange old bonds for new bonds at face value. This would take on the dents of all the states and reinforce faith in the government bonds. The idea was that in paying face value, credibility and respect would be given to the new government and the economy.	4
7562697472	6. Strict Interpretation of the Constitution	Jefferson and his states' rights disciples believed the Constitution should be interpreted "literally".The reason was to protect individual rights. Jefferson did not want the Bank of the United States, saying it was simply not written into the Constitution, Hamilton argued that although not explicitly written, it was implied in the Constitution. Namely, the "elastic clause" (AKA the "necessary and proper" clause) applied to the Bank. Jefferson thought it was up to the states and Hamilton thought it was up to Congress. The Bank was indeed created by Congress in 1791.	5
7562697473	7. Implied Powers	This refers to the powers of the government found in the Constitution in unwritten forms, mainly through the elastic clause. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the Constitution, through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional. The clause states that it's okay for Congress to do anything "necessary and proper" so that it may carry out its delegated powers. After Hamilton was appointed head of treasury in 1789, debates began between his interpretation of the Constitution and Jefferson's views. Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.	6
7562697474	8. Agrarian	This term means having to do with agriculture. The agrarian society were the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the many virtuous and beneficial characteristics of an agrarian society.	7
7562697475	9. Excise Tax	this is a tax on the manufacturing of an item. It helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western frontier corn farmers who produced whiskey. This sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 and the squelching of the rebellion showed the new government's power.	8
7562697476	10. The Cabinet	This was a body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the president. It was formed during the first years of Washington's presidency. The original members of the cabinet included the Sec. of State (Jefferson), of the Treasury (Hamilton) and of War (Knox).	9
7562697477	11. Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments of the Constitution are in this document. It was added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary number of states. Notably, several states would not ratify the Constitution until this was promised. The document guarantees such civil liberties as freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion. It was written by James Madison.	10
7562697478	12. Whiskey Rebellion	This was a small rebellion that began in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the national government's unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange." Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national government's power in its military, but was condemned for using a "sledgehammer to crush a gnat." The lesson learned was that this government, unlike the Articles of Confederation, was strong.	11
7562697479	13. Amendment Nine	This Amendment states that the enumeration of rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. In other words, the rights listed in the Constitution are not the only rights people have. It was written by James Madison in 1791 to stop the possibility that listing such rights might possibly lead to the assumption that the rights were the only ones protected.	12
7562697480	14. Tenth Amendment	This Amendment is the last Amendment in the Bill of Rights and is often called the "States' Rights Amendment." The Tenth Amendment states that the "powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people." This allows for a strong central government, but it does not allow the government to become all powerful by still allowing states and people rights. This amendment is the basis for the later States' Rights advocates (the South) over the issues of the tariff and slavery.	13
7562697481	15. Jeffersonian Republicans	This was one of nation's first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson, and stemming from the Anti-Federalists. It emerged around 1792 and gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian Republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central government, an America made up of farmers, were more favorable toward the expansion of democracy, and strong states' rights.	14
7562697482	16. Judiciary Act of 1789	This Act organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the Attorney General's office. This act created the judicial branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.	15
7562697483	17. Citizen Genet	He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. He landed in Charleston, SC around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain. He failed to gather American support and was ousted from the nation.	16
7562697484	18. "Mad" Anthony Wayne	He was a general who best Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. There, the Indians left British-made arms on the fields of battle which angered the Americans. After that, the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.	17
7562697485	19. John Adams	He was a Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became president by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, he was involved in the XYZ Affair, the "Quasi War", and the Convention of 1800. Later though, he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality, he was a "respectful irritation."	18
7562697486	20. Talleyrand	he was the French foreign minister. In 1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters regarding France's dislike of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English and violating the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to him about the seizing of American ships by the French. Communication between the commission and him existed between three "go-betweens," (XYZ). They requested a loan and a bribe for talking to him in person. Americans soon rejected this act and effectively started an undeclared war with France.	19
7562697487	21. Compact Theory	This Theory was popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract regarding the jurisdiction of the federal government. The national government, being created by the states, was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. Therefore, states could reject or nullify federal laws they disliked. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. The theory was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts, then later by states' rights advocates over the tariff (1830s) and then attempts to stop the expansion of slavery(1850s).	20
7562697488	22. French Revolution	This began in 1789 with some nonviolent restrictions on the king, but became more hostile in 1792 when France declared war on Austria. Seeking help from America, the French pointed to the Franco-American Alliance of 1778. Jeffersonians leaned toward helping France due to the treaty. Hamiltonians leaned toward helping England due to economic benefits. Not wanting to get involved for fear of damage to the trade business, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral. This led to arguments between Americans and French. After fighting with the French over such things as the Jay Treaty, the Americans came to peace with France in 1800.	21
7562697489	23. Jay Treaty	This was a 1794 a treaty that offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. It said nothing of future impressments. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called John Jay the "Damn'd Archtraitor."	22
7562697490	24. Pinckney Treaty	This 1795 treaty gave America what they demanded from the Spanish, namely free navigation of the Mississippi (AKA "the right of deposit"), and a large area of north Florida. This was an unexpected diplomatic success since it was the Jay Treaty that helped prompt the Spanish to deal out this Treaty.	23
7562697491	25. Convention of 1800	This was a treaty signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "Quasi-War" between France and America.	24
7562697492	26. Neutrality Proclamation 1793	This was issued by George Washington and established an isolationist policy in the French Revolution. It proclaimed the government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts and also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict.	25
7562697493	27. Alien and Sedition Acts	These were 1798 laws that contained four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. Alien Act - gave the president the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. Alien Enemies Act - permitted the president in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. 4. The Sedition Act - the key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. It was to remain in effect until the next presidential inauguration. The Sedition Act's purpose was to silence Republican opposition to Adams' administration. Many people, mostly newspaper publishers, were fined and jailed under the Sedition Act. Jefferson and Madison believed the acts were violations of the First Amendment. It expired March 1801.	26
7562697494	28. Battle of Fallen Timbers	Fallen Timbers was an attack made by American General "Mad Anthony" Wayne against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians. The battle made the Americans angry at England because the Indians were using British-made guns.	27
7562697495	29. Treaty of Greenville	This 1795 treaty gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.	28
7562697496	30. Farewell Address	this was made by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries. He also warned against the growing formation of political parties. The document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.	29
7562697497	31. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	these were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These resolutions were secretly made to get the rights back that were taken away by the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws took away freedom of speech and press which were guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. These resolutions also brought about the later compact theory, or states' rights theory, which gave the states more power than the federal government.	30
7562697498	32. Bill of Rights	Popular term for the first ten amendments to the US Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.	31
7562697499	33. Bank of the United States	Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.	32
7562697500	34. Reign of Terror	Ten-month period of brutal repression when some forty thousand individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. Although many Jeffersonian Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once this commenced.	33
7562697501	35. XYZ Affair	Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' long-standing opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.	34
7562697502	36. George Washington	Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States. A Virginia- born planter, Washington established himself as a military hero during the French and Indian War. He served as commander and chief of the Continental army during the War of Independence, securing key victories at Saratoga and Yorktown. Unanimously elected president under the new national Constitution in 1788, Washington served two terms, focusing primarily on strengthening the national government, establishing a sound financial system, and maintaining American neutrality amidst the escalating European conflict.	35
7562697503	37. Louis XVI	King of France from 1774-1792. He and Queen Marie Antoinette were beheaded during the French Revolution.	36
7562697504	38. Edmond Genet	Representative of the French Republic who in 1793 tried to recruit Americans to invade Spanish and British territories in blatant disregard of Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.	37
7562697505	39. Little Turtle	Miami Indian chief whose warriors routed American forces in 1790 and 1791 along the Ohio frontier. In 1794, he and his braves were defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, after which they were forced to cede vast tracts of the Old Northwest under the Treaty of Greenville.	38
7571622039	John Jay	He was the 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1794, George Washington sent him to negotiate a treaty with England and thus settle issues with the Brits. The Jay Treaty was a failure because it didn't mention British impressment and America had to pay pre-Revolutionary debts. It did prevent a war with England, however, and helped to bring about the signing of the Pinckney Treaty with Spain.	39

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 10 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 10

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5245031295	Indian Removal Act	In 1830 this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195)	0
5245031296	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195)	1
5245031297	Worcester v. Georgia	High court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of Cherokee territory. However Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision was not enforced. (p 196)	2
5245031298	Cherokee Trail of Tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march. (p. 196)	3
5245031299	Bank of the United States	President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bank-recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197)	4
5245031300	Nicholas Biddle	President of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197)	5
5245031301	Roger Taney	Secretary of Treasury, he transferred funds from the Bank of the United States to various state banks. (p. 198)	6
5245031302	pet banks	A term for the state banks that President Jackson transferred federal funds to. Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States. (p. 198)	7
5245031303	Specie Circular	To check inflationary Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than in paper bank notes. (p. 198)	8
5245031304	Panic of 1837	Just as Martin Van Buren became the president the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199)	9
5245031305	Martin Van Buren	He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198)	10
5245031306	common man	A self-made man	11
5245031307	universal white male sufferage	New western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. (p. 192)	12
5245031308	party nominating convention	In the 1830 caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192)	13
5245031309	King Caucus	A closed door meeting of political party's leaders in Congress that nominated candidates. (p. 192)	14
5245031310	popular election of president	In the 1832 presidential election all states except South Carolina allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192)	15
5245031311	Anti-Masonic Party	A political party that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192)	16
5245031312	Workingmen's Party	A political party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192)	17
5245031313	popular campaigning	Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193)	18
5245031314	spoils system	Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Demo. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193)	19
5245031315	rotation in office	Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193)	20
5245031316	John Quincy Adams	In the 1824 he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made Secretary of State. (p. 194)	21
5245031317	Henry Clay	He was Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams. He was Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832 he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197)	22
5245031318	corrupt bargain	The term that Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194)	23
5245031319	Tariff of 1828; Tariff of Abominations	In 1828, during Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which made northern manufacturers happy, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)	24
5245031320	Revolution of 1828	Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195)	25
5245031321	Andrew Jackson	In the Revolution of 1828 he won the presidential election handily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195)	26
5245031322	role of the president	The term for Andrew Jackson, who represented of all the people and protector of the common man from abuses of power by the rich and privileged. (p. 195)	27
5245031323	Peggy Eaton Affair	When Jackson's Secretary of War's wife received of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives. Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force wives to accept Peggy. (p. 195)	28
5245031324	states' rights	President Andrew Jackson favored this form of government.	29
5245031325	nullification crisis	In 1832 South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197)	30
5245031326	Webster-Hayne Debate	In 1830 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union. Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196)	31
5245031327	John C. Calhoun	Andrew Jackson's vice president. He advanced the nullification theory, each state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196)	32
5245031328	Proclamation to the People of South Carolina	President Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197)	33
5245031329	two-party system	Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197)	34
5245031330	Democrats	This party were supporters of Andrew Jackson and similar to old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197)	35
5245031331	Whigs	This party were supporters of Henry Clay and similar to old Federalist party of Hamilton. (p. 197)	36
5245031332	log Cabin and hard cider campaign	In 1840 presidential election the Whigs with popular war hero William Henry Harrison as their candidate used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. They attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler, the vice president won the elction. (p. 199)	37

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US History Chapter 11 Flashcards

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7508306379	Industrial Revolution	a time of transition when machines, factories, and industry replaced hand tools and simple farming	0
7508306380	invention	a unique or new device, idea, or process	1
7508306381	patent	a licence that gives an inventor sole rights to profit from an invention	2
7508306382	steam power	using the force of steam to power a machine	3
7508306383	railroad	a system of tracks and the trains that run on them	4
7508306384	Eli Whitney	inventor of the cotton gin	5
7508306385	cotton gin	made cleaning cotton faster & easier thus greatly increasing cotton production	6
7508306386	telegraph	transmits messages long distances over wire by electrical signals	7
7508306387	Samuel Morse	inventor of the telegraph	8
7508306388	water-wheel	turned by a river to power a simple machine	9
7508306389	increased US cotton production	increased demand for slave labor	10
7508306390	canal	man-made waterway	11
7508306391	Nat Turner	led a slave rebellion in 1831	12
7508306392	Missouri Compromise	Allowed Missouri and Maine to become states in 1820	13
7508306393	Monroe Doctrine	stated that no European nations could establish colonies in the Americas	14
7508306394	Railroads and canals	allowed shipment of goods throughout the United States.	15
7508306395	replaced the water-wheel and allowed railroads & more factories to be established.	Steam power	16
7508306396	said no new slave states could be established north of 36°30'.	Missouri Compromise	17
7508306397	increased slave labor in 1800s	increased US cotton production	18

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AP US History Ch. 19 Terms Flashcards

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8635382180	Chicago school	A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.	0
8635382181	mutual aid society	An urban aid society that served members of an ethnic immigrant group, usually those from a particular province or town. The societies functioned as fraternal clubs that collected dues from members in order to pay support in case of death or disability.	1
8635382182	race riot	A term for an attack on African Americans by white mobs, triggered by political conflict, street altercations, or rumors of crime.	2
8635382183	tenement	A high-density, cheap, five- or six-story housing unit designed for working-class urban populations.	3
8635382184	vaudeville	A professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 1890s that included singing, dancing, and comedy routines; it changed live entertainment from its seedier predecessors like minstrel show to family entertainment for urban masses.	4
8635382185	ragtime	A form of music, named for its "ragged rhythm", that became wildly popular in the early twentieth century among audiences of all classes and races and that ushered in an urban dance craze.	5
8635382186	blues	A form of American music that originated in the Deep South, especially from the black workers in the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta.	6
8635382187	yellow journalism	William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published sensational stories and used this form of journalism to promote the Spanish-American War.	7
8635382188	political machine	A well-organized party whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political clout and popularity among urban voters.	8
8635382189	National Municipal League	A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive.	9
8635382190	progressivism	A loose term for political reformers working to improve the political system, fight poverty, conserve environmental resources and increase government involvement in the economy.	10
8635382191	"City Beautiful" movement	Movement that advocated landscape beautification, playgrounds, and more and better urban parks.	11
8635382192	social settlement	A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf.	12
8635382193	Hull House	One of the first social settlements founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago.	13
8635382194	Pure Food and Drug Act	A 1906 law regulating the conditions in the food and drug industries to ensure a safe supply of food and medicine.	14
8635382195	National Consumer's League	Group organized in 1899 in New York dedicated to improving wages and working conditions for industrial workers.	15
8635382196	Women's Trade Union League	A labor organization founded in New York in 1903 that brought elite, middle class, and working-women together to support unions among garment workers.	16
8635382197	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death, while 100 died inside the factory. Many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers, came from the investigation of this incident.	17
8635382198	muckrakers	Journalists who published exposes of political scandals and industrial abuses.	18
8635382199	private city	An urban environment shaped by individuals and profit-seeking businesses.	19
8635382200	Tammany Hall	Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.	20

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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7941685816	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
7941685817	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
7941685818	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
7941685819	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
7941685820	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
7941685821	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
7941685822	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
7941685823	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
7941685824	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
7941685825	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
7941685826	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
7941685827	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
7941685828	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
7941685829	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
7941685830	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
7941685831	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
7941685832	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
7941685833	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
7941685834	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
7941685835	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
7941685836	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
7941685837	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
7941685838	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
7941685839	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
7941685840	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
7941685841	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
7941685842	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
7941685843	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
7941685844	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
7941685845	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
7941685846	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
7941685847	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
7941685848	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
7941685849	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
7941685850	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
7941685851	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
7941685852	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
7941685853	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
7941685854	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
7941685855	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
7941685856	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
7941685857	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
7941685858	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
7941685859	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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Chapter 2 AP US History American Pageant Flashcards

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4843102449	Protestant Reformation	Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.	0
4843102450	Roanoke Island (1585)	Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. This was the first failed British attempt at colonization in North America.	1
4843102451	Spanish Armada	Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire and the rise of the British as a naval power.	2
4843102452	Primogeniture	The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.	3
4843102453	Joint-stock company	Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures.	4
4843102454	Virginia Company	English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.	5
4843102455	Charter	A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.	6
4843102456	Jamestown (1607)	Jamestown is the first permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.	7
4843102457	First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)	Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish. The marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe secured peace for a time following the First Anglo-Powhatan War.	8
4843102458	Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646)	Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.	9
4843102459	House of Burgesses	Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies.	10
4843102460	Act of Toleration (1649)	Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.	11
4843102461	Squatters	Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.	12
4843102462	Iroquois Confederacy (late 1500s)	The Confederacy bound together five tribes—the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.	13
4843102463	Tuscarora War (1711-1713)	Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.	14
4843102464	Buffer	In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory.	15
4843102465	Henry VIII (1491-1547)	Tudor monarch who launched the Protestant Reformation in England when he broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.	16
4843102466	Elizabeth I (1533-1603)	Protestant Queen of England, whose forty-five year reign from 1558 to 1603 firmly secured the Anglican Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married, she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries.	17
4843102467	Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1542-1595)	English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way.	18
4843102468	Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552-1618)	English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina's Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, Raleigh fell out of favor with the Virgin Queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of honor. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason.	19
4843102469	James I (1566-1625)	Formerly James VI of Scotland, he became James I of England at the death of Elizabeth I. James I supported overseas colonization, granting a charter to the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland and, later, to North America.	20
4843102470	Captain John Smith (1580-1631)	English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks. Smith also established ties with the Powhatan Indians through the Chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who had "saved" Smith from a mock execution the previous year.	21
4843102471	Powhatan (ca. 1540-1618)	Chief of the Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. As a show of force, Powhatan staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614.	22
4843102472	Pocahontas (ca. 1595-1617)	Daughter of Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. In 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess, and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies.	23
4843102473	Lord De La Warr (1577-1618)	Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. A veteran of England's brutal campaigns against the Irish, De La Warr applied harsh "Irish" tactics in his war against the Indians, sending troops to torch Indian villages and seize provisions. The colony of Delaware was named after him.	24
4843102474	John Rolfe (1585-1622)	One of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.	25
4843102475	Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)	Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.	26
4843102476	James Oglethorpe (1696-1785)	Soldier-statesman and leading founder of Georgia. A champion of prison reform, Oglethorpe established Georgia as a haven for debtors seeking to avoid imprisonment. During the War of Jenkins's Ear, Oglethorpe successfully led his colonists in battle, repelling a Spanish attack on British territory.	27
4843102477	Hiawatha	Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.	28
4843102478	Lord Baltimore	Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics. Baltimore unsuccessfully tried to reproduce the English manor system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives. This policy soon created tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and back-country Protestant planters.	29

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AP US History Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

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6683489425	nation-state	The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. "No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states...existed in North America...."	0
6683499572	matrilinear	the form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. "...many North American native peoples, including the Iroquois. developed matrilinear cultures...."	1
6683505724	confederacy	An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. "The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills...."	2
6683509305	primeval	- Concerning the earliest origin of things. "...the whispering, primeval forests...."	3
6683514042	saga	- A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heros. "...their discovery was forgotten, except in Scandinavian saga song."	4
6683516913	middlemen	- In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. "Muslim middlemen exacted a heavy toll en route."	5
6683516914	caravel	- A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. "...they developed	6
6683519725	plantation	- A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. "They build up their own systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar plantations...."	7
6683521844	ecosystem	- A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment. "Two ecosystems...commingled and clashed when Columbus waded ashore."	8
6683521845	demographic	- Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on. "... a demographic catastrophe without parallel in human history."	9
6683525676	conquistador	- A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. "Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) fanned out across...American continents."	10
6683529922	capitalism	- An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. "...the fuel that fed the growth of the economic system known as capitalism."	11
6683532961	encomienda	- The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. "...the institution known as encomienda."	12
6683535234	mestizo	- A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. "He intermarried with the surviving Indians, creating a distinctive culture of mestizo...."	13
6683537727	province	- A medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. "The proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico...."	14
6683560915	nationalism	- Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state. "Indeed England now had . . . a vibrant sense of nationalism . . ."	15
6683564399	primogeniture	- The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. " . . . laws of primogeniture decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates."	16
6683566661	joint-stock companies	- An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment. "Joint-stock companies provided the financial means."	17
6683566662	charter	- A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. "...the Virginia Company of London received a charter from King James I of England...."	18
6683569540	census	- An official count of population, often also describing other information about the population. "...an official census revealed that only about two thousand Indians remained in Virginia...."	19
6683572033	feudal	- Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled. "Absentee proprietor Lord Baltimore hoped that...Maryland... would be the vanguard of a vast feudal domain."	20
6683572376	indentured servant	- A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. "...it depended for labor in its early years mainly on white indentured servants...."	21
6683575965	toleration	- Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. "Maryland's new religious statue guaranteed toleration to all Christians."	22
6683579455	squatter	- A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. "The newcomers, who frequently were 'squatters' without legal right to the soil..."	23
6683581518	matriarch	- A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan. "A single long-house might shelter a woman's family...with the oldest woman being the honored matriarch."	24
6683581519	melting pot	- Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality. "The hamlet of Savannah, like Charleston, was a melting-pot community."	25
6683617003	predestination	- The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. "Good works could not save those whom 'predestination' had marked for the infernal fires."	26
6683629782	elect	- In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation. "But neither could the elect count on their predetermined salvation...."	27
6683633540	conversion	- A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience. "They constantly sought, in themselves and others, signs of 'conversion.' ..."	28
6683633541	visible saints	- In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expect to lead godly lives. "all Puritans agreed that only 'visible saints' should be admitted to church membership."	29
6683638930	calling	- In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work. "Like John Winthrop, the [the Puritans] believed in the doctrine of a 'calling' to do God's work on this Earth."	30
6683638931	heresy	- Departure from correct or officially defined belief. "... she eventually boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God. This was even higher heresy."	31
6683643808	seditious	- Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. "[His was] a seditious blow at the Puritan idea of government's very purpose."	32
6683643809	commonwealth	- An organized civil government or social order. "They were allowed, in effect, to become semiautonomous commonwealths."	33
6683645799	autocratic	- Absolute or dictatorial rule. "An autocratic spirit survived, and the aristocratic element gained strength...."	34
6683649060	passive resistance	- Nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious or moral beliefs. "As advocated of passive resistance, [the Quakers] would ... rebuild their meetinghouse on the site where their enemies had torn it down."	35
6683649061	proprietary	- Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. "Penn's new proprietary regime was unusually liberal...."	36
6683651432	naturalization	- The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. "No restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturalization was made easy."	37
6683651433	blue laws	- Laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. "Even so, there were some 'blue laws' aimed at 'ungodly revelers.'...."	38
6683651434	ethnic	- Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background. "...Pennsylvania attracted a rich mix of ethnic groups."	39
6683664436	asylum	- A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate. "Eager to establish an asylum for his people...."	40
6683706334	headright	- The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer. "Masters-not servants themselves- thus reaped the benefits of landownership from the headright system."	41
6683708198	disenfranchise	- To take away the right to vote. "The Virginia Assembly in 1670 disenfranchised most of the landless knockabouts...."	42
6683708199	civil war	- A conflict between the citizens of inhabitants of the same country. "... this civil war in Virginia ground on...."	43
6683710887	tidewater	- The territory adjoining water affected by tides-this is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers. "Bacon... had pitted the hard scrabble backcountry frontiersmen against the haughty gentry of the tidewater plantations."	44
6683713300	middle passage	- That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas. "... the captives were herded aboard sweltering ships for the gruesome 'middle passage.' ..."	45
6683715988	fertility	- The ability to mate and produce abundant young. "The captive black population of the Chesapeake area soon began to grow not only through new imports bur also through its own fertility...."	46
6683718259	menial	- Fit for servants; humble or low. "... they performed the sweaty toil of clearing swamps, grubbing out for trees, and other menial tasks."	47
6683720009	militia	- An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies. "[They] tried to march to Spanish Florida, only to be stopped by the local militia."	48
6683720010	hierarchy	- a social group arranged in ranks or classes. "... rough equality... was giving way to a hierarchy or wealth and status...."	49
6683722084	corporation	- A group or institution granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities. "...the Massachusetts Puritans established Harvard College, today the oldest corporation in America...."	50
6683722085	jeremiad	- A sermon or prophecy warning of doom and calling for repentance. "Jeremiads continued to thunder from the pulpits...."	51
6683725734	lynching	- The illegal killing of an accused person by mob action without due process. "A hysterical 'witch-hunt' ensued, leading to the legal lynching in 1692 of twenty individuals...."	52
6683725735	hinterland	- Inland region back from a port, river, or the seacoast. "No broad, fertile hinterland... beckoned people inland."	53
6683727927	social structure	- The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society. "... many settlers... tried to re-create on a modified scale the social structure they had known in the Old World."	54
6683727928	blue blood	- Of noble or upper-class descent. "... would-be American blue bloods resented the pretensions of the 'meaner sort.'..."	55
6683762123	melting pot	- The mingling of diverse ethnic groups in America, including the idea that these groups are or should be "melting" into a single culture or people. "Colonial America was a melting pot and has been from the outset."	56
6683763931	sect	- A small religious group that has broken away from some larger mainstream church. "They belonged to several different Protestant sects...."	57
6683766141	agitators	- Those who seek to excite or persuade the public on some issue. "Already experienced colonizers and agitators in Ireland, the Scots-Irish proved to be superb frontiersmen...."	58
6683768617	stratification	- The visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social groups layered one on top of the other. "...colonial society....was beginning to show signs of stratification...."	59
6683768618	mobility	- The capacity to pass readily from one social or economic condition to another. "...barriers to mobility...raised worries about the 'Europeanization' of America."	60
6683772407	elite	- The smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power, or special privileges. "...these elites now feathered their nests more finely."	61
6683772408	almshouse	- A home for the poor, supported by charity or public funds. "Both Philadelphia and New York built almshouses in the 1730s...."	62
6683776384	gentry	- Landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility. "Wealth was concentrated in the hands of the largest slave-owners, widening the gap between the prosperous gentry and the 'poor whites'..."	63
6683776385	tenant farmer	- One who rents rather than owns land. "...the 'poor whites'...were increasingly forced to become tenant farmers."	64
6683779160	penal code	-The body of criminal laws specifying offenses and prescribing punishments. "But many convicts were the unfortunate victims...of a viciously unfair English penal code...."	65
6683779161	veto	- The executive power to prevent acts passed by the legislature from becoming law. "Thomas Jefferson...assailed such vetoes...."	66
6683783338	apprentice	- A person who works under a master to acquire instruction in a trade or profession. "Aspiring young doctors served for a while as apprentices to older practitioners....	67
6683783339	speculation	- Buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price. "Commercial ventures and land speculation...were the surest avenues to speed wealth."	68
6683785676	revival	- In religion, a movement of renewed enthusiasm and commitment, often accompanied by special meetings or evangelical activity. "The stage was thus set for a rousing religious revival."	69
6683785677	secular	- Belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly. "A more secular approach was evident late in the eighteenth century..."	70

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AP US History: Imperialism Flashcards

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9053705445	Alfred Thayer Mahan	A United States Navy officer His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890	0
9053705446	Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler	He was a Spanish General referred to as the "Butcher." He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897.	1
9053705447	Dupuy de Lóme	He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.	2
9053705448	Theodore Roosevelt	26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.	3
9053705449	George Dewey	A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines.	4
9053705450	Emilio Aguinaldo	Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.	5
9053705451	William Howard Taft	(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson.	6
9053705452	Reconcentration	Policy of moving Cubans to detention camps so that they could not aid rebels.	7
9053705453	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.	8
9053705454	Spheres of Influence	Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly.	9
9053705455	Teller Amendment	Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war.	10
9053705456	Treaty of Paris	Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War.	11
9053705457	Anti-Imperialist League	Group objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900.	12
9053705458	Boxer Rebellion	1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.	13
9053705459	Rough Riders	volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt	14
9053705460	Big-stick Diplomacy	-roosevelts foreign policy was agressive and imperialistic and would use military force if necessary	15
9053705461	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	16
9053705462	Insurrectos	Cuban insurgents who used a scorched earth policy to try to drive out the Spanish landlords.	17
9053705463	Expansionism	The doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country.	18
9053705464	Big Sister Policy	James G. Blaine's idea to rally Latin American nations around American leadership to open markets to traders	19
9053705465	Great Rapprochement	after decades of occasionally "twisting the lions tail"american diplomats began to cultivate close cordial relations w/GB at the end of the 19th century(intensifies WW1)	20
9053705466	Mckinley Tariff	raised duties on hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of hawaii to the USA	21
9053705467	McKinley Tariff effects	Decedents of missionares started farms in Hawaii selling sugar cane- because Hawaii was not a state, McKinley Tariff increased prices on sugar. Farmers revolt against Liliuokalani so that they can be annexed into US so they won't be subject to tariff. Pearl Harbor was another reason to annex Hawaii, but Cleveland denied annexation. McKinley passes it.	22
9053705468	USS Maine	american battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over cuba in early 1898 it mysteriously blew up havana harbor on feb. 2 1898 w/260 sailors dead, explosion was accidental, USA thought it was spanish submarine fault and was ready for war	23
9053705469	Foraker Act	gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico	24
9053705470	Insular Cases	These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.	25
9053705471	Platt Amendment	after us switched its original promise of giving cuba its ind. after usa defeat spanish (teller amendm.) USA forced into Cuban Constitution. Cuba could not make treaties with other nations; US had right to intervene in Cuba; US naval bases on Cuban land; Cuba cant borrow money from other countries	26
9053705472	Open Door Note	sent by John Hay to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.	27
9053705473	Hay-Pauncefote treaty	agreement in which the U.S would receive exclusive rights to construct and control a canal in Central America nullified Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, allowing the Panama Canal to be built.	28
9053705474	Root-Takahira Agreement	1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.	29
9053705475	Josiah Strong	He believed it was the duty of "the white race" to share their knowledge and accomplishments worldwide.	30
9053705476	James G Blaine	secretary of state in two administrations in the 1880's led early efforts to expand american influence in latin america	31
9053705477	Richard Olney	Secretary of State under Cleveland, he was authorized by the President to deliver a message to London that the British were ignoring the Monroe Doctrine in their attempt to dominate Venezuela.	32
9053705478	Queen Liliuokalani	queen of Hawaii that highly didnt agree w the US control of Hawaii and wanted to keep the islands mainly native, reducing the power of merchants from foreign nations.	33
9053705479	John Hay	Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal	34
9053705480	Big Stick Policy	This was and aggressive foreign policy under Theodore Roosevelt's Administration. There were several parts to his policy: 1) The Panama Canal - 1850- Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (stated that the canal was a joint project between the US and Great Britain) 1901- Hay Pauncefote Treaty( gave the US full control and access to create the canal, without Great Britain) 1903- Hay Philipe Bunau Varilla Treaty (Agreement between the US and the revolutionary government of Panama granting America the right to build a canal) 2) Roosevelt Corollary- This was an add on to the Monroe Doctrine and dealt with Latin American countries who owed debt to European countries. America did not want European countries to have an excuse to colonize the Western Hemisphere, so US bought countries debt( latin countries would owe US the money instead) This resulted in the "Bad Neighbor" which was the unbalance relationship with the US and latin american countries. The US was looked at as the Police of the Western Hemisphere. 3) Mediation of the Russo- Japanese War- It was the 1st a non-europeans country was winning a war. Japan was winning the war with Russia and knew it had to end while they were winning. Japan asked Roosevelt to mediate the war. Both Russia and Japan thought they should have gotten more money as a result. 4) Japan "Yellow Peril" (fear of asian immigrants)*- In 1906, earthquake hit California and was destructive. The San. Fran. school board removed asians from schools due to schools being destroyed by the earthquake. Japan was insulted by this, so Roosevelt invited S.F school board to D.C. where they made they "Gentlemans agreement" (stopped segregation of asians and controlled immigration from japan to america). The US wanted to show strength and sent the Great White Fleet around the globe, stopping at Japan(to show their steel navy). The Root-Takahira Agreement - In 1905 an agreement with Japan in which we pledged to respect each other's territorial possessions and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.	35
9053705481	Oversea Markets	Farmers wanted more markets to sell their goods, so in order to do so they believed colonization would open oversea markets and serve that need.	36
9053705482	Yellow Press	Journalist who wrote to influence american public opinion about the Spanish/American War ( influenced americans to think they needed to go to war with Spain)	37
9053705483	Religious Zeal	a factor as to why America became imperialistic. The reasoning, like Rev. Josiah Strong said, was that there were too many non-Christians in the world. So it was our duty to go and Christianize them.	38
9053705484	Competition	A simple term used to describe Imperialism. When European countries were colonizing areas around the world, America was becoming more and more behind. This lead to the idea that America needs to compete with the other countries for land and power.	39
9053705485	Hawaii	Know where it is located on the map. Also know facts about Hawaii (Queen Liliuokalani, Cleveland didn't want to annex Hawaii, Mckinley did. )	40
9053705486	Alaska	Know where it is located on the map. Brought from Russia.	41
9053705487	Cuba	Know where it is located on the map. Also know facts about Cuba like "Butcher" Weyler, etc.	42
9053705488	Puerto Rico	Know where it is located on the map.	43
9053705489	Guam	Know where it is located on the map.	44
9053705490	The Philippines	Know where it is located on the map. Know Emilio Aguinaldo,	45
9053705491	Panama	Know where it is located on the map. Know about revolution against columbia ( with the help of US.). First president - Philipe Bunau Varilla	46
9053705492	Columbia	Know where it is located on the map. Columbia controlled Panama until they gained their independence. Columbia didn't want to sell the land to US for the amount of money they offered.	47
9053705493	Japan	Know where it is located on the map. Know Russo-Japan war and Yellow Peril.	48
9053705494	Korea	Know where it is located on the map.	49
9053705495	Samoa	Know where it is located on the map.	50

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AP US History Semester Exam b Flashcards

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5791243945	Virginia House of Burgesses	- Established in 1619, Virginia's colonists organized this first representative assembly in America;	0
5791246746	Joint-Stock Company	Companies that pooled the savings of people of moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable;	1
5791247954	Mercantilism	Economic policy of most European kingdoms in the 17th century; It looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as a basis for a country's military and political strength;	2
5791250414	. Navigation Acts	England's Merchantilist Acts (1650-1673); 1. Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or Colonial built ships with only English or Colonial crews. 2. All goods imported into the colonies, except for perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3. Specified or "Enumerated" goods could be exported to England only; This included tobacco then the list got larger; Had both positive and negative effects on the colonies;	3
5791252487	Indentured Servants	. Indentured Servants- Under contract with a master or landowner who paid for their passage, usually young people from the British Isles, agreed to work usually 4-7 years in return for room and board; After the contract they gained their freedom and either worked for wages or obtained land;	4
5791253551	Benjamin Franklin	- By far the most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century was a remarkable jack-of-all trades B.F.; Won fame for his work with electricity and his development of bifocal eyeglasses and the Franklin Stove; His witty aphorisms and advice were collected in His Poor Richard's Almanac, a best selling book was annually revised from 1732 to 1757;	5
5791255657	Great Awakening	- In the first decades of the 18th Century ministers gave less emphasis than in Puritan times on human sinfulness and the perils of damnation, BUT in the 1730's and 1740's a dramatic change occurred that swept through the colonies with the force of a hurricane; The Great Awakening was a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people; Also caused divisions in the Church between those supporting (New Lights) and those condemning (Old Lights) the teachings	6
5791256737	Jonathan Edwards	.- A Reverend (Minister) who expressed Great Awakening ideas in a series of sermons, one called: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"; He argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness; Individuals who expressed penitence could be saved by Gods grace, but those who paid no heed to God's Commandments would suffer eternal damnation; He influenced New England;	7
5791259044	religious	- Sectarian- The first colonial colleges promoted the doctrines of a particular ____________ group; The Puritans founded Harvard, Anglicans opened William and Mary, Congregationalists started Yale; The Great Awakening prompted the creation of 5 new colleges between 1746-1769: College of New Jersey (Princeton) Presbyterian 1746; King's College, Columbia, Anglican 1754, Rhode Island College (Brown) Baptist 1764, Queens College (Rutgers) Dutch Reformed 1766; Dartmouth College, (Dartmouth) Congregationalists 1769;	8
5791263637	Hereditary Aristocracy	- There was no __________________________; But a narrow class system, based on economics, was developing with Wealthy land owners at the top; Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the common people;	9
5791265106	John Peter Zenger	- New York editor and publisher who was brought to trial on a charge of Libel in which he criticized New York's royal governor;	10
5791266580	Son's and Daughters of Liberty	- Secret society organized to intimidate tax agents	11
5791267467	French and Indian War	- In Europe it was called the Seven Years War; French and Native Americans v. Great Britain and the Colonists;	12
5791269636	Albany Plan of Union	. (1754)- Delegates from seven colonies adopted a plan developed by Benjamin Franklin which provided for an inter-colonial govt. which recruited troops and collected taxes from various colonies, the plan never took effect; but it set the precedent;	13
5791270861	Quartering Act	(1765)- Required colonists to provide food and living quarters to British soldiers;	14
5791272358	Stamp Act	(1765)- First direct tax; Required stamps be placed on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements;	15
5791273241	Writs of Assistance	- A general license to search anywhere; All that an official needed;	16
5791279919	Deism-	Believed that God had created natural laws in creating the Universe, but the role of divine intervention is minimal;	17
5791281333	John Locke	- His book Two Treatises of Government, it reasoned that although government is supreme it is bound to follow "natural laws"; There was a right to restore liberty when threatened; He believed in each person's right to life, liberty, property;	18

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9340170852	Midnight Judges	The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.	0
9340170853	Jay Treaty	A treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. This resulted in a vitalization of the Democratic-Republicans and Pinckney's Treaty with the Spanish.	1
9340170854	Pinckney Treaty	1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans	2
9340170855	XYZ Affair	An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.	3
9340170856	Quasi-French War	American response to XYZ Affair. Declared war on France by ordering seizure of French vessels and suspension of French trade.	4
9340170857	Edmond Genet	French diplomat sent to U.S. to recruit Ameridan aid in attacking British shipping.	5
9340170858	Judiciary Act of 1789	In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. Allowed president to create federal courts and to appoint judges.	6
9340170859	Judiciary Act of 1801	One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.	7
9340170860	Aaron Burr	United States politician who served as Vice President under Jefferson, he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836)	8
9340170861	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.	9
9340170862	Elastic Clause	The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the constitution, which authorizes congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers.	10
9340170863	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	11
9340170864	Alien and Sedition Acts	Citizenship extended from 5 to 14 years. Laws passed by congress in 1798 that enabled the government to imprison or deport aliens and to prosecute critics of the government	12
9340170865	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.	13
9340170866	nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.	14
9340170867	3/5 Compromise	Slaves were to be 3/5 of a person in concerns with representation and taxation.	15
9340170868	Great Compromise	The agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).	16
9340170869	The Federalist Papers	Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists. Wanted to build support for ratification.	17
9340170870	Report on Public Credit	The federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government.	18
9340170871	Report on Manufactures	Rejecting the common assumption that America could prosper with an agricultural base. Hamilton argued that the new Republic should concentrate on developing industry. To nurture American industry in its formative years, he proposed the imposition of protective tariffs and the excise tax to raise revenue.	19
9340170872	National Bank	Proposed by Hamilton. Brought about strict vs loose constructionist interperations of the Constitution.	20
9340170873	Olive Branch Petition	On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.	21
9340170874	Prohibitory Act	Declared all of the colonies in open rebellion and suspended trade between Britain and the American colonies.	22
9340170875	Common Sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain.	23
9340170876	Articles of Confederation	The nations first constitution was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or raise an army.	24
9340170877	Declaration of Independence	Document was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 colonies as independent startes, free frome rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this docuent.	25
9340170878	Baron von Steuben	A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.	26
9340170879	Battle of Trenton	December 25th. Washington crosses Deleware River and takes advantage of he Hessains. Becuase they were celebrating Christmas. He takes the Hessains by suprise and its a victory for the Continental Army.	27
9340170880	Battle of Saratoga	Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.	28
9340170881	Battle of Yorktown	Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.	29
9340170882	General William Howe	Stationed in New York who's purpose was to aid Burgoyne's troops in capturing the Hudson River valley if need be; rashly, he took the main British army to attack Philadelphia and abandoned Burgoyne, which led to the British loss in the important battle at Saratoga.	30
9340170883	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778 after Battle of Trentson, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton.	31
9340170884	John Burgoyne	Military leader in Revolutionary War, abandoned by William Howe. Seized Fort Ticonderoga easily, then experienced serious downfalls at Oriskany and Saratoga.	32
9340170885	Fort Ticonderoga	Buroyne initially captured this fort. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold joined forces to capture the fort from British.	33
9340170886	Benedict Arnold	Foiled British plan to capture the Hudson. Then known as traitor because he offered to surrender West Point to the British.	34
9340170887	General Cornwallis	The British general who defied and order and was trapped at Yorktown forcing his surrender.	35
9340170888	Treaty of Paris	Under this agreement, the British recognized the United States as an independent nation, the borders of the new nation extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and the southern border stopped at Florida, which was returned to Spain. The west of the Mississippi River also went to Spain.	36
9340170889	Ordinance of 1784	Based on proposal by Thomas Jefferson, divided western territory into 10 self-governing districts which could petition Congress for statehood when its population equaled the number of free inhabitants of the smallest existing state.	37
9340170890	Ordinance of 1787	Prohibited slavery in Northwest territory - north of Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River.	38
9340170891	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.	39
9340170892	Battle of Fallen Timbers	Post-revolution war, British instogate Native American attacks, but "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeats them in Ohio Valley and gets the Greenville treaty, which cedes Native American land in Ohio Valley to U.S.	40
9340170893	Shay's Rebellion	This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes.	41
9340170894	Newburgh Conspiracy	The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.	42
9340170895	Annapolis Convention	Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation.	43
9340170896	Manumission	The freeing of individual enslaved persons.	44
9340170897	Cadastral System	Survey system that determines the value, extent, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation.	45
9340170898	Critical Period	Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation.	46
9340170899	Admiral de Grasse	The French admiral who drove off the British navy and set Cornwallis up at Yorktown.	47
9340170900	Judith Sargent Murray	Wrote "On Equality of the Sexes". She argued men and woman had an equal capacity for memory and women had a superior imagination. She concluded that most women were inferior to men in judgement and reasoning, but only bc they had not been trained.	48
9340170901	Count de Rochambeau	French general sent to America with a 6,000- soldier army to help the Americans against the British.	49
9340170902	Samuel de Champlain	A leading figure, intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title "Father of New France". He sailed up St Lawrence River, and founded the city of Quebec in 1608.	50
9340170903	Robert de la Salle	Robert de La Salle was responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada and upon seeing the river valley named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682.	51
9340170904	Albany Plan of Union	Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown.	52
9340170905	Fort Necessity	A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.	53
9340170906	Treaty of Utrecht	1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; vastly expanded British Empire.	54
9340170907	Fort Duquesne	French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.	55
9340170908	William Pitt	The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.	56
9340170909	Treaty of Paris	1763, France lost all of American territory. Spanish lost Florida and Louisiana. Britain gained Canada and control of slave trade.	57
9340170910	Seven Years War	French and Indian War, fought between Great Britain and France, often considered to be the first world war because it involved most of the globe. Began over dispute for Ohio Valley.	58
9340170911	George Grenville	He became the Prime Minister of England in 1763. He was eager to reduce government spending, and he proposed the Sugar and Stamp acts to raise revenue in the colonies to defray the expenses of the French and Indian War and maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.	59
9340170912	Currency Act	Restricted colonists from printing their own currency and use "hard" currency (gold and silver).	60
9340170913	Pontiac's Rebellion	1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area. Last major Indian rebellion.	61
9340170914	James Wolfe	English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War.	62
9340170915	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	63
9340170916	Stamp Act Congress	A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.	64
9340170917	Constitutional Convention	The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.	65
9340170918	Declaratory Act	Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.	66
9340170919	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	67
9340170920	Boston Massacre	British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. First bloodshed of revolution.	68
9340170921	Massachusetts Circular Letter	A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.	69
9340170922	John Dickinson	Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.	70
9340170923	Writs of Assistance	It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.	71
9340170924	Gaspee Incident	Ocurred to protest enforcement of Navigation Acts, residents of Rhode Island boarded Gaspee (British customs ship) and sank it.	72
9340170925	Daughters of Liberty	This orginization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.	73
9340170926	Boston Tea Party	A raid on three British ships in Boston Harbor (December 16, 1773) in which Boston colonists, disguised as Indians, threw the contents of several hundred chests of tea into the harbor as a protest against British taxes on tea and against the monopoly granted the East India Company.	74
9340170927	Intolerable Acts	In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses.	75
9340170928	Quebec Act	Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory.	76
9340170929	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.	77
9340170930	Committees of Correspondence	Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.	78
9340170931	Conciliatory Propositions	Parliament planned to instruct the colonies to tax themselves. This was an unsuccessful attempt by Lord North to lessen the colonists' anger. Separate majority of moderates from minorty of extremists.	79
9340170932	General Thomas Gage	He was the commander in chief of Britain's military forces in America from 1763 to 1775. In April 1775, he issued the order for British troops to march on to concord and seize American weapons stored up there.	80

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