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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

5295497885	First Continental Congress	In September 1774 all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	0
5295497886	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence.	1
5295497887	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. (p. 85)	2
5295497888	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre.	3
5295497889	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. He had a position of respect in Colonial army.	4
5295497890	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He write "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania".	5
5295497891	John Jay	Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress.	6
5295497892	Joseph Galloway	Conservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote.	7
5295497893	Suffolk Resolves	The First Continental Congress adopted it. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal; they also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts. (p. 86)	8
5295497894	Declaration for Rights and Grievances	The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)	9
5295497895	economic sanctions	a.k.a boycotts	10
5295497896	Lexington and Concord	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston were sent to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. The British then moved on to this second town. (p. 86)	11
5295497897	Paul Revere	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	12
5295497898	William Dawes	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	13
5295497899	Minutemen	The colonial militia. (p. 86)	14
5295497900	Battle of Bunker Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the war. (p. 87)	15
5295497901	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775 representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)	16
5295497902	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms	A letter to the world explaining why the colonies were rebelling and that it was necessary.	17
5295497903	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775 the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	18
5295497904	Common Sense	In January 1776 Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	19
5295497905	Prohibitory Act (1775)	In August 1775 King George III declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)	20
5295497906	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the revolution. It was ratified on July 4th 1776. (p. 88)	21
5295497907	Thomas Jefferson	Writer of the Declaration of Independence	22
5295497908	Patriots	Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)	23
5295497909	Tories	The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	24
5295497910	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	25
5295497911	Continentals	Paper money issued by Congress which was almost worthless due to inflation	26
5295497912	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777 General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	27
5295497913	George Rogers Clark	In 1778-1789 he lad the capture of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)	28
5295497914	absolute monarch	Although France had this kind of government; King Louis decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken the British.	29
5295497915	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781 the last battle of the Revolutionary War was fought. (p. 90)	30
5295497916	Treaty of Paris	In 1783 this treaty stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	31
5295497917	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers, and it was replaced by the Constitution in 1788. (p. 91)	32
5295497918	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	33
5295497919	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)	34
5295497920	Land Ordinance of 1785	A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. Part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)	35
5295497921	Unicameral Legislature	A legislature which consists of one chamber or house.	36
5295497922	Mary McCauley	Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)	37
5295497923	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)	38
5295497924	Deborah Sampson	At the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the war. (p. 94)	39

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AP US History: Chapter 1 Terms Flashcards

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4825104756	African Slave Trade	African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America, in America they would work in mines & plantations. The profit went to Europe where they built goods to then be sold to Africans. It was a triangle.	0
4825106459	Algonquian	A group or nation in the northeast that included the Lenape, Montauk, Machican, and Adirondack. They speak the Algonquian language.	1
4825106460	Atlantic World	A pattern of exchange between Western Europe, Western Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Made it easier to get goods from foreign places.	2
4825112372	Biological and Cultural Changes	The two worlds greatly effected one another in trade and exchange of ideas but diseases played a large role in the native populations rapid decline.	3
4825112836	Cahokia	A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.	4
4825151076	Catholic Missions	A number of settlements and building created by the Spanish in the New World in order to spread religion and stake claims to land.	5
4825152869	Charter Companies	An association of investors for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization	6
4825155548	Christopher Columbus	An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.	7
4825160304	Conquistadores	Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.	8
4825162616	Corn (maize) Cultivation	Mayans grew to feed their people so some could spend time making pottery, weaving cloth, studying stars, or building cities .	9
4825169020	Coureurs De Bois	(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.	10
4825171398	Don Juan De Onate	Founded New Mexico and built Santa Fe.	11
4825172934	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.	12
4825174660	Fur Trader	Aggressively pursued trading relationships with Native People.	13
4825176219	Henry Hudson	An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him.	14
4825177548	Iroquois	A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests.	15
4825181041	Jamestown	The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia.	16
4825182521	Matrilineal	Relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother.	17
4825184367	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	18
4825186159	Meso-American	a geographical and cultural area which extends from central Mexico down through Central America, -- Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador. Many important ancient civilizations developed in this area, including Mayas and Aztecs.	19
4825188164	Mestizos	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory.	20
4825189321	Pueblo Revolt	Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt.	21
4825193660	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	22
4825196241	Racial Hierachry	In the New World one's race often determined their place in society.	23
4825198307	Roanoke	Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.	24
4825200358	Samuel De Champlain	French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635).	25
4825203130	Sir Walter Raliegh	Sponsored settlement on Ranoke island disappeard and became known as the lost colony.	26
4825211100	Smallpox	The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.	27
4825212620	Tenochititlan	The capital city of the Aztecs on an island in Lake Texcoco.	28
4825214339	Woodland Indians	the eastern third of what is now the United States was inhabited by the?	29

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848

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7949301709	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
7949301710	sectionalism	The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during that time. (p. 150, 157)	1
7949301711	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)	2
7949301712	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151)	3
7949301713	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
7949301714	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in U.S. history. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
7949301715	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	6
7949301716	Henry Clay; American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)	7
7949301717	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)	8
7949301718	Panic of 1819	In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153)	9
7949301719	Lancaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)	10
7949301720	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	11
7949301721	Erie Canal	A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)	12
7949301722	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)	13
7949301723	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)	14
7949301724	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	15
7949301725	corporations	In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)	16
7949301726	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	17
7949301727	factory system	In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)	18
7949301728	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)	19
7949301729	industrialization	Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164)	20
7949301730	specialization	Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164)	21
7949301731	unions	Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)	22
7949301732	cotton gin	In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)	23
7949301733	market revolution	This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164)	24
7949301734	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)	25
7949301735	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	26
7949301736	McCulloch v. Maryland	This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154)	27
7949301737	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154)	28
7949301738	Gibbons v. Ogden	This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)	29
7949301739	implied powers	Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)	30
7949301740	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156)	31
7949301741	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)	32
7949301742	Stephen Decatur	In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean. (p. 157)	33
7949301743	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157)	34
7949301744	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)	35
7949301745	Andrew Jackson	In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158)	36
7949301746	Florida Purchase Treaty	An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)	37
7949301747	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	38

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Swiech AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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8638451570	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
8638451571	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. He took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
8638451572	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
8638451573	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Many dispute Pocohontas story.	3
8638451574	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
8638451575	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
8638451576	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
8638451577	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
8638451578	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
8638451579	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
8638451580	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
8638451581	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	11
8638451582	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	12
8638451583	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	13
8638451584	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	14
8638451585	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	15
8638451586	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	16
8638451587	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	17
8638451588	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	18
8638451589	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	19
8638451590	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	20
8638451591	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	21
8638451592	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	22
8638451594	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	23
8638451595	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	24
8638451596	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	25
8638451597	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	26
8638451598	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	27
8638451599	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	28
8638451600	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	29
8638451601	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	30
8638451602	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	31
8638451603	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	32
8638451604	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	33
8638451605	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	34
8638451606	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	35
8638451607	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	36
8638451608	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	37
8638451609	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	38
8638451611	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	39

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Holt AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

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6165518171	popular sovereignty	-(in the context of the slavery debate) Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery; -seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories	0
6165518172	Free Soil Party	-from 1848-1854; -antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers	1
6165518173	California gold rush	-began in 1849; -inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports if the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January in 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year; -the onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849	2
6165518174	Underground Railroad	-informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada; -seeking to halt the flow of run-away slave to the North, Southern planter and congressmen pushed for a stringer fugitive slave law	3
6165518175	Seventh of March speech	-in 1850; -Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850; -Webster agrued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent diunion	4
6165518176	Compromise of 1850	-admitted California as a free state, opening New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law; -widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery	5
6165518177	Fugitive Slave Law	-in 1850; -passed as part of the Compromise of 1859, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways; -strengthened the antislavery cause in the North	6
6165518178	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	-in 1850; -signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway; -later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal	7
6165518179	Ostend Manifesto	-in 1854; -secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest military Cuba from Spain; -once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North	8
6165518180	Opium War	-from 1839-1842; -war between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders; -the resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese	9
6165518181	Treaty of Wanghia	-in 1844; -signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United Stated the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese	10
6165518182	Treaty of Kanagawa	-in 1854; -ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, established an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports	11
6165518183	Gadsden Purchase	-in 1853; -acquired additional land from Mexico for 10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad	12
6165518184	Kansas-Nebraska Act	-in 1854; -proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise; -introduced by Stephen Douglass in as effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad	13
6165518185	Lewis Cass	1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty	14
6165518186	Zachary Taylor	(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.	15
6165518187	Harriet Tubman	American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.	16
6165518188	Millard Fillmore	(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.	17
6165518189	Franklin Pierce	Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.	18
6165518190	William Walker	A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.	19
6165518191	Caleb Cushing	Massachusetts born Congressman and diplomat who "opened" China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844.	20
6165518192	Matthew Perry	A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.	21

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 26 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 26 Truman and the Cold War 1945-1952

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5779598538	Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)	Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, it was also known as the GI Bill. It provided veterans of the Second World War with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing. (p. 557)	0
5779598539	early marriages	One sign of confidence in post World War II era was an explosion of marriages at a younger age and new births. (p. 558)	1
5779598540	baby boom	Between 1945 and 1960, 50 million babies were born. This generation would profoundly affect the nation's social institutions and economic life. (p. 558)	2
5779598541	suburban growth	Low interest rates on mortgages that were government-insured and tax deductible made the move from the city to the suburb affordable for almost any family. In a single generation the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites. (p. 558)	3
5779598542	Levittown	William Levitt used mass production techniques to build 17,000 inexpensive homes on Long Island, New York. It became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after World War II. (p. 558)	4
5779598543	Sunbelt	After World War II, many Americans moved to southern states. They were attracted by a warmer climate, lower taxes, and defense-related industry jobs. (p. 558)	5
5779598544	Harry Truman	A moderate Democrat, he became president when Franklin Roosevelt died. He was a decisive, honest and unpretentious leader. (p. 558)	6
5779598545	Employment Act of 1946	President Truman's act included progressive measures such as increased minimum wage and efforts to maintain full employment. (p. 559)	7
5779598546	Council of Economic Advisers	Established by Truman's Employment Act of 1946, they counseled the president and Congress on promoting national economic welfare. (p. 559)	8
5779598547	inflation and labor unions	Relaxed controls on the Office of Price Administration resulted in an inflation rate of about 25 percent during the first year and a half after World War II. Workers and unions wanted wages to increase after years of wage controls during World War II. (p. 559)	9
5779598548	Committee on Civil Rights	In 1946, President Truman used his executive powers to create this committee to challenge racial discrimination. (p. 559)	10
5779598549	racial integration of military	In 1948, President Truman ordered the end of racial discrimination throughout the federal government including the armed forces. The end of segregation changed life on military bases, many of which were in the South. (p. 559)	11
5779598550	22nd Amendment	In response to Franklin Roosevelt's four elections, Congress passed this constitutional amendment, which limited a president to a maximum of two full terms in office. (p. 560)	12
5779598551	Taft-Hartley Act	In 1947, President Truman called it a "slave labor" bill and vetoed it, but Congress overrode his veto. It established limits on unions by outlawing the closed shop, permitting states to pass "right to work" laws, outlawing secondary boycotts, and giving the president the power to invoke an 80-day cooling off period for some strikes. (p. 560)	13
5779598552	Progressive Party	In 1948, liberal Democrats who thought President Truman's aggressive foreign policy threatened world peace, formed this new party. (p. 560)	14
5779598553	Henry Wallace	In 1948, this former vice president was nominated as the Progressive party's presidential candidate. (p. 560)	15
5779598554	States-Rights party (Dixiecrats)	In 1948, Southern Democrats formed this new party in reaction the President Truman's support of civil rights. (p. 560)	16
5779598555	J. Strom Thurmond	The South Carolina Governor, who the States-Rights party (Dixiecrats) chose as their 1948 presidential nominee. (p. 560)	17
5779598556	Thomas Dewey	This Republican New York governor started the 1948 presidential election as the expected winner. He lost to Harry Truman after running a cautious and unexciting campaign. (p. 560)	18
5779598557	Fair Deal	President Truman's attempt at extending the New Deal with national health insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights legislation, public housing, and a new farm program. Most of the Fair Deal was defeated because of Truman's political conflicts with Congress and the pressing foreign policy concerns of the Cold War. (p. 561)	19
5779598558	Cold War	From the late 1940's to 1991, it dominated international relations. The Communist empire of the Soviet Union against the Western democracy of the United States. It was fought mainly through diplomacy rather than armed conflict, but brought the world dangerously close to a nuclear war. (p. 561)	20
5779598559	Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. (p. 561)	21
5779598560	Joseph Stalin	The leader of the Soviet Union during World War II. In the Nonaggression Pact of 1939, he and Hitler agreed to divide up Eastern Europe. The Soviets later fought Hitler in World War II. They were unhappy when the British and Americans waited until 1944 to open a second battle front in France. (p. 562)	22
5779598561	United Nations	In the fall of 1945, this worldwide organization was founded and allowed membership of all countries. It had a 15-member Security Council that was to maintain international security and authorize peacekeeping missions. It is often referred to as the U.N. (p. 562)	23
5779598562	Security Council	Within the United Nations, this council consisted of 15 members. There were five permanent members that had veto power: United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. (p. 562)	24
5779598563	World Bank	Created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The bank's initial purpose was to fund rebuilding after World War II. Also know as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Soviets declined to join because they saw the bank as an instrument of capitalism. (p. 562)	25
5779598564	Communist satellites	Central and Eastern European nations ruled by Communist dictators, most of them loyal to the Soviet Union. They included: Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, and others. (p. 562)	26
5779598565	Occupation zones	At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four regions controlled by the Soviets, United States, Britain, and France. These areas were supposed to be temporary but the Soviets maintained control of the eastern area. (p. 563)	27
5779598566	Iron Curtain	The term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolating and controlling the Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe. (p. 563)	28
5779598567	Winston Churchill	After World War II he declared, "An iron curtain has been descended across the continent". He called for a partnership between Western democracies to halt the expansion of communism. (p. 563)	29
5779598568	historians: traditionalists vs. revisionists	Traditional historians believe the Cold War was started by the Soviet government subjugating the countries of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s. In the 1960s, revisionist historians began to argue that the United States contributed to starting the Cold War. (p. 572)	30
5779598569	George Kennan	Helped formulate Truman's containment policy. Expert on Soviet Affairs, in an influential article he wrote that only "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies" would eventually cause the Soviets to back off their Communist ideology of world domination and live in peace with other nations. (p. 563)	31
5779598570	Dean Acheson	undersecretary of state who helped formulate Truman's containment policy (p.	32
5779598571	containment policy	In 1947, President Truman adopted the advice of three top advisers on how to contain Soviet aggression. This policy called for a long-term, firm, and vigilant containment of the Soviet's expansion tendencies. They believed this would eventually cause them to back off their Communist ideology of world domination. (p. 563)	33
5779598572	Truman Doctrine	This doctrine was in response to a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece and Soviet demand for some control of a water route in Turkey. In 1947, President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. (p. 564)	34
5779598573	Marshall Plan	A 1947 plan of U.S. economic aid to help European nations revive their economies and strengthen democratic governments, after the devastation of World War II. This plan offered $12 billion in aid to western and southern Europe. The Soviet Union refused to take any of the aid and the result was a deepening rift between non-Communist West and the Communist East. (p. 564)	35
5779598574	Berlin airlift	The Soviets cut off all access by land to West Berlin. The United States flew planes in with supplies to help the people. At the same time, the U.S. sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England. Stalin chose not to challenge the airlift and war was averted. (p. 564)	36
5779598575	East Germany	After World War II, this country was the German Democratic Republic, a satellite of the Soviet Union. (p. 564)	37
5779598576	West Germany	After World War II, this country was the Federal Republic of Germany, a U.S. ally. (p. 564)	38
5779598577	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	A military alliance, commonly known as NATO. It consists of the United States, Canada, and ten European nations. Its purpose was to defend Western Europe against outside attack. (p. 565)	39
5779598578	National Security Act	In 1947, this act provided for 1) a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the military, 2) creation of the National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold War, 3) creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments. (p. 566)	40
5779598579	Nuclear arms race	Soviet and American scientists were in an arms race to develop superior weapons systems. From 1945 to 1949 the U.S. was only country to have atomic bombs. In 1949 the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb. President Truman responded by approving the development of a hydrogen bomb which would be 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb. (p. 566)	41
5779598580	NSC-68	A 1950 secret report in which the National Security Council that U.S must fight the Cold War by: 1) quadruple U.S. defense spending to 20% of GNP 2) form alliances with non-Communist countries 3) convince Americans that a costly arms build up was necessary for defense (p. 566)	42
5779598581	U.S. - Japanese Security Treaty	A 1951 treaty, in which Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific and the U.S. ended formal occupation of Japan. U.S troops remained on military bases in Japan to protect it from external enemies. (p. 567)	43
5779598582	Douglas MacArthur	Popular general who aggressively directed American forces during the Korean War. He clashed with President Truman, who removed him from command in 1951. (p. 566)	44
5779598583	Chinese civil war	The war between Communist Mao Zedong and Nationalist Chiang-Kai Shek. The United States gave $400 million in aid to the Nationalists, but 80 percent of it landed in Communist hands. The Communists took over China and forced the Nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. The U.S. did not recognize the People's Republic of China until 1979. (p. 567)	45
5779598584	Chiang Kai-shek	Nationalist leader of China, forced out of China by the Communists. He retreated to Taiwan, where the U.S. continued to support him. (p. 567)	46
5779598585	Taiwan	When the Communists took control of the China mainland, the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek were forced to retreat to this island. (p. 567)	47
5779598586	Mao Zedong	The Communist leader of the People's Republic of China. He overthrew Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. (p. 567)	48
5779598587	People's Republic of China	Commonly known as China, it is the largest country in East Asia. A socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of China under a single-party system. (p. 567)	49
5779598588	Korean War	On June 25, 1950 the North Korean army invaded South Korea. General Douglas MacArthur led a United Nations force consisting of mostly U.S. troops to help the South Korean army. By the time a peace agreement was signed in 1953 the north and south border was nearly in the same location, but 2.5 million people, including 54,000 Americans had died. (p. 568)	50
5779598589	Kim Il Sung	The Communist leader of North Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568)	51
5779598590	Syngman Rhee	The nationalist leader of South Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568)	52
5779598591	U.N. police action	The term to describe the Korean War because Congress supported the use of U.S. troops under the U.N. but had never declared war. (p. 568)	53
5779598592	38th parallel	After World War II Japan gave up its former colony Korea and the country was divided along this parallel. The northern area was occupied by the Soviet forces and the south by the U.S. forces. (p. 568)	54
5779598593	soft on communism	The Republican's term to describe the Democrats after China adopted Communism and the Korean War stalemate. (p. 569)	55
5779598594	Loyalty Review Board	In 1947 under pressure from the Republicans this board was established to investigate the background of more than 3 million employees. (p. 570)	56
5779598595	Smith Act	In 1940, this act made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (p. 570)	57
5779598596	Dennis et al. v. United States	In 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act. (p. 570)	58
5779598597	McCarran Internal Security Act	In 1950, Congress passed this act over Truman's veto which did the following: 1) Made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government. 2) Restrict the employment and travel of those joining Communist -front organizations. 3) Authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives. (p. 570)	59
5779598598	House Un-American Activities Committee	After World War II, this House of Representative committee investigated Communist influence in the government and within organizations such as the Boy Scouts and Hollywood film industry. Many were called to testify before the committee and some were blacklisted. (p. 570)	60
5779598599	Hollywood blacklists	The House Un-American Activities Committee created a list of people who would be denied work in the film industry. (p. 570)	61
5779598600	freedom of expression in arts	The Second Red Scare, the search for Communists, had a chilling effect on freedom of expression. (p. 570)	62
5779598601	Alger Hiss	He was a state department official who assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta conference. He denied that he was a Communist and had given secret documents to Whittaker Chambers. In 1950, he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison. (p. 571)	63
5779598602	Whittaker Chambers	A confessed Communist and witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee. (p. 571)	64
5779598603	Rosenberg case	This couple, Julius and Ethel, were charged with running a spy ring for the Soviets in New York. In 1953, they were convicted of treason and executed. (p 571)	65
5779598604	Joseph McCarthy	A Republican senator from Wisconsin, who recklessly accused many government officials of being Communists. In December 1954 censured by the Senate which brought an end to his era. (p. 571)	66
5779598605	McCarthyism	During the early 1950s, this term was applied to the process of recklessly accusing people in the government and the arts of being Communists. (p. 571)	67

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AP US History U5T2 Flashcards

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5451940571	End of the Frontier	Occurred in 1890 when the government closed the frontier, which was the unknown land land in the West of the United States. This ended the era of the frontier, a place where a large part of American culture was sculpted and a place where people went to find new opportunities	0
5451940572	Transcontinental railroad	A railroad that connected the east United States to the West United States. It was chartered by the government, and built by two companies. One company, the Central Pacific, consisting of mostly Chinese immigrants, started in Sacramento and built toward Omaha, while the Union Pacific, consisting of mainly Irish immigrants, started in Omaha and worked toward Sacramento. The railroad was complete when the two companies met at Promotory Point, Utah, in 1869 (Golden Spike)	1
5451940573	Morill Land Grant Act	A land grant act passed in 1862 that granted each state with 30,000 acres of public land for each senator and representative. This land would be sold, and the money would be used to establish schools that primarily taught people agricultural methods. It is important because it changed higher education, changing it from classical studies to applied studies; things students would use later on in life. Proposed by Vermont senator Justin Smith Morill	2
5451940574	Homestead Act 1862	Granted 160 acres of western land to families who agreed to cultivate it for five years. Because the land, weather, and isolation were often a problem, it lead to the invention of new techniques, such as dry farming. Over 500,000 people claimed land under this act	3
5451940575	Buffalo Bill Cody	An American bison hunter, scout, and showman who was born in Iowa in 1846. He is important because his performing show, Buffalo Bill's Wild West, colorfully portrayed cowboys and the Indian Wars	4
5451940576	Sitting Bull	The Sioux Indian chief who predicted victory at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876, where the Sioux defeated George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry. After spending several years in Canada, he was forced to surrender to U.S. forces, as his tribe was on the brink of starvation. He was shot while being arrested in 1890 because it was feared that he would influence the Ghost Dance movement	5
5451940577	Little Big Horn	The 1876 Battle where the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians defeated General George C. Custer' federal troops. The battle was a result of the increased conflict between the Sioux and U.S. authorities after gold was found in the hills of South Dakota in 1874. Showed the Indians defiance to living on reservations and having their homeland intruded by Americans	6
5451940578	The Dawes Severalty Act	An act passed by congress in 1887 with the goal of assimilating natives into American culture. It broke up existing Indian land and divided it into allotments meant for individuals and families. It granted native families 160 acres of land, as long as they remained on the land for at least 25 years. It also established boarding schools, such as Carlisle, wear natives would learn American culture. The natives resented the act, and responded with the Ghost Dance movement	7
5451940579	Ghost Dance Movement	A religious movement that gained popularity in 1889 when a Pioute man named Wavoka had a vision that the world would end, and that the white man would perish while Indians would inherit the land. To be saved, Indians would have to purge themselves of white culture, and return to Indian values. The Ghost Dance was seen as a threat by the United States, who ended it by massacring 300 unarmed natives at Wounded Knee in 1890. Sitting Bull and the Sioux adopted it	8
5451940580	Wounded Knee	The massacre of 300 defenseless natives by the United States Army in 1890. It occurred in South Dakota, and was a response to the Ghost Dance movement. This massacre ended the Indian Wars, and the frontier was closed shortly after	9
5451940581	Newlands Reclamation Act	A 1902 federal law that funded irrigation of arid land in 20 states. It was drawn up by Congressman Francis Newlands of Nevada. It is important because it led to the damming of many U.S. rivers, and led to the United States Reclamation Service	10
5451940582	Standard time zones	4 time zones were Introduced in 1883 because of the transcontinental railroad. They were necessary to create a uniform train schedule for arrivals and departures. They are still used today	11
5451940583	Mail order magazines and rural free delivery	Programs the arouse in the wake of the Homestead Act of 1862. Because most of the settlers of the western lands lived in isolation, catalogs and magazines were mailed to them, so they could have access to products despite not having neighbors. Rural free delivery delivered products to the isolated homesteaders, allowing for easier access to goods despite not having neighbors	12
5451940584	Long drive	The cattle route from Texas to Kansas, which included the Chisholm Trail, established in 1864. Cowboys made this trip, and often did very hard work for little money. This method of transport was severely limited with the 1889 invention of barbed wire, which limited open grazing	13
5451940585	Open range ranching	Popular during the 1860's, 70's, and 80's. Cowboys would round up cattle on the open range, and herd them to be transported and sold. This method of herding declined once harsh and varying weather wiped out large herds, and with the invention of barbed wire	14
5451940586	Barbed wire	Invented in 1889 by Joseph Glidden. It was used by western settlers who did not want cattle freely grazing on their land. It's invention severely limited open grazing, and helped lead to the decline of the cattle industry	15

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AP US History Exam 2 Semester 2 Flashcards

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5992511811	Ida Wells Barnett	called international attention to lynching of blacks through journalism- black newspapers and editorials-in south in the 1890s- against racial discrimination, helped found the NAACP	0
5992511813	Mary McLeod Bethune	Black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; result: blacks deserted republican party for the democratic party	1
5992511816	W.E.B. Dubois	Fought for immediate implementation of blacks rights; "Agitate, agitate, agitate", argued that blacks need political rights in order to make economic gains- rejected Booker T Washington's ideas	2
5992511817	George W. Bush	President who began campaign towards energy self efficiency and war on terrorism in 2001 after 9/11	3
5992511819	Rachel Carson	American Conservationist who wrote Silent Spring, sparking an environmental movement, the book was anti DDT and it pushed the president into starting environmental efforts	4
5992511821	Betty Friedan	Feminist- wrote The Feminist Mystique, started the "second wave" of feminism	5
5992511823	Marcus Garvey	Leader UNIA, urged blacks to return to Africa because of injustices, originally from Jamaica	6
5992511825	Lyndon Johnson	Signed Civil rights act, President after Kennedy's assassination, refused to accept nomination for a second term, "War on Poverty"- The Great Society	7
5992511826	Eleanor Roosevelt	FDR's wife, New Deal supporter, supporter of Civil Rights, worked on domestic issues while FDR was away with World War Two, pushed for birth control research and better working conditions for women	8
5992511827	Richard Nixon	Republican president, watergate scandal, only president to resign from office	9
5992511828	Franklin Roosevelt	President during the Great Depression, new deal efforts, one of the "big three" during WW2	10
5992511830	George Wallace	pro segregation governor of Alabama, ran for president against Nixon but lost the election, "Blow Vietnam back into the stone age"	11
5992511831	Booker T. Washington	Former Slave, encouraged blacks not to cause an issue, believed a strong economic base was the key to integrating society SLOWLY- more critical than fighting for rights	12
5992511832	Dawes Act	1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners	13
5992511833	Chinese Exclusion Act	Chinese immigrants were no longer permitted into the US because of the amount of recent immigrants- due to rise in nativism	14
5992511834	Espionage and Sedition Acts	Two acts that imposed penalties on anyone speaking against or interfering with US involvement in WW1	15
5992511835	National Origins Act	Federal law that limited the number of immigrants from each country allowed in the United states to 2% of the current amount, based on the Census of 1890, of immigrants from that country living in the US	16
5992511836	Lend-Lease Act	Law during neutrality of WW2 that said the US could aid any nation the president believed vital to American security- allowed US to supply Great Britain	17
5992511837	US Immigration and Naturalization Act	abolished the quota system and opened up immigration in the 1960s- led to more diverse population	18
5992511838	War Powers Act	States that some powers of the government are increased during war time situations	19
5992511839	Social Security Act	under FDR, in 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65, set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers, children, handicapped, and public health	20
5992511840	Neutrality Acts	4 laws passed in the 1930's that were designed to keep the US out of international affairs	21
5992511841	Federal Reserve Act	1913, set up system of federal banks- gave the government control of the money supply	22
5992511842	Homestead Act	1862, provided free or cheap land in the West to anyone willing to develop it- encouraged Westward migration	23
5992511843	Wagner/National Labor Relations Act	1935, guarantees workers rights of collective bargaining and set down rules to protect unions, created National Labor Relations Board	24
5992511844	Taft-Hartley Act	1947 forbids closed shop permits states to bar union shop- allowed temporary injunctions of strikes interfering with national welfare	25
5992511845	National Defense Education Act	act that was passed in response to sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans; allocated funds for upgrading sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation	26
5992511846	Hawley-Smoot Act	A law enacted in 1930 that established highest protective tariff in US history, worsening the depression in America and abroad	27
5992511847	Federal Highway Act	appropriating 25 billion for construction of interstate highways over a 20 year period- under Eisenhower	28
5992511848	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to South Vietnam and fight a war against Vietnam- Johnson could send troops without a congressional order	29
5992511849	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	Made monopolies illegal, ineffective- strengthened by Clayton Anti-Trust act	30
5992511850	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade manufacture or sale or mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, Still in existence as the FDA, pushed into the governments view by muckrakers like Upton Sinclair, improved safety of food and drugs in America	31
5992511851	Plessy v Ferguson, 1896	Challenged de jure segregation in the south, ended in Supreme Court with segregation upheld because of the "separate but equal" doctrine	32
5992511852	Scopes Trial, 1925	"Monkey Trial" over the teaching of evolution that was in violation of a Tennessee law; pitted the Bible, fundamentalists, William Jennings Bryan against evolution, modernism, and Clarence Darrow	33
5992511853	Sacco and Vanzetti trial	trial that demonstrated the fear of foreigners during the time of increased immigration, two Italian immigrants arrested for robbery and murder- sentenced to death	34
5992511854	Korematsu v US, 1944	citizens of Japanese descent could be interned and deprived of basic constitutional rights due to executive order- War time policy	35
5992511855	Brown v Board of Education, 1954	1954- Supreme court declared that racially segregated schools and facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools to be desegregated	36
5992511857	Roe v Wade, 1973	abortion rights fall within privacy implied in 14th ammendment	37
5992511859	Open Door	Policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal trade opportunities in China.	38
5992511860	Spanish American War	1898, conflict between the US and Spain in which the US supported Cubans fight for independence, "a splendid little war	39
5992511861	Ku Klux Klan	White supremacy group that intimidated blacks- and eventually other minorities- out of their new found liberties	40
5992511862	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelts addition to the Monroe doctrine, claiming the right of the US to intervene in Latin America	41
5992511863	Populism	Political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite	42
5992511864	Kellogg-Briand Pact	1928 agreement attempting to get all nations to outlaw wars of agression	43
5992511865	Dawes Plan	Plan to revive German economy, US private investors loaned money to Germany so that they can pay back reparations to England and France who can then pay back reparations to the US. Improved circulation of money.	44
5992511866	Boxer Rebellion	Rebellion in Beijing that was started by a secret society of chinese that opposed the foreign devils, ended by british troops	45
5992511867	Great White Fleet	T. Roosevelts world tour of the new naval fleet, wanted to display US Naval assets	46
5992511868	Progressivism	movement in the late 1800s that wanted to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation, fought to end corruption in government and business worked to bring equal rights for women and groups left behind in Industrial Revolution	47
5992511869	Panama Canal	a canal built across central america that would allow quicker passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, The US began after the assistance of the Panamanians in the Panamanian Revolution	48
5992511870	Jim Crow	Refers to general segregation of society	49
5992511871	Bonus Army	WW1 Veterans tied to pressure Congress to pay their retirement bonus bills early because of the depression, when denied- Angry Veterans marched on Washington and Hoover called in the Army to remove them	50
5992511872	Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact	Poland was invaded and USSR wouldn't oppose a German invasion like Britain did with France	51
5992511873	lend-lease	law that authorized the president to aid any nation who's defense was believed vital to American Security- during WW2	52
5992511874	Iron curtain	Churchills metaphor for the division in Europe post WW2	53
5992511875	Marshall Plan	US program of economic aid to reconstruct Europe Post-WW2	54
5992511876	Berlin Airlift	1st direct confrontation between US and USSR during the Cold War	55
5992511877	Cold War	Conflict between US and USSR, never direct fights on a battlefield, war of technology, nuclear threats, included arms and space race	56
5992511878	White flight/suburbia	Working class and middle class white families moved from the inner city neighborhoods-leaving the racial minorities-to mostly white suburbs on the outside of the city	57
5992511879	NATO	Alliance between allied powers of WW2, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, pact to defend one another in case of attack	58
5992511880	Warsaw Pact	Alliance between Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries in response to NATO	59
5992511881	Peace Corps	JFK, volunteers who help third world countries and prevent spread of communism by getting rid of poverty- Africa, Asia, Latin America	60
5992511882	Tet Offensive	Massive attack by Vietcong on south Vietnamese towns and cities in 1968	61
5992511883	Kent State	Ohio University where anti war protest became a massacre, national guard called in	62
5992511884	Vietnamization	Strategy that called for dramatic reduction of US troops in Vietnam and increased amount of south Vietnamese men in their place	63
5992511885	20s	Female liberation, new found mobility, the flapper, laissez faire, economic high point because of WW1, end in Stock Market Crash	64
5992511886	30s	Great Depression, FDR, New Deal, dust bowl, gangsters, mafia	65
5992511887	40s	World War 2, beginning of Civil Rights, start of Cold War, division of Germany	66
5992511888	50s	Korean War, economic boom because of WW2, baby boom, suburbs, civil rights movement growth	67
5992511889	60s	Anti War Protests, sex, drugs, Rock and Roll, JFK assassination	68
5992511890	70s	Watergate scandal, detente, Camp David Accords, Iran hostage crisis, Kent State, end of Vietnam involvement	69
5992511891	80s	Reaganomics, Reagan Revolution, Iran a Contra Affair, AIDS epidemic, personal computers	70
5992511892	90s	Monica lewinsky, Persian gulf war, operation desert storm, N	71
5992511894	acquit	to find not guilty of a fault or crime	72
5992511895	liberal	Tolerant and broad minded-	73
5992511896	amend	to change or add to- as in the constitution	74
5992511897	moderate	Someone who's views are in between conservative and liberal- may include beliefs of both	75
5992511898	assess	act of evaluation	76
5992511899	political	Of or pertaining to politics	77
5992511900	conservative	someone who is averse to change and sticks to traditional values, typically used in reference to politics	78
5992511901	ratify	To approve	79
5992511902	convict	a final judgement of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed	80
5992511903	refute	To disapprove	81
5992511904	defend	person or party accused of an offense- to prove innocence	82
5992511905	repeal	To "cancel" a law	83
5992511906	domestic	having to do with the home	84
5992511907	social	Of or pertaining to society and the interactions of people	85
5992511908	economic	management of money- or any scarce resource in society	86
5992511909	validity	Accuracy, trustworthiness	87
5992511910	foreign	nations way of associating with other nations	88
5992511911	jurisdiction	Area of authority or control, judge has ____ over a court	89

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 17, AMSCO AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 17 The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900

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8425494815	The Great American Desert	Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. (p. 339)	0
8425494816	100th meridian	The plains west of this meridian had few trees and usually received less than 15 inches of rain per year. This meridian crosses near the middle of Nebraska. (p. 339)	1
8425494817	buffalo herds	These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. (p. 339)	2
8425494818	Great Plains	The region west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. (p. 339)	3
8425494819	mineral resources	From 1848 to the 1890s, gold and silver strikes occurred in what became the states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota. (p. 340)	4
8425494820	mining frontier, boomtowns	In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. (p. 340)	5
8425494821	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341)	6
8425494822	commercial cities	A few towns that served the mines, such as San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver, grew into prosperous cities. (p. 341)	7
8425494823	longhorns, vaqueros	The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. (p. 341)	8
8425494824	cattle drives	Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. (p. 342)	9
8425494825	barbed wire	These fences became common, they cut off the cattle's access to the open range. (p. 342)	10
8425494826	Joseph Glidden	He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. (p. 342)	11
8425494827	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342)	12
8425494828	dry farming	This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342)	13
8425494829	Great Plains tribes	These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. (p. 343)	14
8425494830	Southwest tribes	These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. (p. 343)	15
8425494831	federal treaty policies	The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)	16
8425494832	causes of Indian wars	In the late 19th century, the settlement of the thousands of miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian lands led to violence. (p. 344)	17
8425494833	Little Big Horn	In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345)	18
8425494834	assimilationists	The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. (p. 345)	19
8425494835	Helen Hunt Jackson	The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. (p. 345)	20
8425494836	Dawes Act of 1887	This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345)	21
8425494837	Ghost Dance movement	This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. (p. 345)	22
8425494838	Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. (p. 346)	23
8425494839	Mexican War aftermath	After the Mexican War ended in 1848, the Spanish-speaking landowners in California and the Southwest were guaranteed their property rights and granted citizenship. However, drawn-out legal proceeding after resulted in the sale or la of lands to new Anglo arrivals. (p. 346)	24
8425494840	Spanish-speaking areas	In 1848, the New Mexico territories, border towns, and the barrios of California were dominant spanish-speaking regions. (p. 346)	25
8425494841	Migration for jobs	Mexican Americans moved to find work, such as the sugar beet fields and mines of Colorado, and the building of western railroads. (p. 346)	26
8425494842	deforestation	The conservation movement was sparked by removal of large number of trees. (p. 346)	27
8425494843	Yellowstone, Yosemite	In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. (p. 346)	28
8425494844	Department of the Interior	Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. (p. 347)	29
8425494845	conservationists and preservationists	Conservationist believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, preservationists went a step further, and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. (p. 347)	30
8425494846	Forest Reserve Act of 1891	This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	31
8425494847	Forest Management Act of 1897	This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	32
8425494848	John Muir, Sierra Club	In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. (p. 347)	33
8425494849	New South	After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. (p. 347)	34
8425494850	Henry Grady	Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. (p. 347)	35
8425494851	Birmingham steel	This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. (p. 347)	36
8425494852	Memphis lumber	This Southern city prospered as the center of the South's growing lumber industry. (p. 347)	37
8425494853	Richmond tobacco	This Southern city became the capital of the nation's tobacco industry. (p. 347)	38
8425494854	integrated rail network	After the Civil War, the Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to standard-guage rails, which integrated them into the national rail system. (p. 347)	39
8425494855	agriculture's dominance	Despite progress and growth after the Civil War, the South remained a mostly agricultural based economy. (p. 347)	40
8425494856	sharecropping; tenant farmers	After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. (p. 348)	41
8425494857	George Washington Carver	An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. (p. 348)	42
8425494858	Tuskegee Institute	An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. (p. 348)	43
8425494859	white supremacists	This group favored separating (segregating) public facilities, as a means of treating African American as social inferiors. (p. 349)	44
8425494860	Civil Rights Cases of 1883	In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. (p. 349)	45
8425494861	Plessy v. Ferguson	An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349)	46
8425494862	Jim Crow laws	In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349)	47
8425494863	literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses	After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.	48
8425494864	white primaries, white juries	After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. (p. 349)	49
8425494865	lynch mobs	In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were lynched (hung by a mob without trial) by Southerns.	50
8425494866	economic discrimination	After Reconstruction, economic discrimination was widespread in the South. Most African Americans were kept out of skilled trades and factory jobs. African Americans remained in farming and low-paying domestic work. (p. 349)	51
8425494867	African American migration	In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. (p. 350)	52
8425494868	Ida B. Wells	She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. (p. 349)	53
8425494869	Booker T. Washington	Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. (p. 350)	54
8425494870	economic cooperation	Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony and economic cooperation. (p. 350)	55
8425494871	markets and farmers	In the late 1800s, farming became increasingly commercialized and specialized. They became dependent on large and expensive machinery and small, marginal farms were often driven out of business. (p. 350)	56
8425494872	crop price deflation	After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. (p. 351)	57
8425494873	railroads and middlemen	Railroads and middlemen were able to charge high or discriminatory rates in the food supply chain because they had little competition. (p. 351)	58
8425494874	National Grange Movement	In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. (p. 351)	59
8425494875	cooperatives	Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. (p. 351)	60
8425494876	Granger laws	In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. (p. 351)	61
8425494877	Munn v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. (p. 352)	62
8425494878	Wabash v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. (p. 352)	63
8425494879	Interstate Commerce Commission	The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. (p. 352)	64
8425494880	Ocala Platform of 1890	In 1890, a national organization of farmers, called the National Alliance, met in Florida to address the problems of rural America. It fell short of becoming a political party, but many of the reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement. (p. 352)	65
8425494881	census of 1890	The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)	66
8425494882	Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"	He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. (p. 343)	67
8425494883	role of cities, "Nature's Metropolis"	Book written by William Cronon, it argued that the frontier and cities grew up together, they were dependent on each other. (p. 353)	68
8425494884	old immigrants	Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)	69
8425494885	new immigrants	From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)	70
8425494886	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. (p. 362)	71
8425494887	Immigration Act of 1882	In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)	72
8425494888	Contract Labor Act of 1885	Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)	73
8425494889	Ellis Island	An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)	74
8425494890	melting pot vs. cultural diversity	The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)	75
8425494891	political machines, boss	Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)	76
8425494892	Tammany Hall	A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)	77
8425494893	Jane Addams	In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)	78
8425494894	settlement houses	They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)	79
8425494895	Dwight Moody	He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)	80
8425494896	Salvation Army	Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)	81
8425494897	Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA	In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)	82
8425494898	Francis Willard, WCTU	Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)	83
8425494899	Antisaloon League	In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)	84
8425494900	Clarence Darrow	A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)	85
8425494901	W.E.B. Du Bois	A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)	86
8425494902	Mark Twain	The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)	87
8425494903	Frank Lloyd Wright	The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings. (p. 370)	88
8425494904	jazz, blues, ragtime	A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)	89
8425494905	Joseph Pulitzer	He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)	90

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AP US History Chapter 31 Review Flashcards

From The American Pageant by Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey

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6199895261	Responding to continuing upheavals in the postwar world order and to significant social changes that upended traditional American culture and values, most Americans in the 1920's did all of the following EXCEPT	(C) struggle to achieve economic prosperity.	0
6199895262	How did the business sector use the red scare to its advantage in the 1920's?	(B) It cooperated with federal and state governments to destroy fledgling unions such as the IWW.	1
6199895263	Which of the following was most important in prompting Americans to support the Immigrant Act of 1924?	(B) A nativist belief that northern Europeans were culturally superior to the waves of eastern and southern Europeans who had arrived in America over the last forty years.	2
6199895264	Which of the following would a cultural pluralist such as Horace Kallen, Randolph Bourne, or Louis Brandeis NOT support?	(A) An American melting-pot cultural ideology that advocated eliminating ethnic differences.	3
6199895265	Which of the following represented a key obstacle to working-class solidarity and union organizing in the US during this period?	(A) Employers' devious use of ethnic tensions and rivalries among workers to thwart union activities and working-class solidarity.	4
6199895266	All of the following undermined the effective enforcement of prohibition laws against alcohol in America EXCEPT	(E) overwhelming popular opposition to prohibition in the South and West.	5
6199895267	According to John Dewey, the primary goal of progressive education should be to	(E) educate students for life through active, participatory learning methods.	6
6199895268	Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial?	(C) It was a complete legal vindication of a teacher's right to teach evolution in the public schools of Tennessee.	7
6199895269	How did Americans business in the 1920's attempt to solve the problem of developing enormous universal markets for its mass-produced goods?	(B) American business nurtured the birth and development of consumer advertising.	8
6199895270	What dark cloud hung over the economic prosperity enjoyed by Americans in the 1920's?	(A) An enormous amount of American consumer debt.	9
6199895271	All of the following were an outgrowth of the automobile revolution EXCEPT	(B) the increased dependence of women on men.	10
6199895272	What did the 1920 census reveal about the lives of Americans?	(C) For the first time in the nation's history, more Americans lived in cities than in the countryside.	11
6199895273	What did many Americans point to in order to justify their new sexual frankness?	(D) The theories of Sigmund Freud.	12
6199895274	Which socioeconomic group bore the heaviest tax burden in the 1920's as a result of the tax policies of Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon?	(A) Middle-income groups.	13
6199900511	All of the following works of literature examined the values of 1920s America EXCEPT	(D) The Clansman	14
6199908779	How did the cultural liberation of the 1920s extend to African Americans, especially in northern cities?	(B) Marcus Garvey created the United Negro Improvement Association	15

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