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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 12 Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860

9803072600	manifest destiny	The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)	0
9803072601	industrial technology	After 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, ﬁrearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)	1
9803072602	Elias Howe	The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)	2
9803072603	Samuel F. B. Morse	In 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)	3
9803072639	railroads	In the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)	4
9803072604	Panic of 1857	Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)	5
9803072605	Great American Desert	In the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)	6
9803072606	mountain men	The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)	7
9803072640	Far West	In the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)	8
9803072607	overland trails	The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)	9
9803072608	mining frontier	The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)	10
9803072641	gold rush	California's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)	11
9803072642	silver rush	The discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)	12
9803072609	farming frontier	In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)	13
9803072610	urban frontier	Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)	14
9803072611	federal land grants	In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)	15
9803072612	John Tyler	He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)	16
9803072613	Oregon territory	This was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)	17
9803072614	Fifty-four Forty or Fight	The slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)	18
9803072615	James K. Polk	The eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)	19
9803072616	Wilmot Proviso	In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)	20
9803072617	Franklin Pierce	In 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)	21
9803072618	Ostend Manifesto	The United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)	22
9803072619	Texas	In 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)	23
9803072620	Stephen Austin	In the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)	24
9803072621	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	In 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)	25
9803072622	Sam Houston	In March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)	26
9803072623	Alamo	The mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)	27
9803072624	Aroostook War	In the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)	28
9803072625	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)	29
9803072643	Rio Grande; Nueces River	In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)	30
9803072626	Mexican War (1846-1847)	A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)	31
9803072627	Zachary Taylor	In 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)	32
9803072628	Winfield Scott	This U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)	33
9803072629	Stephen Kearney	This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)	34
9803072630	John C. Fremont	In June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)	35
9803072631	California; Bear Flag Republic	In June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)	36
9803072632	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)	37
9803072633	Mexican Cession	Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)	38
9803072634	Walker Expedition	An expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)	39
9803072635	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)	40
9803072636	Gadsden Purchase	In 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)	41
9803072644	foreign commerce	In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)	42
9803072645	exports and imports	In the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)	43
9803072637	Matthew C. Perry; Japan	Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)	44

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 17 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 17 The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900

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9803097091	The Great American Desert	Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. (p. 339)	0
9803097112	100th meridian	The plains west of this meridian had few trees and usually received less than 15 inches of rain per year. This meridian crosses near the middle of Nebraska. (p. 339)	1
9803097092	buffalo herds	These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. (p. 339)	2
9803097113	Great Plains	The region west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. (p. 339)	3
9803097114	mineral resources	From 1848 to the 1890s, gold and silver strikes occurred in what became the states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota. (p. 340)	4
9803097115	mining frontier, boomtowns	In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. (p. 340)	5
9803097093	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341)	6
9803097116	commercial cities	A few towns that served the mines, such as San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver, grew into prosperous cities. (p. 341)	7
9803097094	longhorns, vaqueros	The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. (p. 341)	8
9803097117	cattle drives	Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. (p. 342)	9
9803097118	barbed wire	These fences became common, they cut off the cattle's access to the open range. (p. 342)	10
9803097095	Joseph Glidden	He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. (p. 342)	11
9803097119	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342)	12
9803097120	dry farming	This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342)	13
9803097121	Great Plains tribes	These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. (p. 343)	14
9803097122	Southwest tribes	These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. (p. 343)	15
9803097123	federal treaty policies	The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)	16
9803097124	causes of Indian wars	In the late 19th century, the settlement of the thousands of miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian lands led to violence. (p. 344)	17
9803097096	Little Big Horn	In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345)	18
9803097097	assimilationists	The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. (p. 345)	19
9803097098	Helen Hunt Jackson	The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. (p. 345)	20
9803097099	Dawes Act of 1887	This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345)	21
9803097100	Ghost Dance movement	This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. (p. 345)	22
9803097125	Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. (p. 346)	23
9803097126	Mexican War aftermath	After the Mexican War ended in 1848, the Spanish-speaking landowners in California and the Southwest were guaranteed their property rights and granted citizenship. However, drawn-out legal proceeding after resulted in the sale or la of lands to new Anglo arrivals. (p. 346)	24
9803097127	Spanish-speaking areas	In 1848, the New Mexico territories, border towns, and the barrios of California were dominant spanish-speaking regions. (p. 346)	25
9803097128	Migration for jobs	Mexican Americans moved to find work, such as the sugar beet fields and mines of Colorado, and the building of western railroads. (p. 346)	26
9803097129	deforestation	The conservation movement was sparked by removal of large number of trees. (p. 346)	27
9803097130	Yellowstone, Yosemite	In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. (p. 346)	28
9803097131	Department of the Interior	Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. (p. 347)	29
9803097132	conservationists and preservationists	Conservationist believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, preservationists went a step further, and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. (p. 347)	30
9803097133	Forest Reserve Act of 1891	This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	31
9803097134	Forest Management Act of 1897	This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	32
9803097135	John Muir, Sierra Club	In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. (p. 347)	33
9803097101	New South	After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. (p. 347)	34
9803097102	Henry Grady	Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. (p. 347)	35
9803097136	Birmingham steel	This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. (p. 347)	36
9803097137	Memphis lumber	This Southern city prospered as the center of the South's growing lumber industry. (p. 347)	37
9803097138	Richmond tobacco	This Southern city became the capital of the nation's tobacco industry. (p. 347)	38
9803097139	integrated rail network	After the Civil War, the Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to standard-guage rails, which integrated them into the national rail system. (p. 347)	39
9803097140	agriculture's dominance	Despite progress and growth after the Civil War, the South remained a mostly agricultural based economy. (p. 347)	40
9803097141	sharecropping; tenant farmers	After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. (p. 348)	41
9803097103	George Washington Carver	An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. (p. 348)	42
9803097142	Tuskegee Institute	An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. (p. 348)	43
9803097143	white supremacists	This group favored separating (segregating) public facilities, as a means of treating African American as social inferiors. (p. 349)	44
9803097144	Civil Rights Cases of 1883	In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. (p. 349)	45
9803097104	Plessy v. Ferguson	An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349)	46
9803097105	Jim Crow laws	In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349)	47
9803097145	literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses	After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.	48
9803097146	white primaries, white juries	After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. (p. 349)	49
9803097147	lynch mobs	In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were lynched (hung by a mob without trial) by Southerns.	50
9803097148	economic discrimination	After Reconstruction, economic discrimination was widespread in the South. Most African Americans were kept out of skilled trades and factory jobs. African Americans remained in farming and low-paying domestic work. (p. 349)	51
9803097149	African American migration	In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. (p. 350)	52
9803097106	Ida B. Wells	She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. (p. 349)	53
9803097107	Booker T. Washington	Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. (p. 350)	54
9803097150	economic cooperation	Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony and economic cooperation. (p. 350)	55
9803097151	markets and farmers	In the late 1800s, farming became increasingly commercialized and specialized. They became dependent on large and expensive machinery and small, marginal farms were often driven out of business. (p. 350)	56
9803097152	crop price deflation	After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. (p. 351)	57
9803097153	railroads and middlemen	Railroads and middlemen were able to charge high or discriminatory rates in the food supply chain because they had little competition. (p. 351)	58
9803097154	National Grange Movement	In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. (p. 351)	59
9803097155	cooperatives	Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. (p. 351)	60
9803097156	Granger laws	In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. (p. 351)	61
9803097108	Munn v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. (p. 352)	62
9803097109	Wabash v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. (p. 352)	63
9803097110	Interstate Commerce Commission	The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. (p. 352)	64
9803097111	Ocala Platform of 1890	In 1890, a national organization of farmers, called the National Alliance, met in Florida to address the problems of rural America. It fell short of becoming a political party, but many of the reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement. (p. 352)	65
9803097157	census of 1890	The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)	66
9803097158	Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"	He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. (p. 343)	67
9803097159	role of cities, "Nature's Metropolis"	Book written by William Cronon, it argued that the frontier and cities grew up together, they were dependent on each other. (p. 353)	68

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 29 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 29 Limits of a Superpower, 1969-1980

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9803147658	Henry Kissinger	Nixon's national security adviser, he later become secretary of state during Nixon's second term. He helped Nixon to fashion a realistic foreign policy that generally succeeded in reducing the tensions of the Cold War. (p. 625)	0
9803147659	Vietnamization	President Nixon announced that he would gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam went from over 540,000 in 1969 to under 30,000 in 1972. (p. 626)	1
9803147660	Nixon Doctrine	This doctrine declared that Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces. (p. 626)	2
9803147661	Kent State	In April 1970, President Nixon expanded the war by using U.S. forces to invade Cambodia. A nationwide protest against this action on U.S. college campuses resulted in the killing of four youths by National Guard troops at Kent State in Ohio. (p. 626)	3
9803147662	My Lai	The American public was shocked to learn about a 1968 massacre of women and children by U.S. troops in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. (p. 626)	4
9803147663	Pentagon Papers	The New York Times published the Pentagon Papers, a secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam. (p. 626)	5
9803147664	Paris Accords of 1973	In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs). The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself. (p. 627)	6
9803147665	detente	President Nixon and Kissinger strengthened the U.S. position in the world by taking advantage of the rivalry between the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union. Their diplomacy was praised for bringing about detente, a reduction of Cold War tensions. (p. 627)	7
9803147666	China visit	After a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, in February of 1972 Nixon astonished the world by traveling to Beijing to meet with Mao Zedong, the leader of Communist China. His visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to U.S. recognition of the Communist government. (p. 627)	8
9803147681	antiballistic missiles	President Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs). (p. 627)	9
9803147667	Strategic Arms Limitation Talks	President Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs), a new technology that would have expanded the arms race. After the first round of Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT I), U.S. diplomats secured Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. While this agreement did not end the arms race, it was a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions and bringing about detente. (p. 627)	10
9803147668	Middle East War (1973)	On October 6, 1973, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. President Nixon ordered the U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat. The tide of battle quickly shifted in favor of the Israelis. (p. 631)	11
9803147669	OPEC; oil embargo	After October 1973 Arab Israel War, the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. The embargo caused a worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the United States. (p. 631)	12
9803147670	New Federalism	In a program known as revenue sharing, or the New Federalism, Congress approved giving local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit. Republicans hoped revenue sharing would check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states, where it had rested before the New Deal. (p. 628)	13
9803147671	stagflation	The U.S. economy in the 1970s faced an unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation. To slow inflation, President Nixon at first tried to cut federal spending. When this policy contributed to a recession and unemployment, he adopted Keynesian economics and deficit spending. He surprised the nation by imposing a 90-day wage and price freeze. Next, he took the dollar off the gold standard, which helped to devalue it relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)	14
9803147672	southern strategy	Having received just 43 percent of the popular vote in 1968, President Nixon was well aware of being a minority president. To win over the South, he asked the federal courts in that region to delay integration plans and busing orders. He also nominated two southern conservatives to the Supreme Court. The Senate refused to confirm them, and the courts rejected his requests for delayed integration. Nevertheless, his strategy played well with southern white voters. (p. 629)	15
9803147682	wage and price controls	In 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze to slow inflation. (p. 628)	16
9803147683	off the gold standard	In 1971, President Nixon took the U.S. off the gold standard, which helped to devalue the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)	17
9803147684	cost of living indexed	In 1972, Congress approved automatic increases for Social Security benefits based on the rise in the cost of living. (p. 628)	18
9803147685	Title IX	In 1972, Congress passed this statue to end sex discrimination in schools that received federal funding. (p. 628)	19
9803147673	Burger Court	In 1969, President Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger of Minnesota as chief justice to succeed the retiring Earl Warren. The Burger Court was more conservative than the Warren Court, but some of its decisions angered conservatives. (p. 629)	20
9803147686	Roe v. Wade	In 1973, the Supreme Court struck down many state laws prohibiting abortions as a violation of a women's right to privacy. (p. 629)	21
9803147687	election of 1972	In the 1972 presidential election Richard Nixon easily won a second term by defeating Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won every state except Massachusetts. (p. 629)	22
9803147674	George McGovern	In 1972, this Democratic Senator from South Dakota was a very liberal, antiwar, antiestablishment candidate for president. He was defeated easily by Richard Nixon. (p. 629)	23
9803147675	Watergate cover-up	In June 1972, a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities. No proof demonstrated that Nixon had ordered the illegal activities. However, it was shown that Nixon participated in the illegal cover up of the scandal. (p. 630)	24
9803147688	plumbers	The president's aides created this group to stop leaks to the press as well as to discredit opponents. (p. 630)	25
9803147689	enemies list	The White House created this list of prominent Americans who opposed Nixon or the Vietnam War. (p. 630)	26
9803147690	United States v. Nixon	In the last days of the Watergate scandal, the court denied Nixon's claims to executive privilege and ordering him to turn over the Watergate tapes. (p. 629)	27
9803147676	War Powers Act	It was found that President Nixon had authorized 3,500 secret bombing raids in Cambodia, a neutral county. In November 1973, after a long struggle, Congress finally passed this act over Nixon's veto. This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action and to obtain Congressional approval for any military action lasting more than 60 days. (p. 631)	28
9803147677	impeachment and resignation	The start of impeachment hearings in the House forced Nixon to eventually turn over the Watergate tapes, tape recordings of Nixon in his office. The tapes clearly implicated Nixon in the cover-up. The House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment: (1) obstruction of justice, (2) abuse of power, and (3) contempt of Congress. On August 9, 1974 Nixon resigned. (p. 632)	29
9803147691	imperial presidency	Cold War presidents had used national security, secrecy, executive privileged, and the mystique of the office to concentrate power into the White House. (p. 640)	30
9803147678	Gerald Ford	As vice president, he became president when Richard Nixon resigned on August 1, 1974. He was a likeable and unpretentious man, but his ability to be president was questioned by many in the media. (p. 632)	31
9803147692	pardon of Nixon	In his first month in office President Gerald Ford granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crime he might have committed in office. (p. 632)	32
9803147693	reform of CIA	Former Congressman George H. W. Bush was appointed by President Ford to reform this agency after it had been accused of assassinating foreign leaders. (p. 633)	33
9803147694	fall of Saigon	In April 1975, the U.S supported government in Saigon fell and Vietnam became one country under Communist rule. (p. 633)	34
9803147679	Cambodia genocide	In 1975, the U.S. supported government in Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a radical Communist faction that killed over one million of its people in an effort to rid the country of western influence. (p 633)	35
9803147695	battle over inflation	In 1979-1980, inflation seemed completely out of control and reached the unheard of rate of 13 percent. (p. 636)	36
9803147680	Bicentennial	In 1976 the United States celebrated its 200th birthday. (p. 633)	37
9803147696	election of 1976	In 1976 presidential election Democrat James Earl (Jimmy) Carter won a close election by defeating Gerald Ford. He was helped by running as an outsider and the voters memory of Watergate. (p. 634)	38
9803147697	James Earl (Jimmy) Carter	He was elected president in 1976. He was a former Democratic governor of Georgia. (p. 634)	39
9803147698	human rights	President Carter championed the cause of human rights around the world. He opposed the all-white oppressive governments of South Africa and Rhodesia. He cut aid to Argentina and Chile for their human rights violations. (p. 634)	40
9803147699	Panama Canal Treaty	In 1978, the Senate ratified a treaty that would gradually transfer control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama. (p. 634)	41
9803147700	Camp David Accords	In September 1978, President Carter arranged for leader of Egypt and Israel to met at the Camp David presidential retreat to provide a framework for a peace settlement between the two countries. (p. 635)	42
9803147701	Iranian hostage crisis	In November 1979, Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and held more than 50 of the U.S. staff as hostages. The hostage crisis dragged on for the rest of Carter's presidency. (p. 635)	43
9803147702	recognition of China	In 1979, the U.S. ended its official recognition of the Chinese government in Taiwan and completed an exchange of ambassadors with the People's Republic of China. (p. 635)	44
9803147703	Soviet Afghanistan invasion	In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan, an action that ended a decade of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. (p. 635)	45
9803147704	Paul Volcker, high interest rates	In 1980, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board pushed interest rates to 20 percent in order to combat inflation. (p. 636)	46
9803147705	malaise speech	In 1979, President Jimmy Carter gave a speech in which he blamed the U.S. problems on a "moral and spiritual crisis". (p. 636)	47
9803147706	cultural pluralism	The U.S. population became more racial diverse and diverse ethnic and cultural groups strove to celebrate their unique traditions. (p. 637)	48
9803147707	impact of 1965 immigration law	The end of ethnic quotas favoring Europeans opened the United States to immigrants from all parts of the world. (p. 637)	49
9803147708	Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986	This act penalize employers for hiring immigrants who had entered the country illegally or had overstayed their visas, while granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants arriving by 1982. (p. 637)	50
9803147709	Hispanic Americans	In 2000, they became the country's largest minority group. (p. 637)	51
9803147710	Cesar Chavez	In 1975, as leader of the United Farm Workers Organization he organized boycotts and eventually gained collective bargaining rights for farm workers. (p. 637)	52
9803147711	American Indian Movement	To achieve American Indian self-determination and revival of tribal traditions this organization was founded in 1968. (p. 638)	53
9803147712	Indian Self-Determination Act	In 1975, this act gave American Indian reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. (p. 638)	54
9803147713	gaming casinos	The American Indians attacked widespread unemployment and poverty on reservations by building these facilities. (p. 638)	55
9803147714	Asian Americans	In the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population. (p. 639)	56
9803147715	gay liberation movement	By the mid 1970s, homosexuality was no longer classified as a mental illness and the federal Civil Service ended its ban on unemployment of homosexuals. (p. 639)	57
9803147716	Earth Day	In 1970, this annual celebration day, was created to show concerns about pollution and the destruction of the natural environment. (p. 639)	58
9803147717	Exxon Valdez accident	In 1989, this oil tanker ran aground and created a massive oil spill off the coast of Alaska. (p. 639)	59
9803147718	Three Mile Island	In 1979, this nuclear power plant accident in Pennsylvania turned public opinion against nuclear power. (p. 639)	60
9803147719	Chernobyl meltdown	In 1986, this nuclear plant in the Soviet Union exploded killing many people. (p. 639)	61
9803147720	Clean Air Act	In 1970, Congress passed this act to protect the air. (p. 639)	62
9803147721	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	In 1970, Congress created this agency to protect the environment. (p. 639)	63
9803147722	Clean Water Act	In 1972, Congress passed this act to protect the water. (p. 639)	64
9803147723	Environmental Superfund	In 1980, Congress created this fun to clean up toxic dumps, such as Love Canal in New York state. (p. 639)	65
9803147724	Endangered Species Act	In 1973, Congress passed this act to protect endangered species. (p. 639)	66

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 23 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 23 The Modern Era of the 1920s

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9803121807	Warren Harding	In November 1920, he was elected the 29th president of the United States. He was a Republican whose slogan was: "Return to Normalcy". His term was marked by scandals and corruption, although he was never implicated in any of the scandals. In August 1923, he died while traveling in the West. (p. 475-476)	0
9803121808	Charles Evans Hughes	A former presidential candidate and Supreme Court justice who was appointed secretary of state by President Warren G. Harding. (p. 476)	1
9803121809	Andrew Mellon	A Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire who was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. (p. 476)	2
9803121810	Harry Daugherty	Attorney General under President Harding who accepted bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects. (p. 476)	3
9803121811	Albert Fall	Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. He was convicted of accepting bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming. (p. 476)	4
9803121812	Teapot Dome	A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. (p. 476)	5
9803121813	Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act	This tariff passed in 1922, raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods by 25 percent. It helped domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade, and was one cause of the Great Depression of 1929. (p. 476, 488)	6
9803121814	Bureau of the Budget	Formed in 1921, this bureau created procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to annually review and vote on. (p. 476)	7
9803121815	Calvin Coolidge	As vice president, he became president when Warren Harding died in August 1923. He won the presidential election of 1924, but declined to run in 1928. He was a Republican who believed in limited government. He summarized his presidency and his era with the phrase: "The business of America is business". (p. 477)	8
9803121816	Herbert Hoover	When Calvin Coolidge decide not to run for president in 1928, he was the Republican presidential nominee. He promised to extend "Coolidge Prosperity", and won the election. (p. 477)	9
9803121817	Alfred E. Smith	He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 presidential election. He was the former governor of New York and his opponent in the presidential race was Republican Herbert Hoover. As a Roman Catholic and opponent of Prohibition, he appealed to immigrant urban voters. (p. 477)	10
9803121818	business prosperity	From 1919 to 1929, manufacturing output rose a spectacular 64 percent due to increased productivity, energy technologies, and governmental policy which favored the growth of big business. (p. 478)	11
9803121819	standard of living	During the 1920s, the standard of living (physical things that make life more enjoyable) improved significantly for most Americans. Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace. By 1930, two-thirds of all homes had electricity. (p. 477)	12
9803121820	scientific management	A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor. It emphasized time-and-motion studies to improve factory performance. (p. 478)	13
9803121821	Henry Ford	By 1914, he had perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles using an assembly line. (p. 478)	14
9803121822	assembly line	In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. (p. 478)	15
9803121823	open shop	A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. (p. 479)	16
9803121824	welfare capitalism	An approach to labor relations in which companies voluntarily offer their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in joining unions. (p. 479)	17
9803121825	consumerism	In the 1920s, consumerism was fueled by: homes with electricity, electrical appliances, affordable automobiles, increased advertising, and purchasing on credit. (p. 478)	18
9803121826	electric appliances	In the 1920s, refrigerators, stoves, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines became very popular as prices dropped due to reduced production costs and as electrical power to run them became more available. (p. 478)	19
9803121827	impact of the automobile	In the 1920s, this product had the largest impact on society. It caused a growth of cities and suburbs, and workers no longer needed to live near their factories. It provided job opportunities and was a much more efficient way of transportation. (p. 479)	20
9803121828	jazz age	Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz, a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime. (p. 480)	21
9803121829	radio, phonographs	Allowed mostly young people to listen to recorded music. The first radio station went on the air in 1920. Previously, newspapers had been the only form of mass communications. (p. 480)	22
9803121830	national networks	Nationwide radio networks enabled people all over the country to listen to the same news, sports, soap operas, quiz shows and comedies. (p. 480)	23
9803121831	Hollywood	The movie industry was centered here. The industry grew rapidly in the 1920s. Sound was introduced to movies in 1927. By 1929 over 80 million movie tickets were sold each week. (p. 480)	24
9803121832	movie stars	In the 1920s, sexy and glamorous movie stars such as Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino we idolized by millions. (p. 480)	25
9803121833	popular heroes	Americans shifted role models from politicians to sports heroes and movie stars. Sports heros included Jack Dempsey, Jim Thorpe, Babe Ruth, and Bobby Jones. However, the most celebrated was Charles Lindbergh who flew from Long Island to Paris in 1927. (p. 480)	26
9803121834	movie palaces	Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the United States. (p. 480)	27
9803121835	role of women	In the 1920s, the traditional separation of labor between men and women continued. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. (p. 480)	28
9803121836	Sigmund Freud	Austrian psychiatrist who originated psychoanalysis. (p. 481)	29
9803121837	morals and fashions	In the 1920s, movies, novels, automobiles, and new dances encouraged greater promiscuity. Young women shocked their elders by wearing dresses hemmed at the knee (flapper look), cutting their hair short, smoking cigarettes, and driving cars. (p. 481)	30
9803121838	Margaret Sanger	She founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. She advocated birth control awareness. (p. 481)	31
9803121839	high school education	In the 1920s, universal high school education became a new American goal. By 1930, the number of high school graduates had doubled to over 25 percent of school-age adults. (p. 481)	32
9803121840	consumer culture	In the 1920s, many writers were disillusioned with the materialism of the business oriented culture. (p. 481)	33
9803121841	Frederick Lewis Allen	In 1931, he wrote "Only Yesterday", a popular history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism. (p. 489)	34
9803121842	Only Yesterday	A 1931 history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism in which the middle class abandoned Progressive reforms, embraced conservative Republican policies, and either supported or condoned nativism, racism, and fundamentalism. (p. 489)	35
9803121843	Gertrude Stein	American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. She called the disillusioned writers of the 1920s, a "lost generation". (p. 481)	36
9803121844	Lost Generation	Group of writers in 1920s, who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy and materialistic world that lacked moral values. Many of them moved to Europe. (p. 481)	37
9803121845	F. Scott Fitzgerald	A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. His wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade. His novel, "The Great Gatsby" is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. (p. 481)	38
9803121846	Ernest Hemingway	One of the most popular writers of the 1920s, he wrote "A Farewell to Arms". (p. 481)	39
9803121847	Sinclair Lewis	American writer of the 1920s. He became the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature. (p. 481)	40
9803121848	Ezra Pound	Expatriate American poet and critic of the 1920s. (p. 481)	41
9803121849	T. S. Eliot	Thomas Stearns Eliot was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth century's major poets. (p. 481)	42
9803121850	Eugene O'Neill	An American playwright of the 1920s. (p. 481)	43
9803121851	industrial design	The fusion of art and technology during the 1920s and 1930s created the new profession of industrial design. (p. 482)	44
9803121852	Art Deco	The 1920's modernistic art style that captured modernistic simplification of forms, while using machine age materials. (p. 482)	45
9803121853	Edward Hopper	A twentieth-century American painter, whose stark realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation in common urban settings. (p. 482)	46
9803121854	regional artists	Thomas Benton and Grant Wood celebrated the rural people and scenes of the American heartland. (p. 482)	47
9803121855	Grant Wood	An American Regional artist who focused on rural scenes in Iowa. He is best known for his painting "American Gothic". (p. 482)	48
9803121856	George Gershwin	He was the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants. He blended jazz and classical music to produce "Rhapsody in Blue" and folk opera "Porgy and Bess". (p. 482)	49
9803121857	northern migration	By 1930, almost 20 percent of African Americans out of the Southern United States to the North. (p. 482)	50
9803121858	Harlem Renaissance	The largest African American community of almost 200,000 developed in the Harlem section of New York City. It became famous in the 1920s for its talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. This term describes this period. (p. 483)	51
9803121859	Countee Cullen	A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)	52
9803121860	Langston Hughes	A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)	53
9803121861	James Weldon Johnson	A leading 1920s African American author from Harlem. (p. 483)	54
9803121862	Claude McKay	A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)	55
9803121863	Duke Ellington	A leading 1920s African American jazz great from Harlem. (p. 483)	56
9803121864	Louis Armstrong	A leading 1920s African American jazz trumpeter from Harlem. (p. 483)	57
9803121865	Bessie Smith	A leading 1920s African American blues singer from Harlem. (p. 483)	58
9803121866	Paul Robeson	A leading 1920s African American singer from Harlem. (p. 483)	59
9803121867	Back to Africa movement	Encouraged those of African descent to return to Africa. (p. 483)	60
9803121868	Marcus Garvey	African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He was deported to Jamaica and his movement collapsed. (p. 483)	61
9803121869	black pride	Many African American leaders agreed with Marcus Garvey's ideas on racial pride and self-respect. This influenced another generation in the 1960s. (p. 483)	62
9803121870	modernism	They took a historical and critical view of certain Bible passages and believed that they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religion. (p. 483)	63
9803121871	fundamentalism	A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism (p. 483)	64
9803121872	revivalists: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson	Leading radio evangelists such as Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson preached a fundamentalist message. (p 484)	65
9803121873	Scopes trial	A 1925 Tennessee court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan argued the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. (p. 484)	66
9803121874	Clarence Darrow	A famed criminal defense lawyer, he defended John Scopes, a teacher who taught evolution in his Tennessee classroom. (p. 484)	67
9803121875	Volstead Act	The federal law of 1919 that established criminal penalties for manufacturing, transporting, or possessing alcohol. (p. 484)	68
9803121876	rural vs. urban	In the 1920s, in the urban areas it was common to ignore the law and drink liquor in clubs or bars known as speakeasies. (p 484)	69
9803121877	organized crime	In the 1920s, organized crime became big business, as bootleggers transported and sold liquor to many customers. (p. 484)	70
9803121878	Al Capone	A famous Chicago gangster who fought for control of the lucrative bootlegging (liquor) trade. (p. 484)	71
9803121879	21st Amendment	The amendment which ended the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, it repealed the 18th amendment. (p. 485)	72
9803121880	quota laws of 1921 and 1924	Laws passed to limit immigration. (p. 485)	73
9803121881	Sacco and Vanzetti Case	A criminal case of two Italian men who were convicted of murder in 1921. They were prosecuted because they were Italians, atheists, and anarchists. After 6 years of appeals they were executed in 1927. (p. 485)	74
9803121882	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society created by white southerners in 1866. They used terror and violence to keep African Americans from exercising their civil rights. (p. 486)	75
9803121883	Birth of a Nation	A popular silent film, which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as heros. (p. 486)	76
9803121884	blacks, Catholics and Jews	The KKK directed hostility toward these groups in the North. (p. 486)	77
9803121885	foreigners and Communists	During the 1920s, widespread disillusionment with World War I, communism in the Soviet Union, and Europe's post war problems made Americans fearful of being pulled into another foreign war. (p. 486)	78
9803121886	disarmament	Republican presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and also to scale back defense expenditures by arranging disarmament treaties (reduction in military equipment). (p. 486)	79
9803121887	Washington Conference	A 1921 conference that placed limits on naval powers, respect of territory in the Pacific, and continued the Open Door policy in China. (p. 487)	80
9803121888	Five-Power Naval Treaty	A 1922 treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. The five countries involved were: United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. (p. 487)	81
9803121889	Nine-Power China Treaty	A 1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as previously stated in the Open Door Policy. (p. 487)	82
9803121890	Kellogg-Briand Treaty	This treaty of 1928 renounced the use of force to achieve national ends. It was signed by Frank Kellogg of the United States and Aristide Briand of France, and most other nations. The international agreement proved ineffective. (p. 487)	83
9803121891	Latin America policy	In 1927, the United States signed an agreement with Mexico protecting U.S. interests in Mexico. (p. 487)	84
9803121892	war debts	During World War I the United States had loaned more than $10 billion to the Allies. After the war, the United States insisted that they pay back all the debt. Great Britain and France objected because they suffered much greater losses during the war than the United States. (p. 488)	85
9803121893	reparations	As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay $30 billion in reparations to the Allies. (p. 488)	86
9803121894	Dawes Plan	A 1924 plan, created by Charles Dawes in which the United States banks would lend large sums to Germany. Germany would use the money to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Great Britain and France. Then Great Britain and France would pay their war debts to the United States. After the 1929 stock market crash, the loans to Germany stopped. (p. 488)	87

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7-11 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

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9824029243	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government.	0
9824029244	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States	1
9824029245	war hawks	They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139)	2
9824029246	Henry Clay	In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	3
9824029247	John C. Calhoun	In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	4
9824029248	Tecumseh	This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	5
9824029440	Prophet	This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	6
9824029249	William Henry Harrison	In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138)	7
9824029250	Battle of Tippecanoe	An 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138)	8
9824029251	strict interpretation of Constitution	President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected that the government could create a bank or that a president could purchase foreign land.	9
9824029252	John Marshall	This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134)	10
9824029253	judicial review	In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134)	11
9824029441	Marbury v. Madison	A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review	12
9824029254	Aaron Burr	He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico	13
9824029256	Hartford Convention (1814)	Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected.	14
9824029257	Napoleon Bonaparte	In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141)	15
9824029258	Toussaint I'Ouverture	He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo (Haiti) which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132)	16
9824029259	Barbary pirates	President Jefferson stopped paying them tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136)	17
9824029261	impressment	The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136)	18
9824029263	Embargo Act (1807)	In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain.	19
9824029264	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137)	20
9824029265	Nonintercourse Act (1809)	In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137)	21
9824029267	War of 1812	A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.	22
9824029268	Old Ironsides	The nickname for the U.S. warship, USS Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140)	23
9824029274	Andrew Jackson	In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141)	24
9824029276	Creek Nation	This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141)	25
9824029277	Battle of New Orleans	On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141)	26
9824029278	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141)	27
9824029279	Lewis and Clark Expedition	In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134)	28
9824029280	Francis Scott Key	He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141)	29
9824029442	The Star Spangled Banner	The United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141)	30
9824029281	utopian communities	Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210)	31
9824029282	Shakers	This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210)	32
9824029444	Robert Owen	A Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210)	33
9824029445	New Harmony	Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210)	34
9824029283	Oneida community	This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210)	35
9824029284	Charles Fourier phalanxes	In the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210)	36
9824029285	Horace Mann	He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213)	37
9824029286	temperance	Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action.	38
9824029287	American Temperance Society	Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212)	39
9824029289	Women's Christian Temperance Union	In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212)	40
9824029290	asylum movement	In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers.	41
9824029291	Dorothea Dix	A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada.	42
9824029294	penitentiaries	These institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213)	43
9824029296	public school movement	In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213)	44
9824029299	American Colonization Society	Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215)	45
9824029300	American Antislavery Society	The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)	46
9824029301	abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator	In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)	47
9824029303	Frederick Douglass; The North Star	In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)	48
9824029304	Harriet Tubman	Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)	49
9824029306	Sojourner Truth	A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215)	50
9824029308	David Walker	An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)	51
9824029310	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215)	52
9824029311	antebellum period	The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207)	53
9824029313	transcendentalists	They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209)	54
9824029314	Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"	The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209)	55
9824029315	Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience"	A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209)	56
9824029317	feminists	The term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214)	57
9824029318	Margaret Fuller	A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210)	58
9824029324	Hudson River school	In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211)	59
9824029325	Washington Irving	This author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211)	60
9824029326	James Fenimore Cooper	This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211)	61
9824029327	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211)	62
9824029330	Second Great Awakening	A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207)	63
9824029331	Timothy Dwight	President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207)	64
9824029332	revivalism; revival camp meetings	In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207)	65
9824029334	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons	Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)	66
9824029337	women's rights movement	Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214)	67
9824029338	cult of domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214)	68
9824029339	Grimke sisters	Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214)	69
9824029341	Lucretia Mott	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)	70
9824029342	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)	71
9824029343	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214)	72
9824029344	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214)	73
9824029345	Indian Removal Act	In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195)	74
9824029347	Worcester v. Georgia	In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196)	75
9824029348	Cherokee trail of tears	In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196)	76
9824029349	Bank of the United States	In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197)	77
9824029354	Panic of 1837	Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199)	78
9824029355	Martin Van Buren	He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198)	79
9824029356	common man	Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192)	80
9824029357	universal white male sufferage	In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192)	81
9824029358	party nominating convention	In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192)	82
9824029364	spoils system	President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193)	83
9824029366	Henry Clay	He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197)	84
9824029367	corrupt bargain	The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194)	85
9824029368	John Quincy Adams	In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194)	86
9824029369	Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations	In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)	87
9824029371	Andrew Jackson	He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195)	88
9824029374	states' rights	President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196)	89
9824029375	nullification crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197)	90
9824029377	John C. Calhoun	He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196)	91
9824029379	two-party system	This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197)	92
9824029380	Democrats	In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197)	93
9824029381	Whigs	In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197)	94
9824029384	sectionalism	Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)	95
9824029385	Nativists	Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)	96
9824029451	Know-Nothing Party	Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)	97
9824029452	Free African Americans	By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)	98
9824029461	urbanization	Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)	99
9824029465	Tammany Hall	New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)	100
9824029392	Eli Whitney	The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)	101
9824029394	Denmark Vesey	In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)	102
9824029395	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)	103
9824029468	slave codes	In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)	104
9824029469	unions	For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)	105
9824029470	Commonwealth v. Hunt	In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)	106
9824029397	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	107
9824029398	John Deere	United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	108
9824029399	Daniel Webster	A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)	109
9824029400	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	110
9824029401	sectionalism	The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157)	111
9824029406	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	112
9824029407	Henry Clay; American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)	113
9824029408	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 181. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)	114
9824029409	Panic of 1819	In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153)	115
9824029411	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	116
9824029412	Erie Canal	A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)	117
9824029413	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)	118
9824029414	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)	119
9824029415	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	120
9824029416	corporations	In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)	121
9824029417	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	122
9824029418	factory system	In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)	123
9824029419	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)	124
9824029424	market revolution	This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164)	125
9824029425	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)	126
9824029426	Fletcher v. Peck	. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	127
9824029427	McCulloch v. Maryland	This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154)	128
9824029430	implied powers	Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)	129
9824029432	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)	130
9824029438	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	131

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AP US History: American Pageant Chapter 13 Flashcards

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7896517910	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	0
7896517911	John C. Calhoun	The writer of The South Carolina Exposition, vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; he wrote Exposition and Protest and led the nullification fight in 1832 and 1833. As senator and vice president, he was the leading voice for southern states' rights from 1828 to 1850.	1
7896517912	Henry Clay	Influential Speaker of the House who greatly influenced the decision in the election of 1824 Man who composed the Compromise Tariff of 1830	2
7896517913	Martin Van Buren	Jackson's successor, Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836	3
7896517914	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work.	4
7896517915	Daniel Webster	Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.	5
7896517916	Nicholas Biddle	President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.	6
7896517918	Stephen Austin	Man chosen to receive Texas, Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish,, the state capitol of Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted permission by the Mexicans. Leader of Texas settlers in 1820	7
7896517919	William Henry Harrison	was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.	8
7896517920	Sam Houston	Ex-governor of Tennessee, led the Texas Rebellion, United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)	9
7896517922	Santa Anna	Mexican dictator during the Texas Rebellion, Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)	10
7896517923	Black Hawk	Indian chief who led tribes to resist eviction, Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)	11
7896517930	spoils system	the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power	12
7896517937	corrupt bargain	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.	13
7896517938	Tariff of Abominations	1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.	14
7896517944	Trail of Tears	The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.	15
7896517945	panic of 1837	Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation	16

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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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8548584709	The Great Depression	The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.	0
8548584710	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	1
8548584711	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	2
8548584712	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	3
8548584713	preservationists	Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.	4
8548584714	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	5
8548584715	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	6
8548584716	Liberalism	A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.	7
8548584717	mass media	Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.	8
8548584718	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	9
8548584719	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	10
8548584720	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	11
8548584721	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	12
8548584722	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	13
8548584723	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	14
8548584724	fascism	An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	15
8548584725	totalitarianism	A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.	16
8548584726	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.	17
8548584727	Allied Powers	U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.	18
8548584728	Nazi Concentration Camp	A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.	19
8548584729	Holocaust	A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II.	20
8548584730	Internment of Japanese Americans	Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.	21
8548584731	Pacific "Island Hopping"	A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.	22
8548584732	D-Day	The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.	23
8548584733	atomic bomb	A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.	24
8548584734	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	25
8548584735	sphere of influence	The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.	26
8548584736	partition	In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states.	27
8548584737	bellicose	Disposed to fight or go to war.	28
8548584738	banana republic	A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies.	29
8548584739	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	30
8548584740	exposé	A disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved.	31
8548584741	direct primary	In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.	32
8548584742	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	33
8548584743	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	34
8548584744	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	35
8548584745	insubordination	Deliberate disobedience to proper authority.	36
8548584746	entrepreneurship	The process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit.	37
8548584747	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	38
8548584748	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	39
8548584749	levy	A forcible tax or other imposition.	40
8548584750	enclave	A small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory. Enclaves were common among newly-arrived immigrant groups (e.g. "Chinatown" in San Francisco).	41
8548584751	censor	An official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive.	42
8548584752	Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)	Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.	43
8548584753	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	44
8548584754	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	45
8548584755	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	46
8548584756	belligerent	(adj.) given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war	47
8548584757	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	48
8548584758	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	49
8548584759	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	50
8548584760	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	51
8548584761	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	52
8548584762	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	53
8548584763	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	54
8548584764	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	55
8548584765	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	56
8548584766	segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s.	57
8548584767	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.	58
8548584768	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	59
8548584769	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States.	60
8548584770	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	61
8548584771	Emergency Quota Act	A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.	62
8548584772	Scopes Trial	Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States.	63
8548584773	Sacco and Vanzetti Trial	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	64
8548584774	Kellog-Briand Pact	Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.	65
8548584775	Herbert Hoover	Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states.	66
8548584776	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.	67
8548584777	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	68
8548584778	Indian Reorganization Act	Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.	69
8548584779	Zoot Suit Riots	A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.	70
8548584780	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.	71
8548584781	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	72
8548584782	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	73
8548584783	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	74
8548584784	communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	75
8548584785	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	76

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AP US History Chapter 1 Flashcards

Summer Homework Assignemnt

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7157221997	The geologically oldest mountains in North America are	The Appalachians	0
7157221998	The Indian peoples of the Americas were	Divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than 2000 different languages	1
7157221999	The Iroquois Confederacy remained a strong political and military influence until	The American revolution	2
7157222000	One of the important factors that first stimulated European interest in trade a discovery was	The Christian Crusaders who brought back a taste for the silks and spices of Asia	3
7157222001	Among the most important American Indian products to spread to the old world were	Foodstuffs such as maize, beans, and tomatoes	4
7157222002	The primary staples of Indian agriculture were	Maize, beans, and squash	5
7157222003	The number of Indians in North America at the time Columbus arrive was approximately	20 million	6
7157222004	The Portuguese were the first to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in	The Atlantic sugar islands	7
7157222005	Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration in pursuit of glory in the early 1500s came from Spain's recent	The national unification expulsion of the Muslim Moors	8
7157222006	A crucial political development that pave the way for European colonization of America was	The rise of the centralized national monarchies such as that of Spain	9
7157222007	The primary reason for the drastic decline in the Indian population after the encounter with the Europeans was	The Indians' lack of resistance to European diseases such as smallpox and malaria	10
7157222008	Cortés and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán partly because	The Aztec ruler Montezuma believe that Cortés was a God whose return had been predicted (the entire movie of road to El Dorado)	11
7157222009	The primary early colonial competitor with Spain in the Americas was	Portugal	12
7157222010	The believes that the Spanish only killed, tortured, install in the Americas, while contributing nothing good, is called	The Black Legend	13
7157222011	ID: extended. When glaciers covered most of the north American continent	The Ice Age	14
7157222012	ID: staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations	Maize (corn)	15
7157222013	ID: important Mississippian culture site, near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois	Cahokia	16
7157222014	ID: first European nation to send explores around the west coast of Africa	The Portuguese	17
7157222015	ID: flourishing west African kingdom that had its capital and University at Timbuktu	Mali	18
7157222016	ID: mistaken term that the first European explorers gave to the American lands because of the false belief that they were off the coast of Asia	Indians	19
7157222017	ID: animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the great plains	Horses	20
7157222018	ID: name one of the major European diseases that devastated native American populations after 1492	Smallpox; yellow fever	21
7157222019	ID: disease originating in the Americas that was transmitted back to the Europeans after 1492	Syphilis	22
7157222020	ID: treaty that proclaimed a Spanish title to land in the Americas by dividing them with Portugal	Tordesillas	23
7157222021	ID: wealthy capital of the Aztec empire	Tenochtitlan	24
7157222022	ID: person of mixed European and Indian ancestry	Mestizo	25
7157222023	ID: Indian uprising in New Mexico caused by Spanish efforts to suppress Indian religion	Pope's Rebellion	26
7157222024	ID: Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were Krully oppressed by the Spanish conquerors	Pueblos	27
7157222025	ID: Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California	Father Serra's brown Robed Franciscan Friars (Tried to convert Indians to Catholicism)	28

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 15 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1863-1877

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8453280175	Jay Gould	In 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)	0
8453280177	William (Boss) Tweed	This New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)	1
8453280180	Thomas Nast	New York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)	2
8453280182	Horace Greeley	In the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)	3
8453280186	Rutherford B. Hayes	He won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)	4
8453280187	Samuel J. Tilden	In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)	5
8453280192	Andrew Johnson	The 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)	6
8453280197	Charles Sumner	The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)	7
8453280198	Thaddeus Stephens	This Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)	8
8453280199	Benjamin Wade	Radical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)	9
8453280202	Edwin Stanton	He was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)	10
8453280206	Blanche K. Bruce	During the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)	11
8453280207	Hiram Revels	During the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)	12

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AP US History "Packet of Doom" Political Parties Flashcards

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6189822530	Democratic-Republicans	States' rights. • Strict interpretation of the Constitution. • Agriculture and rural life. • Strongest in South and West. • Sympathy with France. • Civil liberties and trust in the people.	0
6189822531	Federalists	• Strong central government. • Loose interpretation of the Constitution. • Commerce and manufacturing. • Strongest in Northeast. • Close ties with Britain. • Order and stability.	1
6189822532	Democrats	• Party of tradition. • Looked backward to the past. • Spoke to the fears of Americans. • Opposed banks and corporations. • Opposed state-legislated reforms. • Preferred individual freedom of choice. • Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms, rural independence, states' rights, and the right to own slaves. • Favored rapid territorial expansion. • Believed in progress through external growth.	2
6189822533	Whigs	• Party of modernization. • Looked forward to the future. • Spoke to the hopes of Americans. • Promoted economic growth, especially transportation and banks. • Advocated state-legislated reforms such as temperance, public schools, and prison reform. • Favored industry, urban growth, and federal government. • Favored gradual territorial expansion. • Believed in progress through internal growth.	3
6189822534	Liberty Party	• Abolitionist party that ran candidate James Birney for President in 1844. • Won only 2% of the vote but drew votes away from the Whigs, especially in New York.	4
6189822535	Free Soil Party	• Not abolitionist, but opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories. • Won 10% of the popular vote with Martin Van Buren as their candidate in 1848. • Lost 50% of their support in 1852, when they repudiated the Compromise of 1850.	5
6189822536	American Party	• The "Know Nothing" Party. • Nativist party based on opposition to immigration and a focus on temperance. • Ran Millard Fillmore in 1856 and won 21% of the popular vote. • Republican Party absorbed them in 1856.	6
6189822537	Whigs (Mid-19th century)	• Southern "Cotton" Whigs eventually drifted into the Democratic Party. • Northern "Conscience" Whigs moved to new parties such as the Free Soil Party, and later, the Republican Party	7
6189822538	Republican Party	• Formed in 1854 by a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. • Stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories. • Moderates like Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery on "moral" grounds, while admitting that slavery had a "right" to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist. • John C. Fremont was the first Republican candidate in the election of 1856	8
6189822539	Democrats (election of 1860)	• Split at the 1860 party convention, when a platform defending slavery was defeated and Deep South delegates walked out. • At a splinter convention, Stephen Douglas of Illinois was nominated as a candidate on a platform opposing any Congressional interference with slavery. • Deep South delegates met and nominated John Breckenridge of Kentucky as a candidate on a pro-slavery platform.	9
6189822540	Republicans (election of 1860)	• The Republicans, by this time decidedly opposed to slavery, drew in northerners with a platform favoring the Homestead Act, protective tariffs, and transportation improvements. • Opposed the extension of slavery but defended the right of states to control their own "domestic institutions." • Abraham Lincoln was nominated as the candidate on the third ballot.	10
6189822541	Republicans and Democrats	• The main parties blur during this period, with loyalties determined primarily by regional, religious, and ethnic differences as opposed to political platforms. • Voter turnout for elections averaged over 78 percent (60 to 80 percent in off years). • Both parties were pro-business, opposed to any type of economic radicalism or reform, and supportive of "sound currency" and the economic status quo. • Federal government and, to some extent, state governments tended to do very little. • Republicans dominated the Senate; Democrats dominated the House of Representatives. • Republican splinter groups include the Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps.	11
6189822542	Populist Party	• Formed in 1891 by remnants of the Farmers' Alliances. • Sported a long list of demands that included the free coinage of silver, government ownership of the railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines, a graduated income tax, the direct election of U.S. senators, and the use of initiative, referendum, and recall. • The party eventually faded because the farmers' situation improved in the late 1890s, and also because its political agenda was absorbed by the Republicans and Democrats.	12
6189822543	Progressive Era	• There were three "Progressive" Presidents - Theodore Roosevelt (Republican), William Howard Taft (Republican), and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat). • Believed that the laissez-faire system was obsolete, yet supported capitalism. • Applied the principles of science and efficiency to economics, social institutions, and politics. • Viewed government as a key player in creating an orderly, stable, and improved society. • Generally positive in outlook. Believed that the government had the power to combat special interests and work for the good of the community, state, and nation. • The political party system was singled out as corrupt, outmoded, inefficient, and undemocratic. • Believed corruption could be diminished by putting more power in the hands the people, as well as non-elected professional officials. • Adopted many Populist causes, including the referendum, the initiative, and the direct election of Senators. • Progressive Amendments to the U.S. Constitution = 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments.	13
6189822544	Republican Era	• Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. • Position of the government was decidedly pro-business. Though conservative, the government did experiment with new approaches to public policy. • Supported an American culture that was increasingly urban, industrial, and consumer-oriented. • Conflicts surfaced regarding immigration restriction, Prohibition, and race relations.	14
6189822545	The Democratic Political Legacy of the New Deal	• Democrats established a power base with the support of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor, blacks, and a broad section of the middle class. • Increased expectations and acceptance of government involvement in American life. • Made the federal government a protector of interest groups and a mediator of competition. • Regulated American business to protect it from the excesses and problems of the past. • Fair Deal of the post-war Truman administration continued the trend in governmental involvement with expanded Social Security benefits, an increase of the minimum wage, a full employment program, slum clearance, public housing, and government sponsorship of scientific research. • In 1948, the liberal Democratic coalition split into the two branches detailed below.	15
6189822546	Post-World War II Politics (Democrats)	Maintained their power base of organized labor, urban voters, and immigrants. • As the post-war period progressed, advocated larger roles for the federal government in regulating business. • By the 1960s, advocated extensive governmental involvement in social issues like education and urban renewal. • Became associated with the civil rights movement and championed the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.	16
6189822547	Post-World War II Politics (Republicans)	• The Republicans accused the Democrats of being "soft" on Communism. • Promised to end the Korean War. • Conservative Southern Democrats, the "Dixiecrats," increasingly associated themselves with Republican candidates opposing civil rights legislation.	17
6189822548	Nixon's New Federalism (Democrats)	• By the 1960s, was fragmented and seemingly incapable of dealing with the social and political turmoil caused by the Vietnam War. • In the post-Vietnam period, Democrats advocated the extension of civil rights, "reproductive rights" (birth control and abortion rights), fair housing legislation, etc.	18
6189822549	Nixon's New Federalism (Republican)	Opposition to the Vietnam War and growing federal social programs "converted" Democrats in increasing numbers. • Defended the supposed "silent majority." • Advocated a policy of cutting back federal power and returning that power to the states. This was known as the "New Federalism.	19
6189822550	Reagan and the New Right (Democrats)	• Supported environmental legislation, limits on economic development, and an end to the production of nuclear weapons and power plants. • The pro-choice movement emerged during the 1980s to defend a woman's right to choose. • Affirmative action - the use of racial quotas to "balance" the workforce - was supported by the Democrats.	20
6189822551	Reagan and the New Right (Republicans)	• Spurred on by the rise of Evangelical Christianity, the South began voting Republican. • Ethnic suburbanites and young conservatives formed a "New Right" supporting Reagan on a "law and order" platform. • Advocated stricter crime, drugs, and porn laws, opposed abortion, supported an increase in defense spending, and supported tax cuts. • Reagan curbed the government expansion but did not reduce its size or the scope of its powers.	21

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