| CourseNotes

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 4 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 4 Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774

8514205296	Patrick Henry	Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses. (p. 73)	0
8514205297	Stamp Act Congress	Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. (p. 73)	1
8514205298	Sons and Daughters of Liberty	Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (p. 73)	2
8514205299	John Dickinson; Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania	In 1767 and 1768, he argued that the idea of no taxation without representation, was an essential principle of English law. (p. 74)	3
8514205300	Samuel Adams	In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)	4
8514205301	James Otis	In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)	5
8514205302	Massachusetts Circular Letter	In 1768, this document was distributed to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)	6
8514205303	Committees of Correspondence	Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, these letters spread news of suspicious or threatening acts by the British throughout the colonies. (p. 74)	7
8514205304	Intolerable Acts	Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 75)	8
8514205305	George III	In the 1760s, he was the King of England. (p. 71)	9
8514205306	Whigs	In the 1760s, this was the dominant political party in Parliament that wanted the American colonies to bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire. (p. 71)	10
8514205307	Parliament	The legislative house of Great Britain. (p. 71)	11
8514205308	salutary neglect	Great Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (p. 71)	12
8514205309	Lord Frederick North	New prime minister of Britain who convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts in 1770. (p. 74)	13
8514205310	Pontiac's Rebellion	In 1763, American Indian chief Pontiac led a major attack against the colonial settlements on the western frontier. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763. (p. 72)	14
8514205311	Proclamation Act of 1763	This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the imaginary boundary in large numbers. (p. 72)	15
8514205312	Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)	War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)	16
8514205313	Albany Plan of Union	The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. (p. 70)	17
8514205314	Edward Braddock	In 1755, this general led an army from colonial Virginia, to attack the French near Ft. Duquesne. More than 2,000 of his British and colonial troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and American Indians. (p. 70)	18
8514205315	George Washington	He led a small militia from the Virginia colony, to halt the completion of the French fort in the Ohio River Valley, Fort Duquesne. In July 1974, he was forced to surrender to a superior force of Frenchmen and their American Indian allies. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War. (p. 70)	19
8514205316	Peace of Paris	Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) in 1763. Great Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. (p. 71)	20
8514205317	Sugar Act	A 1764 British act which placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries. Its primary purpose was to raise money for the English Crown. (p. 72)	21
8514205318	Quartering ACT	This 1765 act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers. (p. 72)	22
8514205319	Stamp Act	This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (p. 72)	23
8514205320	Declaratory Act	In 1766, Parliament declared that it had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (p. 73)	24
8514205321	Townshend Acts	In 1767, Parliament enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. It also created the writs of assistance, which was a general license to search for smuggled goods anywhere. (p. 73)	25
8514205322	Writs of Assistance	A general license to search anywhere. (p. 73)	26
8514205323	Tea Act	In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. The result was that British tea was even cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. (p. 75)	27
8514205324	Coercive Acts	In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Great Britain created four Coercive Acts to punish the people of Boston and Massachusetts. (p. 75)	28
8514205325	Port Act	One of the Coercive Acts, which closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. (p. 75)	29
8514205326	Massachusetts Government Act	One of the Coercive Acts, which reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. (p. 75)	30
8514205327	Administration of Justice Act	One of the Coercive Acts, which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. (p. 75)	31
8514205328	Quebec Act	In 1774, this act organized the Canadian lands gained from France (Quebec). It established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, set up a government without a representative assembly, and set the Quebec border further south, at the Ohio River. (p. 75)	32
8514205329	Enlightenment	A European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems. (p. 76)	33
8514205330	Deism	Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. (p. 77)	34
8514205331	Rationalism	Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. (p. 77)	35
8514205332	John Locke	English philosopher who said that all people have rights, simply because they are human and that people have a right and a responsibility to revolt against any government that failed to protect their rights. (p. 77)	36
8514205333	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s. (p. 77)	37

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 12 Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860

Terms : Hide Images

8514217381	manifest destiny	The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)	0
8514217382	industrial technology	After 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, ﬁrearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)	1
8514217383	Elias Howe	The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)	2
8514217384	Samuel F. B. Morse	In 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)	3
8514217385	railroads	In the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)	4
8514217386	Panic of 1857	Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)	5
8514217387	Great American Desert	In the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)	6
8514217388	mountain men	The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)	7
8514217389	Far West	In the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)	8
8514217390	overland trails	The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)	9
8514217391	mining frontier	The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)	10
8514217392	gold rush	California's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)	11
8514217393	silver rush	The discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)	12
8514217394	farming frontier	In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)	13
8514217395	urban frontier	Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)	14
8514217396	federal land grants	In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)	15
8514217397	John Tyler	He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)	16
8514217398	Oregon territory	This was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)	17
8514217399	Fifty-four Forty or Fight	The slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)	18
8514217400	James K. Polk	The eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)	19
8514217401	Wilmot Proviso	In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)	20
8514217402	Franklin Pierce	In 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)	21
8514217403	Ostend Manifesto	The United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)	22
8514217404	Texas	In 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)	23
8514217405	Stephen Austin	In the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)	24
8514217406	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	In 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)	25
8514217407	Sam Houston	In March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)	26
8514217408	Alamo	The mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)	27
8514217409	Aroostook War	In the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)	28
8514217410	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)	29
8514217411	Rio Grande; Nueces River	In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)	30
8514217412	Mexican War (1846-1847)	A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)	31
8514217413	Zachary Taylor	In 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)	32
8514217414	Winfield Scott	This U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)	33
8514217415	Stephen Kearney	This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)	34
8514217416	John C. Fremont	In June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)	35
8514217417	California; Bear Flag Republic	In June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)	36
8514217418	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)	37
8514217419	Mexican Cession	Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)	38
8514217420	Walker Expedition	An expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)	39
8514217421	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)	40
8514217422	Gadsden Purchase	In 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)	41
8514217423	foreign commerce	In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)	42
8514217424	exports and imports	In the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)	43
8514217425	Matthew C. Perry; Japan	Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)	44

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

Terms : Hide Images

8514221186	nation's first big business	Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)	0
8514221187	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)	1
8514221188	Eastern Trunk Lines	In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)	2
8514221189	transcontinental railroads	During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)	3
8514221190	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)	4
8514221191	American Railroad Association	In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)	5
8514221192	railroads and time zones	The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)	6
8514221193	speculation and overbuilding	In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)	7
8514221194	Jay Gould, watering stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)	8
8514221195	rebates and pools	In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)	9
8514221196	bankruptcy of railroads	A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)	10
8514221197	Panic of 1893	In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)	11
8514221198	causes of industrial growth	After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	12
8514221199	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)	13
8514221200	vertical integration	A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)	14
8514221201	U.S. Steel	In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)	15
8514221202	John D. Rockefeller	He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)	16
8514221203	horizontal integration	Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)	17
8514221204	Standard Oil Trust	In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)	18
8514221205	interlocking directorates	The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)	19
8514221206	J. P. Morgan	A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)	20
8514221207	leading industrial power	By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)	21
8514221208	Second Industrial Revolution	The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	22
8514221209	Bessemer process	In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)	23
8514221210	transatlantic cable	In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)	24
8514221211	Alexander Graham Bell	In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)	25
8514221212	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)	26
8514221213	Menlo Park Research Lab	The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)	27
8514221214	electric power, lighting	In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)	28
8514221215	George Westinghouse	He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326)	29
8514221216	Eastman's Kodak camera	In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)	30
8514221217	large department stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)	31
8514221218	R.H. Macy	He created a New York department store. (p. 326)	32
8514221219	mail-order companies	Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)	33
8514221220	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)	34
8514221221	packaged foods	Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)	35
8514221222	refrigeration; canning	These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)	36
8514221223	Gustavus Swift	He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326)	37
8514221224	advertising	This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)	38
8514221225	consumer economy	Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)	39
8514221226	federal land grants and loans	The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)	40
8514221227	fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier	Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)	41
8514221228	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)	42
8514221229	anti-trust movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)	43
8514221230	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)	44
8514221231	federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight	In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)	45
8514221232	causes of labor discontent	Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)	46
8514221233	iron law of wages	David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)	47
8514221234	anti-union tactics	Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)	48
8514221235	railroad strike of 1877	In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)	49
8514221236	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)	50
8514221237	Haymarket bombing	On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)	51
8514221238	American Federation of Labor	The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)	52
8514221239	Samuel Gompers	He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)	53
8514221240	Pullman Stike	In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)	54
8514221241	Eugene Debs	The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)	55
8514221242	railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans	In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)	56
8514221243	old rich vs. new rich	The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)	57
8514221244	white-collar workers	The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)	58
8514221245	expanding middle class	Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)	59
8514221246	factory wage earners	By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)	60
8514221247	women and children factory workers	By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)	61
8514221248	women clerical workers	As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)	62
8514221249	Protestant work ethic	The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)	63
8514221250	Adam Smith	In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)	64
8514221251	laissez-faire Capitalism	In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)	65
8514221252	concentration of wealth	By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)	66
8514221253	Social Darwinism	The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)	67
8514221254	William Graham Sumner	An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324)	68
8514221255	survival of the fittest	The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)	69
8514221256	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)	70
8514221257	Horatio Alger Stories self-made man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)	71

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

Terms : Hide Images

8514580208	Nation's First Big Business	Railroads-nationwide market for goods. Encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization.	0
8514580209	Cornelius Vanderbilt	Merged local railroads into the NY Entral Railroad, which ran from NYC to Chicago.	1
8514580210	Eastern Trunk Lines	Early days of the railroads (1830s-1860s), railroad lines in east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies.	2
8514580211	Transcontinental Railroads	During Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the 1st transcontinenal railroad. 2 new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad.	3
8514580212	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	2 railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869 to create the 1st transcontinental railroad. Golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad.	4
8514580213	American Railroad Association	1883-organization that divided the country into 4 dif. time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans.	5
8514580214	Railroads and Time Zones	US was divided into 4 time zones by the railroad.	6
8514580215	Speculation and Overbuilding	1870s + 1880s-railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology.	7
8514580216	Jay Gould, Watering Stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. Would sell off assets to inflate value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public.	8
8514580217	Rebates and Pools	In scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. Also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic.	9
8514580218	Bankruptcy of Railroads	Financial panic in 1893 forced 1/4 of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan + other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them.	10
8514580219	Panic of 1893	1893-financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry.	11
8514580220	Causes of Industrial Growth	After Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" b/c of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery.	12
8514580221	Andrew Carnegie	Scottish emigrant, worked his way up on the railroad, in 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. Carnegie Steel became world's largest steel company.	13
8514580222	Vertical Integration	Business strategy by which a company would control all aspects (stages) of a product from mining raw materials to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie for Carnegie Steel.	14
8514580223	U.S. Steel	1900-Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than 3/5 of the nation's steel business.	15
8514580224	John D. Rockefeller	Started Standard Oil in 1863. 1881-Standard Oil Trust controlled 90% of oil refinery business. Companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled.	16
8514580225	Horizontal Integration	Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust.	17
8514580226	Standard Oil Trust	1881-John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90% of oil refinery business in the US.	18
8514580227	Interlocking Directorates	Term for the same directors running competing companies.	19
8514580228	J. P. Morgan	Banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel.	20
8514580229	Leading Industrial Power	1900-the US was leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than any of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany.	21
8514580230	Second Industrial Revolution	Term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. Early part of 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the 1st part of this revolution. After Civil War, this 2nd revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery.	22
8514580231	Bessemer process	1850s-Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel.	23
8514580232	Transatlantic Cable	1866-Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans.	24
8514580233	Alexander Graham Bell	1876-invented the telephone.	25
8514580234	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. Established the 1st modern research laboratory, which produced more than a 1,000 patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera.	26
8514580235	Menlo Park Research Lab	1st modern research lab. created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey.	27
8514580236	Electric Power, Lighting	1885-George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances.	28
8514580237	George Westinghouse	Held more than 400 patents. Invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrical power system.	29
8514580238	Eastman's Kodak camera	1888-he invented the camera.	30
8514580239	Large Department Stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers.	31
8514580240	R.H. Macy	Created a New York department store.	32
8514580241	Mail-Order Companies	2 companies-Sears Roebuck + Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog.	33
8514580242	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers.	34
8514580243	Packaged Foods	Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes.	35
8514580244	Refrigeration; Canning	These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits.	36
8514580245	Gustavus Swift	Changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products.	37
8514580246	Advertising	New technique was important to creating the new consumer economy.	38
8514580247	Consumer Economy	Advertising and new marketing techniques created a new economy.	39
8514580248	Federal Land Grants and Loans	Fed. gov. provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads.	40
8514580249	Fraud and Corruption, Credit Mobilier	Insiders used construction companies to bribe gov. officials and make huge profits.	41
8514580250	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads.	42
8514580251	Anti-Trust Movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In 1880's trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack. 1890-the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts.	43
8514580252	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	1890-Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Dep. of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era.	44
8514580253	Federal Courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight	1895-Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing.	45
8514580254	Causes of Labor Discontent	Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants.	46
8514580255	Iron Law of Wages	David Ricardo developed this theory-that low wages were justified. Argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery.	47
8514580256	Anti-Union Tactics	Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes.	48
8514580257	Railroad Strike of 1877	1887-strike spread across much of the nation and shut down 2/3 of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used fed. troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence.	49
8514580258	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members.	50
8514580259	Haymarket bombing	May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb.	51
8514580260	American Federation of Labor	Labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. 1901 had one million members.	52
8514580261	Samuel Gompers	Led American Federation of Labor until 1924.	53
8514580262	Pullman Stike	1894-workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. Fed. gov. broke the strike.	54
8514580263	Eugene Debs	American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The gov. broke the strike and he was sent to jail for 6 months.	55
8514580264	Railroad Workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans	In the construction of the 1st transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed 1,000s of war vets. and Irish immigrants. Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers.	56
8514580265	Old Rich vs. New Rich	The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich.	57
8514580266	White-Collar Workers	Growth of large corporation required 1,000s of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures.	58
8514580267	Expanding Middle Class	Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in # of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class.	59
8514580268	Factory Wage Earners	By 1900, 2/3 of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work 10 hrs/day, 6 days/week.	60
8514580269	Women and Children Factory Workers	By 1900, 20% of adult woman worked for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5% of married women worked outside the home.	61
8514580270	Women Clerical Workers	As demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators.	62
8514580271	Protestant work ethic	Belief that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor.	63
8514580272	Adam Smith	1776-economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by gov., but by the "invisible hand".	64
8514580273	Laissez-Faire Capitalism	In late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no gov. intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and fed. subsidies.	65
8514580274	Concentration of Wealth	By the 1890s, the richest 10% of the U.S. population controlled 90% of the nation's wealth.	66
8514580275	Social Darwinism	Belief that government's helping poor people weaken the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit.	67
8514580276	William Graham Sumner	English social philosopher, argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society.	68
8514580277	Survival of the Fittest	Belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace.	69
8514580278	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists.	70
8514580279	Horatio Alger Stories Self-Made Man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare.	71

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4842695376	English found Jamestown, Virginia	1607	0
4842695377	Dutch deliver first slaves to Virginia	1619	1
4842695378	November 9, Mayflower ship lands at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with 101 colonists November 11, the Mayflower Compact is signed by the 41 men, establishing a form of local government in which the colonists agree to abide by majority rule and to cooperate for the general good of the colony	1620	2
4842695379	French and Indian War erupts as a result of disputes over land in the Ohio River Valley, Compact set the precedent for other colonies as they set up governments	1754	3
4842695380	French and Indian War (Seven Year's War) ends with the Treaty of Paris, France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans and Spanish give up east and west Florida to the English in return for Cuba May, the Ottawas under Chief Pontiac begin warfare against British west of Niagara, destroying several British forts and conducting a siege against the British at Detroit August, Pontiac's forces are defeated by the British near Pittsburgh Proclamation of 1763, signed by King George III of England, prohibits any English settlement west of the Appalachian mountains and requires those already settled in those regions to return east in an attempt to ease tensions with Native Americans	1763	4
4842695381	July 4, United States Declaration of Independence stars the revolutionary war	1776	5
4842695382	February 24, John Adams is sent as American ambassador to Britain. He spent the next 3 years trying to settle problems regarding of a string of British forts along the Canadian border, pre-war debts owed to British creditors, post-war American treatment of Loyalists, and the closing of the West Indian colonies to American trade (all failed) May 8, Congress passes Land Ordinance of 1785 which divides the northwest territories into townships, set at 6 square miles, subdivided into 36 lots of 640 acres each, with each lot selling for no less than $640	1785	6
4842695383	July 13, Congress enacts Northwest Ordinance which establishes formal procedures for transforming territories into states. It provides for establishment of 3 to 5 states north of the Ohio River, to be considered equal with the original 13. Includes a Bill of Rights that guarantees freedom of religion, the right to trial by jury, public education and a ban on slavery in the Northwest July 16, Constitutional convention, Roger Sherman proposes compromise allows for representation in the House of Representatives based on each state's population and equal representation for all of the states in the Senate, slaves will only count as 3/5 of total population September 17, Thirty nine delegates vote to approve and then sign the final draft of the new Constitution December 7, Delaware is the first of the nine states needed to ratify the Constitution. To be followed by: Pennsylvania (Dec. 12) New Jersey (Dec. 18) Georgia (Jan. 2, 1788) Connecticut (Jan. 9) Massachusetts (Feb. 7) Maryland (April 28) South Carolina (May 23) and New Hampshire (June 21)	1787	7
4842695384	June, The U. S. capital is moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.	1800	8
4842695385	January 18, Jefferson asks Congress for funds for an expedition to explore the Mississippi River and beyond in search of a route to the Pacific. April 30, United States buys France all of the Louisiana territory for fifteen million dollars	1803	9
4842695386	War of 1812 with Britain starts due to trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honour after humiliations on the high seas and American interest in annexing British North American territory (part of modern-day Canada), which had been denied to them in the settlement ending the American Revolutionary War	1812	10
4842695387	Missouri Compromise, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Maine immediately gives right to vote and education to all male citizens. The compromise also prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30'N lat. (southern boundary of Missouri). The 36°30' proviso held until 1854, when the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise.	1820	11
4842695388	Jan 27th - President Monroe appoints 1st US ambassadors to South America Mar 11th - 1st normal school in US opens, Concord Academy, Concord, Vt May 10th - 1st steamboat to navigate the Mississippi River arrives at Ft Snelling	1823	12
4842695389	April 25, War with Mexico. Mexico was fighting to keep what they thought was their property and the U.S. desired to retain the disputed land of Texas and obtain more of Mexico's northern lands	1846	13
4842695390	Compromise of 1850 admits California as free state but Fugitive Slave Law enacted. Millard Fillmore elected President	1850	14
4842695391	Franklin Pierce re-elected President	1854	15
4842695392	Dred Scott Decision: US Supreme Court rules Africans cannot be US citizens thousands of businesses fail after the collapse of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust 600 people drown when the S.S. Central America sinks off Charleston	1857	16
4842695393	Oregon admitted as State John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry	1859	17
4842695394	March 4, Lincoln Inaugurated April 12, Fort Sumter fired on, surrenders Starting Civil War April 17, Virginia Secedes May, the remaining four of the eleven Confederate states secede. July 21, Union loses First Battle of Bull Run	1861	18
4842695395	April 9, Civil War ends April 15, Lincoln is assassinated Apr 24th , Fire alarm & police telegraph system put into operation (SF) May 13th - Battle of Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville, Texas: final engagement of the American Civil War Presidential Reconstruction	1865	19
4842695396	45th Congress has three Black members	1877	20
4842695397	May 17, Supreme Court rules that corporations have the same rights as living persons September 4, Indian Wars begin to end October 28, President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.	1886	21
4842695398	January 17, U.S. Marines intervene in Hawaii, resulting in overthrow of the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii May 1, First United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition May 5, Panic of 1893: A crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression	1893	22
4842695399	March 25, Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs from Massillon, Ohio for Washington D.C May 1, Coxey's Army arrives in Washington, D.C., May Day Riots of 1894 break out in Cleveland, Ohio	1894	23
4842695400	March 24, First American car April 22, United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports April 25, Spanish American War starts July 7, United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands December 10, Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish-American War	1898	24
4842695401	Zimmermann Telegram, diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany U.S. enters WWI	1917	25
4842695402	January 6, Theodore Roosevelt dies August 11, Andrew Carnegie dies	1919	26
4842695403	Stock market crashes, depression begins	1929	27
4842695404	Franklin Delano Roosevelt inaugurated	1933	28
4842695405	December 7, Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, U.S. Declares war on Japan December 11, Hitler declares war on U.S.	1941	29
4842695406	April, U.S. troops land on Okinawa (near Japan) FDR Dies May, Germany Surrenders June. U.N. Charter Signed August, Atomic bombs dropped - Russia declares war on Japan Japan surrenders	1945	30
4842695407	Peacetime draft Truman defeats Dewey and is re-elected Berlin Airlift, one of the first major international crises of the Cold War	1948	31
4842695408	Alaska and Hawaii become states Castro comes to power in Cuba Khruschev visits U.S.	1959	32
4842695409	Brown v. Board of Education, Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional	1954	33
4842695410	Lunch counter sit ins begin in South (beginning of "Civil Rights Movement" Castro confiscates U.S. property in Cuba; U.S. begins embargo Soviets launch dogs and mice into space and bring them back alive. Kennedy and Johnson elected President and Vice President	1960	34
4842695411	Kennedy assassinated Oswald shot by Jack Ruby - country "stunned" Lyndon Johnson becomes President. U.S. Nuclear submarine with 129 aboard is lost in Atlantic	1963	35
4842695412	Massive escalation of U.S. military effort, combined with nightly TV coverage of war and opposition of liberal news media. Anti war demonstrations become wide spread Race Riots in Watts area of L.A. 5 million color TV's	1965	36
4842695413	Tet Offensive MLK assassinated RFK assassinated Nixon defeats Humphrey and becomes President US Submarine sinks, 99 die.	1968	37
4842695414	Nixon orders the development of a space shuttle program Phone records are granted U.S. federal copyright protection for the first time Pioneer 10 spacecraft is launched from Cape Kennedy, to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system Nixon and White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about using the C.I.A. to obstruct the F.B.I.'s investigation into the Watergate break-ins	1972	38
4842695415	Nixon refuses to surrender 500 tapes and documents which have been subpoenaed by the Senate Watergate Committee U.S. District Court Judge Geoerge Boldt rules that Native American tribes in Washington State are entitled to half of the legal salmon and steelhead catches, based on treaties signed by the tribes and the U.S. government Watergate scandal: Seven former White House officials are indicted for their role in the Watergate break-in and charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice	1974	39
4842695416	United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center, to be prepared for its first launch President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul.	1979	40
4842695417	Failed U.S. Rescue Attempt to Save Hostages in Tehran Mount St. Helens Erupts Ted Turner Establishes CNN	1980	41
4842695418	DNA First Used to Convict Criminals New York Stock Exchange Suffers Huge Drop on "Black Monday"	1987	42
4842695419	Clinton elected President	1991	43
4842695420	George W. Bush Becomes President	2000	44

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9680096979	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
9680096980	Frederick Jackson Turner	The Significance of the Frontier on American History argued that the frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism.	1
9680096981	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	2
9680096982	railroad expansion	led to the destruction of the way of life for American Indians in the West	3
9680096983	Gilded Age	The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	4
9680096984	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	5
9680096985	economic competition	horizontal integration of American industry was primarily a response to	6
9680096986	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.	7
9680096987	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	8
9680096988	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	9
9680096989	rebate	a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services	10
9680096990	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism	11
9680096991	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other. a.k.a. -- monopoly	12
9680096992	Gospel of Wealth	"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth; to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgement, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community--the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer, brethren." This passage is characteristic of . . .	13
9680096993	plutocracy	government by the wealthy	14
9680096994	new immigrants	began coming to the U.S. in 1890 from eastern and southern Europe; faced discrimination	15
9680096995	railroad expansion	opened new territories to commercial agriculture; was often capitalized beyond what was needed; led to new managerial forms and techniques; accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new ones	16
9680096996	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	17
9680096997	lockout	the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms	18
9680096998	cooperative	an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits	19
9680096999	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	20
9680097000	American Federation of Labor	Samuel Gompers organized skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains.	21
9680097001	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	22
9680097002	horizontal and vertical integration	a business practice used by robber barons to increase economic profits	23
9680097003	Gilded Age	During this time period, business activity expanded and contracted frequently.	24
9680097004	despotism	government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler	25
9680097005	American Federation of Labor	endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions	26
9680097006	sweatshop	employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages in a small, poorly ventilated area of the garment industry	27
9680097007	discriminatory freight rates	American farmers united in the Grange and Populist movement to protest	28
9680097008	tycoon	a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position	29
9680097009	Sherman Antitrust Act	Initially developed to curb corporate power, it was later used in the late 19th century to curb the power of labor unions (which the courts ruled were illegal combinations).	30
9680097010	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	31
9680097011	filibuster	to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments	32
9680097012	American Federation of Labor	a labor organization that focused on bread and butter unionism by only allowing skilled workers	33
9680097013	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	34
9680097014	sewing machine	an invention that made mass manufacturing of clothing possible and clothing more affordable	35
9680097015	reserve	in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans	36
9680097016	very little	The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 initially had what kind of impact on the regulation of large corporations?	37
9680097017	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	38
9680097018	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	39
9680097019	economic panic and depression	The era from the end of the Civil War to the outbreak of the First World War was characterized by periodic what?	40
9680097020	John Muir	a preservationist who fought against companies exploiting public lands for their natural resources	41
9680097021	concession	a privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual	42
9680097022	nation-state	the modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on	43
9680097023	Morrill Act	many states used the provisions of this act to establish new educational institutions	44
9680097024	jingoist	aggressively patriotic and warlike	45
9680097025	Star Route Frauds	involved the collection of payments for delivering federal mail to routes that had been long abandoned	46
9680097026	Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems)	Legalized segregation with regard to private property.	47
9680097027	settlement houses	Large numbers of middle-class and college-educated women of the late 19th c and early 20th century volunteered their time	48
9680097028	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	49
9680097029	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.	50
9680097030	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	51
9680097031	Frontier Thesis	the west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over	52
9680097032	American cities	transportation systems expanded; municipal reform led to "scientific government;" corrupt alliances existed between machine politicians and transit and utility interests; settlement houses and churches helped the urban poor	53
9680097033	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	54
9680097034	Dawes Act	land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; meant to assimilate American Indians into maintainstream American culture	55
9680097035	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	56
9680097036	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	57
9680097037	federal government	regulated the nation's currency; granted subsides to encourage construction of railroads; promoted industrial growth by means of a tariff; regulated immigration	58
9680097038	Civil Service Reform Bill	created a list of government jobs to be filled on the basis of examinations administered by the new Civil Service Commission; first step in the direction of a more professional, small group of government workers	59
9680097039	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	60
9680097040	Crédit Mobilier	a sham railroad corporation set up to secure huge grants and then protecting the scam by paying off members of Congress	61
9680097041	inadequate water and sewer systems	The most persistent problem facing municipalities in the U.S. throughout the last quarter of the 19th c	62
9680097042	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	63
9680097043	Jacob Riis	author of How the Other Half Lives who worked to document the impact of low wages and industrialization on workers; he inspired people to become involved in the Progressive movement	64
9680097044	poor sanitation and inadequate clean water	most basic problem of people living in cities	65
9680097045	Battle of Little Big Horn	Custer's defeat during the second Sioux War	66
9680097046	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	67
9680097047	Haymarket Riot	Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	68
9680097048	American Federation of Labor	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).	69
9680097049	second Sioux War	Causes included overland migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest; the gold rush in the Black Hills; extension of the route of the Northern Pacific Railroad; concentrated effort of major Protestant denominations to convert the Sioux to Christianity	70
9680097050	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	71
9680097051	transcontinental railroad	led to economic growth and the expansion of markets	72
9680097052	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	73
9680097053	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	74
9680097054	A Century of Dishonor	Helen Hunt Jackson raised public awareness by writing about the wrongs that the federal government had inflicted on American Indians	75
9680097055	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	76
9680097056	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	77
9680097057	among individual members	A significant change in the treatment of American Indians during the last half of the 19th c involved division of tribal lands among	78
9680097058	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	79
9680097059	Pendelton Civil Service Act	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	80
9680097060	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	81
9680097061	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	82
9680097062	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	83
9680097063	Seward's Folly	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.	84
9680097064	Dawes Act	The intent was to assimilate Americans Indians into mainstream American culture.	85
9680097065	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	86
9680097066	Pendleton Act	Formally known as the Civil Service Reform Bill, it was prompted by the assassination of President Garfield	87
9680097067	nativists	preference for native-born Americans over immigrants	88
9680097068	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	89
9680097069	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	90
9680097070	Turner thesis	"From the beginning of the settlement of America, the frontier regions have exercised a steady influence toward democracy. . . . American democracy is fundamentally the outcome of the experience of the American people in dealing with the West. . . ."	91
9680097071	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	92
9680097072	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	93
9680097073	Interstate Commerce Act	Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	94
9680097074	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	95
9680097075	transcontinental railroads	a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	96
9680097076	the existence of cheap unsettled land	In his interpretation of the historical development of the United States, Frederick Jackson Turner focused on the importance of	97
9680097077	Progressives	Reformers who supported laws against child labor, use of scientific methods to solve social problems, more attention to sanitation, and expansion of women's rights. They wanted to address social problems associated with industrialization.	98
9680097078	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	99
9680097079	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	100
9680097080	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	101
9680097081	Hull	One of the first settlement houses that assisted immigrants to adapt to American customs and language.	102
9680097082	western farmers	high interest rates; high freight rates; high storage costs; large middlemen profits were all complaints of	103
9680097083	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	104
9680097084	western farmers	Much of William Jenning Bryan's support for president in 1896 came from this group.	105
9680097085	Whisky Ring	scandal involving President Grant's personal secretary who defrauded the government	106
9680097086	feeling that railroads were exploiting farmers	The most important cause of agrarian discontent in the U.S. in the late quarter of the 19th c	107
9680097087	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	108
9680097088	new immigrants	practiced different religions; were willing to work for lower wages than native-born workers; were unfamiliar with the American political system; had different languages and cultures	109

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

Terms : Hide Images

5603385339	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
5603385340	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
5603385341	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
5603385342	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
5603385343	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
5603385344	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
5603385345	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
5603385346	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
5603385347	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
5603385348	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
5603385349	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
5603385350	Great Migration of Puritans	1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England.	11
5603385351	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	12
5603385352	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	13
5603385353	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	14
5603385354	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	15
5603385355	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	16
5603385356	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	17
5603385357	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	18
5603385358	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	19
5603385359	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	20
5603385360	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	21
5603385361	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	22
5603385362	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	23
5603385363	Intolerant	Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements.	24
5603385364	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	25
5603385365	Thomas Hooker	A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. He wrote the first written constitution "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This would become a cherished ideal of the colonial settlers that laws were written not arbitrary.	26
5603385366	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	27
5603385367	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	28
5603385368	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	29
5603385369	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	30
5603385370	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.	31
5603385371	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	32
5603385372	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	33
5603385373	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	34
5603385374	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	35
5603385375	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	36
5603385376	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	37
5603385377	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	38
5603385378	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	39
5603385379	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	40
5603385380	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	41
5603385381	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	42
5603385383	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	43
5603385384	French & Indian War	1754 - 1763; conflict between France and Great Britain over land in North America in the Ohio River Valley.	44
5603385385	Ohio River Valley	Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming.	45
5603385386	Battle of Quebec	(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America. The battle was won when General James Wolfe scouts followed wash women up the cliffs on a secret passageway.	46
5603385387	General James Wolfe	Commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France. He died in the battle and became a hero of English military.	47
5603385388	Join or Die	Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War	48
5603385389	Albany Plan of Union, 1754	Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.	49

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Chapter 6/Brinkley Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 6

Terms : Hide Images

5161224870	James Madison	1. "Father of the Constitution". 2. solved the questions of sovereignty and limiting power with the separation of power and checks and balances. 3. Contributed to the Federalist papers.	0
5161224871	Alexander Hamilton	One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was appointed by washington as secretary of the treasury. He also desird the creation of a national bank.	1
5161224872	Federalists	Political party that supported the constitution. They supported a centralized & economically sound government. Had the support of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, Ben Franklin and loosely George Washington.	2
5161224873	Anti-Federalist	Political party in opposition to the constitution. They believed the constitution violated the principles of the revolution. They were concerned that the constitution lacked a bill of rights and gave government too much power	3
5161224874	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments (changes to the Constitution) were added to protect the rights of individual citizens. Nine dealt with basic rights. The tenth reserved state power for anything not specifically withheld from or delegated to the federal government.	4
5161224875	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level.	5
5161224876	National bank tariffs; excise tariffs	Favored by Federalists in North as way to fund government/protect businesses; opposed by South and farmers	6
5161224877	Checks and balances	Designed to keep one branch of government from dominating the other	7
5161224878	Great Compromise	A compromise made at the constitutional convention of 1787. Stated that their would be a 2 house legislature with one house represented by population and each slave would count as 3/5ths of a person in both taxation and representation. The upper house would have 2 representatives per state regardless of population.	8
5161224879	House of Representatives	Representation in the House would be based on population of each state	9
5161224880	Senate	Two people per state, regardless of size	10
5161224881	3/5ths Compromise	3/5's of a state's slave population would be counted for representation purposes	11
5161224882	Electoral college system	Process by which a President is elected in the US	12
5161224883	Legislative branch	The branch of government that makes laws	13
5161224884	Congress	Legislative branch; House and Senate	14
5161224885	Cabinet	Term for chiefs of departments appointed by Washington	15
5161224886	Judiciary Act	Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices	16
5161224887	Federal courts	Courts created by the Judiciary Act	17
5161224888	Supreme Court	Ultimate court in the US	18
5161224889	Democratic-Republican Party	Rival to Federalists; opposed strong central government; led by Jefferson	19
5161224890	John Adams	In 1796 he was a Federalist who was elected as the second president.	20
5161224891	Revolution of 1800	Election in which Democratic-Republicans peacefully took power from the Federalists.	21
5161224892	French Revolution	Democratic-Republican's felt we were obligated to support the French.	22
5161224893	Proclamation of Neutrality	In 1793 Washington announced US as neutral in the war between England and France	23
5161224894	Jay's Treaty	establish American Sovereignty over the entire Northwest Territory and produced a satisfactory commercial relationship with britain.	24
5161224895	Pinckney Treaty	Spain agreed to open lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to US trade & conceded to prevent indian attacks across the border.	25
5161224896	Articles of Confederation	America's original governing document. - Established a very weak central government and strong state governments. This government was favored by those terrified of tyrannical central government.	26
5161224897	The Virginia Plan	A plan for new government with three branches, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. According to this plan the legislative branch would have 2 houses. The lower house would represent the states based on population, the upper house would be appointed by the lower house. Favored by large states, disliked by small states.	27
5161224898	The New Jersey Plan	A plan proposing a "federal" not "national" government. This plan would have a one house legislature with equal representation for each house but with more ability to tax and regulate commerce. Favored by small states, disliked by large states.	28
5161224899	Federalist Papers	Series of widely published essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the pseudonym Publius. They defended the constitution to the public attempting to coerce ratification.	29
5161224900	First national elections in 1789	George Washington elected to the presidency unanimously. John Adams became Vice-President. April 30, 1789 Inauguration.	30
5161224901	Judiciary Act of 1789	An act that provided a Supreme Court with six justices, thirteen district courts and three circuit courts of appeals. The act also gave the Supreme Court final decision in cases involving the constitutionality of state laws.	31
5161224902	National Bank	Hamilton proposed this to stabilize and unify the American banking system. In 1791 the bank began operations	32
5161224903	Republicans	Because of the rise of the Federalist party headed by Hamilton, it's opposition formed the (Democratic) Republican party. Key figures were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.	33
5161224904	Whiskey Rebellion of 1794	Farmers in western PA refused to pay the excice tax on whiskey, directly breaking federal law. The also terrorized tax collectors. Washington organized an army of 15,000 and personally led the troops to PA....rebellion quickly ceased.	34
5161224905	Constitution and the Indians	The constitution only vaguely mentions indians and leaves their place in the new nation unclear. They are not citizens but are not foreign countries like britain and france.	35
5161224906	Election of 1796	Washington did not run for presidency. The Republican party had Thomas Jefferson. The Federalist party was split between John Adams and Thomas Pinckney. Adams won by three electoral votes.	36
5161224907	The Alien Act	This act discouraged immigation and encouraged foreigners already in the country to leave. It put new obstacles in the way of citizenship and strengthened the president's hand in dealing with foreigners.	37
5161224908	The Sedition Act	This act allowed the government to prosecute anyone who committed "libelous or treasonous acts" against the government. Different people thought different things treasonous so the government could basically prosecute anyone who did not agree with them.	38
5161224909	Judiciary Act 1801	Federalists reduced number of supreme court judges and then flooded the court system with federalist judges so that they could maintain control over one branch of government during the republican dominated political era to come.	39

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5029282778	J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur	A Frenchman who wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (1782)	0
5029282779	immigrants	Many immigrants who came to American were Protestant French, German-speaking, or Scotch-Irish. They were fleeing religious persecution and wars, as well as seeking economic opportunities. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly.	1
5029282780	English cultural domination	Most of the population of the colonies was English, but Africans and Europeans created some diversity in the culture of the colonies.	2
5029282781	self-government	Each colony had a representative assembly that was elected by voters (white, land-owning males). Rhode Island and Connecticut also voted on their governor, but the other colonies had an appointed (by King or proprietor) governor.	3
5029282782	religious toleration	Massachusetts was the least tolerant in matters of religion, excluding non-Christians and Catholics. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania were the most liberal.	4
5029282783	hereditary aristocracy	There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top, and craftspeople and common people made up the majority.	5
5029282784	social mobility	Everyone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their status/standard of living with hard work.	6
5029282785	colonial families	Family was very important in the colonies; couples married young and had many children. Most families lived on farms. Men worked, owned land, and dominated politics. Women did housework, educated the children, and worked with her husband.	7
5029282786	subsistence farming	Farming that provides for the needs of the people on the farm, but nothing else. (New England mainly)	8
5029282787	established church	Churches that were financed by taxes. (Anglican Church in Virginia/Congregational Church in Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut)	9
5029282788	Great Awakening	A movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (1730-1740)	10
5029282789	Jonathan Edwards	Argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness; people who repented could by saved by God's grace, but those who did nothing would go to Hell. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741) Led to Great Awakening	11
5029282790	George Whitefield	(1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers. Led to Great Awakening	12
5029282791	Georgian style	An architectual style of London, mimicked in the colonies; characterized by symmetrical placement of windows and dormers and a spacious center hall flanked by two fireplaces. Only found on eastern seaboard.	13
5029282792	Benjamin West	Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist along with John Copley	14
5029282793	John Copley	Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist along with Benjamin West	15
5029282794	Cotton Mather	Author of several widely read religious tracts; a minister from Massachusetts	16
5029282795	Benjamin Franklin	Writer and scientist; author of Poor Richard's Almanack and inventor of bifocal eyeglasses	17
5029282796	Poor Richard's Almanack	Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 contained aphorisms and advice.	18
5029282797	Phillis Wheatley	Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and for it's quality	19
5029282798	John Bartram	Self-taught botanist of Philadelphia	20
5029282799	sectarian; nonsectarian	Existing to promote the doctrines of a specific religion; many colleges were this, except for the College of Philadelphia	21
5029282800	professions; religion, medicine, law	Ministers, Physicians, and Lawyers (due to legal support of revolution) were all respected careers in the 18th century.	22
5029282801	John Peter Zenger; libel case	Published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. He was acquited by the jury. (1735)	23
5029282802	Andrew Hamilton	Lawyer for Zenger in the Zenger case. (1735)	24
5029282803	colonial governors	In the royal colonies, these were appointed by the King; in the proprietary colonies, these were appointed by the proprietor; in Rhode Island and Connecticut, these were elected by popular vote	25
5029282804	colonial legislatures	In every colony the lower of these two houses was elected; this lower house controlled taxes. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut were the upper houses elected.	26
5029282805	town meetings	The dominant form of local government in the New England colonies	27
5029282806	county government	In the South, local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served...	28
5029282807	limited democracy	Only white, land-owning males could vote, and colonial assemblies mostly represented the elite.	29

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9090631801	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
9090631802	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
9090631803	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
9090631804	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
9090631805	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
9090631806	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
9090631807	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
9090631808	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
9090631809	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
9090631810	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
9090631811	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
9090631812	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
9090631813	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
9090631814	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
9090631815	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
9090631816	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
9090631817	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
9090631818	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
9090631819	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
9090631820	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
9090631821	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
9090631822	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
9090631823	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
9090631824	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
9090631825	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
9090631826	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
9090631827	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
9090631828	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
9090631829	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	28
9090631830	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	29
9090631831	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	30
9090631832	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	31
9090631833	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	32
9090631834	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	33
9090631835	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	34
9090631836	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	35
9090631837	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	36
9090631838	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	37
9090631839	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	38
9090631840	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	39
9090631841	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	40
9090631842	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	41
9090631843	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	42
9090631844	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	43
9090631845	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	44
9090631846	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	45
9090631847	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	46
9090631848	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	47
9090631849	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	48
9090631850	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	49
9090631851	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	50
9090631852	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	51
9090631853	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	52
9090631854	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	53
9090631855	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	54
9090631856	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	55
9090631857	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	56
9090631858	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	57
9090631859	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	58
9090631860	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	59
9090631861	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	60
9090631862	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	61
9090631863	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	62
9090631864	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	63
9090631865	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	64
9090631866	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	65
9090631867	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	66
9090631868	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	67
9090631869	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	68
9090631870	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	69
9090631871	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	70
9090631872	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	71
9090631873	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	72
9090631874	constituents	The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.	73
9090631875	hard money	Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.	74
9090631876	deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.	75
9090631877	subversive	Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.	76
9090631878	puritanical	Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.	77
9090631879	usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.	78
9090631880	mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.	79
9090631881	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	80
9090631882	incumbent	The person currently holding an office.	81
9090631883	impost	A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.	82
9090631884	appeasement	The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.	83
9090631885	prejudice	Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.	84
9090631886	ritual	A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.	85
9090631887	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	86
9090631888	platform	A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.	87
9090631889	denominations	In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.	88
9090631890	prolific	Producing a large number of something.	89
9090631891	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	90
9090631892	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	91
9090631893	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	92
9090631894	liability	Legal responsibility for loss or damage.	93
9090631895	incorporation	The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.	94
9090631896	labor union	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	95
9090631897	strike	An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.	96
9090631898	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	97
9090631899	posterity	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	98
9090631900	productivity	In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.	99
9090631901	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	100
9090631902	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	101
9090631903	theocracy	Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.	102
9090631904	zealot	One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.	103
9090631905	communistic	Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.	104
9090631906	nonconformist	One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".	105
9090631907	providence (providencial)	Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.	106