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GVHS AP US History Period 1 Flashcards

5114738378	animism	spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world	0
5114740845	capitalism	an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations	1
5114745434	civic humanism	the belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government	2
5114750679	colonization	to settle; to establish a colony	3
5114755634	Columbian Exchange	the massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after the voyages of Columbus	4
5114762505	cultural autonomy	self-government by a cultural group	5
5114780166	encomienda system	a system where Spanish settlers protected and taught Native Americans in return for their labor	6
5114792696	feudalism	the political, military, and social system in the Middle Ages, based on the holding of lands in fief or fee and on the resulting relations between lord and vassal. (the vassal worked for the lord in exchange for protection)	7
5114801035	indigenous people	originating in and characteristic of a particular region or country; native	8
5114809229	Iroquois Confederacy	confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America.	9
5114818672	predestination	the Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born	10
5114823609	primogeniture	the practice of passing family land, by will or custom, to the eldest son	11
5114827552	Puritans	dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. Their principles emphasized the importance of a relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection	12
5114840364	separatists	a person who withdraws, or secedes, from a church or organization	13
5114848590	social diversification	creation of a culture from a variety of other cultures	14
5114865110	transatlantic slave trade		15
5114873319	Christopher Columbus	an Italian sailor who sailed to the New World in the name of Spain; landed in present-day Bahamas	16
5114899534	Amerigo Vespucci	Italian explorer who explored the coast of South America and stated that the Western Hemisphere was not Asia but a "new world"	17

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AP US History People to Know Chapter 21 Flashcards

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5728422911	Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson	Military Officer. The Best known Commander of the Confederate Army after Robert E. Lee. His Confederate army won the Battle of Bull Run and that's where he earned the nickname "Stonewall"	0
5728331461	George B. McClellan (1826-1885)	Union general in command of the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to 1862, He led the failed Peninsular Campaign in 1861 and later fought Lee to a virtual stalemate at Antietam. He boosted the morale and confidence of his troops, but tested Lincoln's patience by routinely hesitating to send men into battle. In 1864, He ran against Lincoln as the Democratic nominee, campaigning against emancipation and the harsh treatment of the South while repudiating the antiwar stance of the Copperheads.	1
5728422912	Robert E. Lee	One of the Best Known General for the Confederate Army. The main leader for the south. He launched The Counterattack on the Union - which was the Seven Days' Battles (June 26-July 2, 1862) It drove the Union back (under the control of McClellan) from the Virginia peninsula around Richmond. His army suffered 20,000 casualties whereas the Union only had 10,000. He had a great triumph	2
5728331462	George G. Meade (1815-1872)	Union general who led the Army of the Potomac to victory against Lee's forces at Gettysburg. Meade, unable to stomach the immense human costs of his victory, refused to pursue Lee back across the Potomac, and thus lost his post to Ulysses S. Grant shortly thereafter.	3
5728426997	A. E. Burnside	Became the Commander of the Northern Union Army after McClellan. (known as sideburns) He protested his unfitness for the responsibility and he showed he was unfit for the position at Fredericksburg Virginia (December 13, 1862) where he got 10,000 Northern soldiers either killed or wounded in what is known as "Burnside's Slaughter Pen"	4
5728432447	Joseph "Fighting Joe" Hooker	Burnside yielded his command to Hooker. He was an aggressive officer but a headstrong subordinate. He was beaten by Lee and Jackson as they attacked from both sides of his army. He was nearly hit with a cannonball and they were able to attack to gain a victory for the south. George G. Meade became commander shortly after.	5
5728331463	George Pickett (1825-1875)	Confederate general who led the bold but ill-fated charge against union forces at Gettysburg.	6
5728331464	John Pope (1822-1892)	Union general whose army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Robert E. Lee in the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas).	7
5728447246	Ulysses S. Grant	Attended West Point. He fought in the Mexican War. Commander for the north Union. He captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson along the Tennessee River in February 1862. That victory riveted Kentucky more securely to the Union and opened a way for the North to access Tennessee, Georgia and the heart of Dixie.	8
5728331465	William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891)	Union general who led the destructive march through Georgia in 1864. A pioneer practitioner of "total war", he advocated bringing war to the civilian population to undercut morale and destroy supplies destined for Confederate troops.	9
5728433596	Salmon Chase	He was the Secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln. He led the group that was critical of Lincoln and wanted to get rid of him as president during the 1864 election. They didn't trust Lincoln to fully abolish slavery.	10
5728331466	Clement L. Vallandigham (1820-1871)	Democratic congressman from Ohio who led the Copperhead faction of the party in opposition to the Civil War. Convicted by a military tribunal for his treasonous outbursts, He was banished to the South though he later made his way to Canada and made an unsuccessful bid for the Ohio governorship.	11
5728331460	John Wilkes Booth (1838-1865)	Maryland-born actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater on April 14, 1865. He died of a gunshot wound a week later after refusing to surrender charged, and he actively worked to bring about a peaceful reunion of North and South.	12

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AP US history women Flashcards

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9885722016	Ann Hutchinson	Put on to help her outspoken views and was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony	0
9885722017	Hannah Adams	The first professional woman writer and the knighted states she published a summary history of new England in 1799	1
9885722018	Deborah Sampson Gannett	Disguised herself as a man to sign up for the fourth Massachusetts regiment. She was the first woman in listed in the American army	2
9885722019	Emma Willard	Founded the Troy female Academy. Helped lead to coeducational school systems	3
9885722020	Sacajawea	A Native American woman who helped Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explore the territory bought in the Louisiana purchase	4
9885722021	Sarah and Angelina Grimke	The only white southerners to be leaders and the American anti-slavery society. Angelina became the first American woman to address a legislative body	5
9885722022	Lucretia Mott	Activist and the woman suffrage movement who address the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls. She was also an abolitionist who caused her to boycott all goods produced by slave labor	6
9885722023	Sojourner Truth	A former slave who became a leading proponent of human rights and a spokesperson for abolitionist and women's rights. Her question ain't I a woman during a speech before a women's rights convention start to line poor and black women with those of white suffragist	7
9885722024	Dorthea Dix	Woman who pushed for changes and mentally L facilities. She found her improved over 30 hospitals and influence government legislation with her research in 1861 she was appointed for superintendent of the US Army nurses	8
9885722025	Margaret Fuller	Pioneered feminist work women in the 19th century. She edited Ralph Waldo Emerson's paper the dial and became America's first female correspondence	9
9885722026	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Author of uncle Tom's cabin. The first major American work and which a black man appeared as a central hero. When President Abraham Lincoln later met her he addressed her as the little woman who made this great war	10
9885722027	Harriet Tubman	A conductor on the underground railroad who helped fugitive slaves escape to the north. During the Civil War she served as a union and a military spy	11
9885722028	Elizabeth Caddy Stanton	Out rage at being excluded from anti-slavery convention because of her gender inspired her to coat organize the Seneca Falls woman's right convention. She drafted famous declaration of sentiments. She cofounded the newspaper Revolution how did the national woman suffrage Association for 20 years and was the first president of the national American woman suffrage Association	12
9885722029	Amelia bloomer	Publisher of the temperance paper the Lily she wore a liberated pants outfits	13
9885722030	Maria Mitchell	The first American woman astronomer and the director of the observatory at Vassar College, first female member of the American Academy of arts and sciences and the American Association for the advancement of science	14
9885722031	Lucy stone	Pioneering leader and the woman suffrage movement and founder of the American woman suffrage Association. After her marriage she kept her maiden name which led to the word stoner being associated with 19th century women who kept her maiden names after marriage	15
9885722032	Julia Ward Howe	A poet his most famous work became the anthem the battle hymn of the republic	16
9885722033	Susan B Anthony	Leader in the American anti-slavery society health Elizabeth Caddy Stanton found the national woman suffrage Association and the newspaper revolution. The 19th amendment is often referred to as the Anthony amendment. Her likeness is asked on an American Silver dollar	17
9885722034	Mary Baker Eddy	Founder of the Christian science, the international religious movement would advocate spiritual healing and the believe that the body is governed not by physical cause and effect but by the powers of the mind and spirit. She organize the first church of Christ scientist in Boston and a stab list to internationally known newspaper the Christian science Monitor	18
9885722035	Elizabeth Blackwell	First American woman to receive a medical doctor degree she open the New York and primary for women and children and cofounded the woman's medical college	19
9885722036	Clara Barton	Angel of the battlefield, she was instrumental in founding the American red cross	20
9885722037	Antoinnette Louisa brown	She was the nations first Female ordained minister, one of the first American woman to attend college, and author of books on evolution and social theory	21
9885722038	Emily Dickinson	Poet of hundreds of inventive original poems she was the most famous woman poet and 19th century America	22
9885722039	Mary Harris "Mother" Jones	Labor organizer who championed the social justice and devoted herself to the struggle against the poor hours pay and working conditions of railroad textile and mine workers	23
9885722040	Mary CASSATT	Introduced impressionism to America and his famous especially for her paintings and prints depicting mothers and children	24
9885722041	Carrie nation	Prohibitionist reformer she gained fame for welding a hatchet while destroying saloons, women's Christian temperance movement	25
9885722042	Mary Elizabeth lease	She first gain recognition for a series of lectures on Ireland and the Irish are doing a popular election of Senators the setting up a poster savings banks government control of railroads federal supervision of corporations woman suffrage free silver prohibition and other forms she gained lasting fame by advising the farmers to raise last corn and more hell in 1908 she became a lecture for the New York department of education and a 1912 supported Theodore Roosevelt and the bull moose campaign	26
9885722043	Carrie Chapman Catt	Editor of the national suffrage bulletin and leader and the woman suffrage movement, help achieve voting rights for women in America as well as I was president of the national American woman suffrage Association at the time the 19th amendment was passed, she was also president of the international woman suffrage alliance and founded the national league of women voters to help teach women how to intelligently use their boat. Her 1890 marriage included a prenuptial agreement giving her for months and each year to travel for the cause of women's equality	27
9885722044	Martha Thompson Carey	Associated with Bryn Mawr college, she was the first female college faculty member in the country to hold the title Dean. She started the first graduate program at any women school and establish the countries first graduate scholarships. She is also founder of the association to promote scientific research by women and of the international Federation of University women	28
9885722045	Annie Oakley	Lady sure shot, this marks on and made a living demonstrating her amazing ability to head to target, star of Buffalo Bills wild West show	29
9885722046	Charlotte Perkins Gilman	Ryder and lecture on women's roles in society she's leading feminist theorist an instrument of change	30
9885722047	Jane Addams	Founder of the famous Chicago settlement whole house. The first American woman to win the Nobel peace prize what she turned over to the women's internationally for peace and freedom of what she was president	31
9885722048	Ida B Wells	Black journalist and militant civil rights leader she was a cofounder of the NAACP and the first president of the Negro fellowship league	32
9885722049	Sarah Breedlove walker	She became the first female black millionaire by successfully selling hair preparations for black women. She also found at several factors and beauty college is an actually supported many charitable and educational institutions	33
9885722050	Emma Goldman	Lecture and author founded mother Earth news paper and was noted for her radicalism and eating the world's oppressed	34
9885722051	Mary McLeod Bethune	A champion of humanitarian causes and an advocate of civil rights and education for blacks. Establish Florida's Bethune-Cookman College And serving as director for the division of Negro affairs in the national youth administration during Franklin D Roosevelt's presidency at the highest position ever held and government by a black woman	35
9885722052	Isadora Duncan	Pioneer of modern dance in America and Europe, she elevated dance to an art form practice by serious artist and game huge popularity for innovative expressive style	36
9885722053	Margaret Sagner	Pioneering crusader for the legalization of birth control, battle the nation's government and courts to open Americas first birth control clinic. Founder of the national birth-control leak and Planned Parenthood of America. She took her plan worldwide and founded the international plan parenthood Federation	37
9885722054	Helen Keller	Blind and deaf, she went on to graduate with honors from Radcliffe to college and became a world famous lecture author an advocate of rights for people with disabilities	38
9885722055	Frances Perkins	She became the first woman appointed to the New York state industrial commission and the first woman member of any United States cabinet heading the department of labor	39
9885722056	Jeanette Rankin	The first female elected to the House of Representatives she campaign on a platform of peace and voted against the United States entry into World War I	40
9885722057	Eleanor Roosevelt	This first lady champion causes of social justice worldwide and as United Nations delicate chair of the United Nations commission on human rights	41
9885722058	Alice Paul	Organize the 1913's women rights march through Washington DC and cofounded the congressional union for women suffrage a military branch of the national American woman suffrage Association	42
9885722059	Georgia Okeefe	Known as the greatest American woman artist of the 20th century her paining I noted for their lyrical use of abstract color and shape into picking flowers nature and the American landscape	43
9885722060	Marian Anderson	First black to become a member of the Metropolitan opera company. And 1939 she made history when our schedule concert at Washington DC is Constitution Hall was blocked by the halls owners the daughters of the American Revolution. Eleanor Roosevelt then public resign from that organization and a public concert at the Lincoln Memorial was a range instead it's attendance by mixed crowd of 75,000 people including numerous dignitary and became a national symbol of social justice and hope	44
9885722061	Martha Graham	Founder and longtime principal dancer of the Martha Graham dance company and school of contemporary dance. The most influential 20th century choreographer revolutionize the mediums or use of American themes and original scores. She Austin Inc. Asian dancers Greek myth and Zen philosophy	45
9885722062	Amelia Earhart	Female aviator and the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She sent many trans continental records before disappearing in the South Pacific watt something to fly around the world	46
9885722063	Zora Neale Hurston	Novelist SAS play right associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement she also gained fame as an anthropologist a black culture and was the first black to compile a book of African American folklore	47
9885722064	Margaret Mead	Internationally known social scientist environmentalist and spokes person for social and intellectual issues introduce the world anthropology if there are 1928 bestseller coming of age and Samoa based on her studies of cultures and the South Pacific. Her accomplishments include serving as president of the American Academy for the advancement of science and curator of ethanol a G at the American museum of natural history and authoring countless books and articles on society and culture	48
9885722065	Margaret Bourke-White	Pioneering photojournalist she gained fame for photographs of millworkers and sharecroppers and was famous for her association with life magazine	49
9885722066	Rachel Carson	Biology is an author of numerous books about the sea are pioneering book silent spring alerted the country to the environment to dangers of pesticides and had an immediate impact on governmental regulations and is widely considered to have started the modern environmental protection movement	50
9885722067	Rosa parks	Refuse to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man a 1955 in Montgomery Alabama because she was just plain tired. This hard-working seamstress set off a 13 month bus boycott in a long chain of civil rights protest. National attention for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a Supreme Court ruling out loud segregation on buses and the title mother of the civil rights movement for parks who went on to continue her fight against racial injustice	51
9885722068	Mildred "Babe" Didrikson	S-6 time when you are the Associated Press women athlete of the year award competed in baseball basketball golf and Billards on a national level and was a medal winning track star swimmer and skater thrice winning the US women's golf open founding the ladies professional golf Association and winning three gold medals in track event at the 1932 Olympics	52
9885722069	Betty Friedan	Founder of the national organization of women are 1963 best-selling book the feminine mystique change women's lives worldwide and is credited with inspiring the start of the modern women's liberation movement	53
9885722070	Shirley Chisholm	The first black woman elected to Congress she But hard for the countries disadvantage champing search causes as child welfare job training Healthcare and education	54
9885722071	Maya Angelou	Pulitzer Prize winning author poet and playwright. She became the first black to compose a poem for presidential inauguration what she delivered as on the pulse of morning of Bill Clinton swing in	55
9885722072	Jacqueline Kennedy	She restore the White House an elevated Americas image here and abroad during her years as the first lady to President John F Kennedy. After his assassination her own courage help support the country and it's great. And her later life she would it be admired as a mother Historic preservationist and book editor	56
9885722073	Sandra Day O'Connor	Arizona lawmaker turn judge and the first woman to hold office of majority leader and state Senate, made history in 1981 through Ronald Reagan's appointment ethics social and religious groups subsequent Senate confirmation as associate justice of the US Supreme Court and the first woman to sit on this body and it's 191 year history	57
9885722074	Dolores Huerta	The center is most powerful and resected labor movement leaders. She left teaching and cofounded the United farmworkers with Cesar Chavez a 1962. She led the fight to permit thousands of immigrant children to receive services. She also let the struggle to achieve unemployment insurance collective-bargaining rights and immigration rights for farmworkers under the 1985 Rodin amnesty legalization program. She continues as an outstanding labor and political activist	58
9885722075	Toni Morrison	Author of the song of Solomon, beloved, and tar baby among others. The second American woman to receive the Nobel peace prize for literature gained fame for her powerful writing on black American issues	59
9885722076	Geraldine Ferraro	A member of the US Congress she introduce the private pension reform act, was a member of the select committee on aging and chair the house Democratic caucus task force and women's economic issues. She became the nations first female vice presidential running mate third Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale	60
9885722077	Gloria Steinem	Downing editor of miss magazine and cofounder of the woman's action alliance	61
9885722078	Barbara Jordan	The first African-American woman to ever serve in the Texas legislation. She went on to become the first black woman from the south ever elected to the US Congress where she said on the house judiciary committee and bought for voting rights school funding and the creation of a consumer protection agency. She was the first woman to get the keynote address at the Democratic national convention	62
9885722079	Billie Jean King	Champion of women's tennis and founder of the women's tennis Association, the women sports foundation and women sports magazine. She became the first woman athlete to earn over $100,000 in a single year. She is a worldwide fame and respect for both her athletic ability and her record-breaking earnings as well as her efforts to promote equality between a male and female sports	63
9885722080	Antonia Novello	A physician and public health professional, she was the first woman and first Hispanic to be a point in US Surgeon General. During this time she led the campaign for stronger warnings on cigarette labels, work to increase public awareness of aids and fought against alcohol advertisements aimed at children	64
9885722081	Wilma Mankiller	Advocate for American Indian causes she champion programs for job training housing property rights education and community development and was elected the first woman chief of the Cherokee nation	65
9885722082	Candy Lightner	Founded the national nationwide organization's mothers against drunk driving and students against drunk driving her campaign has affected topper drunk driving laws, help and sure the passage of the national minimum drinking age act and lead to the establishment of the national commission on drunk driving	66
9885722083	Sally ride	She became a mission specialist for NASA space program. And 1983. Abroad space shuttle Challenger this astrophysicist became the first American woman to fly in space	67

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 31 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 31 Challenges of the 21st Century, 2000-Present

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9627677252	political polarization	In the 2000s the political parties became regionally divided. Traditional, religious, and anti-government voters were often in rural and suburban areas and voted Republican. Liberals were commonly found in urban areas and voted Democrat. (p. 679)	0
9627677253	Southern white conservatives	Southerners Newt Gingrich, Tom DeLay, and Trent Lott took over the leadership of the Republican party, making it more conservative and partisan. (p. 679)	1
9627677254	gerrymandered "safe seats"	Democrats and Republicans manipulated congressional districts to create "safe seats", which rewarded partisanship and discouraged compromise in Congress. (p. 679)	2
9627677255	election of 2000	In this presidential race Al Gore won the popular vote, George W. Bush won the electoral vote. It was the closest election since 1876. The Supreme Court settled the election in Bush's favor. (p. 680)	3
9627677256	George W. Bush	He won the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. He was the son of former president George H. W. Bush. (p. 680)	4
9627677257	Al Gore	He was Bill Clinton's vice president. In 2000 he lost a very close presidential election to George W. Bush. (p. 680)	5
9627677258	Bush v. Gore	In the 2000 election, Florida was the deciding state. George Bush led by 537 popular vote after a partial recount in that state. The Democrats asked for a manual recount. The Supreme Court majority ruled that the varying standards used in Florida's recount violated the Equal-Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Al Gore ended the election crisis by accepting the ruling. (p. 680)	6
9627677259	Bush tax cuts	President George W. Bush cut taxes on the top tax bracket, gradually eliminated estate taxes, increased child tax credits, gave all taxpayers an immediate rebate. Bush pushed for tax cuts for stock dividends, capital gains, and married couples. (p. 680)	7
9627677260	No Child Left Behind Act	This act aimed to improve student performance and close the gap between rich students and poor students, gave students the right to transfer to better schools, stronger reading programs, and trained high-quality teachers. (p. 681)	8
9627677261	Enron, corporate corruption	This large corporation falsified stated earnings and profits with the help of accounting companies. (p. 681)	9
9627677262	housing bubble	When the stock market gains turned down, many investors put their money into real estate, creating a speculative bubble that would burst in George W. Bush's second term. (p. 681)	10
9627677263	election of 2004	In this presidential election George W. Bush was reelected, defeating Senator John Kerry. The Republicans energized their base of voters by focusing on the war against terrorism, more tax cuts, and opposition to gay marriage and abortion. (p. 684)	11
9627677264	John Kerry	In 2004, this senator from Massachusetts was the Democratic presidential nominee. (p. 684)	12
9627677265	privatization of Social Security	President Bush pushed Congress to privatize Social Security by encouraging Americans to invest part of their Social Security payroll deductions into various market investments. (p. 685)	13
9627677266	Hurricane Katrina	When the hurricane hit, FEMA failed to anticipate and respond to the crisis, resulting in more than 1,000 deaths, and tens of thousands of mostly poor people left in desperate conditions. (p. 685)	14
9627677267	corruption in Congress	In George W. Bush's second term, Republican's reputations were tarnished by scandals including, taking bribes from lobbyists, committing perjury and obstruction of justice, and having improper relations with congressional pages. (p. 685)	15
9627677268	John Roberts	President George W. Bush appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court as chief justice. (p. 685)	16
9627677269	Samuel Alito	President George W. Bush appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court. (p. 685)	17
9627677270	Colin Powell	This general became George W. Bush's secretary of state, the first African American to hold the job. (p. 681)	18
9627677271	Islamic roots of anti-Americanism	After World War I, the Ottoman Empire, the last of Islamic empires, was replaced with Western-style secular nation states. The U.S. stationed troops in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Islamic religious fundamentalists objected to these actions. (p. 682)	19
9627677272	Al-Qaeda	"The Base" preached jihad, which they defined as a holy war against "Jews and Crusaders", to restore an Islamic realm in the Middle East. (p. 682)	20
9627677273	Osama bin Laden	The founder of Al-Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. (p. 682)	21
9627677274	asymmetric warfare	Warfare conducted by terrorists when combatants have highly unequal military capabilities, such as when terrorists or rebel groups fight strong states. (p. 682)	22
9627677275	bombing of U.S. embassies	In 1998, terrorists bombed two U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The U.S. responded by bombing Al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and the Sudan. (p. 682)	23
9627677276	U.S.S. Cole	In 2000, two suicide bombers in a small rubber boat nearly sank a billion dollar warship docked in Yemen, the USS Cole. (p. 682)	24
9627677277	World Trade Center	A group of buildings in New York City. Two of the largest tower buildings were attacked and destroyed on September 11, 2001. (p. 682)	25
9627677278	September 11, 2001	On this date, know as 9/11, Al-Qaeda terrorists flew planes into World Trade Center twin towers, the Pentagon, and crashed a jetliner into a field in Pennsylvanian. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the attacks. The attacks galvanized public opinion as nothing since the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. (p. 682)	26
9627677279	Afghanistan, Taliban	President Bush declared he wanted Osama bin Laden and other Al-Qaeda leaders "dead or alive". The Taliban refused to turn them over, so in response the U.S. quickly overthrew the Taliban government in Afghanistan. U.S. led troops pursued bin Laden to the mountains bordering Pakistan, but were unable to catch him. (p. 682)	27
9627677280	Hamid Karzai	He became the head of the Afghanistan government in Kabul with the U.S. backing. However, Afghanistan remained unstable and divided by the Taliban insurgency and tribal conflicts. (p. 682)	28
9627677281	Homeland Security Department	President George W. Bush created this new department by combining more than 20 federal agencies with 170,000 employees. The agencies including the Secret Service, Coast Guard, and customs and immigration agencies. Many questioned why the FBI and CIA were left out of the new department. (p. 683)	29
9627677282	connect the dots	In 2004, a bipartisan commission on terrorism criticized the FBI, CIA, and the Defense Department for failing to work together to "connect the dots" that may have uncovered the 9/11 plot. Congress followed up on their recommendations, creating a Director of National Intelligence position. (p. 683)	30
9627677283	Director of National Intelligence	This newly created position was responsible for coordinating the intelligence activities of all agencies. (p. 683)	31
9627677284	Kyoto Accord	The Bush administration refused to join this climate agreement to prevent global warming. (p. 683)	32
9627677285	Bush Doctrine	This doctrine argued that the old policies of containment and deterrence were no longer effective in a world of stateless terrorism. It stated that to protect itself, the United States should take preemptive action against terrorist threats to its national security. (p. 683)	33
9627677286	unilateralist approach	The United States would pursue its own defense policy with little or no cooperation with other nations. (p. 683)	34
9627677287	axis of evil	In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush used this term for the countries of North Korea, Iraq, and Iran. (p. 683)	35
9627677288	WMDs	Weapons of Mass destruction (p. 683)	36
9627677289	Saddam Hussein	He was the Iraq dictator in Iraq who invaded Kuwait. He refused to let the U.N. into Iraq for WMD inspections. (p. 683)	37
9627677290	U.N. inspections	U.N. inspections failed to find WMD's in Iraq. However, the Bush administration continued to present claims of their existence based on intelligence information that proved to be false. (p. 683)	38
9627677291	Operation Iraq Freedom	In early 2003, President Bush declared that Iraq had not complied with numerous U.N. resolutions, and that "the game was over". In March 2003 the United States launched air attacks on Iraq, and within 4 weeks U.S., British, and other allies captured the capital city, Baghdad. (p. 684)	39
9627677292	regime change	When U.S. forces could not find WMDs in Iraq, criticism of the "regime change" mounted. (p. 684)	40
9627677293	war of choice	A term used for the Iraq War because it was not clear that is was a war that was required. (p. 684)	41
9627677294	Sunni vs. Shiite	After Saddam Hussein's death, the Sunni and Shiites attacked each other, and millions of Iraqis fled the country or were displaced. The Bush administration was widely criticized for going into Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country and to disband the Iraqi army. (p. 684)	42
9627677295	Abu Ghraib prison	Pictures of the barbaric treatment of prisoners by U.S. troops in this prison further diminished America's reputation in Iraq and around the world. (p. 684)	43
9627677296	2007 troop surge	In early 2007, President George W. Bush sent an additional 30,000 troops in a "surge" to establish order in Iraq. (p. 684)	44
9627677297	securitization	Wall Street packaged the high risk housing loans into a variety of complex investments , then sold them to unsuspecting investors around the world. (p. 685)	45
9627677298	liquidity crisis	When the housing market bubble burst, banks and financial institutions faced failure resulting in this crisis. Banks either lacked funds or were unable to make the loans to businesses and consumers necessary for the day-to-day functioning of the economy. (p. 685)	46
9627677299	Fannie May, Freddie Mac	In early 2008 the federal government took over these two quasi-governmental mortgage institutions. (p. 685)	47
9627677300	Lehman Brothers	In September 2008, this large Wall Street investment bank declared bankruptcy, which led to a panic in the financial industry. (p. 685)	48
9627677301	Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP)	The Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 created this controversial program. The federal government used $700 million to purchase failing assets, that included mortgages and mortgage-related securities, from financial institutions. Conservatives called it socialism, and liberals called it a bailout of the people who had caused the problems in the first place. (p. 685)	49
9627677302	poor regulation of financial institutions	The causes of the Great Recession will be debated for years, causes include: Excessive deregulation of the financial industry Real estate bank fraud Federal Reserve kept interest rates too low Government efforts to promote home ownership (p. 685)	50
9627677303	election of 2008	In this presidential election Democrats Barack Obama and Joseph Biden ran against Republicans John McCain and Sarah Palin. The Republican Bush administration was unpopular and the country faced was facing an economic crisis. Obama's message for change and his well-funded grassroots campaign led him to victory. (p. 686)	51
9627677304	Hillary Clinton	In 2008, this Democratic senator from New York was the early favorite in the Democrat primary race. (p. 686)	52
9627677305	Barack Obama	In 2008, this young, charismatic, Democratic senator from Illinois became the first African American president of the United States. (p. 686)	53
9627677306	John McCain	In 2008, this Republican senator from Arizona was the Republican nominee for president. He was a Vietnam war hero who hoped to appeal to undecided voters. (p 686)	54
9627677307	Sarah Palin	In 2008, this Republican governor of Alaska was the vice presidential candidate, running with John McCain. (p. 686)	55
9627677308	effects of Great Recession	The Great Recession started in late 2007. The stock market dropped dramatically but recovered by 2013, unemployment peaked at 10 percent in 2009 and stayed at 7 percent until 2013. Obama enacted a number of Keynesian programs to promote recovery. (p. 687)	56
9627677309	2009 stimulus bill	The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $787 billion economic stimulus package designed to create or save 3.5 billion jobs. It featured tax cuts, aid to state and local governments, and funding for construction projects, health care, education, and renewable energy. (p. 687)	57
9627677310	Dodd-Frank Act	This act was designed to improve regulations of banking and investment firms, and to protect taxpayers from future bailouts of "too big to fail" businesses. It also set up a Bureau of Consumer Protection to regulate mortgages and credit cards. (p. 687)	58
9627677311	aid to auto industry	With General Motors and and Chrysler near collapse, the Obama administration stepped in to help. The government temporarily took over General Motors while in bankruptcy, and guided the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat. (p. 687)	59
9627677312	Affordable Care Act	!in 2008, the U.S. "fee for service" medical system was the most expensive in the world, but produced mixed results. This healthcare act aimed to extend affordable health care insurance to more Americans through combinations of subsidies, mandates, and insurance exchanges while introducing medical and insurance reforms to control health care costs. Many Americans were confused by its complexity. (p. 687)	60
9627677313	budget deficits	The Great Recession lowered federal income tax collected and increased spending on recovery programs. The annual federal deficit tripled to $1.75 trillion in 2009. The national debt rose to $16 trillion by 2012. (p. 688)	61
9627677314	Bowles-Simpson plan	This plan would have eliminated the deficit by 2035 through $2 of spending cuts for every $1 increase in revenues. It was rejected by both parties. (p. 688)	62
9627677315	Tea Party	In 2010, this group of loosely united conservatives and libertarians formed this movement. Many members focused on economic issues and limited government, but others focused on gun rights, prayer in schools, outlawing abortions, and preventing undocumented immigration. (p. 688)	63
9627677316	debt ceiling	In August 2011, as the debt ceiling closed in an agreement was reached to cut $900 billion in spending and cut an additional $1.4 trillion to be determined by a bipartisan committee. (p. 688)	64
9627677317	super-committee	The bipartisan committee that was to determine what the $900 billion spending cuts were to be. (p. 688)	65
9627677318	U.S. credit rating	In 2011, the uncertainty and gridlock in Washington led Standard & Poor's to downgrade the US AAA credit rating. (p. 688)	66
9627677319	election of 2012	In this presidential election the Great Recession and Obamacare (new healthcare act) were the top issues. Barack Obama defeated Mitt Romney in this election. (p. 690)	67
9627677320	Mitt Romney	In 2012, this conservative, Mormon, former governor of Massachusetts, was the Republican presidential candidate. (p. 690)	68
9627677321	Latino voters	In 2012, 1 in every 6 American voter was a Latino voter, and President Obama won 71 percent of the Latino votes in this election. (p. 690)	69
9627677322	sequester cuts	In 2013, Congress was unable to compromise on the budget so these cuts went into effect. (p. 690)	70
9627677323	2013 shutdown of government	In October 2013, the Republican effort to defund the Affordable Care Act resulted in a shutdown of the government for 16 days, and threatened default on the national debt. The approval rating of Congress dropped to 10 percent. (p. 690)	71
9627677324	gun violence	Mass shootings at a Colorado movie theater and a Connecticut school sparked another debate over guns. President Obama's proposals to tighten gun laws went nowhere because of gun rights advocates. (p. 690)	72
9627677325	Boston Marathon bombing	Fear of home-grown terrorism became real when two brothers set off two bombs at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing three and injuring more than 250 people. The young men who did the bombing seemed motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs. (p. 690)	73
9627677326	ban on torture	In 2009, President Obama placed a formal ban on torture by requiring that Army field manuals be used as the guide for interrogating terrorist suspects. (p. 687)	74
9627677327	withdrawal from Iraq	In early 2009, President Obama developed a plan to wind down US ground combat operations in Iraq. In 2011, the last of U.S. forces were withdrawn. However, Sunni and Al-Qaeda insurgents continued to terrorize the majority Shiite government. (p. 688)	75
9627677328	Afghanistan surge	President Obama made fighting Al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan a priority. He sent an additional 47,000 troops to Afghanistan. The counter-terrorism surge proved effective in Afghanistan, but the increase in drone attacks on terrorists in Pakistan intensified anger against the U.S. (p. 689)	76
9627677329	death of bin Laden	In May 2011, he was killed by the U.S. in clandestine operation in Pakistan. (p. 689)	77
9627677330	drawdown in Afghanistan	In 2012, the U.S. and Afghanistan signed a long-term agreement which called for the U.S. to train and support the Afghanistan military, and for the U.S. to end combat missions by 2014. (p. 689)	78
9627677331	Arab Spring	In 2010, civil unrest and armed rebellion toppled governments in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Yemen. (p. 689)	79
9627677332	fall of dictatorships	Arab spring, civil unrest and armed rebellions toppled dictatorships in North Africa and the Middle East. (p. 689)	80
9627677333	civil war in Syria	The Syrian leader, Bashar al-Assad used poisonous gas on the people in the country who were rising up against him. Military action was avoided when the Syrians agreed to give up all their chemical weapons. (p. 691)	81
9627677334	"pivot" to Asia	Events in the Middle East limited the president's planned "pivot" to Asia. The Obama administration realized that America's future would be closely tied to the Pacific Rim because within two decades the economies of Asia would soon be larger than the U.S. and Europe combined. (p. 689)	82
9627677335	euro crisis	In the early 2010s, the European Union was struggling with a debt crisis in Greece, Spain, and Ireland. It took German leadership to save the euro as a common currency. (p. 689)	83
9627677336	Sonia Sotomayor	President Obama appointed her to the Supreme Court in 2009. (p. 691)	84
9627677337	Elena Kagan	President Obama appointed her to the Supreme Court in 2010. (p. 691)	85
9627677338	Shelby County v. Holder (2013)	In 2013, the Supreme Court struck down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that required that certain states with a history of voter discrimination obtain federal approval of any changes in voting laws. (p. 691)	86
9627677339	repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"	In 2010, Congress repealed the Clinton era "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" to end discrimination of gays in the military. (p. 692)	87
9627677340	same-sex marriage	In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, a California law, was unconstitutional. However the states remained divided, with fourteen allowing same sex marriage and thirty-five banning it (p. 692)	88
9627677341	2nd Amendment and Heller case	In 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that the 2nd amendment protects an individual's right to posses a firearm unconnected with service in a militia. (p. 692)	89
9627677342	campaign financing	In 2013, the Supreme Court heard arguments to overturn the federal limits on campaign contributions, which some worried would open the door to wider corruption of elected officials. (p. 691)	90
9627677343	Citizens United	In 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that corporations were "legal persons" and had the same rights as individuals to buys ads to influence political elections. (p. 691)	91
9627677344	NFIB v. Sebelius	In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had the authority to require that individuals purchase health insurance because Congress had the authority to levy taxes. (p. 692)	92

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Amsco AP US History Chapter 1 Flashcards

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7313926507	native americans; land bridge	the first people to settle north america arrived as much as 40,000 years ago and came from asia; they adapted to the varied environments of the regions that they found	0
7313926508	renaissance	a rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of artistic and scientific activity in europe	1
7313926509	compass; printing press; gunpowder	one aspect of the renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change; europeans made improvements in the inventions of others (chinese and arab merchants)	2
7313926510	spain; moors	in the middle ages, spain had been partly conquered by muslim invaders and only one moorish stronghold remained; isabella and ferdinand succeeded in defeating the moors of granada	3
7313926511	ferdinand and isabella	their uniting of spain was a sign of new leadership, hope, and power for european believers in the roman catholic faith	4
7313926512	protestant reformation	in the early 1500s, certain christians in germany, england, france, holland, and other northern european countries revolted against the authority of the pope in rome	5
7313926513	nation-state	a country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government	6
7313926514	christopher columbus	spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from europe to the "indies"; his success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in spain but 3 voyages across the atlantic was disappointing;	7
7313926515	amerigo vespucci	an italian sailor; the new world was named afer him	8
7313926516	papal line of demarcation (1493)	the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map, giving spain all lands to the west of the line and portugal all lands to the east	9
7313926517	treaty of tordesillas (1494)	moved the line papal line a few degrees to the west; signed by spain and portugal	10
7313926518	vasco nunez de balboa	made the journey across the isthmus of panama to the pacific ocean	11
7313926519	ferdinand megallan	completed a circumnavigation of the world	12
7313926520	hernan cortes	defeated the aztecs in mexico	13
7313926521	francisco pizzaro	defeated the incas in peru	14
7313926522	conquistadores	sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to spain from the new world; increased the gold supply by over 500 percent making spain the richest and most powerful nation in europe	15
7313926523	encomienda system	gave grants of land and indians (native americans) to individual spaniards	16
7313926524	asiento system	when europeans' brutality and diseases reduced the native american population, the spanish brought slaves from west africa	17
7313926525	john cabot	an italian sea captain who was under contract to england's king henry vii; explored the coast of newfoundland in 1497	18
7313926531	henry hudson	hired by the dutch government to seek a northwest passage; sailed up a broad river and established dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become new amsterdam (and later new york)	19
7313926532	joint-stock company	given the privilege of taking control of the region for economic gain (dutch west india company)	20
7313926533	virginia company; jamestown	chartered by england's king james i and established the first permanent english colony in america in 1607	21
7313926534	captain john smith	with his forceful leadership and the establishment of a tobacco industry by john rolfe, the jamestown colony survived	22
7313926535	john rolfe; pocohontas	developed a new variety of tobacco, which became very popular in europe and brought financial prosperity to the colony	23
7313926536	royal colony	a colony under the control of a king of queen	24
7313926537	puritans	religious reformers who wanted to "purify" the church of catholic influences; james viewed them as a threat to both his religious and political authority and ordered some of them arrested and jailed	25
7313926538	plymouth colony	several hundred separatists left england in search of religious freedom; after economic hardship and cultural differences in holland a small group of pilgrims set sail for virginia but landed off the massachusetts coast	26
7313926539	separatists	one group of puritans who rejected the idea of simply reforming the church of england	27
7313926540	mayflower compact	aboard the ship in 1620, the pilgrims drew up and signed a document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority; represented both an early from of colonial self-government and an early (though rudimentary) from of written constitution, establishing the powers and duties of the government	28
7313926541	massachusetts bay colony	John Winthrop led about a thousand puritans (who were persecuted by the new king of England, Charles I) and sailed for the new world; founded Boston and several other towns	29
7313926542	john winthrop	led about a thousand puritans and founded the massachusetts bay colony	30
7313926543	great migration	a civil war in england in the 1630s drove some 15,000 more settlers to the massachusetts bay colony	31
7313926544	virginia house of burgesses	the first representative assembly in america; organized by virginia's colonists	32
7313943107	William Bradford	Leader of Plymouth Bay Colony	33
7313946388	Roger Williams	Religious reformer who fled Boston (MBC) & founded Connecticut. Key idea: Separation of Church & State	34
7313952055	Anne Hutchinson	Religious reformer who fled the Puritans for teaching that faith alone is needed for salvation	35

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 2 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754

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8514203251	Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore	In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)	0
8514203252	Act of Toleration	The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)	1
8514203253	Roger Williams	A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)	2
8514203254	Providence	This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)	3
8514203255	Anne Hutchinson	This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)	4
8514203256	antinomianism	The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)	5
8514203257	Rhode Island	In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)	6
8514203258	Halfway covenant	In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)	7
8514203259	Quakers	Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)	8
8514203260	William Penn	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)	9
8514203261	Holy Experiment	William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)	10
8514203262	Charter of Liberties	In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)	11
8514203263	rice plantations	These plantations required a loarge land area and many slaves. (p. 37)	12
8514203264	tobacco farms	As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37)	13
8514203265	John Cabot	First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25)	14
8514203266	Jamestown	In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)	15
8514203267	Captain John Smith	Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)	16
8514203268	John Rolfe	He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)	17
8514203269	Pocahontas	She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)	18
8514203270	Puritans	Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)	19
8514203271	Separatists	Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26)	20
8514203272	Pilgrims	They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26)	21
8514203273	Mayflower	In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)	22
8514203274	Plymouth Colony	This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)	23
8514203275	John Winthrop	In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)	24
8514203276	Great Migration	This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)	25
8514203277	Virginia	Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)	26
8514203278	Thomas Hooker	In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30)	27
8514203279	John Davenport	In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)	28
8514203280	Connecticut	In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)	29
8514203281	New Hampshire	Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)	30
8514203282	The Carolinas	In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)	31
8514203283	New York	In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)	32
8514203284	New Jersey	The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)	33
8514203285	Pennsylvania	In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)	34
8514203286	Delaware	In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)	35
8514203287	Georgia	In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)	36
8514203288	James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)	37
8514203289	Wampanoags	An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31)	38
8514203290	Metacom	This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)	39
8514203291	King Philip's War	From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)	40
8514203292	Mayflower Compact	In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)	41
8514203293	Virginia House of Burgesses	In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)	42
8514203294	Sir William Berkeley	Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)	43
8514203295	Bacon's Rebellion	In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)	44
8514203296	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)	45
8514203297	New England Confederation	In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)	46
8514203298	Frame of Government (1682)	In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)	47
8514203299	corporate colonies	Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)	48
8514203300	royal colonies	Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)	49
8514203301	proprietary colonies	Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)	50
8514203302	Chesapeake Colonies	In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)	51
8514203303	joint-stock company	Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)	52
8514203304	Virginia Company	England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)	53
8514203305	mercantilism	An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)	54
8514203306	Navigation Acts	Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)	55
8514203307	Dominion of New England	James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36)	56
8514203308	Sir Edmund Andros	In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36)	57
8514203309	Glorious Revolution	In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37)	58
8514203310	indentured servants	Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28)	59
8514203311	headright system	A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28)	60
8514203312	slavery	The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28)	61
8514203313	triangular trade	Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37)	62
8514203314	Middle Passage	Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38)	63

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848

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8514213148	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
8514213149	sectionalism	The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157)	1
8514213150	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)	2
8514213151	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151)	3
8514213152	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
8514213153	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in U.S. history. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
8514213154	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	6
8514213155	Henry Clay; American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)	7
8514213156	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)	8
8514213157	Panic of 1819	In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153)	9
8514213158	Lancaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)	10
8514213159	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	11
8514213160	Erie Canal	A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)	12
8514213161	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)	13
8514213162	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)	14
8514213163	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	15
8514213164	corporations	In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)	16
8514213165	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	17
8514213166	factory system	In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)	18
8514213167	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)	19
8514213168	industrialization	Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164)	20
8514213169	specialization	Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164)	21
8514213170	unions	Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)	22
8514213171	cotton gin	In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)	23
8514213172	market revolution	This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164)	24
8514213173	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)	25
8514213174	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	26
8514213175	McCulloch v. Maryland	This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154)	27
8514213176	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154)	28
8514213177	Gibbons v. Ogden	This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)	29
8514213178	implied powers	Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)	30
8514213179	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156)	31
8514213180	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)	32
8514213181	Stephen Decatur	In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean. (p. 157)	33
8514213182	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157)	34
8514213183	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)	35
8514213184	Andrew Jackson	In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158)	36
8514213185	Florida Purchase Treaty	An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)	37
8514213186	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

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8514218313	free-soil movement	This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)	0
8514218314	Free-Soil party	In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)	1
8514218315	conscience Whigs	Whigs that opposed slavery. (p. 248)	2
8514218316	barnburners	Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party. (p 248)	3
8514218317	New England Emigrant Aid Company	Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory. (p. 253)	4
8514218318	bleeding Kansas	After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)	5
8514218319	Pottawatomie Creek	In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)	6
8514218320	Lecompton constitution	In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)	7
8514218321	popular sovereignty	Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)	8
8514218322	Lewis Cass	This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)	9
8514218323	Henry Clay	He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)	10
8514218324	Zachary Taylor	The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)	11
8514218325	Compromise of 1850	Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)	12
8514218326	Stephen A. Douglas	In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)	13
8514218327	Millard Fillmore	The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)	14
8514218328	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)	15
8514218329	Crittenden compromise	In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)	16
8514218330	Franklin Pierce	The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)	17
8514218331	Know-Nothing party	This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)	18
8514218332	Republican party	This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)	19
8514218333	John C. Fremont	In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)	20
8514218334	James Buchanan	The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)	21
8514218335	election of 1860	In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)	22
8514218336	sucession	The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)	23
8514218337	Fugitive Slave Law	Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)	24
8514218338	Underground Railroad	A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)	25
8514218339	Harriet Tubman	Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)	26
8514218340	Dred Scott v. Sandford	An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)	27
8514218341	Roger Taney	He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)	28
8514218342	Abraham Lincoln	He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)	29
8514218343	Lincoln-Douglas debates	In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)	30
8514218344	house-divided speech	The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)	31
8514218345	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)	32
8514218346	Sumner-Brooks incident	This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)	33
8514218347	John Brown	He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)	34
8514218348	Harpers Ferry raid	In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)	35
8514218349	Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin	In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)	36
8514218350	Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South	In 1857, he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North. (p. 250)	37
8514218351	George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South	In 1854, he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery. (p. 251)	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 18 The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900

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8514224678	causes of immigration	Forces in the United States driving this process were (1) political and religious freedom, (2) economic opportunities in the western U.S. and cities, (3) large steamships offered relatively inexpensive transportation. (p. 361)	0
8514224679	old immigrants	Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)	1
8514224680	new immigrants	From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)	2
8514224681	Statue of Liberty	Began in the 1870's, by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. It opened in New York Harbor, in 1886. (p. 362)	3
8514224682	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. (p. 362)	4
8514224683	Immigration Act of 1882	In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)	5
8514224684	Contract Labor Act of 1885	Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)	6
8514224685	American Protective Association	A nativist society that was prejudiced against Roman Catholics. (p. 362)	7
8514224686	Ellis Island 1892	An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)	8
8514224687	melting pot vs. cultural diversity	The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)	9
8514224688	cause of migration	In the late 1800s, forces driving Europeans to migrate to the United States were (1) Displaced farmworkers by political turmoil and mechanization, (2) Overcrowding due to population boom, (3) Religious persecution. (p. 361)	10
8514224689	streetcar cities	In these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars. (p. 363)	11
8514224690	steel-framed buildings	Skyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. (p. 363)	12
8514224691	tenements, poverty	As rich people left residences near the business district, the buildings were often divided into small crowded windowless apartments for the poor. (p. 363)	13
8514224692	ethnic neighborhoods	Different immigrant groups created distinct neighborhoods where they could maintain their distinct identity. (p. 363)	14
8514224693	residential suburbs	By 1900, suburbs had grown up around every major U.S. city. the United States became the world's first suburban nation. (p. 364)	15
8514224694	political machines, boss	Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)	16
8514224695	Tammany Hall	A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)	17
8514224696	urban reformers	Urban reformers stated more than 400 settlement houses in the cities. They provided services to help poor immigrants. (p. 365)	18
8514224697	City Beautiful movement	In the 1890s, this movement included plans to remake America's cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. (p. 364)	19
8514224698	Henry George	A San Francisco journalist who authored "Progress and Poverty" in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization. (p. 365)	20
8514224699	Edward Bellamy	In 1888, he wrote "Looking Backward", a popular book of social criticism that that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. (p. 365)	21
8514224700	Jane Addams	In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)	22
8514224701	settlement houses	They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)	23
8514224702	Social Gospel	In the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles. (p. 365)	24
8514224703	Walter Rauschenbusch	The leading figure of the Social Gospel movement, and a New York City minister. (p. 365)	25
8514224704	Cardinal Gibbons	A Roman Catholic leader who supported organized labor. (p. 366)	26
8514224705	Dwight Moody	He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)	27
8514224706	Salvation Army	Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)	28
8514224707	family size; divorce	Family size continued to drop as more people moved from the farms to the cities. Children were needed to do work on farms, but in the city they did not provide that advantage. Divorce rates increased as the legal grounds for divorce became more lenient. (p. 366)	29
8514224708	Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA	In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)	30
8514224709	Francis Willard, WCTU	Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)	31
8514224710	Antisaloon League	In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)	32
8514224711	Carrie Nation	She raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet. (p. 367)	33
8514224712	kindergarten	In the late 1800s, the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular. (p. 367)	34
8514224713	public high school	In the late 1800s, there was growing support for tax-supported public high schools. (p. 367)	35
8514224714	college elective system	In the late 1800s, colleges started reducing the number of required courses and offered more elective courses. These were courses students could choose, and this increased the number of foreign language and science courses. (p. 368)	36
8514224715	Johns Hopkins University	This university was founded in Baltimore in 1876, the first to specialize in advanced graduate studies. (p. 368)	37
8514224716	new social sciences	New fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged. (p 368)	38
8514224717	Richard T. Ely	He attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and outdated and used economics to study labor unions and trusts. (p. 368)	39
8514224718	Oliver Wendell Holmes	He taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions. (p. 368)	40
8514224719	Clarence Darrow	A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)	41
8514224720	W.E.B. Du Bois	A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)	42
8514224721	realism, naturalism	Mark Twain became the first realist author and his books often showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. Authors known for their naturalism focused in how emotions and experience shaped human experience. (p. 369)	43
8514224722	Mark Twain	The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)	44
8514224723	Stephen Crane	He wrote in the 1890s about the human condition. His books included "Maggie: A Girl in the Streets" and the "Red Badge of Courage". (p. 369)	45
8514224724	Jack London	He wrote about the conflict between man and nature in books such as "The Call of the Wild". (p. 369)	46
8514224725	Theodore Dreiser	The author of "Sister Carrie". Notable for its naturalism and controversy, as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of 1900. (p. 369)	47
8514224726	Winslow Homer	The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors. (p. 369)	48
8514224727	Thomas Eakins	Specialized in the painting of the working class and used serial-action photographs to study human anatomy. (p. 369)	49
8514224728	Impressionism	A painting technique that originating in France. (p. 370)	50
8514224729	James Whistler	An American expat, he painted Arrangement in Grey and Black, popularly known as Whistler's Mother. It was a quintessential example of his study of color rather than subject. (p. 370)	51
8514224730	Mary Cassatt	An American impressionist painter known as a portrait painter. She spent much of her life in France. (p. 370)	52
8514224731	Ashcan School	Around 1900, they painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods. (p. 370)	53
8514224732	Armory Show	A New York painting exhibit in 1913 that featured abstract paintings. (p. 370)	54
8514224733	abstract art	Non-representational art, not accepted by Americans until the 1950s. (p. 370)	55
8514224734	Henry Hobson Richardson	His architectural designs of the 1870s, based on the Romanesque style, gave a gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings. (p. 370)	56
8514224735	Romanesque style	This architecture style featured massive stone walls and rounded arches. (p. 370)	57
8514224736	Louis Sullivan	He rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School. (p. 370)	58
8514224737	form follows function	The form of the building flowed from its function. (p. 370)	59
8514224738	Frank Lloyd Wright	The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings. (p. 370)	60
8514224739	organic architecture	An architectural style in which the building was in harmony with its natural surroundings. (p. 370)	61
8514224740	Frederick Law Olmsted	The originator of landscape architecture, he designed Central Park and grounds of the U.S. Capitol. (p. 371)	62
8514224741	growth of leisure time	The growth of leisure time activities was a result of the reduction of work hours, improved transportation, advertizing, and the decline of restrictive values. (p. 371)	63
8514224742	John Philip Sousa	He wrote a series of popular marches played in small town bandstands across the country. (p. 371)	64
8514224743	jazz, blues, ragtime	A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)	65
8514224744	Jelly Roll Morton	A famous African American jazz musician from New Orleans. (p. 371)	66
8514224745	Scott Joplin	A black composer notable for his contribution to ragtime. He sold over one million copies of his song "Maple Leaf Rag". (p 371)	67
8514224746	mass circulation newspapers	Large circulation newspapers had been around since 1830, but the first to exceed one million subscribers was Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (p. 371)	68
8514224747	Joseph Pulitzer	He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)	69
8514224748	William Randolph Hearst	A newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism. (p. 371)	70
8514224749	Ladies Home Journal	By the 1880s, advertising and new printing technology lead to this magazine which sold for only 10 cents. (p. 371)	71
8514224750	circus trains	The national rail network made possible traveling circuses. (p. 371)	72
8514224751	Barnum & Bailey, Greatest Show on Earth	A traveling circus that was very popular. (p. 371)	73
8514224752	Buffalo Bill Wild West Show	William F. Cody brought this show to urban populations. (p. 372)	74
8514224753	spectator sports, boxing, baseball	In the late 19th century professional sports started. (p.372)	75
8514224754	amateur sports, bicycling, tennis	These were late 19th century sports of the middle and upper classes. (p. 372)	76
8514224755	social class and discrimination	In the late 19th century, sports such as golf and tennis became popular with wealth members of athletic clubs. The very rich pursued polo and yachting. (p. 372)	77
8514224756	country clubs, golf, polo, yachts	These were late 19th century sports of the wealthy. (p. 372)	78
8514224757	corner saloon, pool halls	In the late 19th century, young single men often centered their lives around these establishments. (p. 372)	79

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 22 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 22 World War I and its Aftermath, 1914-1920

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8514230347	Allied Powers	In World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455)	0
8514230348	Central Powers	In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455)	1
8514230349	neutrality	A declaration of a country that it will not choose sides in a war. The Unites States was a neutral country at the beginning of World War I. (p. 455)	2
8514230350	submarine warfare	Germany's greatest hope against British sea power was this new type of warfare. (p. 455)	3
8514230351	Lusitania	On May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455).	4
8514230352	Sussex Pledge	In March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456)	5
8514230353	propaganda	Britain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457)	6
8514230354	ethnic support	In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456)	7
8514230355	preparedness	The United States was not prepared to fight a war and initial President Wilson resisted action. However, in late 1915 he pushed for an expansion of the armed forces. (p. 458)	8
8514230356	election of 1916	Election between Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and Charles Evans Hughes (Republican). Wilson won the election, his slogan was: "He kept us out of war". (p. 458)	9
8514230357	Robert LaFollette	This Congressman was one of the few who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)	10
8514230358	Jeanette Rankin	The first woman to serve in Congress. She one of the few in Congress who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)	11
8514230359	Edward House	In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459)	12
8514230360	Zimmermann telegram	In March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459)	13
8514230361	Russian Revolution	The revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459)	14
8514230362	declaration of war	In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460)	15
8514230363	war industry boards	During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460)	16
8514230364	Food Administration	During World War I, this government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food for overseas shipment to the troops. (p. 460)	17
8514230365	Railroad Administration	During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment. (p. 460)	18
8514230366	National War Labor Board	During World War I, former president William Howard Taft led this organization, which arbitrated disputes between workers and employers. (p. 461)	19
8514230367	taxes and bonds	President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461)	20
8514230368	Selective Service Act	In 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462)	21
8514230369	service of African Americans	In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462)	22
8514230370	Committee on Public Information	A propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461)	23
8514230371	George Creel	Head of the Committee on Public Information. He persuaded the nation's artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. (p. 461)	24
8514230372	anti-German hysteria	During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461)	25
8514230373	Espionage Act	In 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461)	26
8514230374	Sedition Act	In 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461)	27
8514230375	Eugene Debs	He was one of the founders of the Socialist party that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Starting in 1900, he was the Socialist party's presidential nominee in five elections. Around 1920, he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against World War I. (p. 440, 461)	28
8514230376	Schenck v. United States	A 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461)	29
8514230377	wartime jobs for women	As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462)	30
8514230378	attitudes toward suffrage	Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462)	31
8514230379	migration of blacks and Hispanics	During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462)	32
8514230380	Bolsheviks withdraw	A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463)	33
8514230381	American Expeditionary Force	In the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463)	34
8514230382	John J. Pershing	U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Force into France in World War I. (p. 463)	35
8514230383	Western front	In World War I, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers battled each other. (p. 463)	36
8514230384	November 11, 1918	On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463)	37
8514230385	peace without victory	In January 1917, before the U.S. had entered the war, Woodrow Wilson said the the United States would insist on this. (p. 464)	38
8514230386	Fourteen Points	After the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464)	39
8514230387	Wilson in Paris	In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464)	40
8514230388	Big Four	The term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465)	41
8514230389	Treaty of Versailles	The World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)	42
8514230390	self determination	In World War I, territories one controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies. Applying the principle of self-determination, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (p. 465)	43
8514230391	League of Nations	International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466)	44
8514230392	Article X	The Treaty of Versailles required signers join the League of Nations. The League of Nations charter, Article X, called on each member nation to be ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)	45
8514230393	election of 1918	In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466)	46
8514230394	Henry Cabot Lodge	In 1919, after World War I, he led a group of senators known as the "reservationists", who would accept the U.S. joining the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the agreement. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (p. 466)	47
8514230395	Irreconcilables	In 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466)	48
8514230396	Reservationists	In 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466)	49
8514230397	Wilson's stroke	President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466)	50
8514230398	rejection of treaty	The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466)	51
8514230399	recession, loss of jobs	In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467)	52
8514230400	falling farm prices	After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466)	53
8514230401	Red Scare	After World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467)	54
8514230402	anti-radical hysteria	After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467)	55
8514230403	Palmer raids	Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467)	56
8514230404	xenophobia	Intense or irrational dislike of foreign peoples. (p. 467)	57
8514230405	strikes of 1919	Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467)	58
8514230406	Boston police strike	Officers went on strike to protest the firing of a few officers because they tried to unionize. (p. 467)	59
8514230407	race riots	The migration of African Americans to the north led to rioting in East St. Louis and Chicago, where 40 people were killed. (p. 467)	60