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AP US History: Reconstruction Flashcards

8452255022	black codes	Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.	0
8452255023	black reconstruction	Blacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power, however.	1
8452255024	John Wilkes Booth	..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.	2
8452255025	carpetbaggers	A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.	3
8452255026	Civil Rights Act of 1866	1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	4
8452255027	compromise of 1877	-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president	5
8452255028	copperheads	A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War.	6
8452255029	Jefferson Davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.	7
8452255030	election of 1866	Johnson took to the road and used his infamous, "swing around the circle" speeches to attack Congressional opponents; appealed to racial prejudices of whites; Republicans accused Johnson of being a drunkard and a traitor and used antisouthern prejudices by employing a campaign tactic known as "waving the bloody shirt"-inflaming the hatreds of northern voters by reminding them of the hardships of war; Johnson won but Republicans owned both House and Senate	8
8452255031	election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised	9
8452255032	Force Acts of 1870-71	Restricted Ku Klux Klan. Banned and sometimes arrested KKK members.	10
8452255033	13th Amendment	Abolish slavery	11
8452255034	14th Amendment	1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts	12
8452255035	15th amendment	Amendment that extended suffrage to all races.	13
8452255036	freedmen	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	14
8452255037	Freedmen's Bureau	Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War	15
8452255038	impeachment	A formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official, famously used against Andrew Johnson after he disobeyed the Tenure of Office Act.	16
8452255039	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States	17
8452255040	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.	18
8452255041	Military Reconstruction Act of 1867	1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	19
8452255042	radical republicans	After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.	20
8452255043	redeemer governments	Conservative white democrats many of them planters or businessmen who reclaimed control of South following the end of reconstruction	21
8452255044	sharecropper	A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. You usually go into debt and cant come out.	22
8452255045	state-suicide theory	The Southern states had relinquished their rights when they seceded. This, in effect, was suicide.	23
8452255046	Thaddeus Stevens	A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.	24
8452255047	Charles Sumner	A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote	25
8452255048	Tenure of Office Act of 1867	Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions	26

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

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8373989598	Free-soil Movement	Movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but did not want the Western states to allow slavery.	0
8373989599	Free-Soil party	1848-Northerners organized this party to advocate that new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men".	1
8373989600	Conscience Whigs	Whigs that opposed slavery.	2
8373989601	Barnburners	Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party.	3
8373989602	New England Emigrant Aid Company	Northern abolitionists and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory.	4
8373989603	Bleeding Kansas	After 1854, conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory.	5
8373989604	Pottawatomie Creek	1856-abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers.	6
8373989605	Lecompton Constitution	1857-President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it.	7
8373989606	Popular Sovereignty	Around 1850, this referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery in that region.	8
8373989607	Lewis Cass	Democratic senator from Michigan-proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories.	9
8373989608	Henry Clay	He proposed the Compromise of 1850.	10
8373989609	Zachary Taylor	12th president of the U.S. from 1849 to 1850. Was a general and hero in the Mexican War. Elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. Died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president.	11
8373989610	Compromise of 1850	Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to Union as free state * Divide remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced	12
8373989611	Stephen A. Douglas	1854-devised Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, allowed South the opportunity to expand slavery. 1858-debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but alienated Southern Democrats. 1860-won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. Easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year.	13
8373989612	Millard Fillmore	13th president of the U.S., serving from 1850-1853, last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. 2nd Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850.	14
8373989613	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery.	15
8373989614	Crittenden compromise	Winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)	16
8373989615	Franklin Pierce	14th President of the United States from 1853-1857. Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats b/c he supported the Fugitive Slave Law.	17
8373989616	Know-Nothing party	Political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as American party, mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers.	18
8373989617	Republican party	Political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories.	19
8373989618	John C. Fremont	In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. Lost election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party.	20
8373989619	James Buchanan	15th President of the U.S. from 1857 to 1861. Tried to maintain balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857).	21
8373989620	Election of 1860	In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all southern states. South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union.	22
8373989621	Sucession	Election of Abraham Lincoln was final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America.	23
8373989622	Fugitive Slave Law	Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. Law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law.	24
8373989623	Underground Railroad	Network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places.	25
8373989624	Harriet Tubman	Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.	26
8373989625	Dred Scott v. Sandford	1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans.	27
8373989626	Roger Taney	Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case.	28
8373989627	Abraham Lincoln	Elected president of the U.S. in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific.	29
8373989628	Lincoln-Douglas debates	1858-Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president.	30
8373989629	House-divided Speech	Speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free".	31
8373989630	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats.	32
8373989631	Sumner-Brooks incident	Incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas".	33
8373989632	John Brown	Led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid.	34
8373989633	Harpers Ferry raid	October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South.	35
8373989634	Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin	1852-she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life.	36
8373989635	Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South	1857-he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North.	37
8373989636	George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South	1854-he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery.	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 25 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 25 Diplomacy and World War II, 1929-1945

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8825788290	Good Neighbor Policy	President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. (p. 523)	0
8825788291	Pan-American conferences	In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523)	1
8825788292	Soviet Union recognized	The Republican presidents of the 1920's had refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union. President Franklin Roosevelt promptly changed this policy by granting recognition in 1933. (p. 524)	2
8825788293	Independence for Philippines	In 1934, President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act which provided independence for the Philippines by 1946. (p. 524)	3
8825788294	reciprocal trade agreements	In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)	4
8825788295	Japan takes Manchuria	In September 1931, Japanese troops invaded Manchuria, on China's eastern seaboard. The League of Nations passed a resolution condemning the action but did not take action. (p. 521)	5
8825788296	Stimson Doctrine	In 1932, Secretary of State Henry Stimson said the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. (p. 522)	6
8825788297	fascism	A political system in which people glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force. Economic hardships led to the rise of military dictatorships, first in Italy, then in Japan and Germany. (p. 524)	7
8825788298	Italian Fascist party	In 1922, they seized power in Italy. They attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism. They marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power. (p. 524)	8
8825788299	Benito Mussolini	He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945, he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. (p. 524)	9
8825788300	Ethiopia	In 1935, fascist Italy invaded this African nation. (p. 526)	10
8825788301	German Nazi party	This party arose in 1920's Germany in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. By 1933, the party under leader Adolph Hitler, had gained control of the German legislature. (p. 524)	11
8825788302	Adolf Hitler	Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in the book Mein Kampf attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide in 1945, when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent. (p. 524)	12
8825788303	Axis Powers	Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.	13
8825788304	Spanish Civil War	In 1936, a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war, by 1939 Franco had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)	14
8825788305	Francisco Franco	In 1936, he plunged Spain into a Civil War. By 1939, Franco's Fascist had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)	15
8825788306	Rhineland	In 1936, Adolf Hitler invaded this region. This was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which had declared the area a demilitarized zone. (p. 526)	16
8825788307	Sudetenland	In 1938, Hitler insisted Germany had the right to take over an area in western Czechoslovakia. (p. 526)	17
8825788308	Munich	A 1938 conference, at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that he would not expand Germany's territory any further. (p. 526)	18
8825788309	appeasement	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of military actions by Fascist dictatorships made Britain, France, and the United States nervous, but they did nothing to stop the actions. * 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia * 1936 - German troops invade the Rhineland * 1937 - Japan invades China * 1938 - Germany takes the Sudetenland (p. 526)	19
8825788310	Poland; blitzkrieg	On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded this country using overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks, a term of warfare called lightning war. Britain and France then declared war against Germany. (p. 528)	20
8825788311	isolationism	A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations. A 1934 committee led by Senator Gerald Nye concluded the main reason for participation in World War I was because of the bankers and arm manufacturers greed. This caused the U.S. public to be against any involvement in the early stages of World War II. (p.. 525)	21
8825788312	Nye Committee	In 1934, a Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in World War I. They concluded that bankers and arm manufacturers pushed the U.S. into the war so they could profit from selling military arms. This committee's work pushed America toward isolationism for the following years. (p. 525)	22
8825788313	Neutrality Acts	Laws passed by isolationists in the late 1930s, that were designed to keep the United States out of international wars. (p. 525)	23
8825788314	America First Committee	In 1940, after World War II had begun in Asia and Europe, isolationists became alarmed by President Roosevelt's support for Britain. To mobilize American public opinion against the war, they formed this committee. Charles A. Lindbergh was one of it spokesmen. (p. 525)	24
8825788315	Charles Lindbergh	In 1927, this U.S. aviator thrilled the world, by making the first nonstop flight from Long Island to Paris. In 1940, he was a speaker for the isolationist America First Committee. (p. 480, 525)	25
8825788316	Quarantine speech	In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made this speech after Japan invaded China. He proposed that democracies act together to "quarantine" Japan. Public reaction to the speech by the American public was negative, and the idea was abandoned. (p. 526)	26
8825788317	cash and carry	Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality, while aiding Great Britain. Great Britain could buy U.S. military arms if it paid in full and used its own ships to transport them. (p. 528)	27
8825788318	Selective Training and Service Act	In 1940, Roosevelt passed this law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (p. 528)	28
8825788319	destroyers-for-bases deal	In September 1940, Roosevelt cleverly arranged a trade that would help Great Britain. The United States gave Britain fifty older but still serviceable US destroyers, in exchange the U.S. was given the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (p. 528)	29
8825788320	FDR, third term	In the 1940 presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in office. (p. 529)	30
8825788321	Wendell Willkie	Franklin Roosevelt's Republican opponent in the 1940 Presidential election. (p. 529)	31
8825788322	Four Freedoms speech	A speech by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941 that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. military weapons. He argued that the U.S. must help other nations defend "four freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear). (p. 529)	32
8825788323	Lend-Lease Act	In March 1941, this act permitted Britain to obtain all U.S. arms they needed on credit during World War II. (p. 529)	33
8825788324	Atlantic Charter	In August 1941, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill met aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. They created this agreement which outlined the principles for peace after the war. (p. 530)	34
8825788325	escort convoys	In July 1941, the U.S. began to provide protection for British ship carrying U.S. arms being transported to Britain. (p. 530)	35
8825788326	oil and steel embargo	In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530)	36
8825788327	Pearl Harbor	On December 7, 1941, a date that will live in infamy, this U.S. naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes. 2,400 Americans were killed and 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged. The next day, the United States declared war on Japan. (p. 531)	37
8825788328	War Production Board	During World War II, President Roosevelt established this agency to allocated scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers. (p. 531)	38
8825788329	Office of Price Administration	This World War II federal agency regulated most aspects of civilian lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing commodities in order to control inflation. (p. 532)	39
8825788330	government spending, debt	During World War II federal spending increased 1000 percent between 1939 and 1945, and the gross national product grew by 15 percent or more each year. By the war's end, the national debt was $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941. (p. 532)	40
8825788331	role of large corporations	During World War II, the 100 largest corporations accounted for 70 percent of wartime manufacturing. (p. 532)	41
8825788332	research and development	The United States government worked closely with industrial companies, universities, and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy. (p. 532)	42
8825788333	Manhattan Project	Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II. (p. 532)	43
8825788334	Office of War Information	Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the World War II effort. (p. 533)	44
8825788335	the Good War	The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533)	45
8825788336	wartime migration	During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. (p. 533)	46
8825788337	civil rights, Double V	During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the Double V slogan - one for victory, one for equality. (p 533)	47
8825788338	executive order on jobs	During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533)	48
8825788339	Smith v. Allwright	This Supreme Court case in 1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. (p. 533)	49
8825788340	Braceros program	A program the American and Mexican governments agreed to, in which contract laborers would be admitted to the United States for a limited time as migrant farm workers (p. 533)	50
8825788341	Japanese internment	In 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the United States West coast were rounded up and put in internment camps. (p. 534)	51
8825788342	Korematsu v. U.S.	A 1944 Supreme Court case which upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay financial compensation to each survivor. (p. 534)	52
8825788343	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants during World War II. (p. 534)	53
8825788344	wartime solidarity	The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. (p. 534)	54
8825788345	election of 1944	In this presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt replaced his vice president with Harry S. Truman, as they ran against Republican Thomas Dewey. Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term, but he died within three months. (p. 534)	55
8825788346	Harry S. Truman	He became president on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. In August 1945, he order an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki, to end the war with Japan. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. (p. 537, 538)	56
8825788347	Battle of the Atlantic	The protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. (p. 535)	57
8825788348	strategic bombing	United States bomber carried out daylight bombing raids on military targets in Europe, but the lines between military and civilian targets became blurred as war went on. (p. 535)	58
8825788349	Dwight Eisenhower	The United States general who commanded the invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany. (p. 536)	59
8825788350	D-Day	On June 6, 1944 the Allies landed in northern France with the largest invasion by sea in history. By the end of August Paris was liberated from the Nazis, and by September Allied troops had crossed the German border. (p. 536)	60
8825788351	Holocaust	A methodical plan, orchestrated by Germany's Adolph Hitler to eliminate Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Six million Jews and several million non-Jews would be murdered by the Nazis. (p. 536)	61
8825788352	island-hopping	The United States strategy in the Pacific, which called for capturing Japanese-held islands in the Pacific and moving on to others to bring the American military closer and closer to Japan itself. (p. 536)	62
8825788353	Battle of Midway	On June 4-7, 1942, the U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet at Midway Island. The Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. The battle marked a turning point in the war in the Pacific. (p. 536)	63
8825788354	Douglas MacArthur	United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II. (p. 537)	64
8825788355	kamikaze attacks	Japanese pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves, but also inflicting severe damage to the ships. (p. 537)	65
8825788356	J. Robert Oppenheimer	American theoretical physicist and professor of physics. He led the top-secret Manhattan Project, which built the world's first atomic bomb. (p. 537)	66
8825788357	atomic bomb	A nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission. (p. 537)	67
8825788358	Hiroshima; Nagasaki	On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Then on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. About 250,000 Japanese died as a result. Within a week after the second bomb was dropped, Japan agreed to surrender. (p. 537)	68
8825788359	Big Three	The leaders of the Allies during World War II included: Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin, Great Britain - Winston Churchill, United States - Franklin Roosevelt. (p. 537)	69
8825788360	Casablanca Conference	The conference attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in January 1943, to discuss the strategy to win World War II. The plan called for the invasion of Sicily and Italy by British and American troops. They resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. (p. 537)	70
8825788361	unconditional surrender	A surrender with any demands or requests. (p. 538)	71
8825788362	Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam	The three cities that held conferences for the leaders of the Allied powers, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union during World War II. (p. 538)	72
8825788363	United Nations	On October 24, 1945, this international organization formed after World War II to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. (p. 539)	73

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 11 Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860

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5312475895	utopian communities	Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in this period. (p. 210)	0
5312475896	Shakers	This religious communal movement held property in common and and separated men and women. (p. 210)	1
5312475897	Amana Colonies	This German religious communal movement in Ohio emphasized simple living. (p. 210)	2
5312475898	Robert Owen		3
5312475899	New Harmony	Nonreligious experiment founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210)	4
5312475900	Joseph Humphrey Noyes	He started a cooperative community in Oneida, New York. They prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210)	5
5312475901	Oneida Community	Community started in 1848 dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses. (p. 210)	6
5312475902	Charles Fourier phalanxes	French socialist who advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. Wanted to solve problems of competitive society but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210)	7
5312475903	Horace Mann	He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213)	8
5312475904	temperance	Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. shift from moral exhortation to political action in reform. Business leader and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212)	9
5312475905	American Temperance Society	Founded in 1826 by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212)	10
5312475906	Washingtonians	A temperance movement which argued that alcoholism was a disease that need practical helpful treatment. (p. 212)	11
5312475907	Women's Christian Temperance Union	This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. (p. 212)	12
5312475908	asylum movement	In the 1820s and 1830s this movement for public asylums: wanted inmates cured of antisocial behavior by putting them in a good environment. included mental hospitals, schools for the blind and deaf, and penitentiaries. (p. 212)	13
5312475909	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212)	14
5312475910	Thomas Gallaudet	Started a school for the deaf. (p. 213)	15
5312475911	Samuel Gridley Howe	He started a school for the blind. (p. 213)	16
5312475912	penitentiaries	Building of new prisons to take the place of crude jails. Reflected a major doctrine, structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213)	17
5312475913	Auburn system	A prison system in New York which enforced rigid rules of discipline, while also providing moral instruction and work programs. (p. 213)	18
5312475914	public school movement	Free public schools for children of all classes. (p. 213)	19
5312475915	McGuffey readers	Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. (p. 213)	20
5312475916	American Peace Society	A pacifist society founded on the principles of William Ladd. Merged societies from New Hampshire, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.	21
5312475917	American Colonization Society	In 1817 this organization transported free slaves to African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. Only 12,000 people were settled in Africa. (p. 215)	22
5312475918	abolitionism	The Second Great Awakening led many Christians to view slavery as a sin. There were a wide range of views in the movement from gradual abolition to immediate abolition. (p. 214)	23
5312475919	American Antislavery Society	The organization founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. The advocate the immediate abolition of all slavery. (p. 215)	24
5312475920	William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator	An abolitionist who in 1831 started a publication, "The Liberator". He attacked everything from slave holding, to moderate abolitionists. (p. 215)	25
5312475921	Liberty party	In 1840 this political party was formed In reaction the the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215)	26
5312475922	Frederick Douglass; The North Star	A former slave, in 1847 he started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)	27
5312475923	Harriet Tubman	Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)	28
5312475924	David Ruggles	An anti-slavery activist who was active in the New York Committee of Vigilance and the Underground Railroad. He claimed to have led over six hundred people, including friend and fellow abolitionist Frederick Douglass, to freedom in the North. (p. 215)	29
5312475925	Sojourner Truth	United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. (p. 215)	30
5312475926	William Still	African American abolitionist and author, he "The Underground Railroad" which chronicles how he helped 649 slaves escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad. (p. 215)	31
5312475927	David Walker	He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. (p. 215)	32
5312475928	Henry Highland Garnet	A radical abolitionist, who with David Walker, advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. They argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their "masters" (p. 215)	33
5312475929	Nat Turner	In 1831 he led a slave rebellion in Virginia. This was the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215)	34
5312475930	antebellum period	The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207)	35
5312475931	romantic movement	In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by transcendentalists.	36
5312475932	transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209)	37
5312475933	Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"	Best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209)	38
5312475934	Henry David Thoreau, "Walden"	Pioneer ecologist and conservationist. Advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209)	39
5312475935	Brook Farm; George Ripley	Attempted communal experiment by Protestant minister George Ripley under transcendentalist ideals. Combination of intellectual and manual labor. (p. 207)	40
5312475936	feminists	Advocates of women's rights. (p. 214)	41
5312475937	Margaret Fuller	Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists.	42
5312475938	Theodore Parker	A theologian and radical reformer. (p. 210)	43
5312475939	George Caleb Bingham	An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211)	44
5312475940	William S. Mount	Contemporary of the Hudson River school; began as a history painter but moved to depicting scenes from everyday life. (p. 211)	45
5312475941	Thomas Cole	Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. (p. 211)	46
5312475942	Hudson River school	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Romantic treatment of American landscape	47
5312475943	Frederick Church	Central figure in the Hudson River School, pupil of Thomas Cole, known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places. (p. 211)	48
5312475944	Washington Irving	Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer	49
5312475945	James Fenimore Cooper	United States novelist noted for his stories of indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)	50
5312475946	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Author of "The Scarlet Letter", originally a transcendentalist but later became a leading anti-transcendentalist.	51
5312475947	Sylvester Graham	an American dietary reformer who was ordained in 1826 as a Presbyterian minister. He is notable for his emphasis on vegrtarianism and the Temperance Movement.	52
5312475948	Amelia Bloomer	a leader in the temperance and women's suffrage movements, remembered especially for her failed attempt to revolutionize women's clothing through the use of modified trousers under slightly shorter skirts	53
5312475949	Second Great Awakening	A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. A reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason) that offered opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207)	54
5312475950	Timothy Dwight	President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207)	55
5312475951	revivalism; revival camp meetings	Religious revivals that were a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. A populist movement that was part of the Second Great Awakening. (p. 207)	56
5312475952	millennialism	A popular belief of the time that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus Christ. (p. 208)	57
5312475953	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons	Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)	58
5312475954	Joseph Smith	Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, then Illinois. (p. 208)	59
5312475955	Brigham Young	After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the church to Utah. (p. 208)	60
5312475956	New Zion	This was the religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)	61
5312475957	women's rights movement	Women reformers resent the men for regulating their secondary roles in reform movements	62
5312475958	cult of domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214)	63
5312475959	Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke	Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they joined the abolitionist movement and fought for women's rights. (p. 214)	64
5312475960	Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes	Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke, it protested males opposition to their abolitionist work. (p. 214)	65
5312475961	Lucretia Mott	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)	66
5312475962	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)	67
5312475963	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848 it was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. Wrote "declaration of sentiments" which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. the frame of argument echoed the Declaration of Independence. Complained about property and voting rights. (p. 214)	68
5312475964	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214)	69

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AP US HISTORY 1 Flashcards

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8680693142	The Inca, Iroquois, Maya, Aztec	What are the Pre-Columbian Native American societies?	0
8680693143	The Canon, Astrolabe, Compass, and improved maps	What technology did the Portuguese use in their voyages of exploration?	1
8680831768	Bartholomeu Dias	Who was the Portuguese sailor who was first to sail around Africa's southern tip at the Cape of Good Hope	2
8680831769	The discovery of nearly identical species of fish in long-separated freshwater lakes throughout the world	What proved the once existence of a single original continent (Pangea)	3
8680831770	The Appalachian Mountains	Which mountain range was probably created before the continental separation (about 350 million years ago)	4
8680831771	People who crossed the land bridge from Eurasia to North America	Who were likely the first Americans	5
8680831772	54 Million	In 1492, when Europeans arrived in the Americas, the total of the two continents' populations was probably what?	6
8680831773	Establish large, elaborate, bustling cities; make strikingly accurate astronomical observations; study mathematics; carry on commerce	What did the more advanced Native American cultures do?	7
8680831774	Corn	What was the crop that became the staple of life in Mexico and South America?	8
8680831775	North America	Where was Native American civilization least highly developed?	9
8680831776	The production of a rich diet that led to a relatively high population	What did the development of "3 sister" farming lead to?	10
8680831777	In small, scattered, and impermanent settlements	Before the arrival of Europeans, where did most natives in North America live?	11
8680831778	Military alliances, sustained by political and organizational skill	How was the Iroquois Confederacy able to menace its Native Americans and European neighbors?	12
8680898496	Hunting, gathering fuel, clearing fields for planting, and fishing	What tasks did men in more settled agricultural groups in North America preform?	13
8680898497	No nation-state that yearned to expand supported their ventured	Why did the early voyages of the Scandinavian seafarers not result in permanent settlements in North America?	14
8680898498	They brought back news of valuable Far Eastern spices, drugs, and silk	Why were Christian Crusaders indirectly responsible of the discovery of America?	15
8680898499	The Arabs and Africans	What group was responsible for slave trading in Africa long before the Europeans had arrived?	16
8682177213	The Portuguese Slave System	Where can the origins of the modern plantation system be found?	17
8682177214	Portugal controlled the African Coast	Why did Spain look westward in order to reach the Indies?	18
8682177215	Maize, Potatoes, beans, and tomatoes	What New World plants revolutionized the international economy?	19
8682177216	90%	Within a century of Columbus' landfall in the new world, how much had the native population dropped?	20
8682177217	The growth of Capitalism	What did the flood of precious metals into Europe from the New World result in?	21
8682177218	European governments to give Native Americans to colonists if they promised to Christianize them	What did the encomienda system allow?	22
8682177219	To gain God's favor by spreading Christianity; To escape dubious (criminal) pasts; to seek adventure; to satisfy their desire for gold	Why did men become Conquistadors	23
8682177220	They had a century head start of exploration over the English; they were genuine Empire builders; they were cultural innovators in the new world; their settlements were bigger and richer compared to Anglo-Saxon ones	What true about Spain and their exploration	24
8682177221	It guaranteed toleration to all Christians	What did Maryland's Act of Toleration (1649) do?	25
8682177222	Because it could be produced easily and quickly	Why was tobacco considered a poor man's crop?	26
8682177223	It had to be planted extensively; required the clearing of a lot of land; required an elaborate refining process; was a capital-intensive process	Why was sugar considered an Rich Man's crop?	27
8682177224	Sugar	What was the main export crop of the British Caribbean?	28
8682177225	Barbados	Where did the statues governing slavery in North America originate?	29
8682177226	Rice and Native American slaves	What were the two major exports of the Carolinas	30
8682177227	Hostile	What were Carolinians attitude towards Native Americans?	31
8682177228	Create a haven for people imprisoned for debt	What were Georgia's founders determined to do?	32
8682177229	They were economically dependent on the export of a staple crop	How were Virgina, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia similar?	33
8682177230	Based their economies on the export of staple crops; practiced slavery; provided tax support towards the Church of England; had few large cities	By 1750, what did all the Southern plantation caolines do/have?	34
8682177231	Anglican Church	What did King Henry VIII establish following the Protestant Reformation	35
8682177232	Violent and Unjust	How would you describe the treatment of the Irish under the reign of Elizabeth I	36
8682177233	Francis Drake	"Sea Dog" who plundered the treasure ships of the Spanish Main	37
8682177234	Walter Raleigh	courtier whose colony at Roanoke Island was mysteriously abandoned in the 1580s	38
8682177235	Humphrey Gilbert	adventurer who tried but failed to establish a colony in Newfoundland	39
8682177236	The Defeat of the Spanish Armada	What caused Spanish dreams of building and empire to fade?	40
8682177237	It helped to ensure England's Naval dominance in the North Atlantic	What did England's defeat of the Spanish Armada do?	41
8683380532	A unified nation state, measure of religious unity, a sense of nationalism, and a popular monarch	What did England posses on the eve of its colonization venture?	42
8683380533	A large population boom; enclosing of crop lands, thus forcing farmers off their land; increased unemployment; an economic depression	What happened in England as the 17th Century opened up?	43
8683380534	A joint-stock company	Who provided the financial means for England's first permanent colonization in America?	44
8683380535	Unemployment, thirst for adventure, desire for markets, desire for religious freedom	What were some motives for English colonization?	45
8683380536	The foundation for American Liberty	The guarantee that English settlers in the New World would retain the "rights of Englishmen" became what?	46
8683380537	To impress Smith with his power and show the Indians desire for peace	Why did Chief Powhatan have Captain John Smith kidnapped?	47
8683380538	He imposed a harsh military regime in the colony	What did Lord De La Warr do when he took control of Jamestown in 1610	48
8683380539	Nonexistent	What was the social order in Virginia and other southern colonies like?	49
8683380540	Disease	What was the biggest disrupter of Native American life?	50
8683380541	14%	By 1700, what percentage of Virginia's population was black slaves	51
8683380542	To be financially profitable and create a refuge for the Catholics	What was the colony of Maryland founded?	52
8683639492	Patterns if settlement; economies; political systems; values	Colonists in both the North and South established differently in what ways?	53
8683639493	German; protested against the Catholic doctrines at Wittenberg in 1517; denounced the authority of priests and popes; declared that the Bible was the only source of God's word	Who was Martin Luther ?	54
8683639494	Fines; floggings; banishment; death	What were the punishments for people who flouted the authority of the Puritan Liturgy in the Massachusetts Bay Area	55
8683639495	Breaking away from the Church of England; condemning and taking Native American land; denying the authority of civil governments; challenging the legality if the Massachusetts Bay Charter	What were Roger William's beliefs?	56
8683639496	Individualists and independent attitudes	What was the colony of Rhode Island known for?	57
8683639497	It established a regime democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens	Settlers fo the Connecticut River Colony developed a document known as the Fundamental orders which did what?	58
8683639498	Intertribal unity against the English	What was the New England Native Americans' only hope for resisting the English?	59
8683639499	The lasting defeat of New England's Indians	What did King Philips war result in?	60
8683639500	The power of town meetings was curbed; officials tried to enforce the navigation laws; taxes were levied unfairly; smuggling was repressed	What were the results of Sir Edmond Andros' rule?	61
8683639501	The Dutch	Who originally founded New York?	62
8683639502	For quick profit off of fur trading	Why was the Dutch colony New Netherland (later NY) founded?	63
8683639503	The autocratic spirit survived	What happened when the English gained control over New Netherland?	64
8683639504	The monopolistic land policies of the aristocrats	Why was the physical growth of English New York slowed?	65
8683639505	Pennsylvania	What was the best advertised colony?	66
8683639506	profitable very quickly	What was the economy of Pennsylvania like	67
8683639507	Slave labor in the south	What became the main regional difference?	68
8683639508	Scarcity of Women	What was the population of the Chesapeake colony notable for throughout the first half of te 17th century	69
8683639509	The Chesapeake colonies	Due to high death rates, families were both few and fragile where?	70
8683639510	Virginia	By 1700, what was the most populated colony?	71
8683639511	Captured by African coastal tribes	Many of the slaves who reached North America were what?	72
8683639512	Middle Passage	The gruesome ocean voyage to america, particularly for African American slaves	73
8683639513	South Carolina	Where were the worst social and physical conditions for slaves?	74
8683639514	Jazz, the banjo, a variety of words, and bongos	What did African Americans contribute to American culture	75
8683639515	racial discrimination	Although slavery was started for economic reasons, slavery also was influenced by what?	76
8683639516	Slaves	Who was at the bottom of the Social class in the south?	77
8683639517	Marry early and have several children	It was common for colonial New England adults to do what?	78
8683639518	Orderly	How was expansion of New England society?	79
8683639519	Democracy in political government	What did the Puritan system of congressional church government lead to?	80
8683639520	Fishing, ship building, and commerce	What did the New England economy heavily depend on?	81
8683639521	Energy, stubbornness, self-reliance, resourcefulness	The combination of Calvinism., soil, and climate in New England resulted in the people there possessing what qualities	82
8683639522	Extremely important	How important was New England's impact on the rest of the nation	83
8691582570	Every world war since 1688	Beginning in the 17th Century, what had America been involved in?	84
8691582571	Popularly elected assemblies	What did English colonies have that New France did not?	85
8691582572	Beavers	What was one valuable resource in New France?	86
8691582573	Fur Trapping	What was the primary economic pursuit of early settlers in New France	87
8691582574	They explored and acted as geographers	What did the Jesuit priests do other then failing at gaining converts?	88
8691582575	Decades of salutary neglect	What did Britain provide during the generation of peace following the 1713 treaty of Utrecht?	89
8691582576	Fighting over control of The ohio river valley	What did the clash between Britain and France for control of North America stem from?	90
8691582577	He was defeated at fort necessity but was allowed to retreat	What happened in George Washington's first military command in the French and Indian War?	91
8691582578	To achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat	What was the long ranged purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754?	92
8691582579	He focused his military strategy on the Quebec-Montreal area	What happened when William Pitt became prime minister during the 7 Years War?	93
8691582580	A very important battle	What was the battle of Quebec 1759?	94
8691582581	A new spirit of independence arose, as the French threat disappeared	What happened once the Americans and British won the 7 Years War?	95
8691582582	Stabilize Indian-white relations	What did the British decide to do after defeating Chief Pontiac and his alliance?	96
8691582583	To work out a fair trade settlement of the Indian problem	What was the Proclamation of 1763 designed to do?	97
8691582584	It prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains	What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?	98
8691582585	Rapidly growing populations	What was one feature that all the rebellious colonies had?	99
8691582586	The natural fertility of Americans	What can the population growth of the American Colonies by 1775 be attributed to?	100
8691582587	New York, Charlestown, Philadelphia, Boston	What communities could be considered a city in Colonial America by 1775?	101
8691582588	Pugnacious, lawless, and individualistic	How could you describe the Scots-Irish	102
8691849796	Very little considering the amount in England	How many poor people were in the American Colonies by the mid 1700s	103
8691849797	The ministry	What was the most honored profession in early colonial society	104
8691849798	Cattle and Grain	By the 18th century, what did the northern colonies rely on?	105
8691849799	Tobacco	By the 18th century, what did the Chesapeake colonies rely on?	106
8691849800	Rice and Indigo	By the 18th century, what did the southern colonies rely on?	107
8691849801	90%	What percentage of people were farmers in the colonies?	108
8691849802	Agriculture	What was the leading industry in the American colonies	109
8691849803	The trading of manufactured goods for slaves	What did the triangular trade of the colonial American shipping industry involve?	110
8691849804	Rum, Beaver Hats, Lumber, Iron	Although manufacturing in the colonies was of second importance, what did the Americans produce	111
8691849805	Slow by any means available	What was transportation in colonial america like	112
8691849806	A cradle for democracy; hotbeds for agitation for the Revolutionary movement; important in crystallizing public opinion; places providing amusement	What were Colonial American taverns?	113
8691849807	Congregational and Anglican	What were the only 2 established (tax supported) churches in 1775 Colonial America?	114
8691849808	undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies; split the colonial churches into several competing denominations; led to the founding of Princeton, Dartmouth, and Rutger colleges; was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American People	What did the great awakening do?	115
8692743063	Parliament passed the tax, not the colonists	Why did the colonists object the Stamp Act	116
8692743064	That every member of British Parliament represented all British subjects	What did virtual representation mean?	117
8692743065	It kept the idea of parliament taxation alive	Why was the tax on tea retained when the Townshend acts were repealed	118
8692743066	Not the only protest	Was the Boston Tea Party an only protest?	119
8692743067	It granted Quebec a religious tolerance and trail by jury	What did the Quebec act do?	120
8692743068	To consider ways of redressing colonial grievances	Why was the First Continental Congress called?	121
8692743069	Second-rate officers; the need to keep many soldiers in Europe in case of trouble; long supply lines; brutal treatment of their soldiers	What were some weaknesses of the British Army?	122
8692743070	Both the Americans and the British	Who did the African American fight for during the revolutionary war?	123
8692743071	Compelling the American Colonists to shoulder some of the financial costs of the empire	What change in colonial policy by the British government helped precipitate the American Revolution	124
8692743072	A willingness to subordinate private interests to the common good	What did American colonial exponents of Republicanism argue that a just society depended on?	125
8692743073	Greeks and Romans	What models did republicans look to as examples of a just society	126
8692743074	The arbitrary power of the monarchy	What did the radical whigs fear?	127
8692743075	A country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount gold and sliver in its treasury	What did mercantilists believe	128
8692743076	Supply Britain with raw materials not available there; furnish ships, seamen, and trade to bolster the strength of the Royal Navy; provide a market for British Manufactured goods; refrain from exporting woolen cloth	What were Americans expected to do under Mercantilist doctrine	129
8692743077	They were loosely enforced	Before 1763, the navigation laws were what?	130
8692743078	The stifled economic initiative	Why were the Navigation Laws a burden to certain colonists?	131
8692743079	To raise money to support a new military force needed for colonial defense	Why did the British Parlament pass the Stamp Act	132
8692743080	They convinced many colonists that the British were trying to take away their historic liberty	What did the passage of the Sugar Act and Stamp Act do?	133
8704905213	Courage, sense of justice, moral force, patience	What qualities did George Washington exhibit as the commander of America's Revolutionary Army	134
8704905214	Political reasons	Why was George Washington chose to lead the colonial army	135
8704905215	A shortage fo gunpowder	Why did the colonial army eventually lose the Battle of Bunker Hill	136
8704905216	After the battle of bunker hill	When did King George III officially declare the colonies in rebellion?	137
8704905217	It professed American loyalty to the crown	Why did the Olive Branch petition do?	138
8704905218	The Battle of Quebec	After what battle did the colonists abandon efforts to capture Canada	139
8704905219	To explain to the rest of the world why the colonies had revolted	What was one purpose of the Declaration of Independence	140
8704905220	The people	Where does the power come from in a republic?	141
8704905221	It called for American Independence and the creation of a democratic republic	What did Thomas Paine's Common Sense call for?	142
8704905222	The Battle of Long Island, Camden, Quebec, & the Seige of Cahrleston	What were some of the British victories	143
8704905223	Offer the British one last chance at reconciliation	What did the Declaration of Independence NOT do?	144
8704905224	A minority movement	Like many movements, the American Revolution was what?	145
8704905225	New England	Where were supporters of the English Crown least likely to be from?	146
8704905226	Saratoga & Washington	What battles revealed Washington at his military best?	147
8704905227	It brought the colonists into the much needed alliance with France	Why was the battle of Saratoga a key victory for the Americans?	148
8705748783	They wanted to get revenge against the British	Why did France come to America's aid in the revolution?	149
8705748784	Joseph Brant	The Indian Chief who fought for the British in New York and Pennsylvania	150
8705748785	Cheap land was easily available and America had few landed Aristocrats	Why did American avoid the frightful excesses of the French Revolution	151
8705748786	Little more than a conference of ambassadors with very limited power	What was the Second Continental Congress	152
8705748787	Enforce tax-collecting programs	What could the Articles of Confederation leave congress unable to do?	153
8705748788	Prohibit slavery in the old northwest	What was one farsighted provision in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?	154
8705748789	Money from land sales towards the national debt; surveys of the land; division into townships by 6 mile squares; money from every 16th section towards education	What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 provide?	155
8705748790	Foreclosures on the mortgages of backcountry farmers	What provoked Shay's Rebellion	156
8705748791	A stronger central government	What did Shay's rebellion create a need for in America?	157
8705748792	A stronger central government was needed?	What did the relationship between the 13 states under the Articles of the Confederation create a need for?	158
8705748793	Antifederalists	Those who opposed ratifying the New Constitution were known as...	159
8705846132	To preserve the union, forestall anarchy, ensure the security of life and property, curb unrestrained democracy	What were the motives of the delegates at the 1787 Constitutional convention in Philadelphia	160
8705947450	Apportioning congressional representation	What did the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention work out an acceptable scheme for?	161
8705947451	Government by the consent of the governed; checks and balances; the sanctity of private property; a strong central government	The delegates to the Constitutional convention manifested their common beliefs in what?	162
8705947452	The consent of the governed	The new constitution established the idea that the only legitimate government was one based on what?	163
8705947453	State conventions	The delegates at the Constitutional Convention stipulated that the new constitution be ratified by who?	164

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AP US History: Chapter 4 Terms Flashcards

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4798406215	indentured servants	migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service. Migration addressed chronic labor shortage in colonies and facilitated settlement.	0
4798406216	headright system	employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage importation of indentured servants; allowed individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for labor's passage to colony.	1
4798406760	William Berkeley	royal governor of Virginia; adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected needs of recent settlers in backcountry; shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	2
4798407250	Bacon's Rebellion	uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; response to Governor Berkeley's refusal to protect them from Indian attacks, eventually grew into broader conflict between poor and planter elite.	3
4798407541	Royal African Company	English joint stock company w/ state granted monopoly on colonial slave trade; supply of slaves to N. American colonies rose sharply once company lost its monopoly privileges.	4
4798407542	The Middle Passage	transatlantic voyage between Africa and colonies; notoriously high mortality rates.	5
4798408092	Slave Codes	1662, set of laws defining racial slavery; established hereditary nature of slavery and limited rights + education of slaves	6
4798408093	Congregational Church	self-governing Puritan congregations without hierarchical establishment of Anglican Church.	7
4798408520	The Half-Way Covenant	agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; signified waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans.	8
4798408521	Salem Witch Trials	series of trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town; put to an end by governor after his wife was accused.	9
4798410256	Leisler's Rebellion	armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler + ruling elite of New York; wealthy colonists attempting to recreate European social structures in New World.	10

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AP US History Presidents Flashcards

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10409880201	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist	0
10409880798	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist	1
10409881796	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican	2
10409882681	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican	3
10409883243	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican	4
10409884966	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican	5
10409886822	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat	6
10409887465	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat	7
10409888749	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig	8
10409891876	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig	9
10409892630	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat	10
10409893915	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig	11
10409894278	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig	12
10409896938	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat	13
10409898010	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat	14
10409898656	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican	15
10409899820	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat	16
10409900773	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican	17
10409901801	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican	18
10409902080	James Garfield	1881, Republican	19
10409903002	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican	20
10409903465	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat	21
10409904395	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican	22

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US Pre-AP History #1 Native Americans Flashcards

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4797345361	Olmec	adapted to their environment, obtained obsidian for trade, located in Mesoamerica	0
4797346950	Maya	located close to the Olmec, good in mathematics and science, developed a calendar	1
4797348044	Toltec	master architects, used gold and copper	2
4797348624	Aztec	military power, human sacrifices, irrigation systems	3
4797350277	Hohokam	irrigation canals, 3 sister farming, separate villages connected by canals, declined around Columbus's time	4
4797352219	Anasazi	built pueblos, basins and channels for rainwater	5
4797354664	Adena	started in Ohio River Valley, mound-building culture, made wood-working tools, dugout canoes, and nets	6
4797360276	Hopewell	advanced with artistic mound building, had ceremonial centers, observatories, and burial places, huge geometric earthworks, buried the dead with pearls and trinkets	7
4797365754	Mississippian	full time farmers who lived on the floodplains of MS river, began around 700 A.D., communities of hundreds or 1000s centered around a plaza, large mounds often topped with temples or residences of leaders, religion connected closely with sun as source of agriculture, when leader died entire family killed to accompany him into afterlife, created and traded highly sophisticated pottery and tools made from clay, stone, shell, copper, and wood	8
4797382685	Olmec (Dates)	1500-1200 B.C. - 300 B.C.	9
4797383232	Maya (Dates)	A.D. 200 - A.D. 900	10
4797384638	Toltec (Dates)	A.D. 900 - A.D. 1200	11
4797385400	Aztec (Dates)	A.D. 1200 - A.D. 1500	12
4797386260	Hohokam (Dates)	A.D. 300 - A.D. 1500	13
4797388057	Anasazi (Dates)	A.D. 700 and 900 - A.D. 1270	14
4797389448	Adena (Dates)	1000 B.C. - A.D.200	15
4797390274	Hopewell (Dates)	200-100B.C. - A.D. 400	16
4797391725	Mississippian Culture (Dates)	A.D. 700 and 900 - A.D. 1300	17
4797393353	Maya (Demise)	the regions soil was exhausted, invaders from the north devastated the region	18
4797395031	Toltec (Demise)	Tula fell to invaders from the north, by the Chichimec	19
4797396159	Aztec (Demise)	conquered by Cortes	20
4797396634	Hohokam (Demise)	1300s - abandoned irrigation systems due to flood, wars and emigration happened due to competition for farmland	21
4797399967	Anasazi (Demise)	A.D. 1130 Chaco Canyon experienced drought, 1270s reason: epidemics or attacks by hunter-gatherers	22
4797404430	Hopewell (Demise)	mysteriously declined	23
4797406682	Adena (Demise)	turned into the Hopewell tribe	24
4797410738	Olmec (Demise)	?	25
4797414805	Mesoamerica (Native American Tribes)	Olmec, Maya, Toltec	26
4797415537	Southwest (Native American Tribes)	Hohokam, Anasazi	27
4797416085	East (Native American Tribes)	Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian culture	28

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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9197367621	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
9197367622	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
9197367623	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
9197367624	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
9197367625	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
9197367626	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
9197367627	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
9197367628	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
9197367629	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
9197367630	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
9197367631	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
9197367632	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
9197367633	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
9197367634	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
9197367635	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
9197367636	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
9197367637	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
9197367638	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
9197367639	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
9197367640	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
9197367641	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
9197367642	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
9197367643	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
9197367644	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
9197367645	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
9197367646	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
9197367647	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
9197367648	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
9197367649	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
9197367650	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
9197367651	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
9197367652	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
9197367653	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
9197367654	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
9197367655	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
9197367656	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
9197367657	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
9197367658	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
9197367659	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
9197367660	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
9197367661	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
9197367662	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
9197367663	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
9197367664	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43

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AP US History Flashcards

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5047377382	Virginia	Founded 1607.....Jamestown named after Queen Elizabeth I.....tobacco.....made a royal colony....southern colony.....Anglican church.....constitutional monarchy	0
5047397873	Maryland	Southern colony....founded 1633 by George Calvert and Lord Baltimore.....named after King Charles I wife....shipbuilding and rice.....religious freedom no specific one....proprietary colony.....	1
5047453936	Pennsylvania	Middle colony.....founded in 1682 by William Penn.....religious freedom.....fur and coal....proprietary colony.....bread basket colony	2
5047480848	Rhode Island	New England colony....founded in 1636 by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson........export of rum....charter colony.....haven for quakers baptists Jews and more.	3
5047533067	Bacons rebellion	Indentured servants served 7 years.......borders and treaties signed with native Americans....VA governor William Berkeley refused to authorize war.....farmers started invading Powhatan lands.......CAUSES-tobacco price falls,lack of available land, high taxes, no gov. help.......Jamestown was burned.....EFFECTS- farmers start war, invasions on NA lands, attack wealthy planters.....HOUSE OF BURGESSES- VA lowers taxes and opens land..... OUTCOME- taxes lowered slavery expands in the colonies.....significant cause African slavery expanded	4
5047579420	The Pueblo Revolt	Uprising of the indigenous people VS snappish colonizer.....1680.....instigated by a coalition of tribal leaders acting under the pope......leaders were pope gov. Antonio de Otermin.....caused by forced labors Spanish had a harsh labor system called encomienda, religion- Spanish prevented pueblos from their god......EFFECTS- humiliating set back of Spanish empire, revivalism, and destruction of all Christian churches	5
5047624287	Great Awakening	1730-1740......shared national religion experience.....John Edwards in Mass......REASONS- people felt religion was dry and dull....... preachers felt people needed to be concerned with inner emotions as opposed to add weird religious behavior....... people in new England can read Bible on their own.....George white field was a puritan minister who used raw emotional sermons to reach all classes of colonists....OUTCOMES- birth of deep religious convictions in the colonies....... New church is built with new members........ colleges found for ministers...... encouraged ideas out of equality right to challenge authority.... birth of charity	6
5047666824	Navigation acts	Parliament in active England's first national act and 1651 to undercut the Dutch Republic's economic preponderance....... by 1750 a long series of navigation acts were in stores in for major ways....... first the laws limited serial traits of British ships defined as those with British ownerships his cruise we three quarters British ....... The second major way in which the navigation acts affected the colony lay in there bearing the export of certain enumerated goods to four nations unless these items first passed through England or Scotland........ The third impact was to encourage economic diversification in America........ The fourth consequence for the colonies with negativity they forbade Americans from competing with British manufacturers of clothing and steel	7
5047715478	Georgia	Founded 1732 by James Oglethorpe.......named after the king.......free religion except Roman Catholics	8
5047739547	South Carolina	Founded 1633 by 8 English nobles........becomes seperate from north......religious freedom for baptists	9
5047767742	North Carolina	Founded 1653 by Virginia colonists.......religious freedom from baptists......became a royal colony	10
5047789208	New York	Founded 1626 by the duke of York......religious freedom from quakers.....exported to England.......royal colony.......breadbasket colony......	11
5047813002	New jersey	Founded in 1664 by lord Berkeley......religious freedom from quakers......royal company	12
5047823363	Deleware	Founded 1638 by Peter Miniut	13
5047835029	Massachusetts	Founded 1630 by John Winthrop......inhabited by puritans.....royal providence....Salem witch trials....	14
5047837080	New hampshire	Founded 1638 by John mason and John wheelwright.......inhabited by puritans.....royal colony	15
5047837081	Connecticut	Founded 1636 by Thomas Hooker......	16
5047884341	Edmund Morgan Slavery and freedom	Virginia made English men Engrossment of tidewater land expansion of tobacco production Planters did not think women were fit in fields Men were armed Bacons rebellion was largest popular rising in the colonies before the American revolution The rights of Englishmen with preserved by destroying the rights of Africans They had been neutered and he can societies and lost their freedom Georgian would be neutered or freedom	17
5047933847	New England and Indians king Phillips	New England population fell New England Puritans launched a campaign to convert the Indians to protestantinism Chief pokanokets or king Philip what an attack on Swansea Massachusetts Known as king Phillips war When the world was over power of New England's Indians was broken the regions remain Indians would live in small scatter communities	18
5047954382	Period 2: 1607-1754	Jamestown happened in 1607 Mayflower compact happened in 1619 the French and Indian war happened in 1754 French for good friends with natives the Dutch traded Portugal bang Dutch French and British Empire had imperial goals French and Dutch bro I don't trade alliances and her marriage with American Indians Quired furs and other products not New England Puritans mix economy of the culture and commerce Colonies had a broad range of European migrants greater cultural ethnic and religious diverse city in intolerance The southernmost Atlantic coast depending on the waiver of enslaved Africans Solitary neglect is when someone shows no interest to a lot of interest Interactions with European rivals American Indians roster both accommodations and conflicts French Dutch British and Spanish colonies allied with armed American Indian groups hot alliance with Europeans against other Indian groups British conflicts American Indians overland resources political boundaries military confrontations such as Metacom's or in New England American Indian resistance to Spanish colonization after the Pueblo revolt Spanish accommodation of American Indian culture and selfless American Indian resistance to Spanish colonization after the pueblo about the Spanish accommodation of American Indian culture and selfless This was a good system French and Indian war have to join or die snake picture City upon a hill was to purify from inside purify the church's were Puritans and they want perfect religious society Smallnew England farms used relatively few enslaved labor's	19
5048031883	Period 1	Crash and burn Matriarchal is a woman society Contact among Europeans native Americans and Africans resulted in the Columbian exchange and significant social cultural and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic ocean Was the transfer of plants animals and diseases between old and new The European expansion was God gold and glory The Columbian exchange brought his new crops to Europe from America population growth and new sources of mineral wealth which desolated the European shift from said you will listen to capitalism Joint stock companies helped Drive changes to economies Ecomienda- used African slaves supported by Catholic Church Peninsulares were Spaniards born in Spain creoles were born in new Spain of Spanish parents Mestizos were born of Spanish and Native American Indian parents Enslaved persons brought from Africa in the Caribbean Mulatto to wear white and African or Spanish and African No one truly owns the land	20

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