| CourseNotes

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 6 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic, 1787-1800

9731170463	James Madison	He is one of the major authors of the Constitution, and is known as the Father of the Constitution. He was later elected president in 1808, and served for two terms. (p. 104)	0
9731170464	Alexander Hamilton	One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was George Washington's Secretary of the Treasury. (p. 106)	1
9731170465	Framers of the Constitution	In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104)	2
9731170466	Federalists	Favored a strong central government, and a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. They were most common along the Atlantic coast and in the large cities. (p. 106)	3
9731170467	Anti-Federalist	Argued that the proposed Constitution contained no protection of individual rights, and that it gave the federal government too much power. They tended to be small farmers and settlers on the western frontier. (p. 106)	4
9731170468	The Federalist Papers	Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. They argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106)	5
9731170469	Bill of Rights; amendments	The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (p. 108)	6
9731170470	Washington's Farewell Address	In late 1796, George Washington wrote this address for publication in newspapers. It warned Americans: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, and not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115)	7
9731170471	Alien and Sedition Acts	Acts by the Federalists, which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress. (p. 117)	8
9731170472	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	In 1799, two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117)	9
9731170473	national bank	This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He favored a bank for depositing government funds, assuming state debts, and printing banknotes that could provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. (p. 110)	10
9731170502	tariffs; excise taxes	This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. High tariffs were placed on imported goods to help new and developing industries. (p. 110)	11
9731170474	Treaty of Greenville	In this treaty in 1795, the American Indians surrendered claims to the Ohio Valley and promised to open it to settlement. (p. 113)	12
9731170475	Constitutional Convention	In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from the thirteen states, excluding Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The purpose was to create the Constitution, which would replace the Articles of Confederation. (p. 104)	13
9731170476	checks and balances	So that one one branch of government could not dominate, the Constitution divided the government into three branches: 1) executive branch led by the president, 2) legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 3) judicial branch lead by the Supreme Court (p. 109)	14
9731170477	Virginia Plan	James Madison's proposal at the Constitutional Convention, which favored the large states. (p. 105)	15
9731170478	New Jersey Plan	The counter proposal to the Virginia plan at the Constitutional Convention, it favored the small states. (p 105)	16
9731170479	Great Compromise	The compromise solution that was adopted at the Constitutional Convention. It was created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, it provided for a two house Congress. In the Senate, states would have two senators each, but in the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of its population. (p. 105)	17
9731170480	House of Representatives	Part of the legislative branch, representation would be based on population of each state. (p. 105)	18
9731170481	Senate	Part of the legislative branch, there would be two senators from each state. (p. 105)	19
9731170482	Three Fifths Compromise	At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of taxation and representation. (p. 105)	20
9731170483	electoral college system	This system would determine the president of the United States. Each state was given a number of electors equal to the total of their number of representatives and senators. These electors would then vote to determine the president. (p. 106)	21
9731170484	Congress	The legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105)	22
9731170485	cabinet	George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. Ex: Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of State, etc. (p. 110)	23
9731170486	Judiciary Act (1789)	In 1789, this act established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court was able to rule on the constitutionality of state courts. It provided for a system of thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals. (p. 110)	24
9731170487	Supreme Court	The only court mentioned in the Constitution. Although, other federal courts were created. (p. 110)	25
9731170488	national debt	This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He insisted that the federal government assume the war debts of the states and pay off the national debt at face value. This would build the nation's credit, giving other countries the confidence to lend the U.S. more money. (p. 110)	26
9731170489	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania, refused to pay a federal excise tax (tax on a specific product) on whiskey they were producing. President Washington responded by using 15,000 militiamen to stop the rebellion with almost no bloodshed. (p. 113)	27
9731170490	Federalists era	The period of U.S. history in the 1790s when Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, dominated the government. (p. 114)	28
9731170491	Democratic-Republican Party	Political party that were against the Federalists. They opposed strong central government and favored states rights. They were led by Thomas Jefferson. (p. 114)	29
9731170492	political parties	Not anticipated by founders of the United States. However, by 1787, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans parties were forming to push their agendas. (p. 113)	30
9731170493	two-term tradition	In 1796, George Washington decided to step down after two terms (four years per term) as president. This set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt won four elections. In 1951, the 22nd amendment made two-term limit part of the Constitution. (p. 115)	31
9731170494	John Adams	In 1796, this Federalist, was elected as the second president of the United States. In 1800, he lost the presidential election to Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. (p. 115, 117)	32
9731170495	Revolution of 1800	In the 1800 election, Democratic-Republicans came into power in both the executive and legislative branches of government. They defeated the Federalists and peacefully took power, which was an uncommon event at that time in history. (p. 118)	33
9731170496	French Revolution	Americans generally supported the French people's aspiration to establish a republic, but many were horrified by the reports of mob hysteria and mass executions. Thomas Jefferson and his supporters argued that the U.S. should join France in its defensive war against Britain. However, George Washington believed that the U.S. was too young a nation and not strong enough to engage in a European war. (p. 111)	34
9731170497	Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)	In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111)	35
9731170498	Jay Treaty (1794)	In 1794, this unpopular treaty with Britain, was negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The U.S. wanted Britain to stop seizing U.S. ships and impressing our sailors. However, the treaty said nothing about ship seizures, and Britain only agreed to evacuate posts on the U.S. frontier. (p. 111)	36
9731170499	Pinckney Treaty (1795)	In 1795, Thomas Pinckney, the U.S. minister to Spain, negotiated this treaty with Spain. Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to trade. The right of deposit was granted to Americans so they could transfer cargos in New Orleans without paying duties. It was agreed that Spain would only control area south of the 31st parallel. (p 112)	37
9731170500	XYZ Affair	President John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate over U.S. merchant ships being attacked by French ships. French ministers, known as X, Y, and Z, because there names were never revealed, requested bribes. President Adams resisted a call for war, by sending a new delegation to France. (p. 116)	38

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

Terms : Hide Images

9731224156	free-soil movement	This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)	0
9731224189	Free-Soil party	In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)	1
9731224157	conscience Whigs	Whigs that opposed slavery. (p. 248)	2
9731224158	barnburners	Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party. (p 248)	3
9731224159	New England Emigrant Aid Company	Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory. (p. 253)	4
9731224160	bleeding Kansas	After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)	5
9731224161	Pottawatomie Creek	In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)	6
9731224162	Lecompton constitution	In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)	7
9731224163	popular sovereignty	Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)	8
9731224164	Lewis Cass	This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)	9
9731224190	Henry Clay	He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)	10
9731224165	Zachary Taylor	The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)	11
9731224166	Compromise of 1850	Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)	12
9731224167	Stephen A. Douglas	In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)	13
9731224168	Millard Fillmore	The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)	14
9731224169	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)	15
9731224170	Crittenden compromise	In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)	16
9731224171	Franklin Pierce	The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)	17
9731224172	Know-Nothing party	This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)	18
9731224173	Republican party	This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)	19
9731224174	John C. Fremont	In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)	20
9731224175	James Buchanan	The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)	21
9731224176	election of 1860	In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)	22
9731224191	sucession	The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)	23
9731224177	Fugitive Slave Law	Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)	24
9731224178	Underground Railroad	A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)	25
9731224179	Harriet Tubman	Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)	26
9731224180	Dred Scott v. Sandford	An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)	27
9731224192	Roger Taney	He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)	28
9731224193	Abraham Lincoln	He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)	29
9731224181	Lincoln-Douglas debates	In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)	30
9731224182	house-divided speech	The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)	31
9731224183	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)	32
9731224184	Sumner-Brooks incident	This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)	33
9731224194	John Brown	He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)	34
9731224185	Harpers Ferry raid	In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)	35
9731224186	Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin	In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)	36
9731224187	Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South	In 1857, he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North. (p. 250)	37
9731224188	George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South	In 1854, he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery. (p. 251)	38

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917

Terms : Hide Images

9731308344	Progressives	Most of this were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. They hoped to create an idealistic American society cured of its social, political, and economic ills. (p. 432)	0
9731308345	Pragmatism	In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)	1
9731308346	John Dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)	2
9731308347	Frederick W. Taylor	An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)	3
9731308348	scientific management	A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)	4
9731308349	Standard Oil Company	An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)	5
9731308350	Lincoln Steffans	He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)	6
9731308351	Ida Tarbell	A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)	7
9731308352	Jacob Riis	In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)	8
9731308353	direct primary	A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)	9
9731308354	Robert La Follett	In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)	10
9731308355	Seventeenth Amendment	In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)	11
9731308356	initiative	This political reform allowed people to submit new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. (p. 435)	12
9731308357	referendum	A political reform by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. (p. 435)	13
9731308358	recall	This political reform allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)	14
9731308359	Wisconsin Idea	A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)	15
9731308360	regulatory commissions	Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)	16
9731308361	Prohibition	By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)	17
9731308362	National Child Labor Committee	They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)	18
9731308363	compulsory school attendance	Many states passed these laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)	19
9731308364	Florence Kelley	She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)	20
9731308365	National Consumers' League	This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)	21
9731308366	Lochner v. New York	A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)	22
9731308367	Muller v. Oregon	A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)	23
9731308368	Triangle Shirtwaist fire	In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)	24
9731308369	Square Deal	Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)	25
9731308370	trust-busting	President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)	26
9731308371	"bad" trusts	According to President Theodore Roosevelt, these types of trusts harmed the public and stifled competition, and should be broken up. (p. 438)	27
9731308372	"good" trusts	According to President Theodore Roosevelt, these types of trusts dominated a market through efficiency and low prices, and should be regulated by the government rather than broken up. (p. 438)	28
9731308373	Elkins Act	This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)	29
9731308374	Hepburn Act	This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)	30
9731308375	Upton Sinclair	He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)	31
9731308376	Pure Food and Drug Act	This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)	32
9731308377	Meat Inspection Act	This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)	33
9731308378	Newlands Reclamation Act	A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)	34
9731308379	Gifford Pinchot	First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)	35
9731308380	Socialist Party of America	This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)	36
9731308381	Eugene V. Debs	One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)	37
9731308382	Bull Moose Party	Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)	38
9731308383	New Nationalism	In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt called for more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. (p. 441)	39
9731308384	New Freedom	In the election of 1912, Woodrow Wilson supported limiting both big business and big government, bringing about reform by ending corruption, and reviving competition by supporting small business.	40
9731308385	Mann-Elkins Act	This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)	41
9731308386	Sixteenth Amendment	Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)	42
9731308387	Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909	In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)	43
9731308388	Underwood Tariff	In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)	44
9731308389	Federal Reserve Act	In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)	45
9731308390	Federal Reserve Board	This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)	46
9731308391	Clayton Antitrust Act	In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)	47
9731308392	Federal Trade Commision	A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)	48
9731308393	Federal Farm Loan Act	A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)	49
9731308394	Booker T. Washington	This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)	50
9731308395	W. E. B. Du Bois	This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)	51
9731308396	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)	52
9731308397	National Urban League	Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)	53
9731308398	Carrie Chapman Catt	A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)	54
9731308399	National American Woman Suffrage Association	A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. They focused on winning the women's vote through state suffrage laws. (p. 445)	55
9731308400	Alice Paul	A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)	56
9731308401	National Woman's party	In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)	57
9731308402	Nineteenth Amendment	In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)	58
9731308403	League of Woman Voters	Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)	59
9731308404	Margaret Sanger	She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)	60

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 19 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2018 Edition, Chapter 19 The Politics of the Gilded Age, 1877-1900

Terms : Hide Images

9731291359	laissez-faire economics and politics	The idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380)	0
9731291360	weak presidents	The Gilded Age presidents were not memorable and only served one term. Many avoided problems arising from growth of industry and cities. (p. 380)	1
9731291361	patronage politics	The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381)	2
9731291362	corrupt politicians	Party patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381)	3
9731291363	Whig past, pro-business	Republicans followed the tradition of Hamilton and the Whigs, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (p. 381)	4
9731291364	social reformers, temperance	The core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381)	5
9731291365	Protestant religion	These religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381)	6
9731291366	African Americans	Around 1890, a bill to protect voting rights of African Americans passed the House but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 386)	7
9731291367	former Confederacy, "Solid South"	From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381)	8
9731291368	states rights, limited government	Democrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas; Jeffersonian tradition. (p. 381)	9
9731291369	big-city political machines	In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381)	10
9731291370	immigrant vote	In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381)	11
9731291371	against prohibition	The Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews were generally against this policy. (p. 381)	12
9731291372	federal government jobs	During the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381)	13
9731291373	Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps	Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381)	14
9731291374	Election of 1880	In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)	15
9731291375	Chester A. Arthur	He became president after James Garfield died of a gun shot wound. (p. 383)	16
9731291376	Pendleton Act of 1881	Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)	17
9731291377	civil service reform	Public outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384)	18
9731291378	Grover Cleveland	In 1884, he was elected president of the United States. He was the first Democratic president since 1856. (p. 383)	19
9731291379	high tariff	In the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)	20
9731291380	business vs. consumers	Some people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385)	21
9731291381	Cleveland threatens lower tariff	Toward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)	22
9731291382	McKinley Tariff of 1890	In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386)	23
9731291383	Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894	This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)	24
9731291384	Dingley Tariff of 1897	Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390)	25
9731291385	"hard" money vs. "soft" money	Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)	26
9731291386	banks, creditors vs. debtors	Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)	27
9731291387	Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"	Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)	28
9731291388	Specie Resumption Act of 1875	Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)	29
9731291389	Greenback party	This political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384)	30
9731291390	Bland-Allison Act of 1878	In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385)	31
9731291391	Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890	This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386)	32
9731291392	run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out	A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387)	33
9731291393	repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act	A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)	34
9731291394	election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress"	In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386)	35
9731291395	rise of the Populist Party	In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)	36
9731291396	Farmers' Alliances in South and West	In 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)	37
9731291397	Alliance of whites and blacks in South	The Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387)	38
9731291398	reformers vs. rasism in South	In the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387)	39
9731291399	Omaha Platform	In 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386)	40
9731291400	election of 1892, Cleveland returns	The 1892 presidential election was between President Benjamin Harrison and former president Grover Cleveland. Cleveland became the only president to win a presidential election after having left the office. (p. 387)	41
9731291401	Panic of 1893	In 1893, the stock market crashed as a result of speculation in railroad companies. One of the worst and longest depressions in U.S. history. (p. 387)	42
9731291402	Coxey's Army, March on Washington	In 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)	43
9731291403	Coin's Financial School	In 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388)	44
9731291404	William Jennings Bryan	The 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388)	45
9731291405	"Cross of Gold" Speech	William Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389)	46
9731291406	fusion of Democrats and Populists	In the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)	47
9731291407	unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1	In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389)	48
9731291408	McKinley victory	William McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389)	49
9731291409	gold standard and higher tariff	In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)	50
9731291410	rise of modern urban industrial society	The 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)	51
9731291411	decline of traditional rural-agricultual	The 1896 election marked the point of decline of rural America's power in national politics. (p. 390)	52
9731291412	start of the modern presidency	William McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)	53
9731291413	era of Republican dominance	The election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390)	54

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History - 1950's Vocab & People Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5613818241	Dixiecrats	Southerners who protested Truman's civil rights policy and form State's Rights Democratic Party	0
5613825605	Fair Deal	Truman's economic program which extended FDR's New Deal	1
5613833654	Cold War	state of hostility w/o direct military conflict between US and Soviet Union	2
5613849419	McCarthyism	attacks by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in early 1950s	3
5613855460	Suburbs	residential town or community near a city	4
5613858440	Baby Boom	sharp increase in U.S birthrate during 50s	5
5613864001	Brown v Topeka Board of Education	1954 Supreme Court case where Supreme Court ruled "seperate but equal" education for students was unconstitutional	6
5613871393	Blacklist	list of 500 Hollywood entertainers who were not allowed to work on films because of alleged Communism ties	7
5613877116	Eisenhower Doctrine	Commitment to defend Middle East against attack by any communist country	8
5613884069	Planned Obsolescence	designing of products to wear out or become outdated quickly in order to be replaced frequently	9
5613889795	Consumerism	preoccupation with purchasing of material goods	10
5613891842	Franchise	business that bought right to use parent company's name and methods	11
5613896309	Containment	block of another nation's attempt to spread its influence	12
5613899428	Brinkmanship	practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression	13
5613906861	Sputnik	world's first artificial satellite launched by Soviet Union which also began the Space Race	14
5613913571	Warsaw Pact	military alliance with Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites	15
5613922467	United Nations	international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in world belong to promote world peace, security, and economic development	16
5613930737	Beat Movement	social & artistic movement of 50's; stressed nonconformity and self expression	17
5613938874	Iron Curtain	used by Winston Churchill to describe imaginary line that separated Communist Eastern Europe from Free Western Europe	18
5613947578	U2 Incident	downing of US spy plane and capture of its pilot by Soviet Union	19
5613951587	CIA	government agency that uses spies to gather international information and carry covert operations to weaken unfriendly government	20
5613958637	HUAC	congressional committee that investigated Communist influence	21
5613966132	Hollywood Ten	10 witnesses that refuse to cooperate with HUAC investigation of Hollywood	22
5613972037	Termination Policy	US' plan to give up responsibility for Native American tribes	23
5613980709	SCLC	organization by Martin Luther King Jr. to work for civil rights through nonviolent means.	24
5614009276	Mao Zedong	head of Chinese Communists	25
5614011460	Chiang Kai-shek	head of Chinese Nationalists	26
5614017688	Winston Churchill	gave Iron Curtain speech	27
5614021170	Alger Hiss	State Department accused of spying for Soviets	28
5614024774	Ethel and Julius Rosenberg	Husband and wife executed for giving Soviets the secret to making atomic bomb	29
5614035221	Douglas Macarthur	U.S General during most of Korean War	30
5614044160	Matthew Ridgway	took over UN troops after MacArthur during Korean War	31
5614047225	Fidel Castro	leader of Communist Cuba	32
5614056704	Jackie Robinson	first African American allowed to play baseball in the major Leagues	33
5614060375	Dr. Jonas Salk	developed a vaccine for the crippling disease polio in 50s	34
5614064685	Dr. Benjamin Spock	many parents raised their children based on his guidelines	35
5614072717	Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care	name of Spock's book	36
5614077455	Elvis Presley	King of Rock and Roll	37
5614086626	Chuck Berry. Little Richard. Haley and the Comets. The Coasters.	Some other Rock n Roll Musicians	38
5614092426	Thurgood Marshall	lawyer that handled Brown V Board of Education for NAACP	39
5614095994	Rosa Parks	was arrested for not giving up her seat on bus to white man	40
5614099461	Nikita Khrushchev	leader of Soviet Union after Stalin's death	41

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 5 The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787

Terms : Hide Images

9731159171	Intolerable Acts	In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, which intensified the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain. (p. 85)	0
9731159176	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. Radical delegates were those demanding the greatest concessions from Great Britain. (p. 85)	1
9731159177	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence. (p. 85)	2
9731159178	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. (p. 85)	3
9731159179	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". (p. 85)	4
9731159180	John Jay	Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, favored a mild statement of protest. (p. 85)	5
9731159181	First Continental Congress	In September 1774, all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	6
9731159182	Joseph Galloway	Conservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote. (p. 86)	7
9731159183	Suffolk Resolves	The First Continental Congress adopted this statement. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. It also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts against British goods. (p. 86)	8
9731159184	Declaration for Rights and Grievances	The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)	9
9731159185	economic sanctions	In September 1774, the First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves. (p. 86)	10
9731159186	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775, representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)	11
9731159187	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	12
9731159188	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms	In May 1775, in Philadelphia, delegates to the Sencond Continental Congress met. This declaration called on all colonies to provide troops to the central government. (p. 87, 128)	13
9731159189	Thomas Jefferson	In 1776, he was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. (p. 88)	14
9731159190	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the American revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (p. 88)	15
9731159191	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, at the Second Continental Congress he was appointed commander-in chief of a new colonial army and sent to Boston to lead the Massachusetts militia and volunteer units from other colonies. He later became the first president of the United States. (p. 88-89)	16
9731159192	Land Ordinance of 1785	A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. It was part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)	17
9731159193	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	18
9731159194	Paul Revere	He warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	19
9731159195	William Dawes	Warned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)	20
9731159172	Lexington	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. (p. 86)	21
9731159173	Concord	After the British had marched to Lexington, they marched on to this town to destroy colonial military supplies. (p. 86)	22
9731159196	Battle of Bunker Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the Revolutionary War. (p. 87)	23
9731159197	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777, General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	24
9731159198	George Rogers Clark	In 1778-1789, he led the capture of series of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)	25
9731159199	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. (p. 90)	26
9731159200	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (p. 91)	27
9731159201	unicameral Legislature	The Articles of Confederation established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 of 13 votes required to pass important laws. (p. 92)	28
9731159202	absolute monarch	Although France had this kind of government, King Louis XVI decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken Great Britain. (p. 90)	29
9731159203	Prohibitory Act	In August 1775, Britain's King George III agreed to this act passed by Parliament, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)	30
9731159204	Treaty of Paris	In 1783, this treaty between Britain and the United States brought an end to the Revolutionary War. It stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	31
9731159174	Thomas Paine; Common Sense	In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	32
9731159205	Patriots	Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)	33
9731159175	Loyalists (Tories)	The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	34
9731159206	Minutemen	The colonial militia. (p. 86)	35
9731159207	Continentals	Paper money issued by Congress which became almost worthless due to inflation. (p. 90)	36
9731159208	Abigail Adams	She was the wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)	37
9731159209	Deborah Sampson	At the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the Revolutionary War. (p. 94)	38
9731159210	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	39
9731159211	Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)	Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)	40
9731159212	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)	41

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 11 Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860

Terms : Hide Images

9731208245	utopian communities	Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210)	0
9731208246	Shakers	This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210)	1
9731208309	Amana Colonies	A German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living. (p. 210)	2
9731208310	Robert Owen	A Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210)	3
9731208311	New Harmony	Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210)	4
9731208312	Joseph Humphrey Noyes	He started a cooperative community in Oneida, New York. (p. 210)	5
9731208247	Oneida community	This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210)	6
9731208248	Charles Fourier phalanxes	In the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210)	7
9731208249	Horace Mann	He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213)	8
9731208250	temperance	Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212)	9
9731208251	American Temperance Society	Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212)	10
9731208252	Washingtonians	A temperance movement which argued that alcoholism was a disease that need practical helpful treatment. (p. 212)	11
9731208253	Women's Christian Temperance Union	In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212)	12
9731208254	asylum movement	In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. (p. 212)	13
9731208255	Dorothea Dix	A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212)	14
9731208256	Thomas Gallaudet	He started a school for the deaf. (p. 213)	15
9731208257	Samuel Gridley Howe	He started a school for the blind. (p. 213)	16
9731208258	penitentiaries	These institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213)	17
9731208259	Auburn system	A prison system in New York which enforced rigid rules of discipline, while also providing moral instruction and work programs. (p. 213)	18
9731208260	public school movement	In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213)	19
9731208261	McGuffey readers	Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. (p. 213)	20
9731208262	American Peace Society	Founded in 1828, this society want to abolish war. (p. 216)	21
9731208263	American Colonization Society	Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215)	22
9731208264	American Antislavery Society	The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)	23
9731208265	abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator	In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)	24
9731208266	Liberty party	In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215)	25
9731208267	Frederick Douglass; The North Star	In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)	26
9731208268	Harriet Tubman	Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)	27
9731208269	David Ruggles	An African American leader who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)	28
9731208270	Sojourner Truth	A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215)	29
9731208271	William Still	An African American leader, who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)	30
9731208272	David Walker	An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)	31
9731208273	Henry Highland Garnet	An African American, who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)	32
9731208274	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215)	33
9731208275	antebellum period	The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207)	34
9731208276	romantic movement	In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by the transcendentalists. (p. 209)	35
9731208277	transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209)	36
9731208278	Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"	The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209)	37
9731208279	Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience"	A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209)	38
9731208280	Brook Farm	An attempted communal experiment in Massachusetts to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor. (p. 207)	39
9731208313	George Ripley	This Protestant minister started a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts to live out the transcendentalist ideals. (p. 207)	40
9731208281	feminists	The term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214)	41
9731208282	Margaret Fuller	A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210)	42
9731208283	Theodore Parker	A theologian and radical reformer. (p. 210)	43
9731208284	George Caleb Bingham	An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211)	44
9731208285	William S. Mount	Contemporary of the Hudson River school. He began as a painter of history but moved to depicting scenes from everyday life. (p. 211)	45
9731208286	Thomas Cole	Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. (p. 211)	46
9731208287	Frederick Church	Central figure in the Hudson River School and pupil of Thomas Cole. He is known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places. (p. 211)	47
9731208288	Hudson River school	In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211)	48
9731208289	Washington Irving	This author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211)	49
9731208290	James Fenimore Cooper	This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211)	50
9731208291	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211)	51
9731208292	Sylvester Graham	An American dietary reformer who advocated whole wheat bread and graham crackers to promote good digestion. (p. 216)	52
9731208293	Amelia Bloomer	She urged women to wear pantalettes instead of long skirts. (p. 216)	53
9731208294	Second Great Awakening	A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207)	54
9731208295	Timothy Dwight	President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207)	55
9731208296	revivalism; revival camp meetings	In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207)	56
9731208297	millennialism	In the early 1800s, this popular belief, that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus Christ. (p. 208)	57
9731208298	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons	Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)	58
9731208314	Joseph Smith	Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah. (p. 208)	59
9731208299	Brigham Young	After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah. (p. 208)	60
9731208300	New Zion	This was the religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)	61
9731208301	women's rights movement	Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214)	62
9731208302	cult of domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214)	63
9731208303	Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke	Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214)	64
9731208304	Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes	Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke, it protested males opposition to their abolitionist work. (p. 214)	65
9731208305	Lucretia Mott	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)	66
9731208306	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)	67
9731208307	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214)	68
9731208308	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214)	69

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 14 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 14 The Civil War, 1861-1865

Terms : Hide Images

9731233343	border states	During the Civil War the term for the the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Keeping these states in the Union was a primary political and military goal of President Lincoln. They were slave states, but did not secede. (p. 269)	0
9731233344	Confederate States of America	In February 1861, representatives of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama to form this new country. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution, except that it provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto (power to veto part of a bill). (p. 269, 270)	1
9731233345	Jefferson Davis	He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270)	2
9731233346	Alexander H. Stephens	He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270)	3
9731233379	Second American Revolution	A term sometimes used for the Civil War. (p. 282)	4
9731233347	greenbacks	Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280)	5
9731233348	Morrill Tariff Act	In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281)	6
9731233349	Morrill Land Grant Act	In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281)	7
9731233350	Pacific Railway Act	In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281)	8
9731233351	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281)	9
9731233352	Fort Sumter	A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269)	10
9731233353	Bull Run	In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271)	11
9731233354	Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson	In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271)	12
9731233380	Winfield Scott	He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271)	13
9731233355	Anaconda Plan	The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271)	14
9731233356	George McClellan	The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271)	15
9731233357	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278)	16
9731233358	Antietam	This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273)	17
9731233359	Fredericksburg	On December 13, 1862, General Ambrose Burnside launched a frontal attack on General Lee's strong position at this Virginia city. The Union army suffered 12,000 casualties (dead or wounded), while the Confederates only 5,000 casualties. (p. 273)	18
9731233360	Monitor vs. Merrimac	First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)	19
9731233361	Ulysses S. Grant	In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278)	20
9731233362	Shiloh	Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274)	21
9731233363	David Farragut	He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274)	22
9731233364	Gettysburg	On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277)	23
9731233365	Vicksburg	In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277)	24
9731233366	Sherman's March	Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277)	25
9731233367	Appomattox Court House	Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278)	26
9731233381	executive power	During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, often without the approval of Congress. He called for 75,000 volunteers to stop the Confederacy, authorized spending for the war, and suspended habeas corpus. (p. 270)	27
9731233368	habeas corpus	This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279)	28
9731233382	insurrection	A term President Lincoln used, to describe the Confederacy actions at the start of the Civil War. (p. 269)	29
9731233369	Confiscation acts	Series of acts passed by the Union government, designed to liberate slaves in Confederate states. The second act in July 1862, freed slaves from anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States (Union). (p. 275)	30
9731233370	Emancipation Proclamation	After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276)	31
9731233371	13th Amendment	This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276)	32
9731233372	Ex Parte Milligan	In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279)	33
9731233373	draft riots	In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280)	34
9731233374	Copperheads	Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279)	35
9731233375	election of 1864	In this presidential election, the Democrats nominated the popular General George McClellan. The Republicans renamed to the Unionist party, nominated President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, however McClellan did win 45 percent of the popular vote. (p. 278)	36
9731233376	Trent Affair	In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274)	37
9731233383	Alabama	A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274)	38
9731233384	Laird rams	These ships with iron rams could have been used against the Union's naval blockade. However, the Union persuaded the British government to cancel the sale of these ships to the Confederacy, rather than risk war with the Union. (p. 274)	39
9731233377	John Wilkes Booth	An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278)	40
9731233385	segregated black troops	Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276)	41
9731233386	Massachusetts 54th Regiment	An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)	42
9731233387	women in the workplace	As men went off to battle in the Civil War, women stepped into the labor vacuum, operated farms and took factory jobs customarily held by men. (p. 282)	43
9731233388	women in nursing	During the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282)	44
9731233389	war's long term effects	The Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282)	45
9731233390	4 million freedmen	With the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282)	46

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 30 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 30 Conservative Resurgence, 1980-2000

Terms : Hide Images

9361373401	Milton Friedman	Free market economist who gave evidence in the 1970s of a steady shift to the right, away from the liberalism of the 1960s. (p. 654)	0
9361373402	political action committees (PACs)	Political action committees which became a force for change. Opposed big government, New Deal liberalism, gun control, feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion, and drug use. (p. 654)	1
9361373403	Proposition 13	In 1978, California voters passed this measure that sharply cut property taxes. (p. 654)	2
9361373404	Arthur Laffer	Conservative economist who believed that tax cuts would increase government revenues. (p. 655)	3
9361373405	religious fundamentalism	People who attacked secular humanism as a godless creed taking over public education. They campaigned for the return of prayers and the teaching of the Biblical account of creation in public schools. (p. 655)	4
9361373406	televangelists	Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and Jim Baker brought in 100 million viewers in which religion became an instrument of electoral politics. (p. 655)	5
9361373407	Moral Majority	Religion became an instrument for electoral politics when an evangelist from Virginia, Jerry Falwell founded this organization, which helped financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress. (p. 655)	6
9361373408	abortion rights; Roe v. Wade	The legalization of abortion in the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case, sparked the right-to-life movement. The movement united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believed that life begins at conception. (p. 655)	7
9361373409	reverse discrimination	After years of stagflation in the 1970s, many whites blamed their troubles on affirmative action, calling it reverse discrimination. (p. 655)	8
9361373410	Regents of University of California v. Bakke	The admissions policies of one medical school were challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that while race could be considered, the school had created racial quotas, which were unconstitutional. Conservatives used this decision to intensified their campaign to end all preferences based on race and ethnicity. (p. 655)	9
9361373411	election of 1980	Ronald Reagan won this presidential election, defeating Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. It was significant because the Senate had Republican majority and more seats in the house allowing them to pass many key Republican programs. The 1980 election ended a half-century of Democratic dominance of Congress. (p. 655)	10
9361373412	Ronald Reagan	He was president from 1981 to 1988, he led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government. Some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies. (p. 656)	11
9361373413	supply-side economics (Reaganomics)	This economic theory argued that tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment by the private sector, which would lead to increased production, jobs, and prosperity. (p. 656)	12
9361373414	"trickle down" economics	Reaganomics was compared to the "trickle-down" economics of the 1920s, in which wealthy Americans prospered, and some of their increased spending benefited the middle class and the poor. (p. 656)	13
9361373415	Economic Recovery Tax Act	A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent over three years, cut the corporate income tax, capital gains tax, and the gift and inheritance taxes. It offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions. (p. 656)	14
9361373416	business deregulation	Reagan followed up on the promise of "getting governmnet off the backs of people" by reducing federal regulations on business and industry. Restrictions were eased on savings and loans, mergers and takeovers by large corporations, and environmental protection. (p. 657)	15
9361373417	PACTO strike	Reagan took a tough stand against unions, he fired thousands of striking federal air traffic controllers for violating their contract and decertified their union. (p. 657)	16
9361373418	Sandra Day O'Connor	President Reagan appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court, she was the first woman to serve on the Court. (p. 658)	17
9361373419	William Rehnquist	During the Reagan administration, he was the new Supreme Court chief justice. Under his leadership the court scaled back on affirmative action in hiring and promotions and limited Roe v. Wade influence by allowing states to impose some restrictions on abortions. (p. 658)	18
9361373420	growth of upper incomes	In the 1980s, well educated workers and yuppies (young urban professionals) enjoyed higher incomes from the deregulated marketplace while the standard of living for the middle class remained stagnant or declined. (p. 658)	19
9361373421	budget and trade deficits	President Reagan's tax cuts combined with large increases in military spending lead to federal deficits of more than $200 million a year. During his two terms the national debt tripled from $900 million to $2.7 trillion. The U.S. trade deficit reached $150 billion a year. (p. 658)	20
9361373422	election of 1984	In this presidential election, Ronald Reagan ran against Walter Mondale, who chose Geraldine Ferraro as the first woman for vice presidential candidate. Reagan won by a landslide winning every state except for Mondale's home state of Minnesota. (p. 658)	21
9361373423	expand military	President Reagan expanded the military to fight against the Soviet Union which he referred to as the "evil empire". The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to $300 billion in 1985. (p. 659)	22
9361373424	Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)	An ambitious plan for building a high-tech system of laser and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach the United States. Critics called it "Star Wars" and argued that the costly program would only escalate the arms races. (p. 659)	23
9361373425	Nicaragua; Sandinistas	In Central America, Reagan supported right-wing dictators as long as they were friendly to the United States and anti-Communists. In Nicaragua, a Marxist movement known as the Sandinistas had overthrown the dictator. The U.S. responded by providing military aid to the "contras" in their efforts to remove the Sandinistas. (p. 660)	24
9361373426	Boland Amendment	In 1985, the Democrats passed this amendment which prohibited further aid to the contras in Nicaragua. (p. 660)	25
9361373427	Iran-contra affair	Iran and Iraq were at war, the United States sold antitank and antiaircraft missiles to Iran's government for their help in freeing Americans held hostage by radical Arab group. The U.S. then used the profits from the sale to fund the contras in Nicaragua. This violated the Boland Amendment and congressional budget authority. (p. 660)	26
9361373428	Beirut bombings	In April 1983, an Arab suicide bomber killed 63 people at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. A few months later, an Arab terrorist drove a bomb-filled truck into a U.S. Marines barracks, killing 241 servicemen. (p. 660)	27
9361373429	Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	The terrorist group that Israel fought with U.S. support. (p. 660)	28
9361373430	Yasser Arafat	The PLO leader who agreed in 1988 to recognize Israel's right to exist. (p. 661)	29
9361373431	evil empire	Reagan's term for the Soviet Communists and also "focus of evil in the modern world". (p. 659)	30
9361373432	Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost, perestroika	New Soviet leader who impletmented changes in their domestic politics with these reforms: 1) glasnost: an openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens. 2) perestroika: reconstruction of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices. (p. 661)	31
9361373433	tear down this wall	Reagan said this in a speech in front of the Berlin Wall to challenge Mikhail Gorbachev into falling through with his reforms. (p. 661)	32
9361373434	INF agreement	With this agreement, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles. (p. 661)	33
9361373435	Tiananmen Square	In 1989, Chinese pro democracy students demonstrated for freedom in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government crushed the protest with tanks, killing hundreds. (p 662)	34
9361373436	Soviet satellites	Gorbachev declared that he would no longer support the various Communist governments of Eastern Europe with Soviet armed forces. (p 662)	35
9361373437	Poland, Lech Walesa	Starting in Poland 1989 the election of Lech Walesa, the leader of the once-outlawed Solidarity movement, the communist party fell from power in many countries in eastern Europe. (p. 663)	36
9361373438	Berlin Wall falls	In 1989, the Communists in East Germany were forced out of power after protesters tore down the Berlin Wall. In October 1990, the two Germanys reunited into one country. (p. 663)	37
9361373439	Soviet Union breakup	Many republics declared independence; the Soviet government was clearly powerless to stop the fragmentation. The Communist Party and Soviet government became powerless and ceased to exist. (p. 663)	38
9361373440	Russia Republic, CIS	Boris Yeltsin, joined with nine former Soviet republics to form a loose confederation, The Common Wealth of Independent States. (p. 663)	39
9361373441	Boris Yeltsin	President of the Russian Republic, he formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). He disbanded the Communist party in Russia and attempted to establish a democracy and a free-market economy. (p. 663)	40
9361373442	START I and II	In 1991, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev signed the START I agreement which reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side. In 1992, President Bush and Yeltsin signed the START II agreement which reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each. The U.S offered economic assistance to the troubled Russian economy. (p. 663)	41
9361373443	Yugoslavia civil war	Yugoslavia started to disintegrate in 1991, a civil war broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. (p. 664)	42
9361373444	election of 1988	In this presidential election George H. W. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis. Bush had been Reagan's vice president. (p. 662)	43
9361373445	George H. W. Bush	He won the 1988 presidential election. He was president during the Persian Gulf War. His ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in a very high approval rating of nearly 90 percent after the war. (p. 662)	44
9361373446	Panama invasion	In December 1989, President George H. W. Bush ordered the invasion of Panama to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The alleged purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the United States. U.S. troops remained in Panama until elections established a more credible government. (p. 664)	45
9361373447	Saddam Hussein	In August 1990, this Iraqi dictator invaded oil-rich Kuwait. This invasion threatened Western oil sources. (p. 664)	46
9361373448	Persian Gulf War	After Saddam Hussein invaded oil rich Kuwait, President George H. W. Bush built a coalition of United Nations members to pressure Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. The U.N. embargo had little effect. In January 1991, the massive Operation Desert Storm brought air strikes down on Iraq. After only 100 hours of fighting on the ground, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)	47
9361373449	Operation Desert Storm	Massive operation in which more than 500,000 Americans were joined by military units from 28 nations. For 5 weeks they carried out relentless airstrikes and followed up with an invasion led by U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf. After 100 hours of ground fighting, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)	48
9361373450	Clarence Thomas	President George H. W. Bush nominated this man to replace the retiring Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. It was controversial because of his conservative views on judicial issues and the charges of sexual harassment against him. Nevertheless, the Senate confirmed him. (p. 664)	49
9361373451	no new taxes	President George H. W. Bush had promised "no new taxes" during the presidential campaign, but he agreed to accept the Democratic Congress' proposed $133 billion in new taxes. (p. 665)	50
9361373452	Americans With Disabilities Act	In 1990, this act prohibited the discrimination against citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodation. (p. 665)	51
9361373453	election of 1992	In the 1992 presidential election, Democrat Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush. Clinton presented himself as a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues. (p. 666)	52
9361373454	William (Bill) Clinton	He served as president from 1993 to 2000. He was a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues such as jobs, education, and health care. (p. 666)	53
9361373455	H. Ross Perot	He was a Texas billionaire, who entered the 1992 presidential election as an independent. He received nearly 20% of the vote, the best showing by an independent since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912. (p. 666)	54
9361373456	failure of health reform	President Clinton asked Hillary Rodham Clinton (his wife) to head a task force to propose a plan for universal health coverage. It ran into opposition from the insurance industry, small business organizations, and the Republicans. It failed to pass. (p. 666)	55
9361373457	don't ask, don't tell	President Clinton failed to end discrimination against gays in the military and settled for the rule, "Don't ask, don't tell". Under this policy a member of the military could still be dismissed for being gay or lesbian but was not required to provide sexual orientation information. (p. 666)	56
9361373458	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement, which created a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico. (p. 667)	57
9361373459	Brady Bill	This bill mandated a five-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns. (p. 666)	58
9361373460	National Rifle Association (NRA)	In 1974, this organization, which led the gun lobby, was angered when the Anti-Crime Bill banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)	59
9361373461	deficit reduction budget	In 1994, Congress passed this budget which included $225 billion in spending cuts and $241 billion in tax increases. Part of the budget would go towards increased spending on education and job training. (p. 666)	60
9361373462	Anti-Crime Bill	Bill Clinton's bill that provided $30 billion in funding for more police protection and crime prevention programs, also banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)	61
9361373463	election of 1994	In these midterm elections, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954. (p. 667)	62
9361373464	Newt Gingrich	New Speaker of the House, who led the Republicans in an attack on federal programs and spending, outlined in their campaign manifesto "Contract with America". (p. 667)	63
9361373465	Contract with America	Republican plan headed by Newt Gingrich that focused on scaling back the government, balancing the budget, and cutting taxes. (p. 667)	64
9361373466	government shutdowns	The confrontations of between Newt Gingrich and President Clinton resulted in two shutdowns of the federal government in late 1995. Many Americans blamed overzealous Republicans in Congress for the shutdown. (p 667)	65
9361373467	Oklahoma City bombing	In 1995, a federal building in Oklahoma City was bombed by militia-movement extremists. The bombing took 169 lives, the worse act of domestic terrorism in the nation's history until the attack on 9/11. (p. 667)	66
9361373468	welfare reform	The 1996 budget reform which left Medicare and Social Security benefits intact, limited welfare benefits to five years under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. (p. 667)	67
9361373469	balanced budgets	The spending cuts and tax increases during President Clinton's first term, along with record growth in the economy, created this budget in 1998. (p. 667)	68
9361373470	election of 1996	In this presidential election, Democrats Bill Clinton and Al Gore defeated Republicans Bob Dole and Jack Kemp. (p. 668)	69
9361373471	Clinton impeachment	In December 1998, the House voted to impeach President Bill Clinton on two counts, perjury and obstruction of justice. Neither impeachment charge was upheld by the Senate. (p. 669)	70
9361373472	Madeleine K. Albright	In 1997, she became the first woman to serve as secretary of state. (p. 669)	71
9361373473	humanitarian missions	In 1993, United States soldiers were killed in the civil war in Somalia while on a humanitarian mission. In 1994, President Clinton sent 20,000 troops into Haiti to restore its elected president after a military coup. (p. 669)	72
9361373474	Northern Ireland accords	In 1998, the U.S. played a key diplomatic role in negotiating an end to British rule and the armed conflict in Northern Ireland. (p. 669)	73
9361373475	Yugoslavia breakup	Serbian dictator, Slobodan Milosevic carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo. (p. 670)	74
9361373476	Balkan Wars; Bosnia, Kosovo	Diplomacy, bombing, and NATO ground troops stopped the bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995, then in Kosovo in 1999. These were the worst battles Europe had seen since World War II. (p. 670)	75
9361373477	ethnic cleansing	Hundred of thousands of ethnic and religious minorities were killed in Bosnia and Kosovo by the Serbian dictator Milosevic. (p. 670)	76
9361373478	nuclear proliferation	In the 1990s there were growing nuclear programs in North Korea, India, and Pakistan. (p. 670)	77
9361373479	West Bank, Gaza Strip	Israel granted home rule to the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank territories, and signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. Israeli-Palestinian peace process slowed down after the assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. (p. 670)	78
9361373480	European Union (EU); euro	In 2002, the European Union (EU) became a unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted the euro as their currency. The EU grew to include 27 European nations by 2007, including ten former satellites of the USSR. (p. 669)	79
9361373481	World Trade Organization	In 1994, this organization was established to oversee trade agreements, enforce trade rules, and settle disputes. (p. 670)	80
9361373482	World Bank, G-8	This powerful bank made loans to and supervised the economic policies of poorer nations with debt problems. The Group of Eight, made up of the world's largest industrial powers (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), controlled two-thirds of the world's wealth. (p 670)	81
9361373483	China, India, Brazil	In the 21st century, these three countries would soon surpass many of the older industrial powers. The growing gap between rich and poor nations of the world caused tensions. (p. 671)	82
9361373484	effects on jobs	Workers and unions in the richest nations often resented globalization, because they lost their jobs to cheaper labor markets in the developing world. (p. 671)	83
9361373485	prosperity of 1990s	During President Clinton's two terms in office the U.S. enjoyed the longest peacetime economic expansion in history, with annual growth rates of more than 4 percent. (p 668)	84
9361373486	technology boom	In the 1990's national productivity was improved by personal computers, software, Internet, cable, and wireless communications. (p. 668)	85
9361373487	Internet, e-commerce	The 1990s saw growth in the Internet and in electronic commerce (purchases made online). (p. 668)	86
9361373488	rise of South and West	The 2000 census reported the population of the United States was 281.4 million people. The fastest growing regions were the West and the South. Greater populations meant more congressional representatives and electoral votes. (p. 671)	87
9361373489	Immigration Act of 1986	This act attempted to create a fair entry process for immigrants, but failed to stop the problem of illegal entry into the U.S. from Mexico. It was criticized for granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants from Mexico and the Americas. (p. 671)	88
9361373490	growth of Hispanics	In 2000, the Hispanic population was the fasted growing segment of the population and emerged as the largest minority part in the nation. (p. 671)	89
9361373491	"graying" America	In 2000, 35 million people were over 65, but the fastest growing segment of the population were those 85 and over. As the baby-boom generation aged, concerns about health care, prescription drugs, senior housing, and Social Security increased. (p. 671)	90
9361373492	single-parent families	In the 1990s there was a decline of traditional family, and a growing number of single-parent families. By 2000, there were 12.8 million single-parent families. (p. 671)	91
9361373493	distribution of income	In 1999, the top fifth of American households received more than half of all income. (p. 672)	92
9361373494	concentration of wealth	Among industrialized nations, the United States had the largest gap between the lowest and the highest paid workers and the greatest concentration of wealth at the top. (p. 672)	93
9361373495	debate over freedom	Freedom is a main theme in American history, but an essentially contested concept. Through the years it has meant many different things to different people: freedom to enslave others, equal rights for all, liberation from big government and federal regulations, unregulated capitalism, among others. (p. 672)	94