| CourseNotes

AP Macroeconomics: Final Review Flashcards

5663351435	Scarcity	The condition of a good or service being finite or limited in quantity.	0
5663356807	Opportunity Cost	A special kind of trade-off, the value of the next best thing. -What must be given up in order to receive something.	1
5663366777	Constant Opportunity Cost Increasing Opportunity Cost	Constant: The PPC has a constant slope Increasing: The PPC has a bowed out shape	2
5663374346	Consumer Goods	Goods bought and used by consumers, rather than by manufacturers for producing other goods.	3
5663380780	Capital Goods	Manufactured goods used to make other goods and services.	4
5663385365	Economic System: Command	An economy in which industry is publicly owned and a central authority makes production and consumption decisions.	5
5663395007	Economic System: Free-market	An economy in which the decisions of individual producers and consumers largely determine what, how ,and for whom to produce with little government involvement in the decisions.	6
5663408806	Economic System: Mixed	An economic system that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises -A combination of market, command, and traditional economic systems	7
5663433521	Draw a production possibilities curve. Label inefficient, efficient, and unattainable. Can you calculate the opportunity cost to go from one point to another?		8
5663484282	Identify the three shifters of the PPC.	-Change in resources -Change in technology -Change in trade Rattata	9
5663498318	Draw a PPC matching each scenario with tuna and boats. 1. Unemployment rises due to a recession. 2. Increase in consumer demand for tuna. 3. New resources improve the production of boats.	Answer in review	10
5663505898	Draw the Circular Flow Model. Be sure to label key transfers.		11
5663514460	What is the Law of Demand? If price increases, QD ___ If price decreases, QD ___	Inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. decreases, increases	12
5663531193	What is the Law of Supply? If price increases, QS ___ If price decreases QS ___	Direct relationship between price and quantity supplied increases, decreases	13
5663545187	What is a price ceiling? What is a price floor?	Ceiling: A legal cap on prices, the maximum price sellers can sell a product. Floor: Minimum legal price sellers can sell a product.	14
5663564468	Price ceilings occur ____ the equilibrium and result in a ____ Price floors occur ____ the equilibrium and result in a ____	Ceilings: below, shortage Floors: above, surplus	15
5663567417	Subsidy	Government payments to producers to control production or quantity in market	16
5663592002	Draw a simple supply and demand curve. Where is the equilibrium price and quantity located? If the price is higher than the equilibrium price, will there be a surplus or a shortage? If the price is lower than the equilibrium price, will there be a surplus or a shortage?	1. If price is higher, there will be a surplus. 2. If price is lower, there will be a shortage	17
5663609597	Using the expenditures approach, what does GDP equal? What do the letters stand for?	GDP= C+I+G+Xn C= consumer spending I= investment spending G= government spending Xn= net exports (exports-imports)	18
5663624612	What are the three things not included in GDP?	-Intermediate goods and services -Non-production transactions -Non-market activities (ngita)	19
5663641974	Draw the business cycle and label the peak, recession, trough, and expansion		20
5663653596	What does the unemployment rate equal?	UR= # of unemployed/labor force x 100%	21
5663660977	True or false: Investment spending is spending on financial assets like stocks and bonds.	False	22
5663667375	True or false: Transfer payments are not counted in the calculation of GDP.	True	23
5663672938	True or false: If the nominal GDP increases, then the economy is experiencing inflation.	False	24
5663672939	True or false: If the nominal GDP increases, then the economy is experiencing growth.	False	25
5663683907	True or false: An economy is not at full employment unless there is 0% unemployment	False	26
5663691549	True or false: Countries that have generous unemployment benefits have higher rates of unemployment	True	27
5663698964	True or false: Fast-food workers who are replaced by kiosks are considered structurally unemployed	True	28
5663704532	Define the natural rate of unemployment. In the U.S., full employment is considered to be between ___% and ___%	The unemployment rate that arises from the effects of frictional plus structural unemployment. -4 and 5	29
5663718476	The economy is at full employment when there is no ____ unemployment.	Cyclical	30
5663724808	Does this shift AD or AS? Consumer spending	AD	31
5663727172	Does this shift AD or AS? Investment spending	AD	32
5663731062	Does this shift AD or AS? Government spending	AD	33
5663731063	Does this shift AD or AS? Net exports	AD	34
5663734368	Does this shift AD or AS? Resource prices	AS	35
5663737963	Does this shift AD or AS? Government actions (Regulation, taxes, subsidies)	AS	36
5663737964	Does this shift AD or AS? Productivity	AS	37
5663755141	Using AD-AS models, draw an economy in a recession and an economy with inflation		38
5663773101	In the long-run of a recessionary gap, wages will ____ and aggregate supply will ____ In the long-run of an inflationary gap, wages will ____ and aggregate supply will ____	-decrease, increase -increase, decrease	39
5663790972	If fiscal policy is used to close a recessionary gap, the central bank could ____ spending or ____ taxes. If fiscal policy is used to close an inflationary gap, the central bank could ____ spending or ____ taxes.	-increase, decrease -decrease, increase	40
5663805860	What is the spending multiplier? The tax multiplier?	Spending multiplier: 1/MPS or 1/(1-MPC) Tax multiplier: MPC/MPS or I/MPS -1	41
5663833864	$30 B gap -What is the least amount of G that will close the gap if MPC equals 0.5?	$15 B	42
5663841019	$30 B gap -How much could the government cut taxes to close the gap if MPC equals 0.8?	$7.5 B	43
5663847310	$30 B gap -How much could government cut taxes to close the gap if MPS equals 0.1?	$3.33 B	44
5663856472	Deficit spending: If government spending increases without increasing taxes, the annual deficit ____ and national debt ____.	Increases, increases	45
5663858712	Time Lags	Congress takes time to decide and implement policy.	46
5663867456	Crowding Out: Quantity of loanable funds ____ and interest rates ____	decreases, increases/ go up	47
5663872735	What happens to aggregate supply when people expect inflation? Workers will seek higher wages, costs of production will ____, causing AS to ____.	Supply of the good decreases. -Go up/increase, decrease	48
5663898495	Draw and label an AS-AD model showing full employment marking the equilibrium point A. Draw and label the short and long run Phillips Curve and label point A. Show the result of a negative supply shock on both graphs and label the equilibrium point B.		49
5663906270	If interest rates fall, investment ____, causing capital stock to ____ and economic growth to ____.	Increases, increase, increase	50
5663933768	If interest rates go up, investment ____, causing capital stock to ____ and economic growth to ____	Decrease, decrease, decrease	51
5663944912	True or false: An increase in consumer spending leads to more economic growth.	False	52
5663951404	True or false: Crowding out due to deficit spending causes less economic growth.	True	53
5663958782	True or false: When the LRAS shifts right the natural rate of unemployment increases.	False	54
5663963968	True or false: A sustained increase in productivity causes both the LRAS and PPC curve to shift to the right.	True	55
5663968262	True or false: Economic growth is not dependent on how much people save or how much businesses invest, only how much they consume.	False	56
5663973223	True or false: Increases in both the quality or quantity of the factors of production will cause economic growth.	True	57
5664027550	What are the three functions of money?	Medium of exchange Store of value Unit of account	58
5664030931	What are the three types of money?	Commodity money Representative money Fiat Money	59
5664036460	Define commodity money. Provide examples.	A good used as a medium of exchange that has intrinsic value in other uses. Ex: gold, silver, cigarettes in World War II	60
5664047927	Define representative money. Provide examples.	Commodity-backed money; Money with no intrinsic value whose ultimate value is guaranteed by a promise that it can be converted into valuable goods. Ex: silver certificate	61
5664057312	Define fiat money. Provide examples.	Money whose value derives entirely from its official status as a means of payment. Ex: U.S. dollar bill	62
5664064082	Draw and label the money market graph.		63
5664075405	When the interest rate increases, the quantity of money demanded ____.	Decreases	64
5664080100	When the interest rate decreases, the quantity of money demanded ____.	Increases	65
5664090146	What does the Federal Reserve do and what types of policy do they use?	The Federal Reserve oversees and regulates the banking system and controls the monetary base. -It uses monetary policy.	66
5664098753	The FED is the ____ of the United States	Central bank	67
5664101274	What is the money multiplier equal to?	1/reserve requirement	68
5664109102	RR= 10%, the FED buys $10 billion worth of bonds MS will ___ by ___ billion.	Increases, $100 billion	69
5664116674	RR= 20%, the FED sells $5 billion worth of bonds MS will ___ by ___ billion.	Decrease, $25 billion	70
5664126193	RR= 25%, the FED sells $2 billion worth of bonds MS will ___ by ___ billion.	Decrease, $8 billion	71
5664133867	RR= 5%, the FED buys 5 billion worth of bonds MS will ___ by ___ billion.	Increase, $100 billion	72
5664174160	When the economy is in a recession and the FED uses monetary policy to close the gap... MS __ -> ir ___ -> I ___ and C ___ -> AD ___	increase, decrease, increase, increase, increase	73
5664178117	When the economy is in an inflation and the FED uses monetary policy to close the gap... MS __ -> ir ___ -> I ___ and C ___ -> AD ___	decrease, increase, decrease, decrease, decrease	74
5664183971	Draw a FOREX model for USD relative to CAD		75
5664189049	What are the four shifters of the FOREX model?	Changes in tastes and preferences, income, price level, and interest rates	76
5664201699	Draw the foreign exchange market for euros. show what happens to the value of euros relative to the USD if interest rates n Europe increase		77
5664217671	If U.S. tourists increase visits to Japan... USD ___ and YEN ___	Depreciates, appreciates	78
5664224882	If the U.S. government significantly decreases personal income taxes... USD ___ and YEN ___	Depreciates, appreciates	79
5664231443	If inflation in Japan rises significantly faster than is the U.S... USD ___ and YEN ___	Appreciates, depreciates	80
5664239133	If Japan has a large budget deficit that increases interest rates in Japan... USD ___ and YEN ___	Depreciates, appreciates	81
5664347810	If Japan places high tariffs on all U.S. imports... USD ___ and YEN ___	Depreciates, appreciates	82
5664355250	If the U.S. suffers a significant recession... USD ___ and YEN ___	Appreciates, depreciates	83

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Developmental Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images

9697363856	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
9697363909	Dimensions of development	development typically occur in three realms: physical, cognitive, and social.	1
9697363910	Child Psychologist	focuses on a particular earlier portion of a typical life span.	2
9697363911	Erik Erikson	first to champion the view that development occurs over the entire life span.	3
9697363912	normative development	typical sequence of developmental changes for a group of people.	4
9697363913	continuous vs. discontinuous development	there is evidence to support that development occurs gradually, like social skill building; but there is also stage-oriented development like leaps of cognitive development.	5
9697363914	stages	patterns of behavior that occur in a fixed sequence, each stage has a set of unique cognitive structures.	6
9697363857	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	7
9697363915	germinal stage	the stage when zygote undergoes division and divides into 64 cells.	8
9697363858	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	9
9697363859	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	10
9697363916	neonate	a newborn baby	11
9697363860	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	12
9697363861	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	13
9697363917	sucking reflex	triggered by placing something in the baby's mouth.	14
9697363918	palmar reflex	the automatic grabbing elicited by something placed in one of the neonate's hands.	15
9697363919	Babinski reflex	stroking the bottom of the foot causes the toes to splay out.	16
9697363920	head-turning reflex	the response elicited by touching the baby's cheek.	17
9697363921	Moro reflex	the splaying out of the limbs in response to loss of support	18
9697363922	orienting reflex	activated when babies orient themselves to sudden changes in their surroundings.	19
9697363923	stereotyped ingestive responses	neonates would suck and smack their lips if something sweet is in their mouths, and they would stick out their tongue and cry if something bitter or sour is in their mouths.	20
9697363924	environmental interaction	development of the child's nervous system depends on environmental interaction. For example, a baby in an environment where his/her ability to crawl or walk is restricted would grow up with impaired motor skills.	21
9697363862	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	22
9697363863	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	23
9697363925	maturationist	emphasizes the genetically programmed growth and development of the body, especially the nervous system.	24
9697363926	environmentalist	claims that all development is the direct result of learning, and organisms develop more complex behaviors and cognition because it acquires more associations through learning.	25
9697363864	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	26
9697363927	Cognitive development	the development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and related skills.	27
9697363928	Jean Piaget	believed that biological maturation is the driving force of development, proposed that children go through a series of cognitive development stages. and these stages occur in a fixed order. (Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).	28
9697363929	equilibration	a child's attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child brings to the situation .	29
9697363865	Schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	30
9697363866	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	31
9697363867	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	32
9697363868	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	33
9697363869	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	34
9697363870	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	35
9697363930	symbolic thinking	the ability to us words to substitute for objects.	36
9697363871	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	37
9697363931	artificialism	believing that all things are human made.	38
9697363932	animism	believing that all things are living.	39
9697363872	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	40
9697363873	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	41
9697363933	reversibility	ability to perform a mental operation, then reverse their thinking back to a starting point.	42
9697363874	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	43
9697363875	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	44
9697363934	metacognition	the ability to recognize one;s cognitive process and adapt those process if they aren't successful.	45
9697363935	Theory of Mind (TOM)	allows children to understand that other people see the world differently than they do.	46
9697363936	False Belief Task	a task used to test TOM, for example, experimenter let a child would open a container labeled "candy", but actually has pencils in them, and ask them what someone who is not present would think the object in the container is. A child without TOM would answer pencils.	47
9697363876	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	48
9697363877	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	49
9697363878	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	50
9697363937	John Bowlby	considered the father of attachment theory, pioneered the vie that early experiences (close and loving relationship) in childhood have an important influence on development and behavior later in life.	51
9697363879	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.	52
9697363938	Mary Ainsworth	studied human infant attachment using the strange situation where a parent or guardian leaves a child with a stranger then returns. There were four attachment patterns.	53
9697363939	Secure attachment	the child uses parent for support.	54
9697363940	Insecure attachment	the child is not sure whether the parent will be supportive and shows discomfort in the arms of strangers.	55
9697363941	Avoidant attachment	the child does not use the parent for support.	56
9697363942	Disorganized atachment	the child behaves erratically, this attachment is associated with abuse.	57
9697363943	Diana Baumrind	identified three types of parenting styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive.	58
9697363944	Authoritarian Parenting Style	parents have high expectations for their child to comply with rules without debate or explanation. Children of these parents are socially withdrawn, lack decision-making capabilities, and lack curiosity.	59
9697363945	Authoritative Parenting Style	parents expect compliance to rules but explain rules and encourage independence. Children of these parents have high self-esteem, independent, and are articulate.	60
9697363946	Permissive Parenting Style	parents have few expectations and are warm and non-demanding. Children of these parents are not good at accepting responsibility, controlling their impulses, or being generous in social relationships.	61
9697363947	Elisabeth Kubler-Ross	focuses on the stages of death/dying, identified these ways people come to terms with terminal illness: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.	62
9697363948	collectivist culture	a culture in which the needs of society are placed before needs of the individual.	63
9697363949	individualist culture	a culture that promotes personal needs over the needs of society.	64
9697363950	Lev Vygotsky	stressed that social factors as critical to the developmental process, developed various concepts like zone of proximal development, scaffolding, etc.	65
9697363951	internalization	the absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts.	66
9697363952	zone of proximal development	the range between the developed level of ability (actual development level) that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is actually capable (potential development level).	67
9697363953	scaffolding	the support system that allows a person to move across the zone of proximal development with environmental supports.	68
9697363954	social development	the development of the ability to interact with others and with the social structures in which we live.	69
9697363955	Erikson's stage of psycho-social development	eight stages of social development marked by the resolution of specific tasks, developed by Erik Erikson.	70
9697363956	Trust vs. Mistrust	occurs during the first year of life, infants decide whether the world is friendly or hostile, depending on whether or not they can trust that their basic needs will be met.	71
9697363957	Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt	between 1-3, child develop a sense of control over bodily functions as well as the environment.	72
9697363958	Initiative vs. Guilt	occurs 3-6, entry into a broader social world outside the home, children learn to take initiative and learn to assert themselves socially, successful resolution results in sense of purpose.	73
9697363959	Industry vs. Inferiority	occurs 6-12. children begin to gain a sense of accomplishment and pride in their work, successful resolution results in sense of competence.	74
9697363960	Identity vs. Role Confusion	occurs during adolescence, adolescents question what type of person they are and begin to develop their own values at this stage, successful resolution is fidelity, truthfulness to one's self.	75
9697363961	Intimacy vs. Isolation	occurs during early adulthood, people start to form loving, lasting relationships, successful resolution results in one's learning how to love in a mature, giving way; if not successful, feelings of isolation may result.	76
9697363962	Generativity vs. Stagnation	occurs during middle adulthood, people experience the struggle to be productive in both career and home and to contribute to the next generation with ideas. Being productive in this stage is called generativity, and failure to resolve can result in feelings of stagnation.	77
9697363963	Integrity vs. Despair	occurs during old age, people struggle to come to terms with one's life, which involves accepting both success and failures. successful resolution is wisdom and failure to resolve would result in bitterness and despair.	78
9697363964	Harry Harlow	demonstrated that monkey infants need comfort and security as much a food, used artificial mothers to show that infants were more attached to the soft mother.	79
9697363880	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	80
9697363881	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	81
9697363882	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.	82
9697363883	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	83
9697363884	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	84
9697363885	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	85
9697363886	X Chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	86
9697363887	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	87
9697363888	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	88
9697363889	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	89
9697363965	Psychosexual development	the development of an awareness of one's own sexuality.	90
9697363890	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	91
9697363891	Gender Identity	our sense of being male or female.	92
9697363892	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	93
9697363966	Gender Constancy	children from 2-7 come to understand that gender is a fixed, unchangeable characteristic.	94
9697363967	androgyny	may develop as children begin to blur the lines between stereotypical male and female roles in society.	95
9697363968	Sigmund Freud	developed a psychosocial development theory, divided development into four major stages: oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, and genital stage.	96
9697363969	oral stage	occurs during the first two years of life, the stage when the primary source of pleasure for the infant comes from sucking.	97
9697363970	anal stage	occurs from age 2-4, when the child derives pleasure from the process of elimination (defecation).	98
9697363971	phallic stage	occurs from age 4-middle childhood, child discovers that genital stimulation is pleasurable.	99
9697363972	latency period	a period during which psychosexual issues are suppressed.	100
9697363973	genital stage	extends from adolescence through adulthood, this stage brings the establishment and maintenance of standard heterosexual relationships for most people.	101
9697363974	fixation	the inadequate resolution of a stage, which prevents an individual from progressing to the next stage	102
9697363975	Oedipal conflict	the male child's sexual desire for the mother, which conflicts with the child's fear of the father.	103
9697363976	Electra conflict	the female child's desire for the father while fearing the mother.	104
9697363977	Albert Bandura	proposed the theory that sexual roles could be acquired through social or vicarious learning, and this pattern creates a self-perpetuating cycle.	105
9697363978	Oedipal conflict	the male child's sexual desire for the mother, which conflicts with the child's fear of the father.	106
9697363979	Electra conflict	the female child's desire for the father while fearing the mother.	107
9697363980	Oedipal conflict	the male child's sexual desire for the mother, which conflicts with the child's fear of the father.	108
9697363981	Electra conflict	the female child's desire for the father while fearing the mother.	109
9697363893	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	110
9697363894	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	111
9697363895	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	112
9697363896	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	113
9697363897	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	114
9697363898	Menarche	the first menstrual period.	115
9697363899	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	116
9697363900	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	117
9697363901	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	118
9697363902	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	119
9697363903	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	120
9697363904	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another on similar tasks.	121
9697363905	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	122
9697363906	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	123
9697363907	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	124
9697363908	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	125
9697363982	Moral Development	focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of how individuals ought to treat one another, with respect to justice, others' welfare, and rights.	126
9697363983	Lawrence Kohlberg	advanced moral development theory that comprises of three levels and two distinctive stages in each one.	127
9697363984	Kohlberg's Level I	ages 7-10, level of preconventional morality. In the first stage, based on avoiding punishment and receiving rewards, make judgments motivated by fear.. The second stage is characterized by focus on individualism and exchange, make judgments by evaluating the benefit for themselves.	128
9697363985	Kohlberg's Level II	ages 10-16, stage of conventional morality, which is the internalizing of society's rules and morals. The first stage is typified by the child's trying to live up to what others expect of him or her. The second stage involves the development of conscience, children obey rules and feel moral obligations.	129
9697363986	Kohlberg's Level III	ages 16 and beyond, level of postconventional morality, when an internal set of values has developed that may generate occasional conflict with societal values. The first stage is characterized by a belief in individual rights and social contracts. Second stage involves the belief in universal principles of justice which occasionally do not agree with the rules of society.	130
9697363987	Carol GIlligan	claimed that Kohlberg's theory is inadequate for describing the moral development for people who live in non-Western culture and of women, places the development of caring relationships as central to moral progress.	131

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Euro Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9728537708	Renaissance	period from 1400 - 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural & intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular.	0
9728539734	Humanists	Renaissance scholars of classical Greek & Roman works of literature and thought who were advocates of liberal arts education & the importance of the individual	1
9728547413	Medicis	Wealthy merchant family of bankers who controlled the Italian city-state of Florence during the Renaissance era. Their subsidization of the arts, especially under Lorenzo, supported the flowering of the Renaissance.	2
9728552395	Baldassare Castiglione	Wrote The Book of the Courtier which presented the image of the "Renaissance Man" who was versed in liberal arts & social graces as contrasted to the more unrefined knights in the Middle Ages.	3
9728558070	Niccolo Machiavelli	Wrote The Prince which described his view of realistic government with a strong leader concerned only with political power and success. "better to be feared rather than loved by the masses."	4
9728560414	Renaissance Art-	used perspective and math for a realistic portrayal of nature and the human body	5
9728564229	Michelangelo	painter who also experimented in poetry, architecture, and sculpture. His most famous works are David & the Sistine Chapel.	6
9728567415	Leonardo da Vinci	Renaissance sculptor, scientist, engineer, architect, & painter. Famous works: The Last Supper & Mona Lisa.	7
9728571153	Raphael	Known for his Madonnas and his School of Athens that showed ancient philosophers with Renaissance artists.	8
9728575508	Brunelleschi	architect who created the largest dome built in Europe in a cathedral in Florence.	9
9728579424	Northern Renaissance Art	focused less on perspective and the human body and more on detail	10
9728584604	Van Eyck Brothers	Flemish painters from the Northern Renaissance who applied great attention to detail in their work, particularly in their capturing of human facial expressions.	11
9728592102	Johannes Gutenberg	(1450) European inventor of the printing press which allowed books to be printed quickly & economically. This spread the Renaissance & Reformation ideas throughout Europe.	12
9728597570	Desiderius Erasmus	Dutch scholar who wrote The Praise of Folly. The book criticized the Church's superstition & ignorance. Erasmus is credited with "laying the egg that Luther hatched."	13
9728600947	95 Theses	Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation.	14
9728604552	Priesthood of All Believers	Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.	15
9728620296	John Calvin	Swiss leader of Protestantism & advocate of predestination	16
9728608719	Justification of Faith Alone	Luther's ideas revolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in God, rather than by participating in worldly rituals and good deeds.	17
9728616800	Diet of Worms	Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which Martin Luther was summoned after his excommunication 1521. Luther was ordered to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do, so he was banished (excommunicated) from the empire	18
9728627851	Schmalkaldic League	alliance of German princes which results in war with the Catholics led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V	19
9728640761	Council of Trent	These meetings did not reform church doctrines but they did end several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.	20
9728632528	Peace of Augsburg	(1555) - ends the Schmalkaldic War and grants German princes the right to chose the religion for their territory	21
9728636875	Henry VIII	broke with the Church forming the Church of England so he could annul his marriage. The First Act of Supremacy (1534) made the King the head of the English Church (Anglican Church).	22
9728644415	Jesuits	A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola & committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.	23
9728648936	Index of Forbidden Books	The Index forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith or morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.	24
9788241914	Mercantilism	A new economic theory based on the idea that a country's wealth was measured by the amount of gold & silver it possessed. This led to fierce competition for metallic riches through exploration & imperialism	25
9788247875	Treaty of Tordesillas	Agreement between Spain & Portugal to divide the land east and west of the Atlantic Ocean. Spain could explore the New World and Portugal could explore the lands East of Africa. (Line dividing the world down the middle through Brazil)	26
9788252721	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who was the first to circumnavigate the globe proving that the world was round and that the New World was not a part of Asia.	27
9788258842	Triangle Trade	A pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe (supplies), Africa (slaves), and the Americas (gold & silver) in an Atlantic economy.	28
9788270298	Elizabeth I	Queen of England from 1558-1603, developed England into a world power & strengthened Protestantism through the 2nd Act of Supremacy.	29
9788263003	Columbian Exchange	the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas.	30
9788278378	Politique	A ruler who suppresses their religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France)	31
9788286725	Spanish Armada (1588)	Fleet of 130 ships launched by Spain's Catholic Phillip II to conquer England during the time of Elizabeth I. England was victorious and Spain never again posed a threat to England.	32
9788293701	Treaty of Westphalia	1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years' War, (Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire). France gained land. Switzerland & German princes gained independence from Holy Roman Empire	33
9788291110	Thirty Years War (1618-1648)	Most destructive war to date fought mainly in the Germanic states. Starts off as a conflict between Protestants and Lutherans and ends up a struggle for European control between French Catholic Bourbon family fighting on the side of the Protestants against the Habsburg family of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire	34
9832912402	Petition of Right	(1628) This stated that the King could not tax without Parliamentary consent.	35
9832920776	English Civil War	(1641-1651) Puritans versus the Royalists over control of Parliament	36
9832924203	Charles I	Charles fought with the Puritan Parliament over his war expenses, advancing his divine-right of kings, and marrying a Catholic. He was beheaded at the end of the English Civil War.	37
9832931579	Oliver Cromwell	Puritan leader of the Roundhead army in the English Civil War who defeated Charles I and established a republic, or commonwealth, in England. He ruled as "Lord Protector."	38
9832934117	Glorious Revolution	In 1688, Parliament gave the crown to James II's Protestant daughter, Mary II, and her Protestant husband, William III, as joint rulers rather than to James II's Catholic son. It was a bloodless and "glorious" transfer of power.	39
9833025990	English Bill of Rights	1689 document declaring Parliament would choose who ruled England, that the ruler could not tax without Parliamentary consent, that the ruler could not suspend Parliament, that the ruler was subject to all laws, that Parliament was to meet frequently, that MPs were guaranteed freedom of speech, and that cruel and unusual punishment was illegal.	40
9833028954	Peter the Great	Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, achieved control of the church, dominated the nobility, and transformed Russia into a major world power.	41
9833031980	Cardinal Richelieu	Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants.	42
9833034570	Henry IV	First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610.	43
9833036995	Louis XIV	reigned from 1643-1715 - best example of an absolute monarch. (divine right king) Built the palace at Versailles. Issued the Edict of Foutainebleau (1685) which revoked the rights of the Huguenots granted in the Edict of Nantes.	44
9833040083	Rene Descartes	His Discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. "I think; therefore, I am." He stressed separation of mind and matter or logical reasoning.	45
9833043892	Isaac Newton	English scientist and author of works explaining the law of universal gravitation & motion. His work inspired the notion of natural universal laws ordering and arranging life (mechanical view of the universe).	46
9833045733	Galileo Galilei	Italian scientist who used a telescope. Discovered that not every heavenly body revolves around Earth. After he was put on house arrest he made discoveries in the areas of motion or physics.	47
9833048162	Johannes Kepler	Mathematician who used models, observations, and mathematics to prove the heliocentric theory developed by Copernicus.	48
9833050511	Nicolaus Copernicus	The Polish scientist who abandoned the geocentric model (earth centered universe) and advocated the heliocentric theory (sun centered universe).	49
9833053311	Francis Bacon	Advocated a system of experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church & ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.	50
9833058637	War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)	War fought to prevent Louis XIV's grandson from taking over Spain. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.	51
9833061423	Treaty of Utrecht	Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, recognizing France's Philip V as King of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies. England gained profitable lands in North America from France.	52
9833063485	Pragmatic Sanction	Charles VI released this sanction urging all constituent Austrian lands to allow his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit Austria and other Hapsburg lands.	53
9833064999	War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)	Initiated by Prussia's acquisition of Silesia; war involved Spain, Prussia, and France against Austria, GB, Netherlands & Russia.	54
9833067820	Catherine the Great	Romanov ruler of Russia from 1763-96 who supported enlightened additions to Russian culture and expanded Russia's borders	55
9833073854	Age of Enlightenment	18th century period of scientific & philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature & sought to explain reality through rationalism.	56
9833077123	John Locke	argued that individuals have natural rights of life, political equality, and property that could not be violated by a political leader in a social contract. He believed governments existed only to protect these natural rights, and any government failing to do so should be overthrown.	57
9833080631	Philosophes	Body of Enlightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing Encyclopedia, a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, edited by Denis Diderot.	58
9833083150	Montesquieu	Philosophe who wrote Spirit of the Laws in 1748. Described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system.	59
9833085453	Voltaire	Philosophe who wrote Candide, satirizine prejudice, oppressive government, and bigotry. Championed freedom of religion and thought.	60
9833087684	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Philosophe who published the Social Contract. Claimed that people were born good but were corrupted by education, laws, and society. Rousseau advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and proper child rearing.	61
9864109358	Seven Years' War	War from 1756-63. Began as the "French and Indian War" in North America. Evolved into a war on the European continent	62
9864113134	Three Estates	Before the 1789 Revolution, "Old Regime" France was divided into three estates: First Estate: Roman Catholic clergy (1%) Second Estate: nobility (2%) Third Estate: all of the rest, including bourgeoisie, city workers, rural peasants, and artisans (97%)	63
9864117361	Louis XVI	Ruler of France (1774-92) Married Marie Antoinette, and nearly bankrupted France by supporting the American Revolution. Beheaded by the guillotine in January of 1793, on the orders of the National Convention.	64
9864122264	Marie Antoinette	Daughter of Maria Theresa and wife of Louis XVI. Became the most hated woman in France because of her ostentation and refusal to support reforms. Guillotined in October of 1793.	65
9864125798	Tennis Court Oath	The 3rd Estate was locked out the Estates General meeting, they declared on May 5, 1789 on a Tennis court in Versailles that they would write a constitution before they would adjourn.	66
9864130895	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	National assembly proclamation that men are born free and equal before the law. Also granted freedom of religion, speech, and the press. Asserted that all men have a right to seek public office and have a fair trial.	67
9864136719	Joeseph Sieyes	French clergyman and revolutionary, author of What is the Third Estate, which expressed the pains and complaints of the 3rd Estate.	68
9864140845	Girondins versus Jacobins	Both were political groups in the National Convention. Girondins were republicans who feared Parisian dominance. The Jacobins favored Parisian control.	69
9864146534	Reign of Terror	Direct by Jacobin Maximillian Robespierre to suppress opposition to the Revolution. Lasted from 1793-1794 & ended with Robespierre's execution by those fearing his fanatical policies.	70
9864154108	Napoleonic Code	One of Napoleon's most substantial achievements was the Civil Code of 1804, which centralized the disorganized body of French laws, safeguarded property rights, and upheld conservative attitudes toward women and labor	71
9880086608	agricultural revolution	the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity which freed up labor, lowered food prices and increased population size.	72
9880089397	Luddites	1811-1816 workers destroyed machines that would replace them	73
9880093442	Enclosure Movement	In Britain, due to farming improvements, large landowners began fencing in their property. This displaced many small farmers, who generally migrated to cities or abroad. This movement provided the labor needed for the industrialization of Britain.	74
9880097803	Factory Act of 1833	Children between 9 and 13 could work only eight hours a day, those between 13 and 18, twelve hours per day. Factory inspectors were appointed with the power to fine those who broke the law.	75
9880101864	Corn Laws	Enacted in 1815, these laws protected British agriculture by placing strict limits on the amount of foreign grain to be imported. They resulted in keeping basic food prices artificially high until their repeal in 1846.	76
9880105443	Utopian Socialism	This movement was a reaction to the incredible poverty seen in the industrial era, which proposed that workers live together in a clean, safe environment and work cooperatively. Frenchman Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of this ideal.	77
9880107914	The Peterloo Massacre	In 1819, British troops sought to stop a peaceful meeting at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. Citizens favoring more liberal government policies organized the meeting. Soldiers killed several in the unarmed crowd and hundreds were injured.	78
9880111215	James Watt	developed the steam engine in the late 18th century	79
9880114455	Edward Chadwick	advocated sanitary living conditions in cities, helped pass the first Public Health Act to develop sewers, piped water	80
9880117976	Congress of Vienna	The 1815 meeting of Europe's major powers (England, Russia, Austria, and France) to decide how to redraw the European map after Napoleon's fall from power. Reactionary policies restored royal families to their legitimate claims and ordered France to pay restitution for damages.	81
9880120572	balance of power	a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another.	82
9880123957	Metternich System	Ultra-conservative Austrian chancellor. The system bearing his name sought to restore pre-Napoleonic rulers to their thrones, restore the European balance of power, and repress liberal and democratic ideas.	83
9880130514	Burschenschaften	student societies in Germany dedicated to the cause of a free, united German nation.	84
9880133927	Carlsbad Decrees	Extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation. The decrees were meant to discourage liberal views and movements.	85
9880140377	Crimean War	Fought from 1853-56. Pitted the Ottoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Sardina-Piedmont) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties.	86
9880144296	Louis Napoleon Bonaparte	(1808-1873) Nephew of Napoleon I; he came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848	87
9986690975	Ausgleich	the "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch.	88
9986696125	Marxism	the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society.	89
9986699991	Proletariat	industrial working class. In Marxism, the class who will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie.	90
9986703800	Otto von Bismarck	Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule in 1871	91
9986708039	Realpolitik	the "politics of reality," the use of practical means to achieve ends. Bismarck was a practioner.	92
9986711024	Giuseppe Garibaldi	Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to help unify Italian states. Italy becomes united in 1866	93
9986720517	Alexander II (1855-1881)	Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government.	94
9986722882	Alexander III (1881-1894)	Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia.	95
9986725667	Duma	Russian national legislature	96
9986728573	Nicholas II (1894-1917)	the last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War I.	97
9986733735	Charles Darwin	British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research.	98
9986737486	Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)	Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended to the working class	99
9986740911	Alfred Dreyfus	French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906.	100
9986743548	Sigmund Freud	Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality based on sexual drives shocked Victorian sensibilities.	101
9986746516	William Gladstone (1809-1898)	English Prime Minister (Liberal) known as the "Grand Old Man." Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. He passed the Education Act of 1870.	102
9986752424	Friedrich Nietzsche	German philosopher who stressed the role of the Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity.	103
9986755010	Emmeline Pankhurst	British women's suffrage leader	104
9986757832	Social Darwinism	the application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline.	105
9986760013	Zionism	an international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine.	106
9986761874	Impressionism	art movement that originated in France in the 1870s; artists attempted to paint their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature. (Monet)	107
9986763963	Post-impressionism	used color and thick brush strokes like impressionists, but exaggerated geometric shapes for effect (Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin)	108
9986767693	Cubism	early 20th century artistic style that used geometric designs as visual stimuli in an effort to recreate reality in the viewer's mind. (Picasso)	109
9986773476	Surrealism	1920's artistic movement that sought reality beyond the material world and explored the unconscious; works often portrayed fantasies, dreams and nightmares (Dali)	110
9986779964	Bolsheviks	a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists.	111
9986783165	Militarism	a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War I.	112
9986785709	Nationalism	a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community—a "nation"—that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty.	113
9986789272	Reparations	payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I.	114
9986791892	War Guilt Clause	the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (and Austria) were responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war.	115
9986795242	totalitarian state	a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual life,	116
9986800039	Fascism	an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictator.	117
9986803221	Lebensraum	"living space." Hitler's policy to acquire land.	118
9986806842	Appeasement	allied policy to give into Hitler to avoid another war. Chamberlain appeased Hitler at the Munich Conference	119
9986809040	Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)	also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Agreement not to fight and invade Poland	120
9986811718	Blitzkrieg	"lightning war." A war conducted with great speed and force, as in Germany's advance at the beginning of World War II.	121
9986814515	Final Solution	Nazi policy to exterminate Jews. Developed at the Wannsee Conference	122
9986817221	Potsdam Conference	July 1945 - Stalin, Churchill and Truman discussed how to punish and divide Germany	123
9986819787	Yalta Conference	Feb. 1945 - FDR, Stalin and Churchill meet and agree to settle for nothing less than the unconditional surrender of Germany	124
9986823218	Berlin Blockade	1948-9 - Resulted in allied Berlin Airlift	125
9986826928	Marshall Plan	the European Recovery Program, under which the United States provided financial aid to European countries to help them rebuild	126
9986829707	Containment	US policy to stop the spread of Communism	127
9986832178	Decolonization	the process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood; occurred in most of the world's colonies between 1947 and 1962.	128
9986834663	domino theory	the belief that if the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall (like dominoes) to communism; a justification for the U.S. intervention in Vietnam.	129
9986837633	Truman Doctrine	the doctrine, enunciated by Harry Truman in 1947, that the United States would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by Communist expansion.	130
9986840303	Brezhnev Doctrine	the doctrine, enunciated by Leonid Brezhnev, that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if socialism was threatened in another socialist state; used to justify the use of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia in 1968, "Prague Spring."	131
9986842858	NATO	the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked; later expanded to include other nations.	132
9986842859	Warsaw Pact	a military alliance, formed in 1955, in which Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union agreed to provide mutual assistance.	133
9986845778	mutual deterrence	the belief that nuclear war could best be prevented if both the United States and the Soviet Union had sufficient nuclear weapons so that even if one nation launched a preemptive first strike, the other could respond and devastate the attacker.	134
9986847999	Détente	the relaxation of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States that occurred in the 1970s.	135
9986851690	ethnic cleansing	the policy of killing or forcibly removing people of another ethnic group; used by the Serbs against Bosnian Muslims in the 1990s.	136
9986855428	glasnost	"openness." Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union.	137
9986858139	Perestroika	"restructuring." A term applied to Mikhail Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union.	138
9986861037	Stagflation	a combination of high employment and high inflation; a serious economic problem in the United States during the late 1970s.	139
9986865005	Fall of the Berlin Wall	November 1989, the symbolic end to the Cold War.	140
9986869377	Fall of the Soviet Union	1991 - After a failed coup, Yelstin comes to power This marks the official end of the Cold War.	141
9986874965	Maastricht Treaty or the Treaty of the European Union	(1992)- unites European countries economically	142

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature - Literary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9789839746	allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
9789839747	alliteration	It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.	1
9789839748	allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	2
9789839751	antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	3
9789839752	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	4
9789839755	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	5
9789839756	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	6
9789839757	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	7
9789839759	blank verse	Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter	8
9789839761	cacophony	Harsh, discordant, or meaningless mixture of sounds	9
9789839762	cadence	Rhythmic rise and fall	10
9789839764	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	11
9789839765	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	12
9789839766	couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.	13
9789839768	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word	14
9789839769	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	15
9789839770	diction	The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	16
9789839773	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	17
9789839774	end-stopped line	A line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation	18
9789839775	enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	19
9789839776	epitaph	A brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone	20
9789839777	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	21
9789839779	flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	22
9789839780	foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	23
9789839782	frame story	A secondary story or stories embedded in the main story	24
9789839783	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	25
9789839784	genre	A category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.	26
9789839785	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	27
9789839788	hubris	Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	28
9789839789	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	29
9789839791	imagery	Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.	30
9789839792	irony	A contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.	31
9789839793	verbal irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	32
9789839794	situational irony	Occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	33
9789839795	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	34
9789839796	jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	35
9789839797	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	36
9789839799	metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	37
9789839800	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	38
9789839802	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	39
9789839803	motif	(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design	40
9789839804	motivation	A psychological factor that provides a directional force or reason for behavior.	41
9789839805	narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	42
9789839806	novel	A long fictional narrative written in prose, usually having many characters and a strong plot.	43
9789839807	novella	A short novel usually under 100 pages.	44
9789839809	octave	a verse form consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter	45
9789839811	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	46
9789839812	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	47
9789839814	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	48
9789839815	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	49
9789839817	parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	50
9789839820	persona	A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to people's behavior.	51
9789839821	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	52
9789839822	plot	Sequence of events in a story	53
9789839823	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	54
9789839826	protagonist	Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some objective or working toward some goal.	55
9789839827	pun	A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	56
9789839828	quatrain	4 line stanza	57
9789839829	refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	58
9789839830	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	59
9789839831	end rhyme	A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line	60
9789839833	forced rhyme	when two words don't really rhyme together, but an author uses similar spelled, or sounding words to try to create a rhyme; Ex: stone, one	61
9789839834	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	62
9789839835	slant rhyme	rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme	63
9789839836	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	64
9789839837	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	65
9789839839	shifts/turns	Changes in the speaker's attitude. Look for key words such as but, yet, however, and although, punctuation, and stanza division.	66
9789839840	sonnet	14-line lyric poem focused on a single theme; usually written in iambic pentameter	67
9789839841	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.	68
9789839842	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	69
9789839843	syntax	Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences	70
9789839844	theme	A topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.	71
9789839845	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	72
9789839846	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	73

Powered by Quizlet.com

Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9790042469	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia	0
9790042470	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens	1
9790042471	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	2
9790042472	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	3
9790042473	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	4
9790042474	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	5
9790042475	Specific immunity	B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	6
9790042476	Adaptive immunity	Specific immunity	7
9790042477	Lymphocyte	White blood cell	8
9790042478	B Cells	Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by T cells or free antigens	9
9790042479	T Cells	Cell-mediated response, stimulating by APCs	10
9790042480	Helper T Cell	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC	11
9790042481	Cytotoxic T Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells	12
9790042482	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	13
9790042483	MHC I	molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy	14
9790042484	MHC II	molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells	15
9790042485	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection	16
9790042486	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	17
9790042487	Antigen	Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen	18
9790042488	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	19
9790042489	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells	20
9790042490	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	21
9790042491	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine	22

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6552586060	Dehydration	connecting monomers together by the removal of water	0
6552586061	Hydrolysis	disassembling polymers by the addition of water	1
6552586062	Disaccharides	glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose	2
6552586063	Polysaccharides	Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure) Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)	3
6552586064	Lipids	hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains	4
6552586065	Fats	consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)	5
6552586066	Phospholipids	consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic	6
6552586067	Protein structure and organization	composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)	7
6552586068	Protein functions (8)	1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins	8
6552586069	Nucleic Acids	DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins	9
6552586070	Nuclear Envelope	double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER	10
6552586071	Chromatin	uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division	11
6552586072	Nucleolus	nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these	12
6552586073	Rough ER	covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes	13
6552586074	Smooth ER	metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons)	14
6552586075	Golgi	stores, transports, and secretes cell products	15
6552586076	Cytoskeleton	supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products	16
6552586077	Centrosomes (2 centrioles)	only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division	17
6552586078	Lysosomes	only in animal cells, digestive organelles	18
6552586079	Flagella	only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility	19
6552586080	Extracellular Matrix	only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell	20
6552586081	Central Vacuole	only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells)	21
6552586082	Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic	nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids	22
6552586083	Phospholipid Bilayer	tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied	23
6552586084	Passive trasport	movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion 2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins)	24
6552586085	Active transport	movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)	25
6552586086	Membrane Potential	voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in neurons)	26
6552586087	Electrochemical Gradient	diffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane potential and concentration gradient	27
6552586088	Hypertonic	solution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed	28
6552586089	Hypotonic	solution with lower concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would lyse/become turgid	29
6552586090	Isotonic	equal levels of solute concentration, plant cell in this solution would become flaccid	30
6552586091	When ΔG is negative...	...the reaction is exergonic (loss of free energy).	31
6552586092	When ΔG is positive...	...the reaction is endergonic (gain of free energy).	32
6552586093	Enzymes	proteins that are biological catalysts, lower the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction (reactants at unstable transition state) can be used over and over	33
6552586094	Substrate	the substance that an enzyme acts upon	34
6552586095	Active Site	region of enzyme that binds to the substrate	35
6552586096	Induced fit	change in the shape of an enzyme's active site induced by the substrate, helps to break down the substrate	36
6552586097	The higher the substrate concentration...	...the faster the reaction until the enzyme becomes saturated.	37
6552586098	Denaturation	the unraveling of an enzyme due to high temperatures or incompatible pH	38
6552586099	Cofactors	nonprotein molecules that are required for proper enzyme function, cofactors made of organic molecules are called coenzymes	39
6552586100	Enzyme inhibition may be irreversible if...	...the inhibitor attaches by covalent bonds (poisons, toxins)	40
6552586101	Competitive Inhibitors	resemble a substrate and block enzymes' active sites, can be overcome with higher concentration of substrate	41
6552586102	Noncompetitive Inhibitors	bind to a portion of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site so that it cannot match with substrates, used for regulating metabolic reactions	42
6552586103	Feedback Inhibition	the product of a metabolic pathway switches off the enzyme that created it earlier in the process	43
6552586104	Oxidation	loss of electrons (OIL)	44
6552586105	Reduction	gain of electrons (RIG)	45
6552586106	Oxidative Phosphorylation	ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions that transfer electrons to oxygen	46
6552586107	Electron Acceptors	Cellular respiration: NAD+ and FAD (to NADH and FADH2) Photosynthesis: NADP+ (to NADPH)	47
6552586108	Glycolysis	Input: glucose, 2 ATP Output: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH	48
6552586109	Conversion Reaction before Kreb's	Input: 2 pyruvate Output: 2 acetyl (w/ CoA), 2 NADH, 2 CO2	49
6552586110	Krebs Cycle	Input: 2 acetyl ➝ citric acid Output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 (after 2 turns of the cycle)	50
6552586111	Electron Transport Chain	Input: NADH, FADH2, O2 (to accept e-) Output: 34-38 ATP, H2O	51
6552586112	Alcohol Fermentation	Input: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 4 ATP (net 2)	52
6552586113	Lactic Acid Fermentation	Input: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 lactate, 4 ATP (net 2)	53
6552586114	Photosynthetic Equation		54
6552586115	Chloroplast structure	Exciting chlorophyll: chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, which excites electrons to produce potential energy	55
6552586116	Light Reactions	Input: H2O (2 e-), light energy, NADP+ Output: O2, ATP, NADPH	56
6552586117	Calvin Cycle	Input: 6 CO2 (fixed to RuBP by Rubisco), ATP, NADPH Output: 2 G3P = 1 glucose	57
6552586118	Watson and Crick	built the first accurate 3D DNA model	58
6552586119	Leading Strand vs. Lagging Strand	works toward replication fork / works away from replication fork; both always move in the 5' ➝ 3' direction	59
6552586120	Steps of DNA Replication	1) helicase separates the DNA strands 2) SSB proteins prevent DNA from reanneling 3) primase creates RNA primer 4) DNA polymerase extends DNA strand from the primer 5) DNA polymerase I (RNase H) removes the primers 6) ligase joins the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand	60
6552586121	3 types of RNA	1) mRNA messenger 2) tRNA transfer amino acids (20 kinds) 3) rRNA ribosomes	61
6552586122	Transcription	1) Initiation: promoter site (TATA) is recognized 2) Elongation: RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides in the 5' ➝ 3' direction 3) Termination: RNA strand separates, RNA polymerase recognizes termination sequence (AAUAAA)	62
6552586123	RNA processing/splicing	splicesomes remove introns and put together exons, 5' cap and PolyA tail are added	63
6552586124	Codon vs. Anticodon	codon = nucleotide sequence on mRNA anticodon = nucleotide sequence on tRNA	64
6552586125	Translation	1) Initiation: 5' cap attaches to ribosome which accepts an initiator tRNA at the P site (*AUG will always be 1st codon) 2) Elongation: codon/anticodon recognition and formation of peptide bond between A site amino acid and P site amino acid chain 3) translocation of the ribosome down the mRNA strand 4) Termination: ribosome will recognize stop codon and release the protein	65
6552586126	DNA mutations	base-pair substitution; insertion/deletion; frameshift: 1) missense = different protein 2) nonsense = codes for a stop signal prematurely 3) silent = no harmful change	66
6552586127	Prokaryotic cell division	binary fission: splits in 2, exact copies, quick and efficient with few mutations, but reduces amount of genetic variation	67
6552586128	Somatic cell vs. Gamete	any body cell except gametes / reproductive cells (sperm, egg)	68
6552586129	Interphase	(90% of cell's life) G1: 1st growth, normal metabolic activity (goes into G0 phase if it is not ready for next phase); S: synthesis, DNA replication; G2: 2nd growth, prepares for mitosis	69
6552586130	Mitosis	1) Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleus disappears 2) Metaphase: chromosomes line up at equator, kinetechore microtubules attach 3) Anaphase: sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell 4) Telophase and Cytokinesis: daughter cells separate, nucleus reforms, chromosomes decondense	70
6552586131	Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks)	a regulatory protein that depends upon the presence of cyclin to complete its function, MPF is a Cdk that triggers a cell's passage into the M phase	71
6552586132	Meiosis I	1) Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair up and synapsis occurs, crossing over segments of the chromosomes (chiasma) to create more genetic variation 2) Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up at the equator 3) Anaphase: homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. 4) Telophase I...	72
6552586133	Meiosis II	Prophase II - Telophase II act exactly like mitosis except that the resultant number of daughter cells is 4 instead of 2, each with their own unique combination of genetic information	73
6552586134	4 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation	1) Mutation 2) Independent Assortment: homologous chromosomes align randomly on one side of the equator or another 3) Crossing Over 4) Random Fertilization: a zygote can be any combination of a sperm and egg (64 trillion different combinations in humans)	74
6552586135	Testcross	breed a homozygous recessive individual with an individual with a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype to determine whether or not the individual is homozygous or heterozygous	75
6552586136	Dyhybrid heterozygous cross ratio	9:3:3:1	76
6552586137	Incomplete Dominance	heterozygous offspring have an intermediate phenotype of the parents, 1:2:1 ratio (ex. pink flower from red and white flowers)	77
6552586138	Codominance	both alleles manifest themselves separately in an organism's phenotype (ex. roan cattle)	78
6552586139	Multiple alleles	a trait controlled by two or more alleles (ex. blood type, eye color)	79
6552586140	Blood Types	A: A antigen, B antibody B: B antigen, A antibody AB: A and B antigen, no antibodies (universal recipient) O: no antigens, A and B antibodies (universal donor)	80
6552586141	Polygenic Inheritance	the additive effect of 2 or more independently assorted genes on phenotype (ex. human skin pigment)	81
6552586142	Linked genes phenotypic ratio	two large numbers (wild and mutant) and two much smaller numbers (recombinant phenotypes)	82
6552586143	Genetic Map (Linkage/Cytological Map)	ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome, recombinant frequencies can be used to construct it (smaller the percentage = closer together)	83
6552586144	X Inactivation	in females during embryonic development, one of the two X chromosomes in a cell becomes inactive (Barr body) (ex. calico cats)	84
6552586145	Nondisjucntion	homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I or II	85
6552586146	Aneuploidy	one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number; Trisomic = 3 copies instead of 2, Monosomic = 1 copy instead of 2	86
6552586147	Polyploidy	when there is a whole extra set of chromosomes (ex. oversized fruits); Triploidy = 3 sets, Tetraploidy = 4 sets	87
6552586148	4 alterations to gene structure	1) Deletion: removal of chromosomal segment 2) Duplication: repetition of a segment 3) Inversion: reversal of a segment within a chromosome 4) Translocation: movement of a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one	88
6552586149	3 stages in cell cummunication	1) Reception: cell detects a signal via connection of a ligand to a receptor protein 2) Transduction: the receptor protein converts the signal to a form that can cause a chemical response 3) Response: transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response	89
6552586150	Types of cell signaling (4)	synaptic, paracrine, hormonal	90
6552586151	Examples of cell signaling	G-protein coupled receptor, ligand-gated ion channels, steroid hormones (dissolved across plasma membrane, intracellular receptor)	91
6552586152	Second Messengers and Phosphorylation cascade	second messengers and kinases spread throughout a cell that help amplify a cellular signal by a series of phosphorylation reactions (addition of phosphate)	92
6552586153	Virus structure	nonliving, can't rproduce on their own; Capsid: protein coat that encloses the viral genome; Envelope: membrane that surrounds some viral capsids; Phage: protein encapsulated virus that attacks bacteria	93
6552586154	Lytic Cycle	1) virus attaches to host cell 2) phage DNA enters cell and the cell's DNA degrades (*restriction enzymes in bacteria could destroy them) 3) synthesis of viral genomes and proteins 4) assembly of phages within cell 5) release of viruses, destroys cell	94
6552586155	Lysogenic Cycle	the virus inserts its DNA into a host cell, and its DNA integrates with the DNA of the host, allows it to be replicated without being attacked for long periods of time before entering the lytic cycle	95
6552586156	Retrovirus	RNA virus that transcribes its RNA into DNA to insert into host cells (ex. HIV)	96
6552586157	Provirus	a viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome	97
6552586158	Viral Transduction	contributes to bacterial genetic variation	98
6552586159	Repressible Operon	trp operon - usually on, can be repressed. Repressor protein produced in inactive shape	99
6552586160	Inducible Operon	lac operon - usually off, can be turned on. Repressor protein produced in active shape.	100
6552586161	cAMP and CAP regulated Operon	when CAP is inactive, transcription continues at a much less efficient rate even in the presence of lactose	101
6552586162	Histone Acetylation	the loosening of chromatin structure (euchromatin), promotes transcription	102
6552586163	Histone Methylation	the condensing of chromatin structure (heterochromatin), prevents transcription	103
6552586164	Transcription Factors and Enhancers	RNA polymerase requires the assistance of transcription factor proteins and enhancers or activators to successfully transcribe RNA	104
6552586165	Epigenetic Inheritance	inheritance of traits not directly related to nucleotide sequence (ex. fat, sickly, yellow rats were fed a methylated diet, resulted in offspring that were normal-sized, healthy, and brown)	105
6552586166	5 Evidences for Evolution	1) Biogeography 2) Fossil Record 3) Comparative Anatomy 4) Comparative Embryology 5) Molecular Biology	106
6552586167	4 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (not evolving)	1) very large population 2) isolation from other populations 3) no mutations 4) no natural selection	107
6552586168	Microevolution vs. Macroevolution	change in the gene pool of a population over several generations / large scale changes in a population that leads to the evolution of a new species	108
6552586169	4 causes of Microevolution	1) genetic drift 2) gene flow 4) natural selection	109
6552586170	Genetic Drift	random change in gene frequency of a small breeding population: 1) Founder Effect = small population of organisms colonizes a new area, 2) Bottleneck Effect = sudden decrease in population size due to disaster	110
6552586171	Gene Flow	loss/addition of alleles from a population due to imigration/emigration	111
6552586172	Nonrandom Mating	selection of mates for specific phenotypes: 1) Assortative Mating = when individuals select partners with simple phenotypic characters, 2) Inbreeding = more recessive traits likely to come together	112
6552586173	3 Modes of Natural Selection	1) Stabilizing: favors intermediate, 2) Directional: favors one extreme phenotype, 3) Diversifying: favors both extremes	113
6552586174	Heterozygote Advantage	heterozygotes for a trait are more likely to survive (ex. carriers of sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria)	114
6552586175	Biological Species Concept	population whose members can create viable, fertile offspring (Problems: doesn't apply to extinct animals or asexually reproducing organisms)	115
6552586176	Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers	1) Habitat Isolation 2) Behavioral Isolation (differing behaviors for attracting mates) 3) Temporal Isolation (mate at different times) 4) Mechanical Isolation 5) Gametic Isolation (unable to fertilize egg)	116
6552586177	Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers	1) Reduced Hybrid Viability (disruption in embryonic stage) 2) Reduced Hybrid Fertility 3) Hybrid Breakdown (F1 is fertile, F2 is sterile or weak)	117
6552586178	Allopatric Speciation	when populations become geographically isolated from the rest of the species and has the potential to develop a new species (ex. Adaptive Radiation: many diversely adapted species from common ancestor, Darwin's finches)	118
6552586179	Sympatric Speciation	members of a population develop gametic differences that prevent them from reproducing with the parental type (polyploidy, not as common)	119
6552586180	Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Gradualism	evolution occurs in short spurts of rapid change / each new species will evolve gradually over long spans of time	120
6552586181	Convergent Evolution	different organisms that occupy similar environments come to resemble one another (ex. dolphins and sharks)	121
6552586182	Endosymbiosis	Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence: They have their own DNA and ribosomes, double membrane structure, grow and reproduce on their own within the cell	122
6552586183	Phylogeny	evolutionary history of a species or group of related species	123
6552586184	Taxonomic groups from broad to narrow (8)	Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species	124
6552586185	3 mechanisms in which bacteria transfer genetic materials	1) Transformation: prokaryote takes up DNA from its environment 2) Transduction: viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes 3) Conjugation: genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote to another over a temporary "mating bridge"	125
6552586186	Types of Symbiotic Relationships	Mutualism (+, +), Commensalism (+, 0), Parasitism, (+, -)	126
6552586187	Factors that influence Transpiration Rate	Temperature: higher temperature, faster rate; Humidity: higher humidity, slower rate; Sunlight: more sun, faster rate; Wind: more wind, faster rate	127
6552586188	Lines of Immune Defense	1st Line) skin oil and sweat, mucous; 2nd Line) nonspecific phagocytes and cytotoxic immune cells; 3rd Line) specific immune system	128
6552586189	Primary and Secondary Immune Response		129
6552586190	Active vs. Passive Immunity	depends on the response of a person's own immune system (artificial = vaccines) / immunity passed from one organism to another	130
6552586191	B cells vs. T cells (maturation)	mature in bone marrow / mature in thymus	131
6552586192	Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses		132
6552586193	Non-steroid hormone vs. Steroid hormone	travels in bloodstream, binds to receptor on cell surface / travels in bloodstream, binds to receptor inside the cell	133
6552586194	Endotherms vs. Ectotherms	warmed by heat generated by metabolism (mammals, birds) / generate little metabolic heat, warmed by environment	134
6552586195	Niche	a position/role taken by a kind of organism within its community	135
6552586196	Resource Partitioning	division of environmental resources by coexisting species	136
6552586197	Per capita Growth Rate	birth - death / total population	137
6552586198	Exponential vs. Logistic Growth	in logistic growth, carrying capacity will limit the population's size	138
6552586199	Density-dependent Regulation	Density-independent: natural disasters, human impact, etc.	139
6552586200	Keystone Species	species that exerts strong control on community structure not by numerical might but by their pivotal ecological roles or niches	140
6552586201	Energy Pyramid	each energy level receives only 10% of the pervious level's energy	141
6552586202	Gross Primary Production vs. Net Primary Production	total amount of energy from light converted to chemical energy to organic molecules / GPP - energy used by primary producers for "autotrophic respiration"	142
6552586203	Carbon Cycle	Connect photosynthesis (fixation) to cellular respiration (CO2 release)	143
6552586204	Plasmids	a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome	144
6552586205	Recombinant DNA	a DNA vector made in vitro with segments from different sources	145
6552586206	Restriction Enzyme	an enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites), can then be used to create recombinant DNA	146
6552586207	Gel Electrophoresis	analyzing fragments of DNA (RFLPs) by their length and charge to determine genetic fingerprints and other genetic information	147

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP ensayo vocabulario Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9105242457	Según	according to	0
9105248905	fuente	source	1
9105255871	Me parece que	It seems to me	2
9105259927	por eso	for this reason	3
9105263425	La evidencia mostrará que	The evidence will show that	4
9105266692	No cabe duda que	there is no doubt that	5
9105271613	Es claro que	It is clear that	6
9105279987	Es evidente que	It's evident that	7
9105285357	a causa de	because of	8
9105285360	debido a	due to	9
9105294461	a pesar de	in spite of	10
9105289013	además	also	11
9105305674	eso demuestra que	this shows that	12
9105309375	...nos indica que...	This indicates to us that...	13
9105316888	en conclusión	In conclusion	14
9105326204	para concluir	to conclude	15
9105333822	De acuerdo con el artículo	In agreement with the article	16
9105337346	la gráfica	graphic	17
9105342856	menciona	mentions	18
9105342858	afirma	affirms	19
9105345665	indica	indicates	20
9105352730	reporta	reports	21
9105352736	el autor	the author	22
9105355295	el audio	the audio	23
9105367020	la mayoria de las personas entrevistadas indicaron que...	the majority of the people interviewed indicated that...	24
9105371512	expresa	expresses	25
9105375242	entusiasmo por	enthusiasm	26
9105396182	preocupación por	worry for, about	27
9105403429	descuerdo con	disagreement with	28
9105410141	En mi opinión	In my opinion	29
9105496336	en resumen	in summary (to conclude)	30
9105513977	sin embargo	nevertheless	31

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

AP Macroeconomics: Final Review Flashcards

AP Psychology - Developmental Psychology Flashcards

AP Euro Review Flashcards

AP Literature - Literary Terms Flashcards

Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

AP Biology Review Flashcards

Flashcards

AP ensayo vocabulario Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org