| 5022232721 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | energy is neither created nor destroyed, only converted | | 0 |
| 5022273390 | 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | energy transfer results in increased entropy
>large portion lost as heat | | 1 |
| 5022337212 | potential energy | stored energy | | 2 |
| 5022338872 | kinetic energy | movement energy | | 3 |
| 5022338873 | metabolism | the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that are necessary to life
**Enzymes control metabolic reactions | | 4 |
| 5022344132 | catabolism | breakdown (hydrolysis) of a molecule which releases potential energy found in chemical bonds between monomers
EXERGONIC - releases energy | | 5 |
| 5022349047 | anabolism | assembly (synthesis) of molecules which requires kinetic energy
ENDERGONIC - absorbs energy | | 6 |
| 5022373524 | Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) | energy available to organisms to perform work
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
G = free energy
H = enthalpy
T = temperature
S = entropy | | 7 |
| 5022392356 | enthalpy | total useable energy in system
**starts out large but becomes smaller as food is broken down (energy is being released) | | 8 |
| 5022394756 | entropy | total non-useable energy in system
**starts at zero but becomes larger as the reactions continue to occur | | 9 |
| 5022424428 | What does it mean if ΔG is negative? | energy is available to do work
**exergonic
ex. result of cellular respiration | | 10 |
| 5022424429 | What does it mean if ΔG is positive? | energy is not available to do work because it is "locked up"
**endergonic
ex. photosynthesis | | 11 |
| 5022497682 | How do cells make an effort to manage energy? | couple reactions
**Exergonic reaction provides the energy to run an endergonic reaction | | 12 |
| 5022500817 | ATP | this is made in cellular respiration and molecule cells use it whenever they need energy
**adenosine triphosphate |  | 13 |
| 5022524196 | Is breaking down ATP exergonic or endergonic? | exergonic
**needed to run endergonic | | 14 |
| 5022529180 | How does a cell use ATP for energy (chemical reactions)? | When the cell needs energy, the enzyme breaks off the terminal phosphate group and is added to another molecule, giving it energy. | | 15 |
| 5022577163 | How does a cell use ATP for energy (transport/mechanical)? | phosphorylation of protein causes shape change allowing molecule to pass | | 16 |
| 5022588381 | Where is the energy in ATP found? | phosphate bonds
**kinases break those bonds | | 17 |
| 5023833747 | What are the two ways that cells make ATP? | substrate level phosphorylation
chemiosmosis | | 18 |
| 5023877642 | What is substrate level phosphorylation? | phosphate group transferred on ADP from another organic molecule | | 19 |
| 5023877643 | What is chemiosmosis? | energy is used to pump H+ into space, creating area of potential energy, and as protons diffuse across the membrane, they activate ATP synthase, which makes ATP | | 20 |
| 5023892826 | oxidation | loss of electrons | | 21 |
| 5023892827 | reduction | gain of electrons | | 22 |
| 5023895197 | What do electrons have? | energy | | 23 |
| 5023919838 | glycolysis | process in which glucose is broken in half
**Step 1 of cellular respiration |  | 24 |
| 5023923654 | How does glucose get into a cell? | facilitated diffusion
or
active transport | | 25 |
| 5023925865 | Which cells do glycolysis? | ALL (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) | | 26 |
| 5023933663 | Where does glycolysis occur? | cytoplasm | | 27 |
| 5023938703 | What are the products of glycolysis? | *2 ATP* (4 made, 2 used)
2 pyruvates
2 NADH | | 28 |
| 5024156959 | pyruvate | half of a glucose molecule | | 29 |
| 5024158967 | NAD+ | empty
not carrying electrons or protons | | 30 |
| 5024158968 | NADH | carrying electrons or protons | | 31 |
| 5024167064 | oxidative decarboxylation | the "prep step" before the Krebs cycle where pyruvates enter the matrix of the mitochondria to be converted into Acetyl CoA and produce 2 CO₂ and 2 NADH
**Acetyl CoA controls whether energy is being made or stored | | 32 |
| 5024168699 | Krebs Cycle | the glucose halves (pyruvates) are broken down further so more energy can be extracted (since there is much energy left in the products of glycolysis)
**Step 2 in cellular respiration, also called the citric acid cycle and includes oxidative decarboxylation |  | 33 |
| 5029466822 | Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | mitochondria | | 34 |
| 5029473268 | Which cells do the Krebs cycle? | eukaryotes | | 35 |
| 5029501592 | What are the total products of the Krebs cycle (from both pyruvates total, including oxidative decarboxylation)? | 6 CO₂
8 NADH
2 FADH₂
*2 ATP* | | 36 |
| 5029527738 | mitochondria | cristae (folds) exist to have more surface area |  | 37 |
| 5029558749 | electron transport chain | Energy from the electron carriers creates an area of high proton concentration, and the protons enter and energize ATP synthase, allowing it to make ATP
**Step 3 in cellular respiration, also called oxidative phosphorylation |  | 38 |
| 5029594333 | Where does the electron transport chain take place? | inner membrane space | | 39 |
| 5029601134 | cytochromes | proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
**transfer electrons in the electron transport chain | | 40 |
| 5029613109 | What are the products of the electron transport chain? | 32 ATP | | 41 |
| 5029618688 | In the electron transport chain, how is the energy from the electrons used? | to pump protons into the inner membrane space | | 42 |
| 5029618689 | In the electron transport chain, how is the energy from the H+ gradient (difference in the amount of protons in two areas) used? | to energize ATP synthase
**makes lots of ATP | | 43 |
| 5029639727 | Why do you need oxygen to survive? | It is required for the electron transport chain because it transfers electrons (accepts them) to keep the chain going. If it isn't there, the chain runs out of electrons and stops. | | 44 |
| 5029663539 | What are the steps of the electron transport chain? | --1. NADH (reduced) from matrix joins with the first cytochrome in the chain.
--2. Electrons are passed along from cytochrome to cytochrome in chain.
--3. Energy allows other cytochromes to pick up 2 protons from the matrix and pump them into the inter membrane space.
--4. Last cytochrome in chain donates the electrons to 2 protons and 1/2 O₂ to make an H₂O molecule.
--5. 2 protons in the inner membrane space reenter the matrix through ATP synthase.
--6. FADH₂ enter at the 2nd site.
--7. NADH (from glycolysis) adds its 2 electrons via a shuttle protein. | | 45 |
| 5029737061 | Basic summary of cellular respiration: | --1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvates.
--2. Pyruvates diffuse into mitochondria.
--3. Electron carriers (NADH & FADH₂) carry electrons released from breakdown of glucose to electron transport chain.
--4. Electron transport chain uses energy of electrons to create area of high proton concentration.
--5. Oxygen removes electrons from electron transport chain. | | 46 |
| 5029755879 | What happens if the oxygen runs out in the electron transport chain? | fermentation | | 47 |
| 5029758289 | fermentation | anaerobic pathway used to oxidize NADH (meaning it is turned into NAD+) that keeps glycolysis going
**there are only a finite amount of NAD+ molecules available because if all the NAD+ molecules are reduced (NADH), then there is no more glycolysis | | 48 |
| 5029776860 | alcoholic fermentation | type of fermentation in which ethyl alcohol is the product
**used by prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes (yeast)
**beer, wine, bread |  | 49 |
| 5029841463 | lactic acid fermentation | type of fermentation that is used by eukaryotes when O₂ is limited
**soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, sore muscles |  | 50 |
| 5029896133 | What happens when there is a high energy demand for a short period of time? | cells use glycolysis, but not for very long, and you breathe very heavily after you're done | | 51 |
| 5029904554 | What happens when there is a high energy demand for a long period of time? | cells use cellular respiration until glucose or oxygen begins to run out, and you breathe regularly during | | 52 |
| 5029909617 | Why do athletes train? | to get their body parts developed to better provide energy
**heart: fit athletes are able to deliver more blood per heartbeat
**lungs: muscles around lungs are able to expand lungs more during breathing to get more oxygen
**muscles: developed muscles are able to receive more blood flow
**more blood = more oxygen = more energy | | 53 |
| 5035604454 | photosynthesis | endergonic process done by photoautotrophs that converts light energy into chemical energy
**Glucose has more energy than CO₂ and H₂O | | 54 |
| 5035625179 | Formula for photosynthesis: | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ | | 55 |
| 5035642300 | What are the four requirements for photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide
water
light
pigments | | 56 |
| 5035647142 | Why is carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis? | used to make carbohydrates | | 57 |
| 5044326004 | Why is water required for photosynthesis? | provides hydrogen and oxygen for carbohydrates and electrons to keep pigments "loaded" | | 58 |
| 5044328530 | Why is light required for photosynthesis? | provides energy
**7 wavelengths, humans see whatever color is reflected | | 59 |
| 5044331181 | Why are pigments required for photosynthesis? | absorb light
**The more pigments a plant has, the more light it absorbs. | | 60 |
| 5044684207 | What is a pigment's role in photosynthesis? | absorb light
get excited
lose electrons
electrons passed to other electron carriers | | 61 |
| 5044424040 | chlorophyll a | main pigment in a plant that absorbs mainly red and blue but reflects green (which is why we perceive a plant as green)
**participates directly in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis | | 62 |
| 5044439235 | accessory pigments | pigments that absorb a wide range of light and pass absorbed energy to chlorophyll | | 63 |
| 5044441504 | carotene | pigment that appears orange | | 64 |
| 5044441505 | xanthophyll | pigment that appears yellow | | 65 |
| 5044447040 | Where are pigments found? | in prokaryotes: embedded in membranes
in eukaryotes: embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | | 66 |
| 5044455795 | chloroplasts | site of photosynthesis |  | 67 |
| 5044466713 | thylakoid | individual sac in a chloroplast | | 68 |
| 5044469905 | stroma | interior of chloroplast | | 69 |
| 5044470217 | granum | stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast | | 70 |
| 5044626870 | photophosphorylation | using light energy to phosphorylate | | 71 |
| 5044631808 | What is the difference between NADP and NAD? | NADP is used in photosynthesis, NAD used in cellular respiration
**Think P for photosynthesis | | 72 |
| 5044635077 | What allows organisms to grow? | Energy and nutrients from food | | 73 |
| 5044640128 | What are the two types of photosynthesis? | cyclic photophosphorylation
complex photosynthesis | | 74 |
| 5044643549 | cyclic photophosphorylation | simple form of photosynthesis that is performed by photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) in which only ATP is made (no NADPH is made- no biosynthesis)
**cyclic electron flow | | 75 |
| 5044645919 | complex photosynthesis | photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts of eukaryotes (plant cells) that produces ATP and a source of reducing power
**oxidation-reduction reaction: CO₂ is reduced and H₂O is oxidized | | 76 |
| 5044676153 | NADP+ | NAD+ with phosphate group added that carries electrons and protons to reduce the CO₂ | | 77 |
| 5050217625 | light dependent reactions | also called light reactions, this is the first half of photosynthesis in which light energy is converted to chemical energy
Location: thylakoid membranes
Products: ATP, NADPH, oxygen
**light REQUIRED | | 78 |
| 5050229664 | light independent reactions | also called dark reactions or the Calvin cycle, this is the second half of photosynthesis in which products of light reactions are used to make carbohydrates and carbon fixation occurs
Location: stroma
Products: glucose, ribulose bisphosphate (to keep cycle running)
**light NOT REQUIRED | | 79 |
| 5050304177 | carbon fixation | the incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism
**Occurs in the Calvin cycle | | 80 |
| 5050251851 | Steps of light dependent reactions: | *1. Photosystem I receives light*
--pigments lose e- to Ferredoxin, Fd passes e- to NADP+ reductase
*2. Photosystem II receives light*
--pigments lose e- to Plastiquinone, Pq passes e- to cytochrome complex, cytochrome complex passes e- along to Plastocyanin, PC passes e- to PS-I
*3. Protein Z breaks water apart*
--H+ in thylakoid space, e- passed onto PS-II to replenish, 1/2 oxygen released
*4. Protein gradient built up in thylakoid space*
--as 2 protons pass across thylakoid membrane, ATP is generated | | 81 |
| 5050253713 | Similarities between light dependent reactions and the electron transport chain: | -Produce ATP
-Electrons passed between cytochromes
-Oxygen molecule is split in half | | 82 |
| 5050255943 | Differences between light dependent reactions and the electron transport chain: | -Location (chloroplast vs. mitochondria)
-Amount of ATP produced (little vs. a lot)
-Electron carriers (NADPH vs. NADH) | | 83 |
| 5050323347 | How do the two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together? | The light dependent reactions trap sunlight energy in chemical form and the light independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. | | 84 |
| 5050337998 | C3 plants | plants that undergo a variation of photosynthesis in which they take in CO₂ and run the Calvin cycle during the day
Ex. maple leaf | | 85 |
| 5050337999 | C4 plants | plants that undergo a variation of photosynthesis in which they store CO₂ into a 4-C molecule during the night and run the Calvin cycle during the day
Ex. corn | | 86 |
| 5050338000 | CAM plants | plants that undergo a variation of photosynthesis in which CO₂ is taken in and stored as organic acid at night, and CO₂ is released from the acid and enters the Calvin cycle during the day
Ex. cactus | | 87 |
| 5050340656 | What are four factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis? | light intensity
temperature
CO₂ concentration
oxygen concentration | | 88 |
| 5050340657 | How does light intensity affect photosynthesis? | As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases.
-Only to a point
-Eventually, all pigments are saturated with light | | 89 |
| 5050343941 | How does temperature affect photosynthesis? | As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases.
-Only to a point
-molecular motion increases, collisions increase
-if temp is too high, enzymes may denature | | 90 |
| 5050344006 | How does CO₂ concentration affect photosynthesis? | As concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. | | 91 |
| 5050347881 | How does oxygen concentration affect photosynthesis? | As concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis decreases.
-happens when the plant is water stressed and stomates are closed | | 92 |
| 5050347882 | leaf | |  | 93 |
| 5044462050 | mesophyll cell | a type of cell, found near the surfaces of plant leaves, that is specialized for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |  | 94 |
| 5050467559 | stomata | openings in leaves to exchange photosynthetic gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen | | 95 |
| 5050467561 | guard cells | cells that regulate the stomata; they close if there is too much water | | 96 |
