AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

2 Natur und Umwelt Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7959535916allerentire0
7959535917Stapel (der, Pl. Stapel)stack1
7959535918Sprachtest (der, Pl. Sprachtests)language test2
7959535919Schütze (der, Pl. Schützen)Sagittarius (astrological sign)3
7959535920bedrohento threaten4
7959535921bedrohtthreatened5
7959535922Bergregion (die, Pl. Bergregionen)mountainous region6
7959535923betreiben(*)to operate, to run7
7959535924erhalten(*)to get, to receive8
7959535925erwachsengrown9
7959535926etwaabout, approximately10
7959535927Freude (die, Pl. Freuden)joy, happiness11
7959535928Geburt (die, Pl. Geburten)birth12
7959535929Gewicht (das, Pl. Gewichte)weight13
7959535930Hauptnahrung (die (nur Sg.))main source of nutrition14
7959535931Junge (das, Pl. Jungen)offspring15
7959535932Lebenserwartung (die (nur Sg.))life expectancy16
7959535933Lebensraum (der, Pl. Lebensräume)habitat17
7959535934Schulwechsel (der, Pl. Schulwechsel)school transfer18
7959535935Naturschutz (der (nur Sg.))nature preservation19
7959535936Schultyp (der, Pl. Schultypen)school type20
7959535937Pandababy (das, Pl. Pandababys)panda baby21
7959535938Schock (der, Pl. Schocks)shock22
7959535939Pandastation (die, Pl. Pandastationen)panda reserve23
7959535940Pärchen (das, Pl. Pärchen)pair, couple24
7959535941Provinz (die, Pl. Provinzen)province25
7959535942Schlüsselanhänger (der, Pl. Schlüsselanhänger)pendant for a keychain26
7959535943Schutz (der (nur Sg.))protection27
7959535944Sensation (die, Pl. Sensationen)sensation28
7959535945Symboltier (das, Pl. Symboltiere)animal symbol29
7959535946Tierart (die, Pl. Tierarten)type of animal30
7959535947Tiergarten (der, Pl. Tiergärten)zoo31
7959535948Schlager (der, Pl. Schlager)German pop32
7959535949Wappentier (das, Pl. Wappentiere)animal mascot33
7959535950wiegen(*)to weigh34
7959535951Wildnis (die, Pl. Wildnisse)wilderness35
7959535952Schimpanse (der, Pl. Schimpansen)chimpanzee36
7959535953Schatten (der, Pl. Schatten)shade, shadow37
7959535954Dokumentation (die, Pl. Dokumentationen)documentary38
7959535955Reporter (der, Pl. Reporter)reporter, journalist39
7959535956Reiseleiter (der, Pl. Reiseleiter)tour leader, trip leader40
7959535957Fell (das, Pl. Felle)fur41
7959535958Freiheit (die, Pl. Freiheiten)freedom42
7959535959Rap (der, Pl. Raps)rap43
7959535960Jahreskarte (die, Pl. Jahreskarten)yearly pass44
7959535961Käfig (der, Pl. Käfige)cage45
7959535962Puderzucker (der, Pl. Puderzucker)confectioner's sugar46
7959535963Mitleid (das (nur Sg.))sympathy47
7959535964reichento suffice48
7959535965rumhängen(*)to hang around49
7959535966Profi-Sportler (der, Pl. Profi-Sportler)professional athlete50
7959535967Schlange (die, Pl. Schlangen)snake51
7959535968stinken(*)to stink52
7959535969Supertier (das, Pl. Supertiere)ideal animal53
7959535970Tierquälerei (die, Pl. Tierquälereien)animal cruelty54
7959535971Allergie (die, Pl. Allergien)allergy55
7959535972Blatt (das, Pl. Blätter)leaf56
7959535973Blitz (der, Pl. Blitze)lightning57
7959535974blühento bloom58
7959535975Porträtfotograf (der, Pl. Porträtfotografen)portrait photographer59
7959535976Ernte (die, Pl. Ernten)harvest60
7959535977erntento harvest61
7959535978feuchtmoist, damp62
7959535979Frühjahr (das, Pl. Frühjahre)spring63
7959535980Getreide (das, Pl. Getreide)grain, cereals64
7959535981Gras (das, Pl. Gräser)grass, lawn65
7959535982Kälte (die (nur Sg.))cold66
7959535983Klima (das (nur Sg.))climate67
7959535984Patient (der, Pl. Patienten)patient68
7959535985nebligfoggy69
7959535986Regenzeit (die, Pl. Regenzeiten)rainy season70
7959535987Pandabär (der, Pl. Pandabären)panda bear71
7959535988Sturm (der, Pl. Stürme)storm72
7959535989unangenehmunpleasant73
7959535990wachsen(*)to grow74
7959535991Wärme (die (nur Sg.))warmth75
7959535992Anstrengung (die, Pl. Anstrengungen)strain, exertion76
7959535993Ast (der, Pl. Äste)branch77
7959535994barrierefreiunblocked, clear78
7959535995Camp (das, Pl. Camps)camp79
7959535996Dreck (der (nur Sg.))dirt, filth80
7959535997Ferienheim (das, Pl. Ferienheime)guest house81
7959535998Insekt (das, Pl. Insekten)insect82
7959535999Kräuter (die (nur Pl.))herbs83
7959536000Liegematte (die, Pl. Liegematten)mattress84
7959536001mithelfen(*)to help out85
7959536002Nässe (die (nur Sg.))wetness, moisture86
7959536003nötignecessary87
7959536004pflanzento plant88
7959536005Schale (die, Pl. Schalen)bowl89
7959536006Speise (die, Pl. Speisen)meal, dish90
7959536007Strauch (der, Pl. Sträucher)bush91
7959536008trotz (+ Gen.)despite92
7959536009überlebento survive93
7959536010übernachtento spend the night94
7959536011Ufer (das, Pl. Ufer)shore95
7959536012Umweltprojekt (das, Pl. Umweltprojekte)environmental project96
7959536013wegen (+ Gen.)because of97
7959536014zerstörento destroy98
7959536015ausmachento turn off99
7959536016Bedarf (der (nur Sg.))need, requirement100
7959536017beleuchtento illuminate101
7959536018Panda (der, Pl. Pandas)panda102
7959536019dreimalthree times, thrice103
7959536020Nebel (der, Pl. Nebel)fog104
7959536021einschaltento turn on105
7959536022Elektroherd (der, Pl. Elektroherde)electric stove106
7959536023Energiekosten (die (nur Pl.))energy costs107
7959536024Ersparnis (die, Pl. Ersparnisse)savings108
7959536025Gasherd (der, Pl. Gasherde)gas stove109
7959536026genießen(*)to savor110
7959536027Gerät (das, Pl. Geräte)device, gadget, appliance111
7959536028Grad (das, Pl. Grade)degree112
7959536029Haushalt (der, Pl. Haushalte)household113
7959536030Heizkosten (die (nur Pl.))heating costs114
7959536031Klimabilanz (die, Pl. Klimabilanzen)carbon footprint115
7959536032Licht (das, Pl. Lichter)light116
7959536033Plastik (das (nur Sg.))plastic117
7959536034sowiesoanyway118
7959536035spürento sense, to notice119
7959536036Stand-By (das (nur Sg.))standby120
7959536037Stand-By-Betrieb (der (nur Sg.))standby mode121
7959536038stattinstead122
7959536039Stromkosten (die (nur Pl.))electric costs123
7959536040Temperatur (die, Pl. Temperaturen)temperature124
7959536041Tüte (die, Pl. Tüten)bag125
7959536042um ... zuin order to126
7959536043verbrauchento use up127
7959536044verlassen(*)to exit, to leave128
7959536045verzichten (auf + Akk.)to forego, to do without, to refrain from129
7959536046Wohntemperatur (die, Pl. Wohntemperaturen)room temperature130
7959536047Abfall (der, Pl. Abfälle)waste, garbage131
7959536048Batterie (die, Pl. Batterien)battery132
7959536049damitso that133
7959536050Dieb (der, Pl. Diebe)thief134
7959536051Einkaufen (das (nur Sg.))shopping135
7959536052Gas (das, Pl. Gase)gas136
7959536053Kosten (die (nur Pl.))costs137
7959536054Müll (der (nur Sg.))waste, garbage138
7959536055produzierento produce, to manufacture139
7959536056recycelnto recycle140
7959536057schließen(*)to shut, to close141
7959536058schonento spare142
7959536059senkento lower143
7959536060trennento sort, to separate144
7959536061Trinkflasche (die, Pl. Trinkflaschen)drink bottle145
7959536062verschwendento waste146
7959536063zurückdrehento dial back147
7959536064Nachhilfejob (der, Pl. Nachhilfejobs)tutoring job148
7959536065Bäuerin (die, Pl. Bäuerinnenn)farmer (f)149
7959536066Musiklehrer (der, Pl. Musiklehrer)music teacher150
7959536067Erdbeere (die, Pl. Erdbeeren)strawberry151
7959536068Musikdownload (der, Pl. Musikdownloads)music download152
7959536069Etikett (das, Pl. Etiketten)label153
7959536070Joghurtglas (das, Pl. Joghurtgläser)yogurt cup154
7959536071Joghurtkultur (die, Pl. Joghurtkulturen)yogurt culture155
7959536072Meister (der, Pl. Meister)master156
7959536073liefernto deliver157
7959536074Medienstar (der, Pl. Medienstars)media star158
7959536075Molkerei (die, Pl. Molkereien)dairy159
7959536076Plastikfolie (die, Pl. Plastikfolien)plastic wrap160
7959536077Region (die, Pl. Regionen)region161
7959536078stammento originate162
7959536079transportierento transport163
7959536080Verpackung (die, Pl. Verpackungen)packaging164
7959536081heizento heat165

AP Psychology - Social Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
9683009566Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.0
9683009567Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.1
9683009568Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.2
9683009569Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.3
9683009570Central Route Persuasionattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.4
9683009571Peripheral Route Persuasionattitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.5
9683009572Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.6
9683009573Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.7
9683009574Cognitive Dissonance Theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.8
9683009575Conformityadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.9
9683009576Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.10
9683009577Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.11
9683009578Deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.12
9683009579Group Polarizationthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.13
9683009580Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.14
9683009581Norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.15
9683009582Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.16
9683009583Stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.17
9683009584Discrimination(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.18
9683009585Ingroup"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.19
9683009586Outgroup"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.20
9683009587Ingroup Biasthe tendency to favor our own group.21
9683009588Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.22
9683009589Other-Race Effectthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias23
9683009590Just-World Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.24
9683009591Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.25
9683009592Mere Exposure Effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.26
9683009593Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.27
9683009594Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.28
9683009595Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others.29
9683009596Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.30
9683009597Reciprocityan expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.31
9683009598Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.32
9683009599Self Fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment33
9683009600Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.34
9683009601Diffusion of Responsibilityreduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others35
9683009602ComplianceConforming to a request or demand36
9683009603Stanley MilgramConducted the shock experiment to measure obedience to authority37
9683009604Philip ZimbardoCreated a mock prison to evaluate the influence of social roles on human behavior38
9683009605Solomon AschCreated an experiment that involved comparing sets of lines to determine the influence of others on conformity39

AP - Poetry Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7207105831Abecedarian"poems most commonly used as mnemonic devices and word games for children, such as those written by Dr. Seuss and Edward Gorey.."0
7207105832AnaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. "As one of the world's oldest poetic techniques, it is used in much of the world's religious and devotional poetry, including numerous Biblical Psalms."1
7207105833Ballada poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture. "Their subject matter dealt with religious themes, love, tragedy, domestic crimes, propaganda.?2
7207105834Ballade"One of the principal form of music and poetry in fourteenth and fifteenth-century France."3
7207105835Blues Poem"Typically takes on themes such as struggle, despair, and sex."4
7207105836The Bob"Not unlike the Shakespearean sonnet in trajectory, it is a form of poetic argument consisting of three stanzas."5
7207105837Cento"From the Latin word for 'patchwork,' it is a poetic form made up of lines from poems by other poets."6
7207105838Chance Operations"Can be almost anything from throwing darts and rolling dice, to the ancient Chinese deviation method, I-Ching, and even sophisticated computer programs." Structure of a piece created by chance. A piece that progresses through movement, a variable that will change, rolling of dice to create a sequence of pre-choreographed movements. This type of poem establishes a vocabulary and then, using a randomizing tool (like dice), creates a structured piece that uses chance to create said structure.7
7207105839CinquainA five line stanza "Examples can be found in many European languages and the origins of the form dates back to medieval French poetry."8
7207105840Dramatic Monologuea poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events. "The poet speaks through an assumed voice - a character, a fictional identity, or a persona."9
7207105841EkphrasisDescription is "a composition bringing the subject clearly before the eyes." Like the encomium, the subjects may be persons, actions, times, places, animals, and growing things. "These modern poems have generally shrugged of antiquity's obsession with elaborate descriptions, and instead have tried to interpret, in, inhabit, confront, and speak to their subjects."10
7207105842ElegyA poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died. "The traditional poem mirrors three states of loss. First, there is a lament, then praise for the idealized dead, and finally consolation and solace."11
7207105843EpicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society. "Elements that typically distinguish this type of poem include superhuman deeds, fabulous adventures, highly stylized language, and a blending of lyrical and dramatic traditions."12
7207105844EpigramA brief witty poem, often satirical.13
7207105845EpistleA letter or literary composition in letter form. "poems - means 'letter' - are, quite literally, poems that read as letters."14
7207105846Found Poemcreated by taking words, phrases, and sometimes whole passages from other sources and reframing them as poetry by making changes in spacing and lines, or by adding or deleting text, thus imparting new meaning. "The literary equivalent of a collage, is often made from newspaper articles, street signs, graffiti, speeches, letters, or even other poems."15
7207105847Ghazal(n) (in Middle Eastern and Indian literature and music) a lyric poem with a fixed number of verses and a repeated rhyme, typically on the theme of love, and normally set to music. "Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and metaphysical questions, these poems are often sung by Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani musicians."16
7207105848HaibunJapanese form, pioneered by the poet Basho, and comprising a section of prose followed by haiku. They are frequently travelogues - as in Basho's The Records of a Travel-Worn Satchel (1688). In the best examples, the prose and haiku should work together to create an organic whole. "A journey composed of a prose poem and ending with a meaningful murmur of sorts: a haiku."17
7207105849Haiku3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature. "Often focusing on images from nature, emphasized simplicity, intensity, and directness of expression."18
7207105850Limericka kind of humorous verse of five lines, in which the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other, and the third and fourth lines, which are shorter, form a rhymed couplet. "A popular from in children's verse, this type of poem is often comical, nonsensical, and sometimes even lewd."19
7207105851Odea lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter "Originally accompanied by music and dance, and later reserved by the Romantic poets to convey their strongest sentiments."20
7207105852Oulipo"Although poetry and mathematics often seem to be incompatible areas of study, this type of poem seeks to connect them."21
7207105853Pantoum"This type of poem originated in Malaysia in the fifteenth-century as a short folk poem folk poem, typically made up of two rhyming couplets that were recited or sung."22
7207105854Prose Poema passage that makes such extensive use of poetic language that the line between spoken language and poetry becomes blurred. "Just as black humor straddles the fine line between comedy and tragedy, so this type of poem plants one foot in spoken language, the other in poetry, both heals resting precariously on banana peels."23
7207105855PastoralOf relating to or being a literary or other artistic work that portrays or evokes rural life usually in an idealized way. "This tradition refers to a lineage of creative works that idealize rural life and landscapes."24
7207105856Renga"Began over 700 years ago in Japan to encourage the collaborative composition of poems."25
7207105857RondeauA form of medieval French poetry set to music, usually with a refrain and a verse. "This type of poetry began as lyric form in thirteenth-century France, popular among medieval court poets and musicians."26
7207105858SapphicRelating to a poetic verse pattern associated with Sappho. "The type of poem dates back to ancient Greece and is named for the poet, who left behind many poem fragments written in an unmistakable meter."27
7207105859SestinaA poem composed of six six-line stanzas and a three-line conclusion called an envoi. Each line ends with one of six key words. The alternation of these six words in different positions - but always at the ends of lines - the poems six stanzas creates a rhythmic verbal pattern that unifies the poem. "The thirty-nine-line form is attributed to Arnaut Daniel, the Provencal troubadour of the twelfth century."28
7207105860SonnetA lyric poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete idea or thought with a reversal, twist, or change of direction in the concluding lines. "Means a 'little sound or song,' the sonnet is a popular classical form that has compelled poets for centuries."29
7207105861TankaA Japanese poem of five lines, the first and third composed of five syllables and the rest of seven. "One of the oldest Japanese forms, tanka originated in the seventh century, and quickly became the preferred verse form in the Japanese Imperial Court."30
7207105862Terza RimaAn arrangement of triplets, especially in iambs, that rhyme aba bcb cdc, etc., as in Dante's Divine Comedy. "Invented by the Italian poet Dante Allighiere in the late thirteenth century to structure his three-part epic poem, "The Divine Comedy"."31
7207105863TrioletA short poem of fixed form, having a rhyme scheme of ab, aa, abab, and having the first line repeated as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line repeated as the eighth. The earliest poems were devotionals written by Patrick Carey, a seventeenth-century Benedictine monk."32
7207105864VillanelleA 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern. "Strange as it may seem for a poem with such a rigid rhyme scheme, this type of poem did not start off as a fixed form.33
7207105865DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word34
7207105866ConnotationAn implied meaning of a word. Opposite of denotation. The implied of suggested meaning connected with a word.35
7207105867Literal MeaningLimited to the simplest, ordinary, most obvious meaning36
7207105868Figurative MeaningAssociative or connotative meaning; representational. When writing is meant to be understood at a deeper level. Figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, personification, and other techniques are used to create more vivid, interesting images.37
7207105869MeterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a line of verse.38
7207105870RhymeCorrespondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.39
7207105871ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. A direct address of an inanimate object, abstract qualities, or a person not living or present. Example: "Beware, of Asparagus, you've stalked my last meal."40
7207105872HyberboleDeliberate exaggeration for effect (the opposite of understatement). Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."41
7207105873MetaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared. A comparison between essentially unlike things without using words or application of a name or description to something to which it is not literary applicable. Example: "[Love] is an ever fixed mark, /that looks on tempests and is never shaken."42
7207105874MetonymyA closely related term substituted for an object or idea. Example: "We have always remained loyal to the crown."43
7207105875OxymoronA combination of two words that appear to contradict each other. Example: "Bittersweet"44
7207105876ParadoxA situation or phrase that appears to be contradictory but which contains a truth worth considering. Example: "In order to preserve peace, we must prepare for war."45
7207105877PersonificationThe endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with animate or living qualities. Example: "Time let me play / and be golden in the mercy of his means."46
7207105878PunPlay on words or a humorous use of a single word or sound with two or more implied meanings; quibble. Example: "They're call lessons...because they lessen from day to day."47
7207105879SimileComparison between two essentially unlike things using words such as "like," "as," or "as though." Example: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"48
7207105880SynecdocheA part substituted for the whole. Example: "Friends, Romans, countrymen: lend me your ears"49
7207105881IronyA contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant (verbal) or what is expected in a particular circumstance or behavior (situational), or when a character speaks in ignorance of a situation known to the audience or other characters (situational) Example: "Time held me green and dying / Though I sang in my chains like the sea"50
7207105882ImageryWord or sequence of words representing a sensory experience (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory) Example: "Bells knelling classes to a close (auditory)51
7207105883SynsthesiaAn attempt to fuse different senses by describing one in terms of another. Example: "The sound of her voice was sweet"52
7207105884SymbolAn object or action that stands for something beyond itself Example: White = innocence, purity, hope.53
7207105885AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds, particularly at the beginning of words. Example: "like a wanderer white" or "Peter Piper picked a pail of pickles."54
7207105886AssonanceThe repetition of similar vowel sounds. Example: "I rose and told him of my woe"55
7207105887ElisionThe omission of an unstressed vowel or syllable to preserve the meter of a line of poetry. Example: "Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame."56
7207105888OnomatopoeiaThe use of words to imitate the sounds they describe. Example: "crack" or "whir"57
7207105889AllusionA reference to the person, event, or work outside the poem or literary piece. Example: "Shining, it was Adam and maiden"58
7207105890Open PoetryPoetic form free from regularity and consistency in elements such as rhyme, line, length, and metrical form.59
7207105891Closed PoetryPoetry that follows a particular shape, stanza count, meter, or rhyme scheme. Poetic form subject to a fixed structure and pattern.60
7207105892StanzaUnit of a poem often repeated in the same form throughout a poem; a unit of poetic lines ("verse paragraph")61
7207105893CoupletA pair of lines, usually rhymed62
7207105894Heroic CoupletA pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter (tradition of the heroic epic form)63
7207105895Quatrainfour-line stanza or grouping of four lines of verse.64
7207105896SonnetFourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject is traditionally that of love.65
7207105897English (Shakespearean) SonnetA sonnet probably made popular by William Shakespeare with the following rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg66
7207105898Sestet6 line stanza67
7207105899Italian (Petrarchan) SonnetA form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch with the following rhyme scheme: abbaabba cdecde or cdcdcd Its first octave generally presents a thought, picture, or emotion, while its final sestet presents and explanation, comment or summary.68
7207105900StressGreater amount of force used to pronounce one syllable over another.69
7207105901Pause(Caesura) A pause for a beat in the rhythm of the verse (often indicated by a line break or a mark of punctuation)70
7207105902Rising MeterMeter containing metrical feet that move from unstressed to stressed syllables.71
7207105903Iambic (Iamb)A metrical foot containing two syllable-- the first is unstressed, while the second is stressed.72
7207105904Anapestic (anapest)A metrical foot containing three syllables--the first two are unstressed, while the last is stressed73
7207105905Falling MeterMeter containing metrical feet that move from stressed to unstressed syllables.74
7207105906Trochaic (Trochee)A metrical foot containing two syllables--the first is stressed, while the second is unstressed.75
7207105907Dactylic (dactyl)A metrical foot containing three syllables--the first is stressed while the last two are unstressed76
7207105908SpondeeAn untraditional metrical foot in which two consecutive syllables are stressed.77

APES Summative Flashcards

APES Final

Terms : Hide Images
8447786942Ecologystudy of relationships between organisms and their environment0
8447786943Levels of organization of lifeorganism (belonging to a species): population increasing in size: community: ecosystem: biome: biosphere1
8447786944Different species interactions1. Amensalism 2. Competition 3. Commensalism 4. Mutualism 5. Neutralism 6. Parasitism 7. Predation 8. Saprophytism2
8447786945Amensalismone species suffers while the other in unaffected ex: allopathy3
8447786946Intraspecific Competitionsame species compete for the same resource ex: European starling and purple martin4
8447786947Interspecific Competitiondifferent species competing for the same resource, usually aggressive5
8447786948Exploitation Competitionindirect effects reduce a resource, with no interaction between the resources6
8447786949Interference Competitionorganism prevents physical establishment of another organism in the habitat ex: africanized honey bees and european honey bees7
8447786950Commensalismin this interaction, one species benefits while the other is neither helped or harmed8
8447786951Mutualismboth species benefit ex: algae and fungus9
8447786952Neutralismneither organism is infected10
8447786953Parasitismone species benefits while the other is harmed, the parasite doesn't want to kill they just want to remove the source of food ex: Cymothoid Isopod and snapper fish11
8447786954Saprophytisma dead or decaying organism is fed upon by another organism to obtain nutrients as a part of the biogeochemical cycles12
8447786955What makes a species invasive1. non-native species: invasive species 2. species that are expanding outside of their native range and cause, or are likely to cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health 3. can be introduced purposely (as with the cane toad) and accidentally- competing for resources 4. occupy generalized niche (as with the zebra mussels)- short reproductive cycles 5. lots of offspring- no natural predator13
8447786956Ecosystemsall the organisms in a community (biotic) plus abiotic (water, air, nutrients) - ecosystems are transformers of energy and processors of matter14
8447786957Functioning of an ecosystem1. The capture of energy through photosynthesis which allows for primary productivity 2. the transfer of energy 3. the cycling of matter (biogeochemical cycles)15
8447786958Terrestrial communityhow well the energy is cycled Net productivity (NPP- what's left over)= Gross productivity respiration (GPR- photosynthesis via consumers) *inefficient*16
8447786959Omnivoresconsumers that feed on both plants and animals17
8447786960Scavengersfeed on dead organisms18
8447786961Detritivoresfeed on detritus (decomposed organic matter)19
8447786962Decomposersconsumers that complete the breakdown and recycling of organic materials from the remains and wastes of other organisms20
8447786963Aquatic communityProducers (rooted plants): primary consumer (zooplankton): secondary consumer (fish): tertiary consumer (turtle): decomposers (bacteria and fungi)21
8447786964Bioaccumulationthe build-up of a substance within a single organism22
8447786965BiomagnificationThe build-up of a substance across and up the food chain and food web - organisms at higher trophic levels will have the highest concentrations of the substance found in their tissues23
8447786966Cause of biomagnification- substance is oil-soluble (can be built up/stored in tissues) - persistent (has a long residence time) - biologically active24
8447786967Anthropogenic ways these functions are alteredparachuting of cats in Borneo25
8447786968Rachel Carsonauthor of Silent Spring & The Sea Around Us - played a central role in starting the environmental movement by forcing gov and business to confront the dangers of pesticides26
8447786969Mechanisms to promote biological evolution1. Mutation 2. Migration 3. Geographic isolation 4. Genetic drift 5. Mass Extinction27
8447786970Formation of Biological EvolutionNatural selection: species whose inherited biological traits make them more fit to survive will have more offspring than those who lack these traits28
8447786971Nichethe ecological role an organism plays in an ecosystem -generalized or specialized (invasive or endangered species)29
8447786972Competitive exclusive principleno two species occupy the same niche30
8447786973Genetic Diversitygenetic variability w/ in a species31
8447786974Species diversity1. Species richness 2. Species evenness 3. Species dominance32
8447786975Species richnesstotal # of species present in the community33
8447786976Species evennessthe relative distribution of individuals amount the species present in a community34
8447786977Species dominanceone species has a greater number of organisms present in a community, as compared to other species35
8447786978Factors that decrease biological diversityHIPPCO36
8447786979Habitat destructionresults in the disturbances of a species biological functions The formation of edge habitats: once-continuous landscapes/habitats/ecosystems now fragmented (could be isolated fragments)37
8447786980Invasive speciescompete for limited resources with native species; can displace native species due to rapid reproductive strategies38
8447786981Pollutionalters the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere39
8447786982Populationa growing (human) population leads to greater resources consumption (especially as a country becomes modernized)40
8447786983Climate changechange of Earth's systems leads to changes in habitat: requires species to adopt (sometimes more quickly than its able) to new temperature and pH conditions41
8447786984Overharvestingexhausting a finite resources because it is getting used in an unsustainable fashion42
8447786985Graphical characterization of biomesThe land surface of the Earth is divided into a number of geographic areas distinguished by particular types of dominant flora and fauna43
8447786986Factors that effect the location of biomes- Latitude - Temperature - Rainfall - Climatic conditions are depicted in - climatographs (a.k.a. climate graphs, or climate diagrams)44
8447786987Reading climate diagramsRainfall is always depicted as the bar graph (quantity) Line graph depicts temperature (trend more relative to extremes) X axis: time of year by months45
8447786988Factors that Influence Population Size1. Density-dependent factors 2. Density-independent factors46
8447786989Density-dependent factorsinfluence the probability of an individual organism's survival because these factors are based on the total size of the population ex: in the context of populations, a limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease. availability of resources (food), reproductive strategies, predation *limting factors are the same*47
8447786990Density-independent factorsinfluence the probability of an individual organism's survival regardless of the population size ex: disease, climate change, natural disasters48
8447786991Reproductive strategies utilized by different populationsLife Span K: Long r: Short Time to reproductive maturity K: Long r: Short # of offspring K: Few r: Many Size of offspring K: Large r: Small Parental care K: Present r: Absent Population growth rate K: Slow r: Fast Population dynamics K: Stable, near carrying capacity r: Highly variable Examples: K: Large mammals (ex: elephants, humans) r: Small organisms (ex: rats, cockroaches, dandelions) Type of Species K: *endangered species* r : *invasive species*49
8447786992Survivorship CurvesK: Curve 1 r: Curve 3 *Curve 2 is a medium but often most species aren't classified on that curve*50
8447786993biogeochemical cycle- a complete path a chemical takes to go through the earths system - chemicals that are cycled and redistributed through decomposition *bow and arrow diagram*51
8447786994carbon silicate cycle- long term stability of the biosphere over periods that are longer than .5 billion years - carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved in water, forming a weak carbonic acid that falls as rain - weathering of rocks enter the oceans52
8447786995carbon cycleCycles by releasing into the atmosphere and diffuses into the ocean - anchor of all organic substances - photosynthesis and respiration of water and plant life - weathering and erosion of rock - fossil fuels embedded in soil within the earth's surface - burning fossil fuels entering the atmosphere where carbon is then restored53
8447786996chemical reactionnew elements created from elements and compounds that undergo a chemical change Ex: H20+CO2= H2CO3 Photosynthesis54
8447786997denitrificationthe process of releasing fixed nitrogen back to molecular nitrogen55
8447786998drainage basinarea that contributes surface runoff to a particular stream or river - evaluation of the water cycle56
8447786999geologic cyclegroup of cycles: tectonic, water, rock, and biochemical57
8447787000hydrologic cyclethe transfer of water from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and then back to the oceans - evaporation, precipitation, runoff - driven by solar energy evaporating water from oceans, fresh water bodies, soils, and vegetation58
8447787001limiting factorprevents the growth of an individual, population, or species, or potentially causing its extinction59
8447787002macronutrientsessential elements needed in LARGE quantities Ex: C,H,O,N,P,S60
8447787003micronutrientsessental elements needed in SMALLER quantities Ex: Mo, Ca61
8447787004missing carbon sinkThe cycling of carbon dioxide between land organisms and the atmosphere is a large flux *includes the forrest and the ocean*62
8447787005nitrogen sinkplace where nitrogen is found (atmosphere)63
8447787006nitrogen cycle- manufacture of proteins and DNA (main part of the earths atmosphere) *not involved with fertilizer*64
8447787007nitrogen fixationconverting inorganic, molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia or nitrate65
8447787008phosphorous cycle- slower rate when phosphorous particles exit the atmosphere - travels in plants and rocks, seeping into the water *essential nutrient for plant growth and gives us nucleic acid66
8447787009Cycling of Phosphorus1. Weathering/ erosion of rock - PO4-3 (phosphate) leaches out - PO4-3 can be insoluble (cant be readily absorbed) - phosphate can be assimilated by producers and consumers 2. plants/animals diet and decompose to return PO4-3 back to the soil67
8447787010Anthropogenic effects of the phosphorus cycle1. runoff of fertilizers and laundry detergent (NO3- + PO4-3) - algal bloom: eutrophication - blocks sunlight - hypoxic conditions do to decompose68
8447787011Anthropogenic effects of the sulfur cycleburning of fossil fuels: emission of SO2(g)69
8447787012rock cycleproduction of rock and soil - dependent on the tectonic cycle for energy and on the hydrologic cycle for water70
8447787013algaeCreated from the cycling of nitrogen and phosphate: runoff of fertilizer Ex: Lake Washington71
8447787014cycling of matterThe survival of organisms is dependent upon acquiring these elements into usable form72
8447787015FluxHow quickly matter transfers from one realm to the other73
8447787016ReservoirsA pool or holding place for a nutrient74
8447787017SinksReservoirs that accept more nutrients than they release75
8447787018FlowsProcesses that move matter between reservoirs/ pool76
8447787019Residence timeHow long matter/ energy stays in a compartment77
8447787020Anthropogenic effects of the Carbon cycleIncreased combustion, ocean acidification, and deforestation CAD78
8447787021AssimilationPlants take nitrates into their bodies to make proteins from plants Animals then eat the plants and assimilate the substances *involves nucleic acids and proteins*79
8447787022Ammonification/ MineralizationNH4+: NO3- + NO2-80
8447787023Anthropogenic effects of the nitrogen cycle1. Uses fertilizer adds nitrates to an ecosystem (can lead to eutrophication) which is excessive nutrients in water: algal bloom (hypoxia) - algae dies and decomposes 02(g) is used by decomposers- disruption of photosynthesis (dead zones) which is a lack of dissolved O2(g ) in water 2. Human waste/ sewage is discharged in H2O 3. Burning fossil fuels releases NO2(g) contributed towards "smog"81
8447787024Anthropogenic effects on the water cycle- deforestation - paving over land surfaces increase in runoff and erosion DPR82
8447787025sulfur cycle- found mostly in rocks and soil as sulfate minerals - sulfate is assimilated by producers and eventually by consumers - death and decomposition convert organic sulfates into inorganic sulfates and H2O(g) - animal excretions also add sulfates to soil and water *acid rain*83
8447787026transpirationthe release of water from leaves during photosynthesis84
8447787027leachingprocess when a solid seeps into or leaves soil85
8447787028eutrophicationThe enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients86
8447787029nitrificationNH3: NO2 + NO3-87
8447787030Human interaction with the nitrogen cycle is primarily due toThe leaching of nitrates into terrestrial ecosystems88
8447787031Cause of decreased evaporation and transpirationincreased percolation89
8447787032large reservoir of inorganic carbon is found insedimentary rock90
8447787033anthropogenic effect that results in the significant amount of SO2burning of fossil fuels91
8447787034Shell-forming marine organismsallows the geologic cycle to take place92
8447787035limiting factor of aquatic ecosystemphosphorus93
8447787036Stromatolitesbuilt-up layers of microbes growing together94
8447787037Hypoxic conditions in bodies of water result indecomposition of algal blooms95
8447787038Eras/ periods of life on earth5 Extinctions96
8447787039How to scale age1. Layering of rocks 2. Evolution 3. Radioactivity- two isotopes: inorganic (U-238, Pb-206) organic (C-14/C-12)97
8447787040BiosphereSphere associated with where life resides within biomes98
8447787041Atmospherefluid of gases: Nitrogen~78% Oxygen~20%99
8447787042HydrosphereSphere where water cycles -crynosphere: frozen water100
8447787043LithosphereCrust: 8 elements make up 99% - In order of decreasing abundance [O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg} Mantle: contains most of the Earth's volume101
8447787044Core-outer core: mostly iron, molten -inner core: solid (extreme pressure)102
8447787045Continental Drift Theory- proposed by Alfred Wegner in 1915 - all present day continents originally formed one landmass103
8447787046Seafloor Spreading Theory- magnetic properties were discovered in rocks on the seafloor - lithosphere (crust and upper mantle): divided into sections known as plates (15 total)104
8447787047Formation of the Grand Canyonflow of water or extensive period of time105
8447787048Transform Boundariesplates slide past each other - friction and stress of this movement can cause earthquakes Ex: San Andreas Fault106
8447787049Divergent Boundariesplates slide apart; space is filled with molten magma Ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge107
8447787050Convergent Boundariescreate subduction zones - ocean plates and continental Ex: Andies mountain range - continental plates collide Ex: Himalayas - oceanic plates collide Ex: Japan, Aleutian Islands108
8447787051Power of Earthquakes- the amount of PE stored (from the focus) - the distance the rock mass moved when the energy is released - How far below the surface the movement occurred109
8447787052Case studies of Earthquake activity- many cities demolished due to inadequate building codes - occurred in northern boundary of Caribbean tectonic plates110
8447787053Tsunami formation- a body of water is rapidly displaced by a submarine earthquake - most tsunamis are caused by subduction- zone - seismic activity Ex: indian ocean earthquake (9.1) off the coast of Japan (9.0)111
8447787054Volcanic Eruptions- crack in the earth with magma underneath chamber - the hot magma rises, gas bubbles form high pressure, magma begins to flow and assumes easiest path *molten lava could kill organisms residing in its path - volcanic explosions can cause displacement and movement of bedrock affecting structures - new rock is formed on top of pre-existing environments - primary succession is required to re-establish life112
8447787055Volcanic Ashblocks sunlight113
8447787056Coriolis Effecta phenomenon that causes fluids like water and air to curve as they travel across or above Earth's surface114
8447787057Convection Cells1. Hadley 2. Ferrel 3. Polar115
8447787058Hadley Celltrade winds!!!! O-30 NS E to W116
8447787059Ferrel Cell30-60 stormy westerlies W to E117
8447787060Polar Cell60-90 Polar Easterlies E to W118
8447787061Troposphere- lower part of the atmosphere - where weather occurs - Greenhouse gases are trapped in this layer, forming the basis of global warming119
8447787062Stratosphere- very stable "calm" layer - where airplane fly - contains the ozone layer120
8447787063NOAA-Ocean Explorer- warm ocean surface water heats up and adds moisture to the air above it, forming low pressure systems (produces tropical thunderstorms) - cold surface water cools the air above it, forming high pressure systems (produces little to no precipitation)121
8447787064El NiñoClimate shift! - occurs around the tropical/ equatorial pacific ocean area - about every 3-7 years; lasts 9-12 months - peak is November- February - warms surface water appears further122
8447787065Low-pressure air massCloudy stormy weather, precipitous conditions123
8447787066Elements in the Earth's crust1. Oxygen 2. Silicon124
8447787067Elements in the Earth's atmosphereNitrogen125
8447787068Main driver of Atmospheric circulationEarth's rotation and uneven surface heating126
8447787069Organic vs. InorganicOrganic: Derived from living matter. contains carbon compounds C and H bonds Inorganic: Not consisting of or deriving from living matter without organized physical structure127
8447787070Natural vs. SyntheticNatural: Made or caused by nature or humankind Synthetic: Made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product128
8447787071Kinetic vs. Potential EnergyKinetic: Energy that a body possesses by being in motion Potential: the energy possessed by a body of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors129
8447787072Radioactive decay130
8447787073Half-life (and its calculations)The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value131
8447787074Law of Conservation of Matter & Energya fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system132
84477870751st Law of ThermodynamicsHeat is a form of energy133
84477870762nd Law of ThermodynamicsIn any cyclic process the entropy will either increase or remain the same134
8447787077EntropyA measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work135
8447787078OrganismAn individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form136
8447787079SpeciesA group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding137
8447787080PopulationA particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in an area or country138
8447787081CommunityA group of a species living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common139
8447787082EcosystemA biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment140
8447787083Producers/AutotrophsProducer: Make their own food and begin the cycle Autotroph: Obtain energy and nutrients by harnessing sunlight through photosynthesis141
8447787084Consumers/HeterotrophsConsumer: Receives energy by consuming other organisms Heterotrophs: Can consume nutrients by consuming other organisms, but cannot produce their own food142
8447787085DecomposersBreak down organic compounds into nutrients by feeding on the dead143
8447787086Photosynthesis (reactants and products)The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water144
8447787087Cellular Respiration (reactants and products)A metallic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP145
8447787088Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respirationproducing cellular energy with the help of oxygen146
8447787089Adaptationthe action or process of change ex: new environement147
8447787090Mutationchange in the structure of a gene148
8447787091Gene TraitCharacteristic for physicality149
8447787092ChromosomeA threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.150
8447787093Gene poolHe stock of different genes in an interbreeding population151
8447787094Natural SelectionDifferent survival and reproduction of individuals due to environmental characteristics152
8447787095BiodiversityThe variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem153
8447787096ExtinctionThe end of a group of organisms154
8447787097Plate TectonicsThe structure of the earth's crust as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle155
8447787098WeatheringWorn away or changed by long exposure to air156
8447787099Climate ChangeA change in global or regional climate patterns157
8447787100Rocks vs. MineralsRocks: The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed to the soil or oceans. Minerals: A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence158
8447787101Climate vs. WeatherClimate: A region with particular prevailing weather conditions Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc159
8447787102Global Warming vs. Greenhouse EffectGlobal Warming: A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere cause by increased levels of carbon dioxide (greenhouse effect) Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of the sun's warm converting into infrared radiation into the lower part of the earths atmosphere160
8447787103CO2Carbon Dioxide161
8447787104COCarbon Monoxide162
8447787105CH4Methane163
8447787106C6H12O6Glucose164
8447787107N2Nitrogen Gas165
8447787108NOxNitrogen Oxide166
8447787109NO3Nitrate167
8447787110NO2Nitrite168
8447787111NH3Ammonia169
8447787112NH4Ammonium170
8447787113H2SHydrogen Sulfide Gas171
8447787114O2Oxygen Gas172
8447787115O3Ozone173
8447787116PO4-3Phosphate174
8447787117SO2Sulfur Dioxide175
8447787118PbLead176
8447787119HgMercury177
8447787120RnRadon178
8447787121UUranium179

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6552951024AntithesisA rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences, as in the following: "they promised freedom but provided slavery"0
6552967261CacophonyGrating, inharmonious sounds1
6552983820Caricaturea grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things2
6552992797ConceitA witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language3
6553024779GenreA term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay4
6553029725HarangueA forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade5
6553034581ironyA mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated,often implying ridicule or light sarcasm; a state of affairs or events that is the reverse of what might have been expected6
6553047359Dramatic IronyA circumstance in which the audience or reader knows more about a situation than a character7
6553052030ElegyA poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of someone or something of value. the adjective describing an elegy is elegiac.8
6553068201NarrativeA form of verse or prose (both fiction and nonfiction) that tells a story. A storyteller may use any number of narrative devices, such as skipping back and forth in time, ordering events chronologically, and ordering events to lead up to a suspenseful climax9
6553088101Omniscient narratorA narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding and insight of characters, setting background, and all other elements of the story10
6553097268MoodThe emotional tone or prevailing atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse. In grammar, mood refers to the intent of a particular sentence. The indicative mood is used for statements of fact; subjunctive mood is used to express doubt or a conditional attitude; sentences in the imperative mood gives commands11
6553118009similieA figurative comparison using the words like or as Example: she sings like a canary12
6553121836Stream of consciousnessA style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow thoughts in the human mind.13
6553130554Point of viewThe relation in which a narrator or speaker stands to a subject of discourse. A matter discussed in the first person has an internal point of view, an observer uses an external point of view.14
6553154326PunA humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings15
6553159527realismThe depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization, or ecaggeration for effect.16
6553182257RhymeThe repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals, used mostly in poetry but not unheard of in prose.17
6553191786Verbal IronyA discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words18
6553199246Prefix: BeneGood / well19
6553202777Prefix: Mal/eBad, ill, wrong20
6553901556SymbolismThe use of one object to evoke ideas and associations not literally part of the original object. Ex: the American flag may symbolize freedom, the fifty states, and the American way of life, among many other things21

ap test 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4770563512spatial diffusionthe way that culture spreads through space over time0
4770564179contagiousspreads because of the proximity of carriers; ex:harlem shake, keep calm, call me maybe dance; spreads all over1
4770570994heirarchalin the big cities; fast food, fashion, clothing2
4770572396stimulusa spread of an idea: takes another persons idea and adds it to theirs; ex: apple vs pc3
4770578139isoline mapweather map4
4770580044small scalethe entire world5
4770580316large scalea state, counties6
4770581399small scaleless detail, more area7
4770581863large scalemore detail, less area8
4770587222inquirygeographers often use this type of investigative method to examine issues9
4770590057legend, scale, title source, datekey elements on a map10
4770595609site characteristics includethe unique physical and human characteristics of a location11
4770596598situationwhere something is located in relation to something else12
4770597526choropleth mapshows areas with statistical values in three to five categories13
4770602417sense of placethe unique physical and human attributes that gives a place character14
4770605974meridiansconverge at the north and south poles15
4770606931longitudenumbering system used to indicate the location of meridians16
4770610233polderpiece of land created by draining the area17
4770615755ratio or fraction scalethe numerical ratio between distances in a map and earth's surface; 1:2400018
4770616521written scaledescribes the relationship between map and earth distances in words; 1 inch equals 1 mile19
4770618961graphic scaleconsists of a bar line marked to show distances on earths surface20
4770620887shape, distance, relative size, directionwhat can be distorted on maps21
4770622338interruptioneastern and western hemispheres are separated into two pieces22
4770623933robinson projectionuseful for displaying information across oceans23
4770652001mercator projectionshape distorted very little, direction is consistent, map is rectangular, grossly distorted by the poles24
4770680989meridianan arc between the north and south poles; longitude25
4770685619paralella circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians; latitude26
4770688889formal regioneveryone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristic; ex: common language, same laws, same climate27
4770690118functional regionan area organized around a nodal point; ex: police station, fire station,28
4770694429vernacular regioncultural; ex: food type, languages, the south,29
4770698777densitythe frequency in which something occurs in space30
4770700090concentrationthe extent of a feature's spread over space31
4770702315patterngeometric arrangement of objects in space32
4770705109conservationthe sustainable use and management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs33
4770707333preservationthe maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible34
4770710871geographersidentify important locations, ask where and why, organize spatially35
4770712344historiansidentify dates, ask when and why, organize chronologically36
4773478065heartha place from which an innovation originates37
4773481904relocationthe spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another; ex: a european home design being brought to america38
4773816988distance decaythe farther away two peoples are the less likley they are to talk39
4773821028space-time compressionthe reduction time it takes for something to reach another place40
4773824175renewableproduced in nature more rapidly than its consumed by humans41
4773825610nonrenewableproduced in nature slower that its consumed42
4773827792atmospherethin layer of gases surrounding the earth43
4773829670hydrosphereall the water on or near earths surface44
4773830614lithosphereearths crust and a portion of upper mantle below the crust45
4773835956biosphereall of earths living organisms46

Ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
66937593301932When did saudi arabia establsih0
6693759331Allied powers met to split germany, germnah had to pay soviets; east europe would get self government ; soviets america amd britidh; 1945What was the yalta conference and when1
6693759332United nations-general assembly, security council, us-UK-china--russia-france was apart of it Nato-more violentWhat were the two international bodies formed and facts about them (4)2
6693759333Containmet-US wanted to build countries around to contain communism Truman doctrine-stop communism from spreadingWhat were the two foreighn policies at the begining of thecold war and facts about them3
6693759334Had warm water ports on mediteraneanWhy was greece and turkey important4
6694241589Marshal plan, encouraged countries not to become radical provide food and other materials after in ruinsWhat treaty came from truman plan and what did it say5
6697164245Berlin. Western powers form berlin airlift which brought supplies and food; natoStalin cut whose supply what was done and what group formed after6
6698281044Sputnik ; arms race people went nuts for technology and weaponsWhen soviets launched the satélite ___ what did it expedite7
66982810461950-1953When was the Korean War8
6698281048Vietnam a split north and south Ho Chi Minh (communist ) ruled north ngo Din diem South (democracy)What happened in the Geneva accords9
6698281050Sent troops to diem to overthrow Viet cong and invades VietnamWhat did Kennedy do in 196010
6698281052Pol potWho eatbablushed the communist dictatorship Khmer Rouge in Cambodia11
6698281055Soviets and US were going at it ( almost blew each other up, who would turn away first)How did Cuban missile crisis ( Cold War crisis results) How does it exemplify breaksmanship12
6698281058Came to power in soviets and was brutal like stalinLeonid Brezhnev13
6698281061Potential of them turning communistWhy did us overthrow Iranian government Potential14
6698281062(Cuban missil crisis )Tesnsiins begin to thaw15
6698281064Religious tension under British rule ,Main problems with British decolonization of India leading to partition (Muslim/Hindus) of India territory - religious tension under British rule ,16
6698281065Hindus lived India Muslim lives Pakistan-194717
6697719970Chang Kia shek/ Mao she dong us supported nationalist communist wonWho was the leader of nationalist / communist and what happen18
66977199721945-1954 France and Inchino have conflict ; us supports France but they loose Vietnam winsWhat happened in the Indochina war in Vietnam and when19
6697719974Vietnam congWho persecuted the buddhis who resisted diem20
6697719976Both divided north and south In Vietnam when US leaves it remains communist In Korea there is no splitCompare and contrast Vietnam and korea21
6697719978World divided by three Capitalist more developed / communist not devolved industrially / neutral countries (India ) Battle of who gets moreWhat was the third world (5)22
6697719979Castro : people trained at bay of pigs then sent to overthrow him but failedWho ruled in Cuba and what was done23
6697719980Soviets and US were going at it ( almost blew each other up, who would turn away first)How did Cuban missile crisis ( Cold War crisis results) How does it exemplify breaksmanship24
6697719981Sandinista then Ortega rules , Us supports them until they start supporting communism/ start supporting rebelsNicaragua (3)25
6697719982Came to soviet power and took a peaceful approach and competition ; crushed rebellionsWhat did Nikita Khrushchev do26
66977199841979 - klomeni Sudán 1979 They go to war US supports both Iraq and IranIn ___ Who comes to power in Iran in Iraq ____ in ____ They go to war US supports both27
6697719985Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Effrcts growing relation for Us and USSRWhat major event happens in Middle East 1979 _____ Effrcts growing relation for28
6697719986Potential of them turning communistWhy did us overthrow Iranian government Potential29
6697719987Salt 1 hold back on weaponsTesnsiins begin to thaw30
6697719988Freedom of ideas * Private of economy * Democratization * Arms controlGorbachev - brings a lot of change to soviets *31
6697719989Religious tension under British rule ,Main problems with British decolonization of India leading to partition (Muslim/Hindus) of India territory - religious tension under British rule ,32
6697719990India PakistanHindus lived _____ Muslim lives ______-194733
6699813113Base free tradeUS Withdraw from Phillipians and deman ___ and____34
6699518620Base free tradeUS Withdraw from Phillipians and deman ___ and____35
6700182506Stalin makes alliances with occupied territoriesWhat is the Warsaw pact36

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6715560904tissuwoven0
6715562603tonotension1
6715562604toxpoison2
6715563618trabbeam3
6715564772transacross4
6715565549trapeztable5
6715565550trithree6
6715569508tropturn7
6715569509trophnourish8
6715570633tuberswelling9
6715571721tuniccovering10
6715573173tympandrum11
6715575377ultrabeyond12
6715576911vacccow13
6715576912vaginsheath14
6715578231vaguswanderer15
6715579207valenstrength16
6715580837venterabdomen17
6715580838ventthe wind18
6715581381vertturn19

APES Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7965283173Average residence timeThe time it takes for a given part of the total reservoir of a particular material to be cycled through the system0
7965283174Biospherepart of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere1
7965283175BiotaTerm used to refer to all living things2
7965283176closed systemno such movements take place3
7965283177Doubling timeTime necessary for the quantity being measured to double4
7965283178EcosystemA community of organisms and its local nonliving environment in which matter cycles and energy flows5
7965283179Environmental UnityMeans that it's impossible to change only one thing; everything affects everything else6
7965283180exponential growthA particularly important example of positive feedback7
7965283181FeedbackWhen the output of the system also serves as an input and leads to further changes in the system8
7965283182Gaia HypothesisThe hypothesis states that life manipulates the environment for the maintenance of life9
7965283183Lag timeThe time between a stimulus and the response of a system10
7965283184negative feedbackSelf regulating, or stabilizing; it usually keeps a system in a relatively constant condition11
7965283185Open systemNot generally contained within boundaries, and some energy or material moves into or out the system12
7965283186overshoot and collapsethe result of long lag times or delays from exponential growth13
7965283187positive feedbackOccurs when an increase in output leads to a further increase in the output14
7965283188Steady stateWhere the input into a system is equal to the output15
7965283189SystemA set of components or parts that function together to act as a whole16
7965283190UniformitarianismThe principle that mechanisms of change are constant over time17

AP Human Geography Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4750733282Formal Regionregion with a high level consistency in certain cultural or physical attribute, has official boundaries; are defined formally by government or other structures, such as cities, states,country, and mountain ranges; Ex. New York, Canada0
4750802603Absolute Locationa point on the earth's surface expressed by a coordinate system such as latitude and longitude. Actual space a place occupies on the Earth's surface.1
4750803430Functional Regionregions made up of a central place and surrounding areas affected by it. Usually have a central city surrounded by smaller towns. Ex. Los Angeles2
4750805392Vernacular (Perceptual) RegionA place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Ex. The Middle East, The South3
4750811624Cultural Landscapecultural properties that represent the combined works of nature and of man4
4750814505Densitynumber of things (animals, people, plants) in a certain area. Population Density: # of people/miles or km5
4750820046Geographic Information System (GIS)computer system for capturing, storing, displaying and checking data related to the position on the Earth's surface.6
4750821031Distributionrefers to the way something is spread out or arranged over a geographic area7
4750822010Latitudea measure of relative position north or south on the Earth's surface, measured in degrees from the equator,which has a latitude of 0 degrees.8
4750823679Core concepts of Human Geospace, place, location, scales and regions9
4750830870What is human geographythe study of why peole choose to live where they do10
4750831208what is the study of geographyexplores where, how, and why different places, people, and environments came to exist and the various effects it has on another11
4750961830Father of GeographyErathosthenes ( Greek scholar and mathematician)12
4750963192what "firsts" did Erathosthenes1. first to compute the circumference of the Earth, by using measurement called stades 2. he invent pi 3.14 3. he was the first to accurately calculate the tilt of the earth's axis 4. he invented latitude and longitude 5. first to measure the equator (25,000 m)13
4750975699Herodotusdrew the first map of the known world in 450 B.C.E.14
4750981563Location sense of spaceattributes- physical, cultural, emotional-that a location has personality15
4750983171Placelessnesa place actually loses its sense of being "special"16
47509863775 key geographic skills in AP human geo1) the ability to interpret maps, graphs, tables, charts, and other spatial data. 2) how to understand and interpret the implications of the of the relationships among observable facts in places. 3) how to recognize and interpret relationships among patterns and processes at different scales. 4) how to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process. 5) how to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places.17
4750993708longitudethe distance east and west of the prime Meridian in meridians18
4750994584meridianlines of equal length that meet at the north and south poles19
4750995548mental mapmaps in our mind the enable us to go places without getting lost or needing help20
4750996307modela simplified generalization of someting in real life21
4750996782placeanthor word for location22
4750996854projectionversions of maps that try to minimize one attribue of the map which usually results in distortions in location, distance, direction, scale, and area23
4751003595regionan area that displays a common trait such as culture, government, landform, language etc.24
4751004839relative locationthe location of a place in relation to the location of the other places25
4751005140remote sensingprocess of detection the natre ofan area from a distance, been around for 150 years26
4751008572representative fractiona map scale in which figures representing units are expressed in the form of fractions. Distance on map/corresponding distance on map27
4751021943scalethe ratio between the size of something and a representation of it28
4751023165sitephysical location of a place29
4751023615situtationrefers to the location of place based on its relation to other places30
4751024439spaceextent of area that is occupied by something31
4751024961diffusionmovement of people, ideas, customs, and information, between places. 2 types are Relocation and Expansion32
4751027355relocationphysical transfer of idea, trait, or artifact to new region33
4751028125Expansionspread of idea, trait, or artifact usage to neighbor region. 2 types of expansion or Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus34
4751028925spatial distributionarray of items on the earth's surface35
4751033474Hierarchical DiffusionThe spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places36
4751036074Contagious DiffusionThe rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.37
4751050155Stimulus DiffusionPart of an idea that diffuses but not the whole idea of concept38
4751051637Mercator projectiona map projection of the earth onto a cylinder39
4751051983Thematic Mapa map that displays a single type of information40
4751053504Graduated Circle Mapsize of circle conveys number of occurences of even in area41
4751054542Dot Mapdisplays pattern, distribution, dispersion of data in an area42
4751057232Choropleth Mapa map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.43
4751063815Topographic Mapis a detailed map of the surface features of land. It includes the mountains, hills, creeks, and other bumps and lumps on a particular hunk of earth.44
4751065303Large Scale Mapshow smaller areas in more detail, such as county maps or town plans might.45
4751072118small scale mapA map depicting a large area, such as an entire country, shows more territory, but less detailed46
4751073411Equidistant projectionsused when accurate distance from the center of the map are required47
4751689015spatial diffustionis the spread of something over time or space48

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!