| 8447786942 | Ecology | study of relationships between organisms and their environment | | 0 |
| 8447786943 | Levels of organization of life | organism (belonging to a species): population increasing in size: community: ecosystem: biome: biosphere | | 1 |
| 8447786944 | Different species interactions | 1. Amensalism
2. Competition
3. Commensalism
4. Mutualism
5. Neutralism
6. Parasitism
7. Predation
8. Saprophytism | | 2 |
| 8447786945 | Amensalism | one species suffers while the other in unaffected
ex: allopathy | | 3 |
| 8447786946 | Intraspecific Competition | same species compete for the same resource
ex: European starling and purple martin | | 4 |
| 8447786947 | Interspecific Competition | different species competing for the same resource, usually aggressive | | 5 |
| 8447786948 | Exploitation Competition | indirect effects reduce a resource, with no interaction between the resources | | 6 |
| 8447786949 | Interference Competition | organism prevents physical establishment of another organism in the habitat
ex: africanized honey bees and european honey bees | | 7 |
| 8447786950 | Commensalism | in this interaction, one species benefits while the other is neither helped or harmed | | 8 |
| 8447786951 | Mutualism | both species benefit
ex: algae and fungus | | 9 |
| 8447786952 | Neutralism | neither organism is infected | | 10 |
| 8447786953 | Parasitism | one species benefits while the other is harmed, the parasite doesn't want to kill they just want to remove the source of food
ex: Cymothoid Isopod and snapper fish | | 11 |
| 8447786954 | Saprophytism | a dead or decaying organism is fed upon by another organism to obtain nutrients as a part of the biogeochemical cycles | | 12 |
| 8447786955 | What makes a species invasive | 1. non-native species: invasive species
2. species that are expanding outside of their native range and cause, or are likely to cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health
3. can be introduced purposely (as with the cane toad) and accidentally- competing for resources
4. occupy generalized niche (as with the zebra mussels)- short reproductive cycles
5. lots of offspring- no natural predator | | 13 |
| 8447786956 | Ecosystems | all the organisms in a community (biotic) plus abiotic (water, air, nutrients)
- ecosystems are transformers of energy and processors of matter | | 14 |
| 8447786957 | Functioning of an ecosystem | 1. The capture of energy through photosynthesis which allows for primary productivity
2. the transfer of energy
3. the cycling of matter (biogeochemical cycles) | | 15 |
| 8447786958 | Terrestrial community | how well the energy is cycled
Net productivity (NPP- what's left over)=
Gross productivity respiration (GPR- photosynthesis via consumers)
*inefficient* |  | 16 |
| 8447786959 | Omnivores | consumers that feed on both plants and animals | | 17 |
| 8447786960 | Scavengers | feed on dead organisms | | 18 |
| 8447786961 | Detritivores | feed on detritus (decomposed organic matter) | | 19 |
| 8447786962 | Decomposers | consumers that complete the breakdown and recycling of organic materials from the remains and wastes of other organisms | | 20 |
| 8447786963 | Aquatic community | Producers (rooted plants): primary consumer (zooplankton): secondary consumer (fish): tertiary consumer (turtle): decomposers (bacteria and fungi) |  | 21 |
| 8447786964 | Bioaccumulation | the build-up of a substance within a single organism | | 22 |
| 8447786965 | Biomagnification | The build-up of a substance across and up the food chain and food web
- organisms at higher trophic levels will have the highest concentrations of the substance found in their tissues | | 23 |
| 8447786966 | Cause of biomagnification | - substance is oil-soluble (can be built up/stored in tissues)
- persistent (has a long residence time)
- biologically active |  | 24 |
| 8447786967 | Anthropogenic ways these functions are altered | parachuting of cats in Borneo | | 25 |
| 8447786968 | Rachel Carson | author of Silent Spring & The Sea Around Us
- played a central role in starting the environmental movement by forcing gov and business to confront the dangers of pesticides | | 26 |
| 8447786969 | Mechanisms to promote biological evolution | 1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Geographic isolation
4. Genetic drift
5. Mass Extinction | | 27 |
| 8447786970 | Formation of Biological Evolution | Natural selection:
species whose inherited biological traits make them more fit to survive will have more offspring than those who lack these traits | | 28 |
| 8447786971 | Niche | the ecological role an organism plays in an ecosystem
-generalized or specialized (invasive or endangered species) | | 29 |
| 8447786972 | Competitive exclusive principle | no two species occupy the same niche | | 30 |
| 8447786973 | Genetic Diversity | genetic variability w/ in a species | | 31 |
| 8447786974 | Species diversity | 1. Species richness
2. Species evenness
3. Species dominance | | 32 |
| 8447786975 | Species richness | total # of species present in the community | | 33 |
| 8447786976 | Species evenness | the relative distribution of individuals amount the species present in a community | | 34 |
| 8447786977 | Species dominance | one species has a greater number of organisms present in a community, as compared to other species | | 35 |
| 8447786978 | Factors that decrease biological diversity | HIPPCO | | 36 |
| 8447786979 | Habitat destruction | results in the disturbances of a species biological functions
The formation of edge habitats:
once-continuous landscapes/habitats/ecosystems now fragmented (could be isolated fragments) | | 37 |
| 8447786980 | Invasive species | compete for limited resources with native species; can displace native species due to rapid reproductive strategies | | 38 |
| 8447786981 | Pollution | alters the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere | | 39 |
| 8447786982 | Population | a growing (human) population leads to greater resources consumption (especially as a country becomes modernized) | | 40 |
| 8447786983 | Climate change | change of Earth's systems leads to changes in habitat: requires species to adopt (sometimes more quickly than its able) to new temperature and pH conditions | | 41 |
| 8447786984 | Overharvesting | exhausting a finite resources because it is getting used in an unsustainable fashion | | 42 |
| 8447786985 | Graphical characterization of biomes | The land surface of the Earth is divided into a number of geographic areas distinguished by particular types of dominant flora and fauna | | 43 |
| 8447786986 | Factors that effect the location of biomes | - Latitude
- Temperature
- Rainfall
- Climatic conditions are depicted in - climatographs (a.k.a. climate graphs, or climate diagrams) | | 44 |
| 8447786987 | Reading climate diagrams | Rainfall is always depicted as the bar graph (quantity)
Line graph depicts temperature (trend more relative to extremes)
X axis: time of year by months |  | 45 |
| 8447786988 | Factors that Influence Population Size | 1. Density-dependent factors
2. Density-independent factors | | 46 |
| 8447786989 | Density-dependent factors | influence the probability of an individual organism's survival because these factors are based on the total size of the population
ex: in the context of populations, a limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease.
availability of resources (food), reproductive strategies, predation
*limting factors are the same* | | 47 |
| 8447786990 | Density-independent factors | influence the probability of an individual organism's survival regardless of the population size
ex: disease, climate change, natural disasters | | 48 |
| 8447786991 | Reproductive strategies utilized by different populations | Life Span
K: Long
r: Short
Time to reproductive maturity
K: Long
r: Short
# of offspring
K: Few
r: Many
Size of offspring
K: Large
r: Small
Parental care
K: Present
r: Absent
Population growth rate
K: Slow
r: Fast
Population dynamics
K: Stable, near carrying capacity
r: Highly variable
Examples:
K: Large mammals (ex: elephants, humans)
r: Small organisms (ex: rats, cockroaches, dandelions)
Type of Species
K: *endangered species*
r : *invasive species* | | 49 |
| 8447786992 | Survivorship Curves | K: Curve 1
r: Curve 3
*Curve 2 is a medium but often most species aren't classified on that curve* |  | 50 |
| 8447786993 | biogeochemical cycle | - a complete path a chemical takes to go through the earths system
- chemicals that are cycled and redistributed through decomposition
*bow and arrow diagram* | | 51 |
| 8447786994 | carbon silicate cycle | - long term stability of the biosphere over periods that are longer than .5 billion years
- carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved in water, forming a weak carbonic acid that falls as rain
- weathering of rocks enter the oceans | | 52 |
| 8447786995 | carbon cycle | Cycles by releasing into the atmosphere and diffuses into the ocean
- anchor of all organic substances
- photosynthesis and respiration of water and plant life
- weathering and erosion of rock
- fossil fuels embedded in soil within the earth's surface
- burning fossil fuels entering the atmosphere where carbon is then restored | | 53 |
| 8447786996 | chemical reaction | new elements created from elements and compounds that undergo a chemical change
Ex:
H20+CO2= H2CO3
Photosynthesis | | 54 |
| 8447786997 | denitrification | the process of releasing fixed nitrogen back to molecular nitrogen | | 55 |
| 8447786998 | drainage basin | area that contributes surface runoff to a particular stream or river
- evaluation of the water cycle | | 56 |
| 8447786999 | geologic cycle | group of cycles: tectonic, water, rock, and biochemical | | 57 |
| 8447787000 | hydrologic cycle | the transfer of water from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and then back to the oceans
- evaporation, precipitation, runoff
- driven by solar energy evaporating water from oceans, fresh water bodies, soils, and vegetation | | 58 |
| 8447787001 | limiting factor | prevents the growth of an individual, population, or species, or potentially causing its extinction | | 59 |
| 8447787002 | macronutrients | essential elements needed in LARGE quantities
Ex: C,H,O,N,P,S | | 60 |
| 8447787003 | micronutrients | essental elements needed in SMALLER quantities
Ex: Mo, Ca | | 61 |
| 8447787004 | missing carbon sink | The cycling of carbon dioxide between land organisms and the atmosphere is a large flux
*includes the forrest and the ocean* | | 62 |
| 8447787005 | nitrogen sink | place where nitrogen is found (atmosphere) | | 63 |
| 8447787006 | nitrogen cycle | - manufacture of proteins and DNA (main part of the earths atmosphere)
*not involved with fertilizer* | | 64 |
| 8447787007 | nitrogen fixation | converting inorganic, molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia or nitrate | | 65 |
| 8447787008 | phosphorous cycle | - slower rate when phosphorous particles exit the atmosphere
- travels in plants and rocks, seeping into the water
*essential nutrient for plant growth and gives us nucleic acid | | 66 |
| 8447787009 | Cycling of Phosphorus | 1. Weathering/ erosion of rock
- PO4-3 (phosphate) leaches out
- PO4-3 can be insoluble (cant be readily absorbed)
- phosphate can be assimilated by producers and consumers
2. plants/animals diet and decompose to return PO4-3 back to the soil | | 67 |
| 8447787010 | Anthropogenic effects of the phosphorus cycle | 1. runoff of fertilizers and laundry detergent (NO3- + PO4-3)
- algal bloom: eutrophication
- blocks sunlight
- hypoxic conditions do to decompose | | 68 |
| 8447787011 | Anthropogenic effects of the sulfur cycle | burning of fossil fuels:
emission of SO2(g) | | 69 |
| 8447787012 | rock cycle | production of rock and soil
- dependent on the tectonic cycle for energy and on the hydrologic cycle for water | | 70 |
| 8447787013 | algae | Created from the cycling of nitrogen and phosphate: runoff of fertilizer
Ex: Lake Washington | | 71 |
| 8447787014 | cycling of matter | The survival of organisms is dependent upon acquiring these elements into usable form | | 72 |
| 8447787015 | Flux | How quickly matter transfers from one realm to the other | | 73 |
| 8447787016 | Reservoirs | A pool or holding place for a nutrient | | 74 |
| 8447787017 | Sinks | Reservoirs that accept more nutrients than they release | | 75 |
| 8447787018 | Flows | Processes that move matter between reservoirs/ pool | | 76 |
| 8447787019 | Residence time | How long matter/ energy stays in a compartment | | 77 |
| 8447787020 | Anthropogenic effects of the Carbon cycle | Increased combustion, ocean acidification, and deforestation
CAD | | 78 |
| 8447787021 | Assimilation | Plants take nitrates into their bodies to make proteins from plants
Animals then eat the plants and assimilate the substances
*involves nucleic acids and proteins* | | 79 |
| 8447787022 | Ammonification/ Mineralization | NH4+: NO3- + NO2- | | 80 |
| 8447787023 | Anthropogenic effects of the nitrogen cycle | 1. Uses fertilizer adds nitrates to an ecosystem (can lead to eutrophication) which is excessive nutrients in water: algal bloom (hypoxia)
- algae dies and decomposes 02(g) is used by decomposers- disruption of photosynthesis (dead zones) which is a lack of dissolved O2(g ) in water
2. Human waste/ sewage is discharged in H2O
3. Burning fossil fuels releases NO2(g) contributed towards "smog" | | 81 |
| 8447787024 | Anthropogenic effects on the water cycle | - deforestation
- paving over land surfaces increase in runoff and erosion
DPR | | 82 |
| 8447787025 | sulfur cycle | - found mostly in rocks and soil as sulfate minerals
- sulfate is assimilated by producers and eventually by consumers
- death and decomposition convert organic sulfates into inorganic sulfates and H2O(g)
- animal excretions also add sulfates to soil and water
*acid rain* | | 83 |
| 8447787026 | transpiration | the release of water from leaves during photosynthesis | | 84 |
| 8447787027 | leaching | process when a solid seeps into or leaves soil | | 85 |
| 8447787028 | eutrophication | The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients | | 86 |
| 8447787029 | nitrification | NH3: NO2 + NO3- | | 87 |
| 8447787030 | Human interaction with the nitrogen cycle is primarily due to | The leaching of nitrates into terrestrial ecosystems | | 88 |
| 8447787031 | Cause of decreased evaporation and transpiration | increased percolation | | 89 |
| 8447787032 | large reservoir of inorganic carbon is found in | sedimentary rock | | 90 |
| 8447787033 | anthropogenic effect that results in the significant amount of SO2 | burning of fossil fuels | | 91 |
| 8447787034 | Shell-forming marine organisms | allows the geologic cycle to take place | | 92 |
| 8447787035 | limiting factor of aquatic ecosystem | phosphorus | | 93 |
| 8447787036 | Stromatolites | built-up layers of microbes growing together | | 94 |
| 8447787037 | Hypoxic conditions in bodies of water result in | decomposition of algal blooms | | 95 |
| 8447787038 | Eras/ periods of life on earth | 5 Extinctions | | 96 |
| 8447787039 | How to scale age | 1. Layering of rocks
2. Evolution
3. Radioactivity-
two isotopes:
inorganic (U-238, Pb-206)
organic (C-14/C-12) | | 97 |
| 8447787040 | Biosphere | Sphere associated with where life resides within biomes | | 98 |
| 8447787041 | Atmosphere | fluid of gases:
Nitrogen~78%
Oxygen~20% | | 99 |
| 8447787042 | Hydrosphere | Sphere where water cycles
-crynosphere: frozen water | | 100 |
| 8447787043 | Lithosphere | Crust: 8 elements make up 99%
- In order of decreasing abundance [O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg}
Mantle: contains most of the Earth's volume | | 101 |
| 8447787044 | Core | -outer core: mostly iron, molten
-inner core: solid (extreme pressure) | | 102 |
| 8447787045 | Continental Drift Theory | - proposed by Alfred Wegner in 1915
- all present day continents originally formed one landmass | | 103 |
| 8447787046 | Seafloor Spreading Theory | - magnetic properties were discovered in rocks on the seafloor
- lithosphere (crust and upper mantle): divided into sections known as plates (15 total) | | 104 |
| 8447787047 | Formation of the Grand Canyon | flow of water or extensive period of time | | 105 |
| 8447787048 | Transform Boundaries | plates slide past each other
- friction and stress of this movement can cause earthquakes
Ex: San Andreas Fault | | 106 |
| 8447787049 | Divergent Boundaries | plates slide apart; space is filled with molten magma
Ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge | | 107 |
| 8447787050 | Convergent Boundaries | create subduction zones
- ocean plates and continental
Ex: Andies mountain range
- continental plates collide
Ex: Himalayas
- oceanic plates collide
Ex: Japan, Aleutian Islands | | 108 |
| 8447787051 | Power of Earthquakes | - the amount of PE stored (from the focus)
- the distance the rock mass moved when the energy is released
- How far below the surface the movement occurred | | 109 |
| 8447787052 | Case studies of Earthquake activity | - many cities demolished due to inadequate building codes
- occurred in northern boundary of Caribbean tectonic plates | | 110 |
| 8447787053 | Tsunami formation | - a body of water is rapidly displaced by a submarine earthquake
- most tsunamis are caused by subduction- zone
- seismic activity
Ex:
indian ocean earthquake (9.1)
off the coast of Japan (9.0) | | 111 |
| 8447787054 | Volcanic Eruptions | - crack in the earth with magma underneath chamber
- the hot magma rises, gas bubbles form high pressure, magma begins to flow and assumes easiest path
*molten lava could kill organisms residing in its path
- volcanic explosions can cause displacement and movement of bedrock affecting structures
- new rock is formed on top of pre-existing environments
- primary succession is required to re-establish life | | 112 |
| 8447787055 | Volcanic Ash | blocks sunlight | | 113 |
| 8447787056 | Coriolis Effect | a phenomenon that causes fluids like water and air to curve as they travel across or above Earth's surface | | 114 |
| 8447787057 | Convection Cells | 1. Hadley
2. Ferrel
3. Polar | | 115 |
| 8447787058 | Hadley Cell | trade winds!!!!
O-30 NS
E to W | | 116 |
| 8447787059 | Ferrel Cell | 30-60
stormy westerlies
W to E | | 117 |
| 8447787060 | Polar Cell | 60-90
Polar Easterlies
E to W | | 118 |
| 8447787061 | Troposphere | - lower part of the atmosphere
- where weather occurs
- Greenhouse gases are trapped in this layer, forming the basis of global warming | | 119 |
| 8447787062 | Stratosphere | - very stable "calm" layer
- where airplane fly
- contains the ozone layer | | 120 |
| 8447787063 | NOAA-Ocean Explorer | - warm ocean surface water heats up and adds moisture to the air above it, forming low pressure systems (produces tropical thunderstorms)
- cold surface water cools the air above it, forming high pressure systems (produces little to no precipitation) | | 121 |
| 8447787064 | El Niño | Climate shift!
- occurs around the tropical/ equatorial pacific ocean area
- about every 3-7 years; lasts 9-12 months
- peak is November- February
- warms surface water appears further | | 122 |
| 8447787065 | Low-pressure air mass | Cloudy stormy weather, precipitous conditions | | 123 |
| 8447787066 | Elements in the Earth's crust | 1. Oxygen
2. Silicon | | 124 |
| 8447787067 | Elements in the Earth's atmosphere | Nitrogen | | 125 |
| 8447787068 | Main driver of Atmospheric circulation | Earth's rotation and uneven surface heating | | 126 |
| 8447787069 | Organic vs. Inorganic | Organic:
Derived from living matter.
contains carbon compounds C and H bonds
Inorganic:
Not consisting of or deriving from living matter
without organized physical structure | | 127 |
| 8447787070 | Natural vs. Synthetic | Natural:
Made or caused by nature or humankind
Synthetic:
Made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product | | 128 |
| 8447787071 | Kinetic vs. Potential Energy | Kinetic:
Energy that a body possesses by being in motion
Potential:
the energy possessed by a body of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors | | 129 |
| 8447787072 | Radioactive decay | | | 130 |
| 8447787073 | Half-life (and its calculations) | The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value | | 131 |
| 8447787074 | Law of Conservation of Matter & Energy | a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system | | 132 |
| 8447787075 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Heat is a form of energy | | 133 |
| 8447787076 | 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | In any cyclic process the entropy will either increase or remain the same | | 134 |
| 8447787077 | Entropy | A measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work | | 135 |
| 8447787078 | Organism | An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form | | 136 |
| 8447787079 | Species | A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding | | 137 |
| 8447787080 | Population | A particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in an area or country | | 138 |
| 8447787081 | Community | A group of a species living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common | | 139 |
| 8447787082 | Ecosystem | A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment | | 140 |
| 8447787083 | Producers/Autotrophs | Producer:
Make their own food and begin the cycle
Autotroph:
Obtain energy and nutrients by harnessing sunlight through photosynthesis | | 141 |
| 8447787084 | Consumers/Heterotrophs | Consumer:
Receives energy by consuming other organisms
Heterotrophs:
Can consume nutrients by consuming other organisms, but cannot produce their own food | | 142 |
| 8447787085 | Decomposers | Break down organic compounds into nutrients by feeding on the dead | | 143 |
| 8447787086 | Photosynthesis (reactants and products) | The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water | | 144 |
| 8447787087 | Cellular Respiration (reactants and products) | A metallic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP | | 145 |
| 8447787088 | Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration | producing cellular energy with the help of oxygen | | 146 |
| 8447787089 | Adaptation | the action or process of change
ex: new environement | | 147 |
| 8447787090 | Mutation | change in the structure of a gene | | 148 |
| 8447787091 | Gene Trait | Characteristic for physicality | | 149 |
| 8447787092 | Chromosome | A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. | | 150 |
| 8447787093 | Gene pool | He stock of different genes in an interbreeding population | | 151 |
| 8447787094 | Natural Selection | Different survival and reproduction of individuals due to environmental characteristics | | 152 |
| 8447787095 | Biodiversity | The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem | | 153 |
| 8447787096 | Extinction | The end of a group of organisms | | 154 |
| 8447787097 | Plate Tectonics | The structure of the earth's crust as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle | | 155 |
| 8447787098 | Weathering | Worn away or changed by long exposure to air | | 156 |
| 8447787099 | Climate Change | A change in global or regional climate patterns | | 157 |
| 8447787100 | Rocks vs. Minerals | Rocks:
The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed to the soil or oceans.
Minerals:
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence | | 158 |
| 8447787101 | Climate vs. Weather | Climate:
A region with particular prevailing weather conditions
Weather:
The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc | | 159 |
| 8447787102 | Global Warming vs. Greenhouse Effect | Global Warming:
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere cause by increased levels of carbon dioxide (greenhouse effect)
Greenhouse Effect:
The trapping of the sun's warm converting into infrared radiation into the lower part of the earths atmosphere | | 160 |
| 8447787103 | CO2 | Carbon Dioxide | | 161 |
| 8447787104 | CO | Carbon Monoxide | | 162 |
| 8447787105 | CH4 | Methane | | 163 |
| 8447787106 | C6H12O6 | Glucose | | 164 |
| 8447787107 | N2 | Nitrogen Gas | | 165 |
| 8447787108 | NOx | Nitrogen Oxide | | 166 |
| 8447787109 | NO3 | Nitrate | | 167 |
| 8447787110 | NO2 | Nitrite | | 168 |
| 8447787111 | NH3 | Ammonia | | 169 |
| 8447787112 | NH4 | Ammonium | | 170 |
| 8447787113 | H2S | Hydrogen Sulfide Gas | | 171 |
| 8447787114 | O2 | Oxygen Gas | | 172 |
| 8447787115 | O3 | Ozone | | 173 |
| 8447787116 | PO4-3 | Phosphate | | 174 |
| 8447787117 | SO2 | Sulfur Dioxide | | 175 |
| 8447787118 | Pb | Lead | | 176 |
| 8447787119 | Hg | Mercury | | 177 |
| 8447787120 | Rn | Radon | | 178 |
| 8447787121 | U | Uranium | | 179 |
