AP Psych: Sensation and Perception Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5390894881 | Visual Agnosia | Inability to recognize objects through sight | 0 | |
| 5390897655 | Sensation | detection of a physical stimulus in the environment | 1 | |
| 5390905099 | Perception | Interpretation of sensation | 2 | |
| 5390918076 | Pyschophysics | The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experiences | 3 | |
| 5390932870 | Accessory structure | the part of a sense organ that is responsible for collecting and modifying energy from the environment (Ex. Lens) | 4 | |
| 5390939468 | Sensory Receptors | specialized cells that respond to certain energy fluctuations in the environment | 5 | |
| 5390946317 | Transduction | occurs when physical energy is converted into neural code, making it possible for the brain to interpret the energy. | 6 | |
| 5390953871 | Thalamus | where information is analyzed and relayed to the appropriate area in the cerebral cortex | 7 | |
| 5390958285 | Sensory Cortex | Located in the parietal lobe. Processes sensory information | 8 | |
| 5390965939 | Absolute Threshold | smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for sensation to take place 50% of the time. Nothing to something. | 9 | |
| 5390981001 | Signal Detection Theory | examines factors that affect the process of sensation. Detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes. HIT AND MISS. | 10 | |
| 5390989275 | Sensitivity | refers to the ability to detect a stimulus | 11 | |
| 5390991811 | Response Criterion | refers to a person's willingness to respond to a stimulus | 12 | |
| 5390996625 | Difference Threshold (JND) | Smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Something to something | 13 | |
| 5391017601 | Weber's Law | a difference threshold depends on the strength of the new stimulus in relation to the original stimulus | 14 | |
| 5391025674 | Fecher's Law | continuous increases in physical energy will result in smaller increases in perceived magnitude. | 15 | |
| 5404279817 | Sensory Adaptation | occurs as sensory receptors lose their sensitivity in response to an unchanging stimulus. | 16 | |
| 5404292491 | Pupil | opening in the eye that allows light to enter | 17 | |
| 5404294479 | Iris | a muscle that determines the amount of light that enters through the pupil | 18 | |
| 5404299153 | Lens | located behind the pupil, bends the light wave, focusing on the retina | 19 | |
| 5404301718 | Accommodation | refers to the process of how the lens focuses in and out on images | 20 | |
| 5404306197 | Retina | light sensitive membrane located in the back of the eye where transduction occurs | 21 | |
| 5404311662 | Photoreceptors | sensory receptors responsible for converting light energy into neural code | 22 | |
| 5404315768 | Rods | are more active in dimly lighted conditions and respond to black, white, and shades of grey. | 23 | |
| 5404323174 | Cones | more active in bright-light conditions and help in the detection of fine details and color | 24 | |
| 5404330370 | Fovea | area of the retina where visual acuity is sharpest | 25 | |
| 5404334744 | Bipolar cells | specialized neurons that connect rods and cones to ganglion cells | 26 | |
| 5404339734 | Ganglion cells | specialized neurons that receive and process information from the receptor cells before information is sent to the brain. | 27 | |
| 5404347257 | Optic nerve | carries visual information to the brain | 28 | |
| 5404355215 | Optic disk | an area that contains no rods and cones | 29 | |
| 5404357536 | Blind spot | occurs where the optic nerve leaves the retina, producing a void in the visual field | 30 | |
| 5404361594 | Optic chiasm | refers to the point where the nerves from each visual field meet the brain and then cross to the opposite side of the brain | 31 | |
| 5404369206 | Primary visual cortex | processes the visual information located into the occipital lobe | 32 | |
| 5404373924 | Feature detectors | are neurons in the primary visual cortex, specialized to respond to different aspects of an image such as size, shape, and angle | 33 | |
| 5404383632 | Parallel processing | refers to how the brain processes multiple sources of information simultaneously | 34 | |
| 5404388718 | Hue | refers to the color that people psychologically experience | 35 | |
| 5404392196 | Saturation | refers to the purity of the color | 36 | |
| 5404393631 | Brightness | refers to the intensity of the light wave, which is determined by the amplitude, or height, of a wave | 37 | |
| 5404400857 | Subtraction color mixing | works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there | 38 | |
| 5404405180 | Additive color mixing | involves adding more light wavelengths | 39 | |
| 5404409877 | Trichromatic theory of color vision | there are 3 types of cones, each sensitive to a specific wavelength: red sensitive cone, green sensitive cone, and blue sensitive cone. | 40 | |
| 5404417869 | Color blindness | can be explained by trichromatic theory of color vision. Cannot determine between red and green colors | 41 | |
| 5404429451 | Opponent process theory of color vision | color sensitive components of the eye are grouped into three pairs. red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white | 42 | |
| 5404437551 | Afterimage | when an image is perceived even though the stimulus has been removed | 43 | |
| 5404440815 | Pitch | property of a sound wave. high or lowness of a sound | 44 | |
| 5404443288 | Frequency | number of complete waves that pass through a medium every second | 45 | |
| 5404446625 | Hertz | measurement of frequency | 46 | |
| 5404454961 | Timbre | refers to the purity of the sound wave | 47 | |
| 5404457895 | Outer ear | collects and channels sound waves | 48 | |
| 5404459081 | Pinna | visible outer part of the ear, locates the sound wave | 49 | |
| 5404461095 | Auditory canal | channels the sound wave to the eardrum and produces wax to keep particles in the environment out of the ear | 50 | |
| 5404464623 | Eardrum | a membrane that vibrates in response to incoming sound waves (eardrum vibrations match frequency of sound wave) | 51 | |
| 5404468925 | Middle ear | Amplifies sound onto the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear | 52 | |
| 5404477883 | 3 tiny bones in middle ear | hammer(malleus), anvil(incus), stirrup(stapes) | 53 | |
| 5404486247 | Inner ear | auditory nerve-thalamus-temporal lobe-auditory cortex | 54 | |
| 5404497387 | Cochela | fluid filled tube, resembles a snail | 55 | |
| 5404499679 | Basilar membrane | lines the cochlea and contains hair cells(cilia), the sensory receptors for audition | 56 | |
| 5404519442 | Frequency matching theory | pitch is perceived through the vibrations of the basilar membrane, which are determined by the frequency of sound. | 57 | |
| 5404526778 | Volley principle | when neurons fire as a group in rapid succession they produces a volley of impulses | 58 | |
| 5404530682 | Place theory | pitch depends on where vibrations stimulate the basilar membrane | 59 | |
| 5404534475 | Conduction hearing loss | occurs when either the eardrum is punctured or there is damage to any of the three tiny bones located in the middle ear | 60 | |
| 5404540815 | Sensorineural hearing loss | occurs when there is damage to the hair cells located in the inner ear or auditory nerve | 61 | |
| 5404546512 | Olfactory receptor cells | responsible for the detection of air molecules | 62 | |
| 5404549761 | Olfactory nerves | carry information to the olfactory bulb | 63 | |
| 5404551215 | Olfactory bulb | located at the end of the olfactory cortex, is responsible for processing the sensation of smell | 64 | |
| 5404555248 | Taste buds | are sensory receptors that are activated when substances enter the mouth | 65 | |
| 5404573729 | Sensory interaction | occurs when one sense influences another | 66 | |
| 5404575088 | Ansomia | occurs when a person is unable to distinguish between different smells | 67 | |
| 5404577389 | Synesthesia | "feel a color" or "tasting a geometric shape" | 68 | |
| 5404611454 | Pacinian corpuscles | located beneath the skin, detect touch and pressure | 69 | |
| 5404614366 | Gate control theory | suggest that pain is determined by the opening and closing of the neurological gates in the spinal cord | 70 | |
| 5404619102 | Substance P | neurotransmitter that activates other neurons to open the "gate" resulting in the perception of pain | 71 | |
| 5404622849 | Kinesthetic sense | monitors and coordinates movement among body parts through information sent from sensory neurons called proprioceptors | 72 | |
| 5404629207 | Proprioceptors | located in joints, muscles, and the inner ear and communicate information to the brain concerning tension and movement in the body | 73 | |
| 5404633706 | Vestibular sense | monitors balance in response to movement detected by the proprioceptors. Provided information for vestibular sacs in the inner ear. | 74 | |
| 5404638718 | Bottom-up processing | organization of information, without the use of prior knowledge, beginning with individual elements that are structured together to form a whole. | 75 | |
| 5404647148 | Top-down processing | organization of information that uses prior knowledge to form a whole | 76 | |
| 5404651169 | Figure ground | the ability to distinguish between the figure as the foreground and the ground as the background |  | 77 |
| 5404655496 | Proximity | items close together belong together |  | 78 |
| 5404661016 | Similarity | tendency to group similar objects together to make one whole |  | 79 |
| 5404664919 | Continuity | tendency to see an object as continuing despite an obvious break |  | 80 |
| 5404670759 | Closure | tendency to fill in the missing object and see it as a whole |  | 81 |
| 5404673476 | Common fate | tendency to see objects that move in the same direction as together |  | 82 |
| 5404680765 | Monocular cues | information perceived from one eye that plays a crucial role in the ability to detect depth perception | 83 | |
| 5404689694 | Binocular cues | images that are perceived by both eyes and allow for accurate detection of depth perception | 84 | |
| 5404692953 | Binocular disparity | information that is processed by each eye and fused to form one image | 85 | |
| 5404695909 | Convergence | turning inward of each eye to focus on an up close object | 86 | |
| 5404698391 | Shape constancy | shape of an object remains the same despite a change in the angle from which it is viewed | 87 | |
| 5404702526 | Color constancy | object remains the same despite a change in lighting | 88 | |
| 5404706872 | Brightness constancy | brightness of an object remains the same despite a change in the brightness of the backgroud | 89 | |
| 5404711615 | Size constancy | size of an object remains the same despite the fact that size changes based on distance | 90 | |
| 5404716978 | Stroboscopic motion | perception of movement due to the rapid presentation of changing stationary images | 91 | |
| 5404718778 | Inattentional blindness | inability to see objects due to distraction | 92 | |
| 5404730500 | Multitasking | ability to focus your attention on two distinctly different tasks | 93 | |
| 5404732294 | Selective attention | ability to focus on one task while simultaneously focusing on another | 94 | |
| 5404742102 | Threshold | dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect | 95 | |
| 5404749007 | Detectability | measured in terms of probability and depends on decision making processes as well as sensory processes | 96 | |
| 5404754577 | Subliminal perception | registration of sensory input without conscious awareness | 97 | |
| 5404760792 | Nearsightedness | close objects are seen clearly but distant objects are blurry. Eyeball is too long. | 98 | |
| 5404765571 | Farsightedness | distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry. Eyeball is too short. | 99 | |
| 5404774918 | Receptive field | The retina is part of your ____ | 100 | |
| 5404777942 | Dark adaptation | the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination | 101 | |
| 5404780810 | Light adaptaiton | the process where the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination | 102 | |
| 5404786423 | Ventral stream | processes the details of form, shape, color. The "WHAT" | 103 | |
| 5404789391 | Dorsal stream | process the details of depth, motion. The "WHERE" | 104 | |
| 5404801968 | Prosopagnosia | inability to recognize familiar faces | 105 | |
| 5404812300 | Dicromats | only have two types of color receptors | 106 | |
| 5404821057 | Reversible figure | a drawing that is compatible with tow interpretations that can shift back and forth | 107 | |
| 5404823630 | Perceptual sets | readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way (creates bias) | 108 | |
| 5404838224 | Feature analysis | the process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into more complex form | 109 | |
| 5404883764 | Subjective contours | involves the perception of contours where none actually exist | 110 | |
| 5404885300 | Phi Phenomenon | illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succssion | 111 | |
| 5404890185 | Depth perception | involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate now near/far away objects are | 112 | |
| 5404895063 | Retinal dispolarity | both eyes view something differently within 25 feet | 113 | |
| 5404896798 | Pictoral cues | clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture | 114 | |
| 5404932494 | Visual illusion | involves an apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality | 115 | |
| 5404957722 | Impossible figures | objects that can be represented in two dimensional pictures but cannot exist in 3D space | 116 | |
| 5410204560 | Loudness | height of a sound wave determines the | 117 | |
| 5410209538 | Hair cells; rods and cones | _ are the receptor cells for audition and _ are the receptor cells for vision | 118 | |
| 5410230574 | Autokinetic effect | The tendency to perceive a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving | 119 |
Flashcards
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7144564481 | Lokasyon | Kung saan ang lugar | 0 | |
| 7144564482 | Lugar | Kung ano ang meron doon | 1 | |
| 7144564483 | region | Kung ano ang pagkakatulad o pagkakaiba | 2 | |
| 7144564484 | Pagkilos | Bakit at paano nagkaugnayan ang lugar | 3 | |
| 7144564485 | Klima | Regular na lagay o pattern ng kondisyon ng panahon sa isang particular na lugar | 4 | |
| 7144564486 | Eastern hemisphere | Nasa silangan (o kanan) ng prime meridian | 5 | |
| 7144564487 | Western Hemisphere | Nasa kanluran (o kaliwa) ng prime meridian | 6 | |
| 7144564488 | Migration | Paghahanap ng magandang lugar kung saan pwede mamuhay | 7 | |
| 7144564489 | Panahon | Kondisyon ng atmosphere sa isang lugar | 8 | |
| 7144564490 | prevailing winds | Hanging umiihap sa isang particular na direksiyon | 9 |
Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7446194983 | Amenity | Agreeable ways | 0 | |
| 7446194984 | Anathema | One is who is intensely disliked | 1 | |
| 7446194985 | Atypical | Unusual | 2 | |
| 7446194986 | Balky | Contrary | 3 | |
| 7446194987 | Bourgeois | Person with traits of the middle class | 4 | |
| 7446194988 | Concert | Agreement in feeling | 5 | |
| 7446194989 | Confluence | Coming together | 6 | |
| 7446194990 | Corpulence | State of being very fat | 7 | |
| 7446194991 | Dirge | Funeral hymn | 8 | |
| 7446194992 | Disconcerting | Upsetting | 9 | |
| 7446194993 | Endemic | Indigenous | 10 | |
| 7446194994 | Focus | Concentrate | 11 |
AP Physics 1 Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9876053529 | First kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no displacement given | *speed up or slow down *acceleration is how quickly velocity changes |  | 0 |
| 9876053530 | Second kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no final velocity given | *speed up or slow down *most often used for projectile motion |  | 1 |
| 9876053531 | Third kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no time given | *speed up or slow down m/s m m/s/s |  | 2 |
| 9876053532 | Fourth Kinematics Equation (constant acceleration) no acceleration given | *speed up or slow down meters m/s seconds |  | 3 |
| 9876053533 | Newton's Second Law | *vector addition *watch direction for a *mass is measured in kg |  | 4 |
| 9876053534 | Newton's 3 Laws | forces are equal and opposite |  | 5 |
| 9876053535 | Weight | *depends on location and planet * Force is weight measured in Newtons *mass is m measured in kg *g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 for Earth) |  | 6 |
| 9876053536 | Force of Static Friction | *from freebody diagram *Normal comes from up-down=ma equation *Newtons *coefficient is unitless |  | 7 |
| 9876053537 | Force of Kinetic Friction | *depends on materials and normal force acting on object *Normal comes from up-down=ma equation *Newtons *coefficient is unitless |  | 8 |
| 9876053538 | Work | *carrying a book across a room is not work *to do work the force must be parallel to displacement *friction does negative work Joules |  | 9 |
| 9876053539 | Work-Energy Theorem | *Work is the change of kinetic energy *object speeding up or slowing down *option to Newton's 2nd Law approach Joules |  | 10 |
| 9876053540 | Hooke's Law (springs) | F= force stretching or compressing a spring(N) k= spring constant/force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *F=ma |  | 11 |
| 9876053541 | Elastic Potential Energy for a spring | U= potential energy (Joules) k= spring constant / force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *Use in conservation of energy U+K=U+K |  | 12 |
| 9876053542 | Gravitational Potential Energy | U= potential energy (Joules) m= mass (kg) g=acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 Earth) y= vertical position from bottom (not ground) *swinging objects *roller coasters *used in conservation of energy U+K=U+K |  | 13 |
| 9876053543 | Conservation of Mechanical energy | *one object *use for swinging objects, springs, roller coasters *potential loss is kinetic gained |  | 14 |
| 9876053545 | Power | rate of energy change Watts |  | 15 |
| 9876053547 | Centripetal acceleration | change direction acceleration m/s/s |  | 16 |
| 9876053550 | conversion for linear and angular velocity | v=velocity (m/s) w=angular velocity (rad/s) r= radius (m) |  | 17 |
| 9876053551 | conversion for linear and angular acceleration | a= acceleration m/s/s alpha= angular acceleration rad/s/s r= radius (m) |  | 18 |
| 9876053552 | angular momentum (something going in a circle like a spinning ice skater) | L= angular momentum kgm^2/s I= rotational inertia kgm^2 w=angular velocity rad/s *when ice skater brings arms in I decreases which increases w |  | 19 |
| 9876053553 | net torque for system | torque (Nm) I= rotational inertia (kgm^2) angular acceleration (rad/s/s) *object like a see saw speeding up or slowing down but going in a circle |  | 20 |
| 9876053554 | Rotational Kinetic energy | *object turning like a spinning wheel K= kinetic energy (joules) I= rotational inertia (kgm^2) w= angular velocity (rad/s) |  | 21 |
| 9876053555 | Universal Gravitational Potential Energy | object with a planet U= potential energy (Joules) G=6.67x10^-11 r=distance center to center (m) m=mass (kg) |  | 22 |
| 9876053556 | acceleration due to gravity | g= m/s/s acceleration due to gravity M = Mass of planet (kg) r = distance from the center of the plant to object location (m) |  | 23 |
| 9876053557 | position as a function of time for simple harmonic motion (mass on spring) | RADIAN MODE x=position (meters) A= amplitude (meters) f=frequency (Hz) |  | 24 |
| 9876053558 | angular frequency for mass on spring | w = angular frequency (rad/s) k=spring/force constant (N/m) m= mass (kg) |  | 25 |
| 9876053560 | Period of a mass on a spring | *doesn't change if you go to a different planet *period is time for one complete cycle *use parenthesis in calculator T= period (s) m= mass (kg) k= spring/force constant (N/m) |  | 26 |
| 9876053561 | Period of an simple pendulum | *depends on planet/ location *period is time for one complete cycle (s) *L is length of string (m) *g is 9.8 for Earth |  | 27 |
| 9876053562 | momentum | vector! Watch sign for VELOCITY |  | 28 |
| 9876053563 | impulse | vector! change of direction means double the impulse WATCH SIGN for VELOCITY |  | 29 |
| 9876053564 | kinetic energy | scalar, never negative if you are moving you have kinetic energy |  | 30 |
| 9876053565 | constant angular velocity | w= angular velocity (rad/s) angular displacement (rad) |  | 31 |
| 9876053566 | universal law of gravitation | F = force (equal and opposite on masses) G=6.67x10^-11 m = mass (kg) r = distance center to center (m) Force = mg or ma or mv^2/r |  | 32 |
| 9876053567 | Coulomb's Law (force between charges) | F= force equal and opposite on charges (N) k=9x10^9 q=charge (C) r = distance center to center *opposite signs attract *like signs repel |  | 33 |
| 9876053568 | current | *direction is from positive side of battery towards negative sign of battery I= current (Amps) q= charge (C) t = time *flow of charge through a cross sectional area of wire *equal in series (one pipe=one current) |  | 34 |
| 9876053569 | resistance | R= resistance (ohms) resistivity (ohm meters) L=length (m) A= cross-sectional area (circle for wires) (m^2) *Longer the wire the more the resistance *the greater the area the smaller the resistance |  | 35 |
| 9876053570 | power | rate of energy dissipated by resistor or rate of energy converted by battery *P= power (watts) *I= current (amps) *V= electric potential difference (volts) |  | 36 |
| 9876053571 | resistors in series | longer means increased resistance *one path/ one pipe/ one *current is equal *voltage adds up |  | 37 |
| 9876053572 | resistors in parallel | *multiple paths/ more pipes/two finger rule *voltage is equal *current adds up |  | 38 |
| 9876053573 | wave speed | v= wave speed (m/s) f=frequency (Hz) wavelength (m) *deceiving equation , wave speed only depends on medium |  | 39 |
| 9876053574 | slope of a position vs time graph | v=x/t velocity | 40 | |
| 9876053575 | slope of a velocity vs time graph | a= change of v/time acceleration | 41 | |
| 9876053576 | area of a velocity vs time graph | x=vt displacement | 42 | |
| 9876053577 | slope of a force vs acceleration graph | m=F/a mass | 43 | |
| 9876053578 | area of a force vs time graph | Ft= impulse= change of momentum | 44 | |
| 9876053579 | area of a force vs displacement graph | Fx=work= change of kinetic energy | 45 | |
| 9876053580 | slope of a force vs stretch graph | k=F/x spring constant or force constant | 46 | |
| 9876053581 | force of friction | another force for freebody Normal comes from freebody |  | 47 |
| 9876053583 | conservation of momentum | use for collisions momentum before + momentum before = momentum after +momentum after |  | 48 |
| 9876053584 | Elastic collisions | *conserve momentum and kinetic energy *magnetic bumpers with carts |  | 49 |
| 9876053585 | Inelastic collisions | *This is what you assume unless told otherwise *conserve momentum not kinetic energy *objects do not have to stick together |  | 50 |
| 9876053586 | perfect inelastic collisions | *conserve momentum only *objects stick together *Velcro with carts |  | 51 |
| 9876053587 | angular displacement | radians rad/s rad/s/s |  | 52 |
| 9876053588 | speeding up/slowing down angular velocity | rad/s rad/s/s |  | 53 |
| 9876053589 | torque (twisting force) | *See Saw/ levers *demo with trying to hold up bar with hanging masses torque (Nm) r is distance from pivot point to force (m) force must be perpendicular (N) |  | 54 |
| 9876053590 | change of angular momentum | change of angular momentum (kgm^2/s) torque (Nm) time (s) *if there is a torque object speeds up or slows down which changes its angular momentum |  | 55 |
| 9876053591 | horizontal projectile motion | initial velocity = zero a=-9.8 displacement is negative | 56 | |
| 9876053592 | projectile motion at an angle | *split initial velocity into sin and cos *vsin is for vertical constant acceleration equations *vcos is for horizontal constant velocity equation x=vt | 57 | |
| 9876053594 | period | period is time for one complete cycle/circle w= angular velocity/frequency (rad/s) f= frequency (Hz) |  | 58 |
| 9876053595 | Ohm's Law | I= current (A)....flow V= electric potential difference (Volts)....push R= resistance (ohm's law)... fight *the more the push the more the flow * the more the fight, the less the flow |  | 59 |
| 9876053596 | slope of a voltage vs resistance graph | current | 60 | |
| 9876053597 | slope | divide axis and find equation for meaning | 61 | |
| 9876053598 | area | *multiply axis for meaning *area under x-axis is negative *shading is from the x-axis up and from the x-axis down |  | 62 |
| 9876053602 | projectile motion | *force = weight (down whole time) *acceleration (down -9.8 m/s/s) *horizontal motion constant velocity x=vt *at P only horizontal velocity *at P vertical velocity is negative |  | 63 |
| 9876053604 | Freebody for incline plane | only C and E correct C is at rest or moving down incline E is being accelerated up incline |  | 64 |
| 9876053605 | Sound | compressional / longitudinal wave *fastest in solids *cannot go through a vaccuum | 65 | |
| 9876053609 | conservation of angular momentum |  | 66 | |
| 9876053611 | Coulomb's Law |  | 67 | |
| 9876053612 | Hooke's Law |  | 68 | |
| 9876053613 | Ohm's law visual |  | 69 | |
| 9876053606 | centripetal force | *Net force towards center of circle Moon around earth it is gravity car going around curve friction |  | 70 |
| 9876053607 | no centripetal force | no centripetal force object moves straight... no longer turns |  | 71 |
AP Biology: Cell Communication Flashcards
Cell Communication
Vocabulary: signal transduction pathway, quorum sensing, hormones, protein kinase, protein phosphatase, G proteins, cyclic AMP, first messengers, second messengers, signal amplification, apoptosis, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, hormonal signaling
1. Know the three stages of Cell Signaling:
a. Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors
b. Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers
c. Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape
2. Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.
3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.
4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.
5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.
6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.
Terms : Hide Images
| 9876596310 | amplification | The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. |  | 0 |
| 9876596311 | apoptosis | A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. |  | 1 |
| 9876596312 | cytoplasm | The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane. | 2 | |
| 9876596313 | epinephrine | water soluble ligand molecule; A catecholamine that, when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. | 3 | |
| 9876596314 | G protein | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. |  | 4 |
| 9876596315 | gap junction | A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells. |  | 5 |
| 9876596316 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 6 | |
| 9876596317 | ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule; often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell. | 7 | |
| 9876596318 | ligand-gated ion channel | A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. |  | 8 |
| 9876596319 | local regulator | A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling. |  | 9 |
| 9876596320 | protein kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein. | 10 | |
| 9876596321 | protein phosphatase | An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. | 11 | |
| 9876596322 | receptor tyrosine kinase | A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell. |  | 12 |
| 9876596323 | scaffolding protein | A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction. |  | 13 |
| 9876596324 | second messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein. | 14 | |
| 9876596325 | signal transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. | 15 | |
| 9876596326 | signal transduction pathway | A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. There are four types that we studied: g-protein linked reception; hormonal reception; receptor tyrosine kinase reception; pathways using second messengers (cAMP; calcium ions). | 16 | |
| 9876596327 | testosterone | A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones. |  | 17 |
| 9876596328 | transcription factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway. | | 18 |
| 9876596329 | three stages of cell communication | reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule; transduction - translation and amplification of message; response - activation of cellular response |  | 19 |
| 9876596330 | g-linked protein receptor | receives message for g-linked protein signaling pathway. Consists of seven alpha helices that span the plasma membrane. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds. |  | 20 |
| 9876596331 | signal transduction pathway | The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response. |  | 21 |
| 9876596332 | local regulators | These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them. |  | 22 |
| 9876596333 | hormones | Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells. |  | 23 |
| 9876596334 | ligand | A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one. |  | 24 |
| 9876596335 | protein kinase | The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein. |  | 25 |
| 9876596336 | protein phosphatases | Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins. |  | 26 |
| 9876596337 | second messengers | Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion. |  | 27 |
| 9876596338 | reception | The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. |  | 28 |
| 9876596339 | transduction | The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way. |  | 29 |
| 9876596340 | response | The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. |  | 30 |
| 9876596341 | G-protein-linked receptor | A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein. |  | 31 |
| 9876596342 | receptor tyrosine kinase | A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction. |  | 32 |
| 9876596343 | ligand-gated ion channel | Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape. |  | 33 |
AP Biology Biochemistry Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9876617548 | Carbohydrate Examples | glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides | 0 | |
| 9876617741 | Disaccharide |  | 1 | |
| 9876617742 | Monosaccharide |  | 2 | |
| 9876617743 | Polysaccharide |  | 3 | |
| 9876617744 | Glycosidic Linkage |  | 4 | |
| 9876617745 | Starch |  | 5 | |
| 9876617746 | Cellulose |  | 6 | |
| 9876617549 | Lipid Examples | fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides | 7 | |
| 9876617747 | Ester Linkage |  | 8 | |
| 9876617748 | Unsaturated Fat |  | 9 | |
| 9876617749 | Saturated Fat |  | 10 | |
| 9876617750 | Steroid |  | 11 | |
| 9876617751 | Phospholipid |  | 12 | |
| 9876617752 | Nucleotide |  | 13 | |
| 9876617550 | Nucleic Acid Examples | DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids) | 14 | |
| 9876617753 | DNA |  | 15 | |
| 9876617754 | RNA |  | 16 | |
| 9876617551 | Protein Examples | amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes | 17 | |
| 9876617755 | Triglyceride |  | 18 | |
| 9876617552 | Amino Acid Examples | glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ... | 19 | |
| 9876617756 | Amino Acid |  | 20 | |
| 9876617757 | Primary Structure of a Protein |  | 21 | |
| 9876617758 | Secondary Structure of a Protein |  | 22 | |
| 9876617759 | alpha helix (secondary) |  | 23 | |
| 9876617760 | beta-pleated sheet (secondary) |  | 24 | |
| 9876617761 | Tertiary Structure of a Protein |  | 25 | |
| 9876617762 | Quaternary Structure of a Protein |  | 26 | |
| 9876617763 | Disulfide Bridge |  | 27 | |
| 9876617764 | Hydrogen Bonds |  | 28 | |
| 9876617765 | Hydrophobic Interaction |  | 29 | |
| 9876617766 | Ionic Interaction (salt bridge) |  | 30 | |
| 9876617553 | *nucleic acid | *kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information |  | 31 |
| 9876617554 | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN) | elements that make up a nucleic acid | 32 | |
| 9876617555 | *the hydrogen bonds between the purines and pyrimidines | *why is DNA more stable than RNA? | 33 | |
| 9876617556 | *nucleotide | *the monomer of a nucleic acid | | 34 |
| 9876617557 | *a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base | *structure of a nucleotide | 35 | |
| 9876617558 | *dehydration synthesis between nucleotides | *a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides | 36 | |
| 9876617559 | phosphodiester bond | linkage that results from dehydration synthesis of the phosphate group of the first nucleotide to 3' carbon of the five-carbon sugar of the next nucleotide |  | 37 |
| 9876617560 | *purines | *double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine |  | 38 |
| 9876617561 | how to remember that adenine and guanine are purines | pure silver - pure for purines; Ag is the chemical symbol for silver - A for adenine and g for guanine | 39 | |
| 9876617562 | *pyrimidine | *single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine |  | 40 |
| 9876617563 | how to remember Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are PYrimidines | CUT the Py | 41 | |
| 9876617564 | *DNA | *deoxyribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that stores and transmits genetic information in the order of its nitrogen bases |  | 42 |
| 9876617565 | double helix | term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand |  | 43 |
| 9876617566 | *RNA | *ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information | 44 | |
| 9876617567 | *how RNA differs from DNA | *the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded | 45 | |
| 9876617568 | *how DNA differs from RNA | *the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; Thymine bonds with Adenine; DNA is double-stranded | 46 | |
| 9876617569 | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA | the three kinds of RNA | 47 | |
| 9876617570 | anti-parallel | term meaning that the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite direction of each other; one is upside-down to the other |  | 48 |
| 9876617571 | *hydrogen bond in nucleic acids | *a weak bond that holds the nitrogen bases to each other | 49 | |
| 9876617572 | *thymine | *in DNA, adenine only bonds with___________and is held together with two hydrogen bonds | 50 | |
| 9876617573 | *cytosine | *guanine only bonds with____________and is held together with three hydrogen bonds | 51 | |
| 9876617574 | *uracil | *in RNA, adenine only bonds with__________ | 52 | |
| 9876617575 | James Watson and Francis Crick | scientists who discovered the structure DNA | 53 | |
| 9876617576 | DNA replication | process used to make a copy of a DNA strand | 54 | |
| 9876617577 | transcription | the copying of the DNA sequence onto RNA | 55 | |
| 9876617578 | translation | the creation of a polypeptide from the information transcribed from DNA | 56 | |
| 9876617579 | genome | the complete set of DNA in a living organism | 57 | |
| 9876617580 | *proteins | *a macromolecule made chains of amino acids | 58 | |
| 9876617581 | *Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON) | *elements that make up a protein | 59 | |
| 9876617582 | categories of proteins | structural proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, defensive proteins, and enzymes | 60 | |
| 9876617583 | *enzymes | *proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reduce the activation energy required) | 61 | |
| 9876617584 | *amino acid | *building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group |  | 62 |
| 9876617585 | *a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group | *structure of an amino acid | 63 | |
| 9876617586 | *20 | *the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms | 64 | |
| 9876617587 | disulfide bridge | covalent bond formed between two cysteine amino acids when their SH groups become oxidized; this helps determine how a protein folds | | 65 |
| 9876617588 | *dehydration synthesis between amino acids | *process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond) | 66 | |
| 9876617589 | *peptide bond | *covalent bond formed between amino acids |  | 67 |
| 9876617590 | *from amino group to carboxyl group (N-C-C+N-C-C) | *order that the amino acids join together | 68 | |
| 9876617591 | *polypeptide chain | *a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds |  | 69 |
| 9876617592 | *R-group | *stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties |  | 70 |
| 9876617593 | *properties the R-group may give the amino acid | *hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic | 71 | |
| 9876617594 | side chain | another name for the R-group |  | 72 |
| 9876617595 | four levels of a proteins structure | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure | 73 | |
| 9876617596 | *primary structure | *the order of amino acids in a peptide chain that makes up a protein | | 74 |
| 9876617597 | *secondary structure | *three-dimensional shape that occurs from the hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups (the backbone) of nearby amino acids; may be shaped as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet |  | 75 |
| 9876617598 | fibrous proteins | proteins whose shapes are dominated by the secondary structure of a beta pleated sheet or alpha helix, like collagen |  | 76 |
| 9876617599 | *tertiary structure | *additional three dimensional shaping to a secondary structure due to interactions of the R-groups | | 77 |
| 9876617600 | *quaternary structure | *a protein that is assembled from two or more peptide chains; hemoglobin consists of four peptide chains that are held together by hydrogen bonding and interactions among R-groups | | 78 |
| 9876617601 | globular proteins | proteins whose shape is dominated by the additional three-dimensional shaping of a tertiary structure, like hemoblobin |  | 79 |
| 9876617602 | *denatured | *a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible |  | 80 |
| 9876617603 | *hydrogen bonds in proteins | *bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins | 81 | |
| 9876617604 | *hydrophobic R-groups | *move together to the interior of a protein, away from water | 82 | |
| 9876617605 | van der Waals interactions | bond-like interaction that stabilize nearby hydrophobic R-groups | 83 | |
| 9876617606 | ionic interactions | bond that forms between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups |  | 84 |
| 9876617607 | salt bridge | another name for ionic interactions that occur between oppositely charged (positive and negative) R-groups | | 85 |
| 9876617608 | *lipids | *macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water; | 86 | |
| 9876617609 | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) | *elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids | 87 | |
| 9876617610 | fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids | the most important lipids | 88 | |
| 9876617611 | Angelina Jolie's LIPS are filled with FAT | how to remember FATs are a kind of LIPID | 89 | |
| 9876617612 | *fatty acid | *monomer of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group |  | 90 |
| 9876617613 | *amphipathic | *having both hydrophobic and hydrophilc parts | 91 | |
| 9876617614 | lots of energy | how much energy a hydrocarbon chain stores | 92 | |
| 9876617615 | *dehydration synthesis in lipids | *the removal of a water molecule to join fatty acids to other molecules (like glycerol) |  | 93 |
| 9876617616 | *triglyceride | *lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol | | 94 |
| 9876617617 | glycerol | a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic |  | 95 |
| 9876617618 | *functions of lipids | *long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing | 96 | |
| 9876617619 | *saturated fatty acid | *fatty acid that consists of all single-covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; each carbon has two hydrogens bonded to it (saturated with hydrogens); | | 97 |
| 9876617620 | food made of saturated fatty acid | animal fats and butter; bad fats | 98 | |
| 9876617621 | unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acid that has one or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; | 99 | |
| 9876617622 | food made of unsaturated fatty acids | plant & fish fats, vegetable oils; good fats | 100 | |
| 9876617623 | *monounsaturated fatty acid | *kind of unsaturated fat that consists only has one double covalent bond (the rest are single) between each pair of carbon atoms |  | 101 |
| 9876617624 | *polyunsaturated fatty acid | *kind of unsaturated fat that has two or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms |  | 102 |
| 9876617625 | *phospholipid | *amphipathic lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group |  | 103 |
| 9876617626 | hydrophobic tail | another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid |  | 104 |
| 9876617627 | hydrophobic head | another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid | | 105 |
| 9876617628 | *the reason a phospholipid is amphipathic | *the hydrocarbon chains (tails) are nonpolar, while the glycerol and phosphate group (head) is polar | 106 | |
| 9876617629 | *phospholipid bilayer | *the main structure of the cell membrane, made of phospholipids that are arranged with the fatty acid tails packed together and the glycerol and phosphate heads facing water in an aqueous solution |  | 107 |
| 9876617630 | van der walls interactions | weak interaction between nonpolar molecules; holds the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of a phospholipid together | 108 | |
| 9876617631 | reason the phospholipid bilayer is stable | van der waals interactions hold the fatty acid tails together while hydrogen bonding binds the hydrophilic heads with water; also cholesterol is between the fatty acid tails stabilizing them | 109 | |
| 9876617632 | *steroid | *lipid made of four linked carbon rings attached to different functional groups (look like chicken wire fencing) |  | 110 |
| 9876617633 | examples of steroids | cholesterol, sex hormones | 111 | |
| 9876617634 | sex hormones | testosterone, progesterone, estrogen | 112 | |
| 9876617635 | cholesterol | the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids | 113 | |
| 9876617636 | cholesterol vs. testosterone | the tail of cholesterol is replaced with a hydroxyl group |  | 114 |
| 9876617637 | many biologically important molecules are NOT soluble in a lipid, so cell membranes can be selectively permeable | why are lipids good barriers in living organisms? | 115 | |
| 9876617638 | how to number carbons in a ring | clockwise from the right |  | 116 |
| 9876617639 | carbohydrate | macromolecule made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen that is soluble in water due to the hydroxyl groups | 117 | |
| 9876617640 | *monosaccharide | *the simplest kind of carbohydrate | 118 | |
| 9876617641 | *simple sugar | *another name for a monosaccharide | 119 | |
| 9876617642 | -ose | suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose) | 120 | |
| 9876617643 | *examples of monossaccharides | *glucose, fructose, galactose | 121 | |
| 9876617644 | formula for sugar molecules | (CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8 | 122 | |
| 9876617645 | *1:2:1 | *the ration of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate | 123 | |
| 9876617646 | alpha glucose vs. beta glucose structure | the reversal of the H and OH on the first carbon |  | 124 |
| 9876617647 | alpha glucose vs. beta glucose function | alpha glucose molecules can easily be broken down while beta glucose molecules can only be broken down by by certain bacteria | 125 | |
| 9876617648 | α-glucose | another name for alpha glucose | 126 | |
| 9876617649 | β-glucose | another name for beta glucose | 127 | |
| 9876617650 | where the carbons are in a ring structure | where four bond lines meet |  | 128 |
| 9876617651 | triose | monosaccharide made of three carbon atoms |  | 129 |
| 9876617652 | tetrose | monosaccharide made of four carbon atoms |  | 130 |
| 9876617653 | pentose | monosaccharide made of five carbon atoms; example is ribose in RNA and deoxribose in DNA |  | 131 |
| 9876617654 | hexose | monosaccharide made of six carbon atoms examples are glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose |  | 132 |
| 9876617655 | *disaccharide | *two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage |  | 133 |
| 9876617656 | *dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides | *process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides |  | 134 |
| 9876617657 | *glycosidic linkage | *covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide) |  | 135 |
| 9876617658 | *the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂ | *one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides | 136 | |
| 9876617659 | *sucrose | *table sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with fructose |  | 137 |
| 9876617660 | lactose | milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose |  | 138 |
| 9876617661 | *polysaccharide | *three or more monosaccharides | 139 | |
| 9876617662 | starch | a polymer of α-glucose molecules that store energy in a plant cell | | 140 |
| 9876617663 | glycogen | a polymer of α-glucose molecules that stores energy in animal cells; stored in the liver and muscles | | 141 |
| 9876617664 | the reason why starch and glycogen have a large amount of branching | plants and animals can quickly add to their energy supply when energy is plentiful, or break it down the storage molecules when energy is in short supply |  | 142 |
| 9876617665 | cellulose | a very stable polymer of β-glucose molecules that serves as a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells; major component of wood; the most abundant biological molecule on earth | | 143 |
| 9876617666 | chitin | a polymer of β-glucose molecules that contains serves as the exoskeleton of arthopods such as insects, spiders, and shellfish; it has a nitrogen-containing group attached to the ring |  | 144 |
| 9876617667 | organic molecules | molecules that contain carbon | 145 | |
| 9876617668 | macromolecules | large organic molecules | 146 | |
| 9876617669 | Clean Later Party Now | four kinds of macromolecules - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids | 147 | |
| 9876617670 | organic chemistry | the study of carbon compounds | 148 | |
| 9876617671 | the reason carbon is important to life | carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) | 149 | |
| 9876617672 | four | number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements | 150 | |
| 9876617673 | hydrocarbons | carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar |  | 151 |
| 9876617674 | nonpolar | not soluable in water | 152 | |
| 9876617675 | polar | soluable in water | 153 | |
| 9876617676 | isomer | Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) | 154 | |
| 9876617677 | polymer | molecules that consist of many repeated monomers | 155 | |
| 9876617678 | monomer | molecules that consist of a single unit | 156 | |
| 9876617679 | condensation reaction | the process of removing a small molecule to join together monomers to make a polymer | | 157 |
| 9876617680 | dehydration synthesis | a kind of condensation reaction | 158 | |
| 9876617681 | hydrolysis | the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers |  | 159 |
| 9876617682 | functional groups | parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions | 160 | |
| 9876617683 | polar covalent bond | the kind of bond between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule that results in the unequal sharing of electrons |  | 161 |
| 9876617684 | charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule | slightly negative | 162 | |
| 9876617685 | charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule | slightly positive | 163 | |
| 9876617686 | hydrogen bond in water | weak bond formed between water molecules |  | 164 |
| 9876617687 | universal solvent | Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water. | 165 | |
| 9876617688 | hydrophillic | Term for substances that dissolve in water. | 166 | |
| 9876617689 | hydrophobic | Term for substances that do not dissolve in water. | 167 | |
| 9876617690 | solute | A substance that dissolves into a solvent. |  | 168 |
| 9876617691 | solvent | A substance that dissolves another substance. |  | 169 |
| 9876617692 | aqueous solution | A solution in which water is the solvent. |  | 170 |
| 9876617693 | specific heat | the degree that a substance changes temperature due to the gain or loss of heat | 171 | |
| 9876617694 | high specific heat | property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding |  | 172 |
| 9876617695 | evaporative cooling | water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat | 173 | |
| 9876617696 | heat of fusion | the energy required to change water from a solid to a liquid | 174 | |
| 9876617697 | heat of vaporization | the energy required to change water from a liquid to a gas | 175 | |
| 9876617698 | the reason why water has a high specific heat | it takes a large amount of energy to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together | 176 | |
| 9876617699 | the temperature stays the same | what happens to the temperature of water when it changes states - from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas |  | 177 |
| 9876617700 | the reason ice floats in liquid water | less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate |  | 178 |
| 9876617701 | reasons why ice floating is important to life | floating ice keeps the water below it from freezing; if ice would sink, it would remain frozen eventually freezing the entire body of water | 179 | |
| 9876617702 | cohesion | the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules |  | 180 |
| 9876617703 | the reason insects can walk on the surface of water | surface tension caused by the cohesion of water molecules |  | 181 |
| 9876617704 | adhesion | the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces |  | 182 |
| 9876617705 | the reason water moves from the roots to the leaves of a plant | capillary action due to water adhering to the walls of a narrow tube an rising up (adhesion) |  | 183 |
| 9876617706 | matter | anything that has mass and takes up space | 184 | |
| 9876617707 | element | Matter in its simplest form | 185 | |
| 9876617708 | atom | Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud. | 186 | |
| 9876617709 | protons | Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom. | 187 | |
| 9876617710 | neutrons | Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom. | 188 | |
| 9876617711 | electrons | Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom. | 189 | |
| 9876617712 | *ion | *atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron | 190 | |
| 9876617713 | *cation | *a positively charged ion; "pawsitive" | 191 | |
| 9876617714 | *anion | *a negatively charged ion; ANegative ion | 192 | |
| 9876617715 | chemical bond | attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration | 193 | |
| 9876617716 | *molecules | *a stable association of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; | 194 | |
| 9876617717 | *compound | *a molecule made of more than one type of element | 195 | |
| 9876617718 | *organic compound | *compounds that contain carbon | 196 | |
| 9876617719 | inorganic compound | compounds that do not contain carbon | 197 | |
| 9876617720 | *functional group | *groups of atoms that are responsible for the chemical properties of organic compounds | 198 | |
| 9876617721 | the interaction of electrons between atoms | The reason chemical bonds form. | 199 | |
| 9876617722 | electronegativity | The ability of an atom to attract electrons. | 200 | |
| 9876617723 | *ionic bond | *Bond that forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. | 201 | |
| 9876617724 | *covalent bond | *Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared. | 202 | |
| 9876617725 | nonpolar covalent bond | Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally. | 203 | |
| 9876617726 | *polar covalent bond | *Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule | 204 | |
| 9876617727 | *single covalent bond | *Bond when sharing two electrons. | 205 | |
| 9876617728 | *double covalent bond | *Bond when sharing four electrons. | 206 | |
| 9876617729 | *triple covalent bond | *Bond when sharing six electrons. | 207 | |
| 9876617730 | *hydrogen bond | *A weak bond formed between molecules. | 208 | |
| 9876617731 | octet rule | an atom will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration of eight electrons in its outermost shell | 209 | |
| 9876617732 | transferred | Electrons are ___________ when there are large differences in electronegativities between atoms. | 210 | |
| 9876617733 | sharing; polar covalent bonds | Small differences in electronegativity result in the unequal ___________ of electrons, forming _____________. | 211 | |
| 9876617734 | Mono-Zach-and Cody ride in a Car | monosacharides make up carbohydrates | 212 | |
| 9876617735 | Ions | Cations are pawsitive, anion stands for "A Negative ion | 213 | |
| 9876617736 | CHO | elements that make up carbohydrate - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | 214 | |
| 9876617737 | CHO | elements that make up lipids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen | 215 | |
| 9876617738 | CHON | elements that make up proteins, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen | 216 | |
| 9876617739 | CHOPN | elements that make up nucleic acids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus | 217 | |
| 9876617740 | HONC | Hydrogen makes 1 covalent bond, Oxygen makes 2 covalent bonds, Nitrogen makes 3 covalent bonds, Carbon makes 4 covalent bonds | 218 |
AP Biology- Endocrine System Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9876641812 | Endocrine System | Releases hormones, chemicals released by *ductless glands* into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body | 0 | |
| 9876641813 | Tropic hormones | Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones | 1 | |
| 9876641814 | Pheromones | Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals | 2 | |
| 9876641815 | Nitric Oxide | Hormone found in vertebrates Gas released by one cell and reaches neighboring cells by diffusion | 3 | |
| 9876641816 | Control Metamorphosis in Insects | Hormones: ecdysone, juvenile hormone, brain hormone | 4 | |
| 9876641817 | Hypothalamus | Bridge between endocrine and nervous systems Sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline Releases *oxytocin* and *antidiuretic hormone* into posterior pituitary for storage | 5 | |
| 9876641818 | Anterior Pituitary | Growth hormone (GH)- Bone growth Luteinizing hormone (LH)- Ovaries and testes Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- Thyroid to release thyroxin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Adrenal cortex to release cortisol Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- gonads to produce gametes | 6 | |
| 9876641819 | Posterior Pituitary | Stores and releases hormones (*oxytocin*-stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands during labor and *ADH*- stimulates the collecting tubule in nephron) from hypothalamus | 7 | |
| 9876641820 | Thyroid Gland | Releases *thyroxin*- controls rate of metabolism Releases *calcitonin*- lowers blood calcium levels by facilitating uptake of calcium by bones | 8 | |
| 9876641821 | Parathyroid Gland | Releases *parathormone*- raises blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bones Works in opposition to *calcitonin* | 9 | |
| 9876641822 | Adrenal Cortex | Responds to stress by releasing corticosteroids- *cortisol* Raises blood sugar levels | 10 | |
| 9876641823 | Adrenal Medulla | Releases *epinephrine (adrenaline)*- the "fight or flight" hormone- raises blood sugar levels by increasing breakdown of glycogen in liver | 11 | |
| 9876641824 | Pancreas | Functions as both endocrine gland (releasing hormones) and exocrine gland (releasing digestive enzymes) Releases *insulin* to lower blood glucose levels Releases glucagon to raise blood glucose levels | 12 | |
| 9876641825 | Thymus Gland | Most active in fetal and postnatal life Essential to development of a normal immune system Stimulates proliferation of T-lymphcytes | 13 | |
| 9876641826 | Pineal Gland | In brain Secretes hormone melatonin | 14 | |
| 9876641827 | Ovaries | *Estrogen*- stimulates uterine lining, promotes development and maintenance of primary and secondary sexual characteristics *Progesterone*- promotes growth of uterine lining | 15 | |
| 9876641828 | Testes | *Testosterone*- supports sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics | 16 | |
| 9876641829 | Positive Feedback | Mechanisms amplify an already existing response and bring a process to an end |  | 17 |
| 9876641830 | Negative Feedback | Mechanisms maintain homeostasis |  | 18 |
| 9876641831 | Signal-Transduction Pathway | 1. Chemicals bind to a receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane 2. Triggers a *secondary messenger* (cAMP or calcium ions) 3. Converts chemical signal to a specific cellular response from the nucleus |  | 19 |
AP Environmental Science: Basics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9877635118 | Inorganic | Not formed from living things or the remains of living things | 0 | |
| 9877635119 | Organic | of, relating to, or derived from living matter and Carbon-containing | 1 | |
| 9877635120 | Natural | Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing | 2 | |
| 9877635121 | Synthetic | Artificial | 3 | |
| 9877635122 | Kinetic | Energy of motion | 4 | |
| 9877635123 | Potential Energy | Stored Energy | 5 | |
| 9877635124 | Radioactive decay | A spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation | 6 | |
| 9877635125 | Half life | the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate) | 7 | |
| 9877635126 | Law of Conservation of Matter | The principle that the total amount of matter is constant during any physical or chemical change (matter is neither created nor destroyed during these types of changes). | 8 | |
| 9877635127 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 9 | |
| 9877635128 | 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 10 | |
| 9877635129 | Entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness and a function of thermodynamic variables, as temperature, pressure, or composition, that is a measure of the energy that is not available for work during a thermodynamic process | 11 | |
| 9877635130 | Organism | A living thing | 12 | |
| 9877635131 | Species | Comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding. | 13 | |
| 9877635132 | Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area | 14 | |
| 9877635133 | Community | an interacting group of various species in a common location. For example, a forest of trees and undergrowth plants, inhabited by animals and rooted in soil containing bacteria and fungi | 15 | |
| 9877635134 | Ecosystem | A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. | 16 | |
| 9877635135 | Producers | Make their own food | 17 | |
| 9877635136 | Autotrophs | any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy, as most plants and certain bacteria and protists. | 18 | |
| 9877635137 | Consumers | An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. | 19 | |
| 9877635138 | Heterotrophs | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. | 20 | |
| 9877635139 | Decomposers | Break down organic matter | 21 | |
| 9877635140 | Photosynthesis | carbon dioxide and water --> Glucose and oxygen Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. | 22 | |
| 9877635141 | Cellular Respiration (reactants and products) | C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2--> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H20 (Water) + ATP (Energy) | 23 | |
| 9877635142 | Aerobic | Process that requires oxygen | 24 | |
| 9877635143 | Anaerobic | Describes a process that does not require oxygen. | 25 | |
| 9877635144 | Adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce | 26 | |
| 9877635145 | Mutation | A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity. | 27 | |
| 9877635146 | Gene Trait | Represented in pairs with an upper case letter for the dominant (A) and a lower case letter for the recessive (a). Since half the genetic material is from each parent, the offspring's traits are represented as a combination of these. | 28 | |
| 9877635147 | Chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each _____ consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. | 29 | |
| 9877635148 | Gene pool | Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 30 | |
| 9877635149 | Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 31 | |
| 9877635150 | Extinction | A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals. | 32 | |
| 9877635151 | Plate Tectonics | A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move. Geological processes, such as continental drift, volcanoes, and earthquakes, resulting from plate movement | 33 | |
| 9877635152 | Weathering | The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface. | 34 | |
| 9877635153 | Climate Change | Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades | 35 | |
| 9877635154 | Rocks | A naturally formed aggregate, or mixture, of minerals; have varied chemical compositions | 36 | |
| 9877635155 | Minerals | A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence. | 37 | |
| 9877635156 | Climate | Overall weather in an area over a long period of time | 38 | |
| 9877635157 | Weather | The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. | 39 | |
| 9877635158 | CO2 | carbon dioxide |  | 40 |
| 9877635159 | CO | Carbon Monoxide | 41 | |
| 9877635160 | C6H12O6 | glucose | 42 | |
| 9877635161 | CH4 | methane | 43 | |
| 9877635162 | H2 | hydrogen | 44 | |
| 9877635163 | H2O | oxidane/water | 45 | |
| 9877635164 | N2 | nitrogen gas | 46 | |
| 9877635165 | NOx | nitrogen oxide | 47 | |
| 9877635166 | NO3- | nitrate | 48 | |
| 9877635167 | NH3 | ammonia | 49 | |
| 9877635168 | O2 | dioxide | 50 | |
| 9877635169 | O3 | trioxygen | 51 | |
| 9877635170 | P | phosphorous | 52 | |
| 9877635171 | PO4 | phosphate | 53 | |
| 9877635172 | S | sulfur | 54 | |
| 9877635173 | SO2 | sulfur dioxide | 55 | |
| 9877635174 | CL | chloride | 56 | |
| 9877635175 | K | potassium | 57 | |
| 9877635176 | NaCl | sodium chloride | 58 | |
| 9877635177 | Pb | lead | 59 | |
| 9877635178 | Hg | mercury | 60 | |
| 9877635179 | Rn | radon | 61 | |
| 9877635180 | U | uranium | 62 | |
| 9877635181 | Richter scale | A scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves. | 63 | |
| 9877635182 | Biodiversity | The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity. | 64 | |
| 9877635183 | Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait | 65 | |
| 9877635184 | Trait | A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. | 66 | |
| 9877635185 | Transpiration | Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant | 67 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
