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AP Flashcards

8153131318	Pontio Plato	Nagpapatay kay Hesus	0
8153131319	Kristyanismo	mula sa pangalan ni Hesus	1
8153131320	Pablo	pinaka mahalaga sa mga misyonero. (Saul, Paul)	2
8153131321	Pablo	nagpalaganap ng kristyanismo sa mediterranian	3
8153131322	Inakusahan ng mga Roman ang mga Kristyano	Dahil monoteismo ang Kristyanismo	4
8153131323	Hesus	Mesiya	5
8153131324	Pablo	Tagasunod	6
8153131325	NERO	Galit sa mga Kristyano dahil sila daw ang sumunog ng Rome kahit siya naman ang gumawa nun.	7
8153131326	Emperador Decius	sa panahon niya, pinapahirap ang mga Kristyano.	8
8153131327	Naging Opisyal ang kristyanismo	sa pamamagitan ng Ethic of Milan.	9
8153131328	emperador Constantine	Siya ang nagtatag	10
8153131329	Unang nagpalagnap ng Kristyanismo	Ang mga misyonero ng Simbahan	11
8153131330	Dinala sa Ireland	St. Patrick	12
8153131331	nag asawa ng kristyano	Clovis	13
8153131332	Clovis	Nananalo dahil Nagdasal.	14
8153131333	St. Boniface	Siya ang Apostle sa Germany	15
8153131334	Augustine	England	16
8153131335		Balkn Peninsula	17
8153131336	Saan lumaganap ang Kristyanismo?	Ireland, Sweden, Germany, Balkan Peninsula at marami pang lugar.	18
8153129116	Poncio Plato	Nagpapatay kay Hesus	19
8153129117	Kristyanismo	mula sa pangalan ni Hesus	20
8153129118	Pablo	pinaka mahalaga sa mga misyonero. (Saul, Paul)	21
8153129119	Pablo	nagpalaganap ng kristyanismo sa mediterranian	22
8153129120	Inakusahan ng mga Roman ang mga Kristyano	Dahil monoteismo ang Kristyanismo	23
8153129121	Hesus	Mesiya	24
8153129122	Pablo	Tagasunod	25
8153129123	NERO	Galit sa mga Kristyano dahil sila daw ang sumunog ng Rome kahit siya naman ang gumawa nun.	26
8153129124	Emperador Decius	sa panahon niya, pinapahirap ang mga Kristyano.	27
8153129125	Naging Opisyal ang kristyanismo	sa pamamagitan ng Ethic of Milan.	28
8153129126	emperador Constantine	Siya ang nagtatag	29
8153129127	Unang nagpalagnap ng Kristyanismo	Ang mga misyonero ng Simbahan	30
8153129128	Dinala sa Ireland	St. Patrick	31
8153129129	nag asawa ng kristyano	Clovis	32
8153129130	Clovis	Nananalo dahil Nagdasal.	33
8153129131	St. Boniface	Siya ang Apostle sa Germany	34
8153129132	Augustine	England	35
8153129133		Balkn Peninsula	36
8153129134	Saan lumaganap ang Kristyanismo?	Ireland, Sweden, Germany, Balkan Peninsula at marami pang lugar.	37
8153130988	Monastisismo	Ang pagtalikod ng mga bagay. upang makamit ang mataas na pananalig.	38
8153130989	Monghe	namuhay ng mag isa	39
8153130990	3 panata	poverty, chastity at obedience	40
8153130991	St. Benedict	nagtatag ng Monasteryo sa Monte Cassino.	41
8153130992	Gaul	naging makapanguarihan ang Frank	42
8153130993	Nang namatay si clovis	ipinamana niya sa kanyang apat na anak.	43
8153130994	Hari	pinaka makapangyarihan	44
8153130995	Mayor ng Palasyo	pangunahing opisyal o chief officer	45
8153130996	Pepin the 2nd	anak niya si Charles at sya rin ang tumulong sa mga misyonero sa simbahan.	46
8153130997	Charles Martel	Labanan ng Tours siya ang nanalo	47
8153130998	Labanan ng Tours	Labanan laban sa Muslim at Frank	48
8153130999	Carolingian	hango sa Carlous ang pangalan sa wikang Latin ng anak ni Pepin ll	49
8153131000	Charlemagne	tatay niya si Pepin the Short na tatay naman si Charles Martel na tatay naman si Pepin the fat o Pepin ll.	50
8153131001	Papa Adrian	nag utos kay Charlemagne upang pumunta sa Italy upanv ipagtanggol ang Lombard.	51
8153131002	Patricius Romanus	pangunahing tagapagtanggol ng papa at ng simbahan.	52
8153131003	Mga Pari	Kasama ni Charles sa mga misyon	53
8153131004	County	isang paghahating politikal na binubuo ng marsming pamamayanan.	54
8153131005	Count	Konde parang pinuno	55
8153131006	Missi Dominici	Mensahero ng Panginoon (messenger of the Lord.	56
8153131007	Pinatong sa ulo ni Charlemagne	Simbolo ng seremonya ang paagsasama ng tatlong tradisyon. -Roman, Kristyano, Germanic.	57
8153128931	Monastisismo	Ang pagtalikod ng mga bagay. upang makamit ang mataas na pananalig.	58
8153128932	Monghe	namuhay ng mag isa	59
8153128933	3 panata	poverty, chastity at obedience	60
8153128934	St. Benedict	nagtatag ng Monasteryo sa Monte Cassino.	61
8153128935	Gaul	naging makapanguarihan ang Frank	62
8153128936	Nang namatay si clovis	ipinamana niya sa kanyang apat na anak.	63
8153128937	Hari	pinaka makapangyarihan	64
8153128938	Mayor ng Palasyo	pangunahing opisyal o chief officer	65
8153128939	Pepin the 2nd	anak niya si Charles at sya rin ang tumulong sa mga misyonero sa simbahan.	66
8153128940	Charles Martel	Labanan ng Tours siya ang nanalo	67
8153128941	Labanan ng Tours	Labanan laban sa Muslim at Frank	68
8153128942	Carolingian	hango sa Carlous ang pangalan sa wikang Latin ng anak ni Pepin ll	69
8153128943	Charlemagne	tatay niya si Pepin the Short na tatay naman si Charles Martel na tatay naman si Pepin the fat o Pepin ll.	70
8153128944	Papa Adrian	nag utos kay Charlemagne upang pumunta sa Italy upanv ipagtanggol ang Lombard.	71
8153128945	Patricius Romanus	pangunahing tagapagtanggol ng papa at ng simbahan.	72
8153128946	Mga Pari	Kasama ni Charles sa mga misyon	73
8153128947	County	isang paghahating politikal na binubuo ng marsming pamamayanan.	74
8153128948	Count	Konde parang pinuno	75
8153128949	Missi Dominici	Mensahero ng Panginoon (messenger of the Lord.	76
8153128950	Pinatong sa ulo ni Charlemagne	Simbolo ng seremonya ang paagsasama ng tatlong tradisyon. -Roman, Kristyano, Germanic.	77
8193584711	St. Patrick	Pumunta sa Ireland galing france.	78
8193584712	Clovis	hari ng mga Frank	79
8193584713	Papa Gregory the Great	nagpadala kay Augustine sa England.	80
8193584714	Augustine	naging hari ng Kent sa Canterbury.	81
8193584715	St. Boniface	Apostle of Germany.	82
8193584716	Cyril at Methodius	nagpakilala ng kristyanismo sa mga slav o mga tao sa balkan peninsula	83
8193584717	Lumaganap ang kristyanismo sa	Spain, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden at Hungary	84
8193584718	St. Benedict	nagtatag ng monasteryo sa Monte Cassino. (ipinanganak sa Italy)	85
8193584719	Monghe	tagapaglaganap ng kristyanismo	86
8193584720	Monk	ahente ng pag unlad ng kabihasnan	87
8193584721	Clovis	Nagpatapos ng paghari ng Roman sa Gaul.	88
8193584722	Clovis	nilupig ang kahariang Visigoth sa timog Gaul.	89
8193584723	Clovis	sinumulan ang linyang Merovingian sa Gaul.	90

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AP Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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5169004704	Photosynthesis		0
5169008426	Photosynthetic Pigments	Absorb light energy to provide energy for photosynthesis Chlorophyll a and b are green Carotenoid and xanthophyll are yellow, orange and red Phycobilins are red A pigment absorbs all colors that it does not reflect; chlorophyll reflects green, while it absorbs red, blue, and violet	1
5169035686	Antenna Pigments	Photosynthetic pigments that capture wavelengths of light other than those absorbed by chlorophyll a, thus expanding the spectrum of light that can be used to power photosynthesis Located in photosystems in the grana of chloroplasts Ex: Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophyll, and phycobilin	2
5169067418	Chloroplast A. Outer double membrane - the membrane is double because in ancient times chloroplasts were tine free-living organisms that took up residence inside larger cells (theory of endosymbiosis) B. Stroma - site of light-independent reactions C. Grana - site of light-dependent reactions; consists of thylakoid membranes		3
5169069700	Photosystems (PS)	Located in the grana, within thylakoid membranes Harvest light for the light-dependent reactions Several hundred in each chloroplast Consist of a reaction center containing chlorophyll a plus antenna pigments There are two photosystems: PS 1 (P700) and PS II (P680) PS I absorbs light, on average, in the 700 nm range PS II absorbs light, on average, in the 680 nm range PS II activates before PS I	4
5169091721	Light - Dependent Reactions	During the light-dependent reactions, two major things occur: light is absorbed and transferred to molecules of ATP, and water is split apart Occur in the grana Light is absorbed by PS II and PS I in the thylakoid membranes ATP is produced as the exergonic flow of electrons through electron transport chains is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP. This process of ATP production is known as photophosphorylation Photolysis occurs: water is split apart, providing electrons (to replace those lost from photosystem II) and protons (to reduce NADP) to the system NADPH 2 is formed: protons from water reduce NADP to NADPH2, and NADPH2 carries H2 to the light-independent reactions	5
5169117436	Noncyclic Photophosphorylation		6
5169119414	Cyclic Photophosphorylation	This process only replenishes ATP - no NADPH is formed Modification of noncyclic photophorylation Occurs when the Calvin cycle (which requires enormous energy) uses up all available ATP Electrons travel from PSII to PSI and back to PS II again in a cyclic fashion	7
5169134221	Light- Independent Reaction	General term for the process that includes the Calvin cycle Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP from the light-dependent reactions to produce sugar (PGAL or G3P - phosphoglyceraldehyde) Does not depend directly on light Requires the products of the light-dependent reactions; these reactions occur only when there is light Uses protons (H+) carried by NADPH2 formed during the light-dependent reactions to make sugar	8
5169153400	Calvin Cycle	The name of the process in which carbon fixation occurs as part of the light-independent reactions Produces PGAL (G3P), a 3-carbon sugar Occurs in stroma CO2 combines with RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule, to produce two 3 carbon molecules Catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) Uses large amounts of ATP	9
5169169050	Photorespiration	Dead-end process that subverts the Calvin cycle from the production of sugar during photosynthesis Unlike normal cellular respiration, no ATP is produced Unlike normal photosynthesis, no sugar is produced Occurs when Rubisco, from the Calvin cycle, binds to O2 instead of to CO2 (because Rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 than CO2) It is probably a vestige from ancient Earth, when the atmosphere contained no oxygen to compete with CO2 for binding sites in Rubisco	10
5169189408	Cell Respiration		11
5169195436	ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Consists of adenosine (the adenine nucleotide and ribose) plus 3 phosphates Used by cells as a source of immediate energy		12
5169195437	Glycolysis	The anaerobic phase of cellular respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell The anaerobic breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, the raw material for the Krebs cycle Activation energy for this reaction is 2 ATP A multistep anaerobic process that yields 4 ATP molecules (net gain of 2 ATP) plus 2 molecules of NADH Produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation	13
5169230277	A. Outer compartment - where the ETC pumps protons B. Inner matrix site of Krebs Cycle C Cristae membrane - site of electron transport chain and ATP synthase complex Contains thousands of copies of the ETC Impermeable to protons (H+) Contains hundreds of ATP synthase channels		14
5169239595	Aerobic Respiration	Occurs in mitochondria Requires the presence of oxygen Consists of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation Occurs after the anaerobic respiration phase (glycosis) Produces 38 ATP	15
5169251029	Krebs Cycle - Citric Acid Cycle	Part of aerobic respiration Raw material = acetyl co-A (coenzyme A combined with pyruvate from glycolysis) Each turn of the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation CO2 is a waste product Turns twice for each molecule of glucose broken down	16
5169264000	Electron Transport Chain (ETC)		17
5169275608	ATP synthase channel A protein complex that sits within the cristae membrane of a mitochondrion There are hundreds of them in the cristae membrane Responsible for producing ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through the channel from the outer compartment to the inner matrix, a process called chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation		18
5169278604	Chemiosmosis	Most ATP synthesis in a cell is produced by chemiosmosis A process by which ATP is formed in mitochondria as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase channel in the cristae membrane The cristae membrane is otherwise impermeable to protons	19
5169295058	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	Produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to ADP, forming ATP	20
5169303857	Oxidative Phosphorylation	A broad term - the production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport to create a proton gradient and chemiosmosis Produces the most ATP during cellular respiration	21
5169313191	NAD+ - NADH FAD-FADH2		22
5169313192	Redox Reactions	Reduction: gain of electrons; gain of hydrogen Oxidation: loss of electrons; loss of hydrogen The ETC is a series of REDOX reactions Cell respiration is an overall oxidative reaction	23
5169323282	Cytochromes	Proteins that help make up the ETC Similar in structure to hemoglobin, but they transport electrons instead of oxygen Cytochrome c is present in all aerobic organisms and is used in comparative molecular biology studies	24
5169337163	Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)	Not a synonym for glycolysis A catabolic process that produces a small amount of energy in the absence of oxygen Begins with glycolysis and produces pyruvate and then alcohol or lactic acid Converts NADH to NAD+ by transferring electrons to pyruvate Generates ATP as long as there is an adequate supply of NAD+ to accept the electrons The anaerobic bacterium that causes botulism relies solely on this process for energy	25
5169353185	Overview of ATP Production		26

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AP Macroeconomics Flashcards

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6681812649	absolute advantage	the ability to produce something more efficiently	0
6681812650	capital	productive equipment or machinery	1
6681812651	comparative advantage	the ability to produce something with a lower opportunity cost	2
6681812652	economics	a social science that studies how resources are used and is often concerned with how resources can be used to their fullest potential	3
6681812653	efficiency	using resources to their maximum potential	4
6681812654	labor	all human activity that is productive	5
6681812655	land	all natural resources	6
6681812656	law of Increasing costs	law that states that when more of a product is initially being produced, the higher the opportunity cost will be to produce still more	7
6681812657	macroeconomics	economic problems encountered by the nation as a whole	8
6681812658	microeconomics	economic problems faced by individual units within the overall company	9
6681812659	opportunity cost	the amount of one good that must be sacrificed to obtain an alternative good	10
6681812660	positive economics	economic analysis that draws conclusions based on logical deduction or induction (value judgements are avoided)	11
6681812661	production possibilities curve	the combinations of two goods that can be produced if the economy uses all of its resources fully and efficiently	12
6681812662	normative economies	economies involving value judgement	13
6681812663	resource	anything that can be used to produce a good or service	14
6681812664	allocative efficiency	term for resources being deployed to produce just the right amount of each product to satisfy society's wants	15
6681812665	capitalism	an economic system where supply and demand determine prices	16
6681812666	circular flow diagram	diagram that shows how households and firms are related by the exchange of resources and products	17
6681812667	command economy	economy in which the central government dictates what will or will not be produced and who gets what	18
6681812668	the law of demand	law that states that when the price of a product increases, the quantity demanded decreases, ceteris paribus	19
6681812669	law of supply	law that states that when the price of a product increases, the quantity supplied increases, ceterus paribus	20
6681812670	mixed economy	a blend of government commands and capitalism	21
6681812671	consumption expenditures	all the goods and services sold to households	22
6681812672	disposable personal income (DPI)	the income of households after taxes have been paid	23
6681812673	government expenditures	goods and services sold to governments	24
6681812674	gross domestic product (GDP)	dollar value of production within a nation's borders	25
6681812676	intermediate sales	sales to firms that will incorporate the item into their final product	26
6681812678	investment expenditures	expenditures by businesses on plants and equipment plus the change in business inventories	27
6681812679	national income (NI)	the income earned by households and profits earned by firms after subtracting depreciation and indirect business taxes	28
6681812681	net exports	exports minus imports	29
6681812682	personal income (PI)	income received by households	30
6681812683	real GDP	GDP adjusted for the price changes	31
6681812684	underground economy	all the illegal production of goods and services and legal production that does not pass through markets	32
6681812685	GDP	C+I+G+X	33
6681812686	GDP per capita	GDP/population	34
6681812687	consumer price index (CPI)	measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services	35
6681812688	cyclical unemployment	loss of jobs by individuals during a recession and the corresponding slowdown in production	36
6681812689	Fisher equation	Nominal Interest Rate= Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation	37
6681812690	frictional unemployment	state of being out of work because the person is in between jobs	38
6681812691	GDP deflator or Price Index	measure of the level of prices in the economy	39
6681812693	inflation	a sustained rise in most prices in the economy	40
6681812697	structural unemployment	state of being out of work because the economy is structured, or set up, to a person's disadvantage	41
6681812698	unemployment rate	the number of unemployed persons divided by the labor force	42
6681812699	CPI	(Total Cost this Period/Total Cost Base Period) x 100	43
6681812700	Inflation rate	[(this period CPI-previous period CPI)/previous period CPI] x 100	44
6681812702	Real GDP	(GDP/GDP deflator) x 100	45
6681812703	Nominal Interest Rate	Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation	46
6681812704	Unemployment Rate	Number of unemployed/civilian labor force	47
6681812705	aggregate demand	the demand for all goods and services by all households, business, governments, and foreigners	48
6681812706	aggregate supply	the supply of all goods and services by all producers in the economy	49
6681812708	business cycle	a wave of economic activity comprised of an expansion and a recession	50
6681812709	classical economic theory	the predominant paradigm in economic analysis from about 1800 until 1930, based on Say's Law	51
6681812711	equilibrium price level	the price level that equates aggregate supply and aggregate demand, the average level of prices in the economy	52
6681812712	equilibrium quantity	the amount of output that results in no shortage or surplus, the amount of goods and service bought and sold in the economy	53
6681812713	recovery	a sustained improvement in economic activity	54
6681812714	Keynesian theory	theory that opposes Classical theory by emphasizing the short run and focusing on economies that are operating below full capacity	55
6681812715	marginal propensity to consume (MPC)	idea that given an extra dollar, how much is spent?	56
6681812716	multiplier	an initial change in spending in the economy that will have a magnified, or multiplied, effect on income	57
6681812717	recession	a sustained decline in economic activity	58
6681812718	Say's Law	theory that supply creates its own demand	59
6681812719	MPC	change in spending / change in income	60
6681812720	Spending Multiplier	1/MPS	61
6681812721	total change in income	Initial Change in Spending x Multiplier	62
6681812722	automatic stabilizers	government policies already in place that promote deficit spending during recessions and surplus budgets during expansions	63
6681812723	crowding out	the increase in interest rates and subsequent decline in spending that occurs when the government borrows money to finance a deficit	64
6681812724	deficit	situation that exists when government spending exceeds tax revenues	65
6681812725	fiscal policy	changes in government spending and taxes to fight recessions or inflations	66
6681812726	inflationary gap	what occurs when the equilibrium quantity of output is above potential output	67
6681812727	Phillips curve	the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment	68
6681812728	rational expectations	the idea that households and businesses will make economic decisions that might offset intended policy goals	69
6681812729	recessionary gap	what occurs when the equilibrium quantity of output is below potential output	70
6681812730	stagflation	term used to describe the situation when the economy experiences inflation and a recession simultaneously	71
6681812731	surplus	spending by the government that is less than tax revenues	72
6681812732	change in real GDP	Initial Change in Spending x Multiplier	73
6681812734	currency	coins and paper money	74
6681812735	discount rate	the rate of interest the FED charges when it makes loans to depository institutions	75
6681812736	excess reserves	the amount of any deposit that does not have to be held aside and may be used to make loans and buy investments	76
6681812737	The Federal Reserve	the central bank of the United The United States	77
6681812738	fiat money	money that is not backed by any precious commodity	78
6681812740	liquidity	the ability to turn an asset into cash rapidly and without loss	79
6681812741	M1	currency, transaction accounts, and travelers' checks	80
6681812742	M2	M1 plus savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and other liquid assets	81
6681812743	money	anything that society generally accepts in payment for a good or service	82
6681812744	money multiplier	1/reserve requirement, the multiple by which the money supply will change because of a change in bank reserves	83
6681812745	open market operations	activities in which the FED buys and sells government securities in the secondary market	84
6681812746	required reserves	the amount of any deposit that must be held aside and not used to make loans or buy investment	85
6681812747	reserve requirement	the percentage of any deposit that must be held aside and not used to amke loans or buy investments	86
6681812751	money multiplier	1/ Reserve Requirement	87
6681812752	change in money supply	Money Multiplier x Change in Bank Reserves	88
6681812756	federal open market committee (FOMC)	a committee within the FED that designs and executes the particular of monetary policy	89
6681812757	monetarist	one who believes that changes in the money supply have a profound effect on the economy	90
6681812759	monetary policy	changes in the money supply to fight recessions or inflations	91
6681812761	velocity of money	describing the number of times the typical dollar of M1 or M2 is used to make purchases during a year	92
6681812762	equation of exchange	M x V = P x Q	93
6681812764	economic growth	growth of output usually measured by the percentage change in real GDP or real GDP per capita	94
6681812765	human capital	the skill and knowledge embodied in the labor force	95
6681812767	potential GDP	the amount that can be produced using resources fully and efficiently	96
6681812770	Rule of 70	years it takes a variable to double =70/the annual growth rate of the variable	97
6681812771	appreciation	the increase of the value of a currency in terms of another currency	98
6681812772	balance of payments	an accounting of the funds that flow in and out of a country comprised of the capital account and the current account	99
6681812773	balance of trade	a nation's exports minus its imports	100
6681812774	financial account	a portion of the balance of payments comprised of foreign purchases of US assets minus US purchases of foreign assets, plus the change in official reserves	101
6681812775	closed economy	a hypothetical economy with no foreign trade	102
6681812776	current account	a portion of the balance of payments comprised of the trade balance, net investment income, and net transfers	103
6681812777	depreciation	the decrease of the value of a currency in terms of another currency	104
6681812779	exchange rate	the value of one country's currency in terms of another's	105
6681812781	import quota	a limit on the amount of a product that can be imported	106
6681812782	import tariff	a tax on a specified import product	107
6681812788	official reserves	government's holdings of foreign currencies	108
6681812789	open economy	an economy with foreign trade	109
6681812790	trade deficit	excess of a nation's imports over its exports	110
6681812791	trade surplus	excess of a nation's exports of over its imports	111
6681812792	balance of payments	current account +capital account	112

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AP World Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7757958247	Zhou dynasty	(1122 - 256 B.C.E.) First of Chinese classical civilizations. Ruled through alliances with regional princes. Extended territory to Yangzi River and promoted standard Mandarin Chinese language.	0
7757958248	Qin dynasty	(221-202 B.C.E.) Characterized by the centralization of state rule that resulted in the elimination of local and regional political competitors. It expanded the boundaries of China to include Hong Kong. The Great Wall of China was built in this era.	1
7757958249	Shi Huangdi	China's "First Emperor" who gave that country its name. Under his brutal rule, Hong Kong was annexed and the Great Wall of China was built.	2
7757958250	Han dynasty	(202 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Followed the Qin dynasty. Expanded China's possessions to include Korea, Indochina, and central Asia. Era generally characterized by stability, prosperity, and peace. Contemporary of and often compared to the Roman Empire.	3
7757958251	Wu Ti	Best-known Han ruler. Supported Confucianism in the state bureaucracy.	4
7757958252	Mandarin	Mandarin became the official state language of the Zhou dynasty and as such was the most-used state language in the world. Helped bring greater cultural unity to classical China.	5
7757958253	Dynasty	A time period during which a family rules through a succession of members.	6
7757958254	Mandate of Heaven	Confucian idea in which a good ruler was thought to have a divine right to rule.	7
7757958255	Era of Warring States	(402 - 201 B.C.E.) Time period between the Zhou and Qin dynasties in which regional rulers formed independent armies and reduced emperors to little more than figureheads.	8
7757958256	Great Wall	Stone wall extending across northern China, built during the Qin dynasty as a defense against northern nomads	9
7757958257	Legalism	Philosophy that gained ground during the Zhou and was dominant during the Qin dynasty which was rooted in the belief that laws should replace morality and a ruler must provide discipline to maintain order.	10
7757958258	Mandarins	Educated bureaucrats who were one of the three main social groups of ancient China.	11
7757958259	"Mean People"	General category of people identified as ancient China's lowest social group who performed unskilled labor.	12
7757958260	Patriarchalism	Ideas that social organization should be ordered with the male as the head of the family and institutions.	13
7757958261	Confucius, a.k.a. Kung Fuzi	(c. 551-478 B.C.E.) Chinese philosopher who wrote an elaborate political philosophy that became the core of China's cultural and political thinking for centuries. Those who adopted his teachings saw him not as a deity but as a master of ethics.	14
7757958262	Daoism	A spiritual alternative to Confucianism that emphasized the harmony in nature and life. True understanding comes from withdrawing from the world and contemplating the life force.	15
7757958263	Silk Road	The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations.	16

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AP Government: The Mass Media Flashcards

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5053103987	mass media	forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.	0
5053103988	gatekeepers	people or corporations who control access to information	1
5053103989	media events	events that are purposely staged for the media and that are significant just because the media are there	2
5053103990	yellow journalism	journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers	3
5053103992	on the record	information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to the source	4
5053103993	off the record	information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public	5
5053103994	on background	information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to a named source	6
5053103995	on deep background	the information can be used but without attribution. The source does not want to be identified in any way, even on condition of anonymity.	7
5053103997	equal time rule	FCC rule requiring media stations to offer advertising time to all candidates if they offer it to one candidate.	8
5053103998	press release	a document offering an official comment or position.	9
5053103999	press briefing	a relatively restricted session between a press secretary or aide and the press	10
5053104000	press conference	an unrestricted session between an elected official and the press	11
5053104001	agenda setting	determining which public-policy questions will be debated or considered.	12
5053104002	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. Ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by constructing the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way	13
5053110738	horse-race journalism	the tendency of the media to cover campaigns by emphasizing how candidates stand in the polls instead of where they stand on the issues	14
5053115679	linkage institutions	institutions that connect citizens to the government (i.e. mass media, interest groups, political parties, elections)	15

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Myers' AP Psychology for AP: Unit 3C Flashcards

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9568817888	Chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.	0
9568817889	DNA	): a complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	1
9568817890	Genes	: the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes, a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein	2
9568817891	Behavior Genetics	: the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.	3
9568817892	Enviroment	every no genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.	4
9568817893	Identical twins	: twins who developed from single zygote that splits into two.	5
9568817894	Fraternal Twins	: twins who develop from separate eggs. Genetically no closer than brothers and sisters but share a fetal environment	6
9568817895	Interaction	the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)	7
9568817896	Molecular Genetics	the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.	8
9568817897	Genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. The human genome has 3 billion weekly bonded pair of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA.	9
9568817898	Phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits	10
9568817899	Genotype	The combination of genes for one or more specific traits	11
9568817900	Heritability	the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population attributable to genetic factors	12
9568817901	Evolutionary Psychology	a discussion of how genes and the environment interact and how genes change to fit the environment; NOT a discussion of how one species evolves into another; how traits that have led to survival are more likely to be passed down	13
9568817902	Natural Selection	the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do	14
9568817903	Mutation	Certain biological and behavioral variations increase organisms' reproductive and survival chances in their particular environment	15

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AP Vocab Aves Flashcards

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4911522243	águila (m)	eagle	0
4911522244	avestruz (m)	ostrich	1
4911522245	buho (luchuza)	owl	2
4911522246	buitre (m)	vulture	3
4911522247	canario	canary	4
4911522248	cigüeña	stork	5
4911522249	cisne (m)	swan	6
4911522250	cuervo	crow, raven	7
4911522251	faisán (m)	pheasant	8
4911522252	gallina	hen	9
4911522253	gallo	rooster	10
4911522254	ganso	goose	11
4911522255	gaviota	sea gull	12
4911522256	golondrina	swallow	13
4911522257	gorrión (m)	sparrow	14
4911522258	loro	parrot	15
4911522259	nido	nest	16
4911522260	paloma	dove, pigeon	17
4911522261	pato	duck	18
4911522262	pavo	turkey	19
4911522263	pavo real	peacock	20
4911522264	perico	parakeet	21
4911522265	pichón	young pigeon	22
4911522266	pingüino	penguin	23
4911522267	pollo	chicken	24
4911522268	ruiseñor (m)	nightingale	25
4911522269	urraca	magpie	26