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AP Flashcards

7466859230	gene	nagtataglay ng mga impormasyon na nakakaimpluwensiya	0
7466859231	grupo ng wika	pangkat ng wika na naguugnay	1
7466859232	pangkat etniko	minoryang kalipunan	2
7466859233	wika	sistema ng tunog	3
7466912674	Indo-european	ginagamit sa lahat ng kontinente	4
7466912675	subfamily	wikang romance	5
7466912676	semitic	arabe,herbeo	6
7466912677	hamitic	berber,tuaneg	7
7466912678	Niger-congo	africa mula sa timog sahara,bantu	8
7466912679	altaic	turkic at mongolic	9
7466912680	uralic	finnish at hungarian	10
7466912681	austronesian	madagascar,pilipinas	11
7466912682	basque	spain	12
7466912683	austro-asiatic	vietnam,cambodia	13
7466912684	sino-tiberan	mandarin,burmese at tibetan	14
7466912685	khoisan	timog kanlurang africa	15
7466912686	relihiyon	kalipunan ng mga paniniwala	16
7466912687	kristiyanismo	pinakamalaking relihiyon	17
7466912688			18

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AP Prefixes Flashcards

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6341538463	a-, an-	not, without	0
6341538464	circum-	around	1
6341538465	peri-	around	2
6341538466	ab-	away from	3
6341538467	co-, con-, col-, cor-	with	4
6341538468	poly-	many	5
6341538469	ad-	toward, addition	6
6341538470	contra-, counter-	against	7
6341538471	post-	after	8
6341538472	anim-	life, spirit	9
6341538473	de-, ex-	out of, away from	10
6341538474	pre-	before	11
6341538475	ante-	before extra- = beyond, outside	12
6341538476	pro-	big, much	13
6341538477	anti-	opposite	14
6341538478	hetero-	other	15
6341538479	re-, retro-	back, again	16
6341538480	auc-, aug-	increase	17
6341538481	homo-	same se- = apart	18
6341538482	aud-, aur-	hear	19
6341538483	hyper-	above	20
6341538484	sub-, suc-, suf-	below	21
6341538485	auto-	self	22
6341538486	hypo-	under	23
6341538487	super-, sur-	over, above	24
6341538488	ben-, bon-, eu-	good	25
6341538489	il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-	not	26
6341538490	syn-, sym-	together, with	27
6341538491	brev-	short	28
6341538492	inter-	between	29
6341538493	trans-	across, beyond	30
6341538494	caco-, dys-	bad, abnormal	31
6341538495	intra-	within	32
6341538496	ultra-, outr-	beyond	33
6341538497	ceiv-, cept-, capt-	take	34
6341538498	mal-, mis-, ne-	bad	35
6341538499	vice-	in place of	36

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AP Government: Political Parties Flashcards

AP Test Prep

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9631723198	Political Party	a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office	0
9631723200	National Convention	A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.	1
9631723201	National Committee	One of the institutions that keep the party operating between conventions. The national committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories.	2
9631723203	National Chairman	Appointed by the DNC or the RNC as head of the party.	3
9631723208	Political Machine	well organized political organization that controls election results by awarding jobs and other favors in exchange for votes	4
9631723210	Patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support	5
9631723213	Linkage Institutions	the channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.	6
9631723226	Party Platform	A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.	7

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Ap Flashcards

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8014915768	Hinduismo	The Aum	0
8014915769	Islam	crescent and the star	1
8014915770	shintuismo	torril gate	2
8014915771	Judaismo	Star of David	3
8014915772	Taoismo	yin yang	4
8014915773	pilo	love	5
8014915774	sophia	knowledge	6
8014915775	Buddhismo	The wheel of Dharma	7
8014915776	Jainismo	ahimsa	8
8014915777	Kristiyanismo	latin cross	9
8014915778	Sanskrit	lenggwahe ng mga taga india	10

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APES Flashcards

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9767360692	abiotic	nonliving	0
9767360693	aerobic respiration	complex process that occurs in the cells of most living organisms, in which nutrient organic molecules such as glucose (C6H12O6) combine with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy (Respiration that requires oxygen)	1
9767360694	anaerobic respiration	form of cellular respiration in which some decomposers get the energy they need through the breakdown of glucose (or other nutrients) in absence of oxygen (Respiration that does not require oxygen)	2
9767360695	atmosphere	Whole mass of air surrounding the earth	3
9767360696	autotrophs	Organisms that are able to make their own food (producer)	4
9767360697	biogeochemical cycles	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another	5
9767360698	biomass	A measure of the total dry mass of all organic matter in plants and animals in an ecosystem	6
9767360699	biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.	7
9767360700	biotic	Living	8
9767360701	carbon cycle	the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.	9
9767360702	carnivores	Consumers that eat only animals	10
9767360703	chemosynthesis	Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds	11
9767360704	community	A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other	12
9767360705	consumers	An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.	13
9767360706	decomposers	Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms	14
9767360707	detritivores	feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter	15
9767360708	ecology	Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment	16
9767360709	ecosystem	A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.	17
9767360710	fermentation	Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen	18
9767360711	food chain	A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	19
9767360712	food web	A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains	20
9767360713	greenhouse gases	Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere that trap energy as heat in the earth's atmosphere	21
9767360714	gross primary productivity (GPP)	amount of energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time in an ecosystem	22
9767360715	herbivores	Eat plants	23
9767360716	heterotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. (consumer)	24
9767360717	hydrologic cycle (water)	the biogeochemical cycle that collects, purifies , and distributes the earth's fixed supply of water from the environment to living organisms and then back to the environment	25
9767360718	hydrosphere	All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans	26
9767360719	greenhouse effect	Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by the greenhouse gases trapping the heat energy of the sun and the earth in the troposphere	27
9767360720	net primary productivity (NPP)	the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem	28
9767360721	nitrogen cycle	the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms	29
9767360722	omnivores	Consumers that eat both plants and animals.	30
9767360723	organisms	Living things	31
9767360724	photosynthesis	Conversion of light energy from the sun into energy that plants consume. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2	32
9767360725	phosphorus cycle	The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.	33
9767360726	population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	34
9767360727	primary consumers	animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores	35
9767360728	producers	Organisms that make their own food	36
9767360729	pyramid of energy flow	Diagram representing the flow of energy through each trophic level in a food chain or food web. With each energy transfer, only a small part (typically 10%) of the usable energy entering one trophic level is transferred to the organisms at the next trophic level.	37
9767360730	secondary consumers	organisms that consume primary consumers.	38
9767360731	stratosphere	2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.	39
9767360732	sulfur cycle	Cyclic movement of sulfur in various chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment	40
9767360733	tertiary consumers	organisms that consume secondary consumers or other tertiary consumers.	41
9767360734	trophic level	each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.	42
9767360735	troposphere	0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains about 75% of the atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases)	43
9767360736	biomes	a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.	44
9767360737	climate	The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time	45
9767360738	ocean currents	A directional movement of ocean water; surface currents result from steady winds over the ocean surface; deep currents result from density variations due to temperature and salinity differences. Also influence precipitation	46
9767360739	permafrost	a layer of underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 consecutive years	47
9767360740	rain shadow effect	a reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of mountains facing away from prevailing surface winds	48
9767360741	weather	The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.	49

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AP Psychology - perception Flashcards

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5592417830	perception	the process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information	0
5592417831	sensation	the experience of sensory stimulation	1
5592417832	after image	sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed	2
5592417833	Depth perception	ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and the distance of an object.	3
5592417834	Aerial perspective	objects that are near seem crisper and clear and further away seem blurrier	4
5592417835	Interposition	when an object blocks another object, it appears closer	5
5592417836	Linear perspective	two parallel lines appear to come together in the distance	6
5592417837	Motion parallax	we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us.	7
5592417838	Relative size	things closer will appear larger	8
5592417839	Relative height	We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. Because we perceive the lower part of a figure-ground illustration as closer, we perceive it as a figure.	9
5592417840	Texture gradient	A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance.	10
5592417841	Light and shadow	If you're looking at something closer, it will reflect more light than an object farther away.	11
5592417842	monocular cues	visual cues requiring the use of one eye	12
5592417843	binocular cues	visual cues requiring the use of both eyes	13
5592417844	Retinal disparity	the way that your left eye and your right eye view slightly different images.	14
5592417845	Convergence	suggests how the lines of vision from each eye converge at different angles on objects at different differences.	15
5592417846	figure ground	animals that can camouflage is an example of destroying this.	16
5592417847	Gestalt theory of closure		17
5592417848	Gestalt theory of similarity		18
5592417849	Gestalt theory of continuity		19
5592417850	Gestalt theory of proximity		20
5592417851	telepathy	knowledge of someone else's thoughts or feelings	21
5592417852	clairvoyance	awareness of an unknown object	22
5592417853	precognition	knowledge of future events	23

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AP Euro Dates to Know Flashcards

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4855196638	1453	End of the Hundred Years' War	0
4855196639	1492	Fall of Granada & completion of Spanish Reconquista	1
4855196640	1492	Columbus' expedition to "New World"	2
4855196641	1513	Machiavelli's "The Prince"	3
4855196642	1517	Luther posted "95 Theses"	4
4855196643	1545	Beginning of the Council of Trent	5
4855196644	1555	Peace of Augsburg ended the Schmalkaldic Wars	6
4855196645	1588	Defeat of the Spanish Armada	7
4855196646	1618	Defenestration of Prague begins Thirty Years' War	8
4855196647	1648	Peace of Westphalia ended Thirty Years' War	9
4855196648	1649	Execution of Charles I in England	10
4855196649	1688	Glorious Revolution in England	11
4855196650	1690	Locke's "Two Treatises on Government"	12
4855196651	18th Century	Enlightenment	13
4855196652	1707	Act of Union created Great Britain	14
4855196653	1713	Treaty of Utrecht ended War of Spanish Succession	15
4855196654	1750-1800	Enlightened Despotism	16
4855196655	1776	Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"	17
4855196656	1789	Beginning of the French Revolution	18
4855196657	1793	Execution of Louis XVI	19
4855196658	1795	Execution of Robespierre marked end of Reign of Terror	20
4855196659	1799	Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power	21
4855196660	1804	Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France	22
4855196661	1815	Congress of Vienna ended Napoleonic Wars	23
4855196662	1815	Battle of Waterloo	24
4855196663	1815-1848	The Concert of Europe or "Age of Metternich"	25
4855196664	1830	July Revolution in France	26
4855196665	1832	Great Reform Bill in Britain	27
4855196666	1848	Marx and Engel's "Communist Manifesto"	28
4855196667	1851	The Great Exhibition in London	29
4855196668	1861	Alexander II's Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia	30
4855196669	1871	Unification of Italy and Germany	31
4855196670	1885	Berlin Conference	32
4855196671	1900	Freud's "Interpretation of Dreams"	33
4855196672	1914	Start of World War I	34
4855196673	1917	Russian Revolution	35
4855196674	1919	Treaty of Versailles	36
4855196675	1921	Lenin's NEP (New Economic Policy)	37
4855196676	1933	Hitler appointed German Chancellor	38
4855196677	1937	Picasso's "Guernica"	39
4855196678	1938	Munich Conference	40
4855196679	1939	Start of WWII	41
4855196680	1945	End of WWII	42
4855196681	1957	Treaty of Rome created EEC (European Economic Community)	43
4855196682	1961	Berlin Wall built	44
4855196683	1962	Start of Second Vatican Council (Vatican II)	45
4855196684	1968	Paris Student Riots	46
4855196685	1979	Thatcher became PM in Britain	47
4855196686	1985	Gorbachev became premier of the Soviet Union	48
4855196687	1989	Fall of Berlin Wall and Revolutions in Eastern Europe	49
4855196688	1991	Collapse of Soviet Union	50
4855196689	1991	Start of Civil War in Yugoslavia	51
4855196690	1992	Maastrict Treaty created European Union	52
4855196691	1997	Tony Blair's "New Labour" Party took power in Britain	53
4855196692	1999	Launch of the Euro	54
4855196693	2000	Putin elected president of Russia	55

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Matter and Energy AP Bio Flashcards

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5250545058	Proteins' building blocks	Amino acids	0
5250554703	Amino Acid is composed of	central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group	1
5250563186	Amino Acids are linked by	Peptide Bonds	2
5250567281	Oligopeptides	a peptide whose molecules contain a relatively small number of amino-acid residues.	3
5250571905	Polypeptides	many peptide bonds, longer, functional protein when 1 or more polypeptides	4
5250583863	Protein functions	enzymes, defensive, hormonal, receptor, storage, structural, transport, genetic regulatory	5
5250588063	Structures of Proteins	primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary	6
5250590726	Primary	weaker forces, straight chain, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions	7
5250596676	Secondary	alpha helix or beta plated sheets, hydrogen bonds between N-H group on one amino acid and C=O group on other.	8
5250603508	Tertiary	3-dimensional shape, hydrogen bonds between R groups, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic side chains, vanderwalls, ionic interactions	9
5250610347	Quaternary	Hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonds, ionic interaction, all held hold 4 subunits together.	10
5250614172	Subunits	2 or mor polypeptide chains	11
5250621776	Glycine (special case Rs)	Fitting: single hydrogen atom so small to fit into tight corners in interior of protein molecule.	12
5250627142	Proline (special case Rs)	Stabilization: modified Amino, lacks H so covalent bond with H-carbon will make a ring structure, limiting H bonding and rotation.	13
5250633584	Cysteine	Folds: terminal -SH group, reacts with other cysteine R groups. Creates disulfide bridges.	14
5250639393	Disulfide Bridges	-SH and -SH bond which creates -S-S-	15
5250644275	Enzymes	proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical rxns.	16
5250649186	Transition State	releases free energy (Gibss free energy)	17
5250653564	Activation energy	required to reach transition state to reach this.	18
5250655502	Non-competitive	Stimulated. Changes structure	19
5250679394	Competitive	doesn't change structure, inhibited.	20
5250687999	Lipids building blocks	triglycerides: fatty acids and glycerol	21
5250706508	Fats	solid at room temperature (20 degrees Celsius)	22
5250709059	Oils	Liquid at room temperature	23
5250712262	Fatty acids	long non polar hydrocarbon chains with polar carboxyl (-COOH)	24
5250723008	Glycerol	Small 3 -OH groups	25
5250728383	Saturated	one or more double bonds between carbons in fatty acids	26
5250730715	Unsaturated	All bonds between carbon atoms are single in fatty acids	27
5250735646	Functions Lipids	energy in C-C and C-H bonds structural roles in cells and body surface fat in animal bodies, thermal insulation	28
5250739944	Phospholipids	triglycerides, but a phosphate containing compound replaces a fatty acid chain.	29
5250749230	Head	hydrophilic part of the phospholipid, where the phosphate containing group that is negatively charged is at.	30
5250760057	Tail	Hydrophobic part of the phospholipid, the 2 fatty acid chains.	31
5250763236	Amphipathic	2 opposing forces. hydrophilic from one end, hydrophobic from the other.	32
5250774918	Phospholipid bilayer	two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic, or water-hating, interior and a hydrophilic, or water-loving, exterior.	33
5250779336	Carbohydrates building blocks	monosaccharides	34
5250785890	Monosaccharides	Pentoses or Hexoses (up to 7 carbon atoms). Consists of -OH bonds and -H bonds.	35
5250796188	Glycosidic linkages	form disaccharides (2), oligosaccharides (several), and polysaccharides (many).	36
5250804984	Functions of Carbohydrates	stored energy, transport stored energy, structural molecules, signaling molecules.	37
5250813221	Starch	plants, branched polysaccharides	38
5250817519	Glycogen	Animals, highly branched	39
5250819526	Cellulose	Cell wall, linear.	40
5250821136	Condensation reactions	a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O as a byproduct.	41
5250827856	Nucleic Acids	informational molecules: DNA and RNA. Polymers that store, transmit and express hereditary information (genetics).	42
5250832796	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid. stores and transmits info, recipe.	43
5250836435	RNA	ribonucleic acid. info. encoded in DNA is used to specify amino acid sequences, cake.	44
5250886836	Nucleic acids building blocks	Nucleotides (monomers)	45
5250893939	Nucleotides components	nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar, 1 to 3 phosphate groups. In DNA, pentose is deoxyribose because absences of one oxygen atom.	46
5250905564	Phosphodiester bonds	Pentose sugar in LAST nucleotides of chain and Phosphate group on NEW nucleotide link through condensation rxn.	47
5250920143	Components Nitrogen containing base	Pyrimidines and Purines	48
5250921492	Pyrimidines	Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA only)	49
5250922974	Purines	Adenine, Guanine	50
5251003448	Biochemical energy	chemical reaction: reactants ---> products. changes in energy	51
5251028604	Types of energy	potential energy and kinetic energy	52
5251031484	Potential Energy	energy of state or position, stored energy, can be converted to kinetic energy	53
5251034255	Kinetic Energy	energy of movement, does work and change, can convert to potential energy.	54
5251038340	Metabolism	total sum of all chemical rxns occurring in a biological system at a given time	55
5251050183	Formation of bond	release	56
5251050184	breaking bond	input	57
5251053224	Anabolic Rxns	input of energy, link simple to form more complex molecules	58
5251097295	Catabolic Rxns	Break down complex molecules into simple ones, release energy	59
5251101457	Thermodynamics Lawys	energy is neither created or destroyed useful energy tends to decrease	60
5251103561	Entropy	disorder (S)	61
5251103562	Enthalpy	total energy (H)	62
5251105673	Exothermic rxn	releases heat energy -ΔH	63
5251105674	Endothermic rxn	absorbs heat energy +ΔH	64
5251106864	Gibbs free energy change	ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.	65
5251119550	Spontaneous Rxn	exergonic rxn ΔG<0	66
5251122996	Nonspontaneous rxn	endergonic rxn ΔG>0	67
5251125581	Equilibrium Rxn	ΔG=0	68

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AP ******** Flashcards

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8726521818	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, a learned reponse to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	0
8726521819	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after addiction with an UCS comes to trigger a CR	1
8726521820	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response	2
8726521821	higher order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus	3
8726521822	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response	4
8726521823	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	5
8726521824	Generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	6
8726521825	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	7
8726521826	social learning theory	a model that states that we leans social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished	8
8726521827	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	9
8726521828	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	10
8726521829	operant chamber	in operant conditioning, a box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; AKA Skinner box	11

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Ap Flashcards

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8182032759	Acquiesce	To consent or comply without protest	0
8182034398	Amity	Friendship	1
8182034399	Arduous	Difficult	2
8182036562	Gestalt	An organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum	3
8182050718	Inundate	To overwhelm	4
8182054131	Perjury	The offense of lying in court	5
8182058647	Perspicuity	Cleanless and lucidity	6
8182061862	Preposterous	Contrary to reason, nature, or common sense	7
8182064659	Trepidation	A state of alarm or dread	8
8182069155	Voluble	Consistent talking	9

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