AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9601838881homologous structuresstructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry0
9601838882vestigial structuresremnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors1
9601838883convergent evolutionthe independent evolution of similar features in different lineages2
9601838884Hardy-Weinbergthe frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work3
9601838885gene poolthe aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population4
9601838886populationa group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring5
9601838887natural selectiona process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics6
9601838888genetic driftchanges in the gene pool due to random events7
9601838889founder effectwhen a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population8
9601838890bottleneck effectwhen there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether9
9601838891gene flowthe transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes10
9601838892directional selectionwhen conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other11
9601838893disruptive selectionwhen conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes12
9601838894stabilizing selectionacts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants13
9601838895sexual selectiona form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates14
9601838896sexual dimorphismmarked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)15
9601838897diploidythe state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes16
9601838898heterozygote advantagewhen individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous17
9601838899frequency-dependent selectionfitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population18
9601838900speciationthe process by which one species splits into two or more species19
9601838901microevolutionchanges over time in allele frequencies in a population20
9601838902macroevolutionthe broad pattern of evolution over long time spans21
9601838903speciesa group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups22
9601838904reproductive isolationthe existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring23
9601838905hybridsoffspring that result from interspecific mating24
9601838908allopatric speciationgene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations25
9601838909sympatric speciationspeciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)26
9601838910polyploidyextra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division27
9601838912endosymbiosismitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells28
9601838913adaptive radiationPeriod of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities29
9601838914homeotic genesmaster regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged30
9601838915phylogenythe evolutionary history of a species or group of species31
9601838917phylogenetic treeevolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram32
9601838918analogysimilarity due to convergent evolution33
9601838919homologysimilarity due to shared ancestry34
9601838920cladea group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants35
9601838921outgroupa species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying36
9601838922maximum parsimony (Ockham's Theory)a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts37
9601838923Darwin's Theory (five parts)1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)38
9601838925MonophyleticA branch on a phylogenetic tree that contains all decscendants of a common ancestor39
9601838926Abiogenesisorigin of life from nonliving matter40
9601838928ozone shieldprotect organisms from harmful UV rays41
9601838929geologic timescaledivision of the history of Earth into eras, periods and epochs42
9601838930extinctiontotal disappearance of all members of a species43
9601838931mass extinctiontotal disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years44
9601838932extantstill in existance45
9601838934morphological species conceptnew species differ by physical characteristics known as diagnostic traits46
9601838935evolutionary species conceptmembers of a species share distinct evolutionary pathway and common traits47
9601838936phylogenetic species concepta family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor48
9601838937biological species conceptspecies are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.49
9601838938plate tectonicsbranch of geology which follows the movement of pieces of Earth's crust which float on a lower, hot mantle layer50
9601838939continental driftchange over time of the positions of the continents51
9601838940fossilremains and traces of evidence of past life52
9601838941paleontologystudy of the fossil record53
9601838942index fossilsfossils used to identify deposits made at apparently the same time in different parts of the world, used for relative dating54
9601838943absolute datingrelies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil55
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5818387471Dourgloomy0
5818387472Ductileeasily molded1
5818387473Dulcetpleasing to the ear; melodious2
5818387474Duplicitydeception3
5818387475Duressconstraint4
5818387476Ebulliententhusiastic5
5818387477Eclecticselecting the best various sources6
5818387478Ecstaticextremely happy7
5818387479Effervescentbubbling; vivacious8
5818387480Effronteryimpudence9
5818387481Egregiousoutrageous10
5818387482Emaciateto make thin11
5818387483Emulateto try to equal or excel12
5818387484Enervateto weaken13
5818387485Ennuiboredom14
5818387486Ensconceto place securely; to conceal15
5818387487Entitysomething that exists independently16
5818387488Equanimitycalmness17
5818387489Equivocateto mislead by using ambiguous language18
5818387490Eruditevery learned19
5818387491Eschewto avoid20
5818387492Esotericfor a select few21
5818387493Etherealairy; delicate22
5818387494Eulogypraise for a dead person23
5818387495Expiateto atone for24
5818387496Extantin existance25
5818387497Extolto praise highly26
5818387498Extraditeto surrender a prisoner to another authority27
5818387499Extraneousnot belonging28
5818387500Extricateto free29
5818387501Fabricateto construct; to decide( a deception)30
5818387502Facadefront part of a building; false front31
5818387503Facetioushumorous; flippant32
5818387504Facileeasy33
5818387505Factitiousartificial34
5818387506Fastidioushard to please35
5818387507Fatuousfoolish36
5818387508Feasiblecapable of being accomplished; possible37
5818387509Felicitygreat happiness38
5818387510Ferventemotional; ardent39
5818387511Flagrantnotorious; shocking40
5818387512Flamboyantshowy41
5818387513Flauntto show off42
5818387514Foibleminor weakness43
5818387515Frugalthrifty44
5818387516Furtivestealthy; foxy45
5818387517Gamutentire range46
5818387518Garruloustalkative47
5818387519Glibfluent; smooth48
5818387520Gregarioussociable49
5818387521Heinoushateful; abominable50
5818387522Iconoclastdestroyer of images51
5818387523Ignominiousshameful52
5818387524Immutableunchangeable53
5818387525Impalpablevague; not understandable54
5818387526Impecuniouspenniless; poor55
5818387527Indigentpoor56
5818387528Indolentlazy57
5818387529Inexorableunyielding58
5818387530Inherentinborn59
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP PHYSICS 1 CONCEPTS Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9542859740VectorQuantity that involves both magnitude and direction0
9542859741ScalarA quantity that does not involve a direction1
9542859742KinematicsMathematical tools for describing motion in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration2
9542859743PositionLocation, "x" in equations units: meters3
9542859744DisplacementCHANGE in position (△x) units: meters4
9542859745Average speed formulaTotal distance/ time d/t units: m/s5
9542859746Average velocityDisplacement / time △x/△t units: m/s6
9542859747VelocitySpeed with a direction units: m/s7
9542859748AccelerationCHANGE in velocity per second △v/△t units: m/s/s8
9542859749Slope of position-versus-time graphVelocity9
9542859750Slope of velocity-versus-time graphAcceleration10
9542859751Area between the slope and the axis on a velocity-versus-time graphObject's displacement11
9542859752Gravity (g)An ACCELERATION on Earth: -9.8 m/s^212
9542859753Newton's First Lawan object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in constant velocity unless a net force acts on it (Law of Inertia)13
9542859791Newton's Second LawAcceleration is directly proportional to NET force and inversely related to mass. a= F/m14
9542859754Newton's Third LawFor every force there is an EQUAL but opposite reaction force between the two objects.15
9542859755ForceA push or a pull unit: Newtons16
9542859756Inertiathe property of objects to naturally resist changes in their states of motion17
9542859757WeightFORCE exerted on an object by the Earth or whatever planet F = ma = mg unit: Newtons18
9542859758Normal Forcecomponent of force that's perpendicular to the surface Unit: Newtons19
9542859792Free-body (or force) diagramVector length represents magnitude of the FORCE applied. Direction matters.20
9542859759Frictionthe component of the contact FORCE that's parallel to the surface F = mu (normal force) unit: Newtons21
9542859760Static Frictionoccurs when there is no motion between two objects (friction that holds an object still) unit: Newtons22
9542859762Kinetic Frictionoccurs when there is relative motion (when there's sliding) Equal to push force when there is motion but not acceleration. unit: Newtons23
9542859765WorkScalar (no direction) If a force F acts over a distance (△x) and F is parallel to (△x), then the work done by F is the product of force and distance Causes the amount of energy or type of energy to change. W=Fd = △E (Work-Energy Theorem) unit: Joules24
9542859766Work at an angleOnly the component of force in the SAME direction as motion does any work. A force applied perpendicular to direction of motion does ZERO work unit: Joules25
9542859767Kinetic Energythe energy of an object due to motion K= (1/2)mv^2 unit: Joules26
9542859768Work Energy TheoremWork equals the change in kinetic energy of an object27
9542859769Potential Energythe energy an object or system has by virtue of its position Ug:gravitational potential energy Ug= (mg)△y = weight force x distance = Work done by Earth unit: Joules28
9542859770Elastic potential energyUs= (1/2) kx^2 unit: Joules29
9542859771Total mechanical energyThe sum of an object's kinetic and potential energies, denoted by E E= K+U unit: Joules30
9542859772Law of Conservation of EnergyKi + Ui = Kf +Uf (initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy) No outside force = no △Total E31
9542859773PowerThe rate at which one does work given by P= W/t or P=△E/t or P=IV The rate at which energy is converted. Greater power = faster a battery runs out. unit: Watts32
9542859774MomentumVector quantity given by p = mv. A measure of the difficulty to change an object's motion unit: kg m/s33
9542859775Impulse-Momentum TheoremImpulse cause a change in momentum △p = Ft = △(mv)34
9542859776Law of Conservation of MomentumThe total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant unless acted on by an OUTSIDE force. total p initial = total p final Causes the velocity of the center of mass of the system to remain constant.35
9542859777Uniform circular motionVelocity is not constant because the direction of velocity is always changing (even if the speed is constant) In order to cause this △v, there must be a net force, and therefore acceleration, towards the center.36
9542859778Centripetal accelerationcentripetal= towards the center ** if a question has circular motion and asks about speed, set up with N2L and use this acceleration ** unit: m/s^237
9542859779Centripetal force** this is N2L with centripetal accel substituted in ** Can be tension force, gravitational force, friction, etc. unit: Newtons38
9542859780Newton's Law of Universal GravitationAny two objects in the universe exert an attractive force on each other39
9542859781Gravitational forcer is the distance between the CENTERS of the two objects40
9542859782TorqueA property of force that makes an object rotate. Force must be applied a distance from the axis. If balanced, a=0, and Clockwise rF = CC rF unit: N m41
9542859783EquilibriumSum of all forces acting on an object is 0: F net=0 No acceleration according to N2L because net force=0.42
9542859784Rotational equilibriumSum of all torques on an object is 0: T net = 043
9542859785Static equilibriumAn object is at rest44
9542859786Rotational inertiaAlso known as the moment of inertia The tendency of an object in motion to rotate until acted upon by an outside force45
9542859787Simple Harmonic MotionWhen restoring force is proportional to an object's displacement but in the opposite direction causing oscillation back and forth. (Hooke's Law: F = kx)46
9542859788PeriodTime to complete one oscillation and come back to where it began. Inverse of frequency. unit: seconds47
9542859789Wave interferenceWhen wave pulses run into each other and amplitudes combine to temporarily become larger or smaller.48
9542859790Angular momentumAlways conserved assuming no outside forces. L = Iw and I=__mr^2 so if radius decreases, velocity increases in order to conserve momentum.49
9543031719MassA measure of an object's inertia (resistance to acceleration). unit: kilograms50
9543929759VoltageThe push that causes current to flow. Also called potential difference. unit: volts V=IR51
9543935131CurrentThe rate of flow of charge. I = △q/t = △V/R unit: Amperes52
9543953147ResistanceSlows the current in a circuit. R = V/I unit: Ohms53
9544607548Ohm's LawCurrent is directly proportional to voltage but inversely related to resistance.54
9544616854Coulomb's LawElectric force between charged objects is directly related to the magnitude of the charges and inversely related to the square of the distance between them.55
9544670845ChargeElectric charge is conserved in any isolated system. Unit: Coulombs variable in equation: q56
9544674867Kirchhoff's Loop RuleThe net change in potential (voltage) around a closed loop is zero. Really a restatement of the Law of Conservation of Energy.57
9544678911Kirchhoff's Junction RuleThe sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum of the currents leaving it. Really a restatement of Conservation of Charge.58
9545080576FrequencyOscillations per second. Inverse of Period. unit: Hertz59
9974598710ResistivityA measure of the resisting power of a specified MATERIAL to the flow of an electric current. Every material has its own resistivity constant.60
9974705233MagnitudeThe quantity of a variable. Ex: how many newtons of force are present or how many coulombs of charge.61
13584713811Field StrengthThe magnitude of acceleration caused at that distance. Measured in m/s/s just like acceleration!62
13584894203(F vs t) and (a vs t) graphs....Always have the same shape due to N2L.63
13834435102Hooke's LawF=kx. The force in a SPRING is directly proportional to its spring constant and to the distance of stretch.64
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9522918276Fossils-darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past)0
9522918277Strata-new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata -strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take1
9522918283Artificial Selection-modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits2
9522918284Darwin's 2 Inferenences-All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations3
9522918285Homology-similarity resulting from common ancestry4
9522918286Homologous Structures-represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor5
9522918287Vestigal Structures-remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors6
9522918288Convergent Evolution-independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists7
9522918289Analogous-species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty8
9522918290Biogeography-scientific study of the geographic distributions of species9
9522918291Phylogeny-evolutionary history of a species or group of species10
9522918293Taxonomy-study of how organisms are named and classifed11
9522918294Order of ClassificationDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species12
9522918295Sister Taxa-groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor13
9522918297Analogy-similarity due to convergent evolution14
9522918298Clades-each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants15
9522918299Shared Ancestral Character-character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon16
9522918300Shared Derived Character-evolutionary novelty unique to a clade17
9522918301Molecular Clock-an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates18
9522918302Microevolution-a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations19
9522918303Genetic Variation-differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences20
9522918304Population-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring21
9522918305Gene Pool-all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population22
9522918306Hardy-Weinberg Conditions-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow23
9522918307Genetic Drift-chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another)24
9522918308Founder Effect-when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population25
9522918309Bottleneck Effect-a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles.26
9522918310Gene Flow-transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes27
9522918311Effects of Genetic Drift-Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed28
9522918312Adaptive Evolution-NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more29
9522918313Relative Fitness-contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls30
9522918314Directional Selection-conditions father shifting traits to one extreme31
9522918315Disruptive Selection-conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range32
9522918316Stabilizing Selection-reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population33
9522918317Sexual Selection-form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits34
9522918320Neutral Variation-differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage35
9522918322Heterozygote Selection-individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes36
9522918323Species (according to the biological species concept)-group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not37
9522918324Macroevolution-broad pattern of evolution above the species level38
9522918325Reproductive Isolation-existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring39
9522918326Hybrid-offspring from an interspecific mating40
9522918327Prezygotic Barriers-block fertilization from occuring41
9522918328Postzygotic Barriers-contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed42
9522918329Prezygotic Barrier Examples1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG43
9522918330Postzygotic Barrier Examples1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced) 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule) 3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile) VFB44
9522918331Allopatric Speciation + Evidence-gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama45
9522918332Sympatric Speciation-speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area46
9522918333Polyploidy-species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes47
9522918334Punctuated Equilibria-Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange48
9522918335Radiometric Dating-based on the decay or radioactive isotopes -radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE49
9522918336Geologic Record-a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean50
9522918337Mass Extinction-large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment51
9522918338Adaptive Radiations-periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities52
9522918339Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers 3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible53
9522918340Ribozyme-RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions54
9522918341EndosymbiosisA process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.55
Powered by Quizlet.com

Kunst AP Deutsch Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6241952549die KulturCulture0
6241952550die Kunst, KünsteArt(s)1
6241952551klassiche Kunstclassical art2
6241952552moderne Kunstmodern art3
6241952553abstrakte Kunstabstract art4
6241952554der Künstler-/die Künstlerin-nenArtist (m) (f) (pl)5
6241952555die bildenden Künstefine arts6
6241952556das Museum der bildenden Künstea museum of fine arts (genitiv)7
6241952557die Gallerie-n, die Kunstgallerie-nGallery, art gallery8
6241952558die Ausstellung-enExhibition(s)9
6241952559ausstellen, stellte aus, hat ausgestelltto exhibit10
6241952560die Sammlung-enA collection11
6241952561das Kunstwerk-eArtwork(s)12
6241952562das Gemälde-Painting13
6241952563die Skulptur-en/die Plastik-enSculpture/statue(s)14
6241952564das Denkmal-mälerMonument(s)15
6241952565der Maler-/die Malerin-nenPainter (m) (f) (pl)16
6241952566die MalereiPainting(s) "Theatrical paintings"17
6241952567der Bildhauer-/die Bildhauerin-nenSculpture18
6241952568der Fotograf-en/die Fotografin-nenPhotographer (m) (f) (pl)19
6241952569das Original-ean original20
6241952570die Fälschung-enForgery21
6241952571darstellen, stellte dar, hat dargestelltto depict, express, represent22
6241952572Das Gemälde stellt drei Szenen aus dem Leben von Otto von Bismarck dar.The painting expresses 3 scenes of the life of otto von bismarck.23
6241952573sybolisieren, h. symbolisiertsymbolize, symbolized24
6241952574Das Denkmal sybolisiert den ewigen Kampf zwichen Gut and Böse.The memorial/monument sybolizes the immortal struggle between good and evil.25
6241952575das AltertumAncient times, classical antiquity26
6241952576das MittelalterMiddle ages27
6241952577die zeitgenössische Literaturcontemporary literature28
6241952578Schriftsteller-/die Schrifsttellerin-nenAuthor (m) (f) (pl)29
6241952579der Dichter/die Dichterin-nenPoet, bard, even writer30
6241952580der Komponist-en/die Komponisten-nenComposer (m) (f) (pl)31
6241952581der Dirigent-/die Dirigentin-nenConductor (m) (f) (pl)32
6241952582der Straßenkünstler-/die Straßenkünstlerin-nenStreetartist33
6241952583in der Kapelle/Band spielenPlay in a capella or band34
6241952584im Chor singensing in a choir35
6241952585die Vorstellung-enimagination(s), vision(s)36
6241952586der Hauptdarsteller-/die Hauptdarstellerin-nenlead/main actor37
6241952587Till Schwieger spielt die Hauptrollea man of few words plays the lead role38
6241952588die Oper-nOpera(s)39
6241952589die Konzertkarte-nConcert ticket40
6241952590die Eintrittskarte-nTicket (admission ticket)41
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology - Cells Flashcards

Campbell's Ch 6, 7: structure and function, prokaryotes v eukaryotes, mvmnt of substances, protein function. Also Cliff's AP Bio 4th ed., Ch 3: Cells.

Terms : Hide Images
7020172606plasma membraneseparates internal metabolic event; controls mvmnt of materials0
7020172607saturated fatty acid membranepacked tight; rigid membrane1
7020172608unsaturated fatty acid membranenot packed tight; flexible membrane2
7020172609selectively permeableallows: small, unchanged, polar molecules; hydrophobic molecules blocks: large polar molecules; ions3
7020172610integral proteinsimbedded in bilipid layer4
7020172611peripheral proteinsattached to membrane surface5
7020172612channel proteinspassage for hydrophillic substances6
7020172613aquaporinschannel proteins; increase rate of H20 passage7
7020172614ion channelsions; gated channels8
7020172615gated channelsopen and close in response to stimuli EX: nerve and muscle cells9
7020172616carrier proteinsspecific molecules bind, changing protein shape10
7020172617transport proteinsuse ATP (active transport) EX: sodium-potassium pump11
7020172618recognition proteinsunique identification; glycoproteins EX: blood types12
7020172619receptor proteinsprovide binding sites; activates specific cell response13
7020172620adhesion proteinsattaches cells to cells; provides anchors for filaments14
7020172621cholesterolstability to animal cells; @ high T=maintain firmness, @ low T=allows flexibility15
7020172622organellesbodies within cytoplasm; chemical rxns isolated, able to take place w/o interference; large surface areas to max. space for rxns16
7020172623nucleuscontains DNA and nucleoli; site of cell division17
7020172624chromatinDNA spread through nucleus like web18
7020172625chromosomesDNA becomes rod-shaped as cell begins division; includes 2 long DNA molecules and histone proteins19
7020172626histonesorganize long DNA20
7020172627nucleosomescoiling of DNA by histones21
7020172628nucleoliconcentrations of DNA in process of manufacturing ribosomes22
7020172629nuclear porespassageway for proteins and RNA23
7020172630nuclear envelope2 bilipid layers; bounded to nucleus, continuous with ER24
7020172631ribosome2 RNA subunits + proteins; free v bound; protein synthesis25
7020172632free ribosomesin cytosol; proteins made function within cell EX: enzymes that catalyze sugar breakdown26
7020172633bound ribosomesattached to ER or nuclear envelope; proteins made function within cell membrane or exported from cell27
7020172634smooth ERw/o ribosomes; synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolizes CHO, detoxification28
7020172635rough ERw/ ribosomes; synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins, produces new membrane29
7020172636golgi apparatuscollect, modify, and package proteins, CHO and lipids30
7020172637lysosomes(animal cells only) vesicles from Golgi with hydrolytic enzymes; break down material in cytosol for recycling; low pH31
7020172638peroxisomesanimals: breakdown H202, fatty acids, AAs; plants: modify by-products of photosynthesis32
7020172639mitochondriacarry out cellular respiration; two membranes allow separation of metabolic processes33
7020172640chloroplasts(plant cells only) carry out photosynthesis; two membranes34
7020172641microtubulesmade of protein tubulin; found in spindle apparatus (guides chromosome mvmnt in cell division); support and motility for cell activity35
7020172642intermediate filamentssupport for cell shape36
7020172643microfilamentsmade of protein actin; found in cells that move by shape change, e.g. muscle cells; cell motility37
7020172644flagellalong, few, snake-like mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: sperm38
7020172645ciliashort, many, back-and-forth mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: line respiratory tract39
7020172646centrioles(animal cells only) microtubule organizing centers; create spine apparatus in cell division40
7020172647transport vesiclesmove materials btwn organelles41
7020172648food vacuolesreceive nutrients; usually merge with lysosomes42
7020172649contractile vacuolescollect and pump water in cell43
7020172650central vacuoles(plant cells only) contain most of plant cell interior; exert tugor when full for cell rigidity; functions specialized: 1) store starch, nutrients, waste, etc. 2) lysosome function 3) cell growth by absorbing H20 4) renders large SA-to-V ratio44
7020172651cell walls(plant cells only) support45
7020172652extracellular matrix(animal cells only) mechanical support, helps bind adjacent cells46
7020172653cell junctionsanchor cells together for cellular exchange47
7020172654anchoring junctions(animals) protein attachments between cells EX: desmosome48
7020172655tight junctions(animals) seal that prevents cellular exchange49
7020172656communication junctionsallow chemical and electrical signal passage50
7020172657gap junctions(animals) (communication) narrow tunnels; basically channel protein connecting 2 cells51
7020172658plasmodesmata(plants) (communication) narrow tunnels; like gap junctions52
7020172659prokaryotesplasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall53
7020172660hypertonicsolute hypertonic to solution=higher [solutes]54
7020172661hypotonicsolute hypotonic to solution=lower [solutes]55
7020172662isotonic[solute]=[solution]56
7020172663bulk flowcollective movement in response to pressure57
7020172664passive transport[higher] to [lower]; increases w/ increase in [x], temp., smaller particle size58
7020172665diffusionrandom mvmnt leads to net mvmnt from [high] to [low]59
7020172666osmosisdiffusion of water across selectively permeable mmbrn60
7020172667turgor pressureosmosis into cell61
7020172668plasmolysisosmosis out of cell62
7020172669cell lysisswelling of cell b/c excess turgor pressure63
7020172670facilitated diffusiondiffusion through channel or carrier proteins64
7020172671active transport[lower] to [higher]; requires use of E (usually ATP)65
7020172672electrochemical gradientcombo. of concentration and electrical voltage gradients of ions66
7020172673cotransportprotein that allows downhill mvmt to drive another uphill; E for uphill from [gradient] from downhill67
7020172674vesicular transportuses vesicles to move substances across plasma mmbrn68
7020172675exocytosisfuse w/ membrane, release contents outside cell69
7020172676endocytosiscapture substance outside cell, fuse w/ membrane, release contents into cell; 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated70
7020172677phagocytosiscellular eating; undissolved material enters cell; forms phagocytic vesicle71
7020172678pinocytosiscellular drinking; dissolved material enters cell; forms liquid vesicle72
7020172679receptor-mediated endocytosisspecific molec. (ligands) binds to site, resulting in pinocytosis73
7020172680water potentialmovement of water from where there is high potential to low potential; based upon solute and pressure components74
7020172681solute potential=-iCRT i = ionization constant (NaCl = 2, glucose = 1) C = concentration (M) R = constant (0.0831 mol-liters/bar K) T = temperature (K) more solute = lower overall potential75
7020172682pressure potentialmeasurement of pressure, in an open container usually = 076
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!