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APES Ocean Flashcards

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8070243410Mangrove ForestEcosystem with large salt tolerant trees that help protect the shoreline from storms0
8070257604Kelp ForestEcosystem with large seaweed and home to sea otters and sea urchins1
8070265891Coral ReefsEcosystem that is found in warm tropical areas and is home to lots of different species2
8070273126Open OceanEcosystem that is away from the shoreline and has many migratory animals3
8070277006Abyssal PlainThe deepest ecosystem. Very dark with strange creatures like the angler fish.4
8070285039AntarcticSouth Pole. Very cold. Home to penguins.5
8070292072ArcticNorth Pole. Very cold. Home to polar bears.6
8070298783Mudflats and Salt marchIntertidal area. Organisms must be adapted to extreme conditions.7
8070309011Hydrothermal VentsSupplies nutrients from the Earth's mantle. Bacteria can convert these nutrients into food using chemosynthesis.8
8070317426Bathyal ZoneMiddle zone of the open ocean. Dimly lit9
8070320598Abyssal zoneBottom zone of the open ocean. No light. High in nutrients.10
8070324666Euphotic zoneTop zone of the open ocean. Light. Photosynthesis.11
8070327362Coastal ZoneCoastal area of the ocean. Home to 90% of known marine species.12
8070330520NektonLarge marine organisms. Fish, sharks, marine mammals, etc.13
8070336506PlanktonMicroscopic organisms that live in the ocean.14
8070339652BenthosBottom dwellers in the ocean. Ex: oyster, crabs, star fish15
8070343294Surface CurrentsCurrents driven by wind.16
8070345719Thermohaline currentsCurrents driven by difference in density due to temperature and salinity17
8070349020BycatchOrganisms that were unintentionally caught by commercial fisheries.18
8070357357LonglineType of fishing method where a long line with hooks is cast from a boat19
8070365234Bottom-trawlingType of fishing method where a large net is dragged along the bottom of the ocean20
8070370336DriftnetType of fishing method where a net is cast from a boat and is left to drift in the ocean21
8070374085Deep HorizonLargest oil spill in US history. 201022
8070377154Exxon ValdezOil spill in Alaska in 198923
8070384380ZooxanthellaeAlgae that live in the polyps of coral24
8070386459H2CO3Carbonic Acid25
8070389904CaCO3Calcium Carbonate. What shells and coral skeleton are made of26
8070400551HCO3-Bicarbonate27
8070402939H+Ion that makes solutions acidic28
8070404993Ocean AcidificationCaused by excess carbon dioxide dissolving in the ocean29
8070409118Coral BleachingCaused by the warming of ocean temperatures and leads to the loss of symbiotic algae from coral30
8070418637BioaccumulationThe buildup of toxins in an individual throughout its lifetime31
8070420610BiomagnificationThe increase in toxins as one moves up the food chain32
8070423274MercuryPollutant that comes from coal burning power plants. Can lead to neurological damage33
8070429090PCBsPollutant from industry and commercial waste. Banned in the US in 1979.34
8070435105Red TidesAlgae that produce toxins that are dangerous to wildlife35
8070443024Marine Protected AreaRestricts human activity in these areas36
8070446219Marine ReservesZones in the ocean where humans can not catch fish.37
8070448614Marine Mammal Protection ActProtects all marine mammals in US waters38
8070458233Booms and skimmersMechanical way to clean up oil spill. Like a vacuum.39
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AP Statistics Chapter 5 Flashcards

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7796915117What is the population in a statistical study?the entire group of individuals about which we want information0
7796915118What is the sample in a statistical study?part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use this to draw conclusions about the entire population.1
7796915119What is a convenience sample, and why is it not a good technique?choosing individuals who are easiest to reach results. However, it creates a bias, because it will consistently overestimate or underestimate the value that you want to know2
7796915120What is a bias?design of a statistical study that systematically favors certain outcomes3
7796915121What is a voluntary response sample, and why is it not a good technique?consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. It creates a bias because people with strong opinions (often in the same direction) are most likely to respond4
7796915122What is random sampling?the use of chance to select a sample, is the central of statistical sampling5
7796915123What is a simple random sample (SRS)?every individual from the population has an equal chance to be selected in the sample. You can use a table of random digits to generate random numbers6
7796915124What is the problem with SRS?it is difficult getting an SRS from the whole population of interest and time-consuming7
7796915125How do you conduct a stratified random sample?first classify the population into strata (groups of similar individuals). Then choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine these SRSs to form the full sample.8
7796915126How do you choose groups/strata in a stratified random sample?based on facts known before the sample is taken.9
7796915127What is the problem with a stratified random sample?it is difficult to conduct when the populations are large and spread out over a wide area10
7796915128How do you conduct a cluster sample?first divide the population into smaller groups (clusters) that ideally mimic characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the clusters. All individuals in the chosen clusters are included in the sample.11
7796915129What are multistage samples?they combine two or more sampling methods.12
7796915130What is an inference?what we predict information about the population from what we know about the sample13
7796915131What is a sampling frame?the sampling list; list of individuals from which we will draw our sample14
7796915132What is undercoverage?when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample, leaving some bias15
7796915133What is a nonresponse bias?when a selected individuals cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate16
7796915134What is response bias?when someone gives an incorrect response on purpose17
7796915135What is the wording of questions bias?confusing or leading questions can introduce a strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome.18
7796915136What is an observational study?observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses19
7796915137What is an experiment?deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. These are the only source of fully convincing data and to understand cause and effect. We actually impose treatment to the experimental units to observe the response.20
7796915138What is a confounding variable?when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from another21
7796915139What are factors in an experiment?the explanatory variables in an experiment22
7796915140What is random assignment?in an experiment, experimental units are assigned to treatments at random using some sort of chance process23
7796915141What is a completely randomized design?the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance.24
7796915142Example of completely randomized design outline:-state the random assignment -state the sizes of groups -which treatments the groups receive -the response variable25
7796915143What is the purpose of a control group?provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the other treatments26
7796915144What are the three principles of experimental design?-a proper comparative design ensures that influences other than the experimental treatments operate equally on all groups. (CONTROL) -random assignment helps balance out the effects of lurking variables. (RANDOM ASSIGNMENT) -since the groups are roughly equivalent except for the treatments, any differences in average response must be due either to the treatments or to the play of chance in the random assignment of experimental units to the treatments. (REPLICATION)27
7796915145What is the placebo effect?response to a dummy treatment28
7796915146What is double-blind?neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable which treatment a subject received29
7796915147What does it mean to be statistically significant?an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance. Implies causation30
7796915148Example of a randomized block design outline:-experimental units are first separated into blocks to deal with the potential confounding variable -each block will be randomly assigned to both treatments31
7796915149What is a block in a randomized block design?group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. It is another form of control.32
7796915150What is a matched pairs design?common type of randomized block design for comparing two treatments. You create blocks by matching pairs of similar experimental units. Then we use chance to decide which members get which treatments.33
7796915151What is lack of realism?treatments, subjects, or environments of our experiment may not be realistic. It limits our ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest34
7796915152What are the criteria for establishing causation when we can't do it an experiment?-association is strong -association is consistent -larger values of explanatory variable are associated with stronger responses -alleged cause precedes the effect in time -alleged cause is plausible35
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AP BIology DNA Replication Flashcards

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8170248506DNA Replicationthe process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis0
8170248516Antiparallelsubunits run in opposite directions1
8170248521Semiconservative Modelthe two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common2
8170248524Replication Forka Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound3
8170248525Helicasesenzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands4
8170248526Single Strand Binding ProteinsBind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from repairing5
8170248527TopoisomeraseThe untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands6
8170248528PrimerThe initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis is actually a short stretch of RNA7
8170248529PrimaseSynthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template8
8170248530DNA polymerase IIIThe main enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain9
8170248531Leading strandStrand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses10
8170248532Lagging StrandThe strand that DNA polymerase III builds moving away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments11
8170248533Okazaki fragmentsSeries of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long. Made due to the discontinuous building of the lagging strand.12
8170248534DNA Ligasejoins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments and replaced primers into a continuous DNA strand13
8170248536DNA polymerase IRemoves RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides14
8170248544Chromatincomplex of DNA and protein15
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AP Comparative Government: Iran Flashcards

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6646346184hostileThe middle class in Iran is culturally westernized and often _____ to the clergy.0
6646346185supreme leaderIn Iran, the head of the judiciary is appointed by the _____ _____.1
6646346186Iran____ and China share this institutional arrangement: A national assembly with only limited powers to oversee the executive and enact laws.2
6646346187vetoThe Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader have ____ power over legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis/Legislature)3
6646346188clericsIn Iran, the concept of jurist guardianship states that senior _____ have authority over the entire community.4
6646346189nonviolentBest characterizes the Iranian Revolution: A short, relatively _____ upheaval supported by the middle class5
6646346190theocracya state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.6
6646346191shariaIslamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.7
6646346192Mahmoud AhmadinejadPresident of Iran from 2005-2013 (background in higher ed/local govt. instead of theology - he emphasized social justice, religious piety, and confrontation with the West)8
6646346194Assembly of ExpertsElected body of 86 members that chooses the supreme leader (men/Islamic scholars) (8 yr terms) (difficult to say how powerful a role this body will play once Khamenei passes away)9
6646346195ayatollahIn Shiite Islam, a title in the religious hierarchy achieved by scholars who have demonstrated highly advanced knowledge of Islamic law and religion10
6646346196Basij"People's militia," which serves as a public morals police (boys who fought against Iraq...)11
6646346197bonyadsParastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution12
6646346198chief justiceHead of the judiciary13
6646346199Expediency CouncilAppointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes14
6646346200FarsiLanguage of Iran:15
6646346201Guardian CouncilAppointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation (limits Majlis) (12 members/6yr terms) (6 lawyers nominated by chief justice and by Majlis, and 6 clerics appointed by supreme leader)16
6646346206Khamenei, AliCurrent supreme leader of Iran, as of 1989:17
6646346207Khatami, MohammadPresident of Iran from 1997 to 200518
6646346210MajlisLegislature of Iran:19
6646346218Revolutionary GuardParamilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies20
6646346225Rule by Islamic jurists; also, Islamic Republic's political system, which places power in the hands of clericsvelayat-e faqih21
6646346249communists (!)The US-sponsored coup that overthrew Mossadeq and put the shah back in power was organized by the CIA because some of Mossadeq's support came from Iranian _____.22
6646346268ShiaThe Safavids made Persia _____.23
6646346270TudehThe Iranian Communist party (post WWII) (Mosaddeq led this party)24
8498276339Eric Stenzeldaddy25
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Ap Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4745024289BiologyA multidisciplinary science0
4745027086ElementA substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions1
4745029221Compounda substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio2
4745034771C.O.H.NCarbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up 96% of living matter3
4745038067Salts (Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur)The remaining 4% is comprised of these4
4745043178Trace elementsElements that are required by an organism but only in trace amounts5
4745046255DaltonsThe measurement of Neutron mass and Proton mass6
4745049215Atomic numberThe number of Protons/Electrons7
4745053979Mass numberThe sum of the Protons and Neutrons8
4745056686Atomic massThe atom's total mass (can be approximated by the mass number)9
4745060518IsotopesTwo atoms of an element that differ in the number of electrons10
4745063508Radioactive IsotopesDecay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy11
4745067516Applications of radioactive isotopesDating fossils, Tracing atoms through metabolic processes, and Diagnosing medical disorders12
4745069679EnergyThe capacity to cause change13
4745070403Potential energyThe energy that matter has because of its location or structure14
4745074899Electrons of an atomdiffer in the amounts of potential energy15
4745076503Electron shell/energy levelan electrons state of potential energy depends on16
4745085281Chemical behaviorthe distribution of electrons in electron shells determines17
4745092483Valence electronsDetermines the chemical behavior18
4745104837OrbitalA three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time19
4745111597Chemical bondsAttractions between atoms with full valence electrons20
4745113745Covalent bond2 atoms that equally share a pair of valence electrons21
4745118491Structural formulaThe notation used to represent atoms and bonding H-H22
4745120486Molecular formulaAn abbreviated version of the structural formula H223
4745123206Molecule2 or more atoms that are held together by covalent bonds24
4745124925Valencethe bonding capacity of an atom25
4745125984ElectronegativityAn atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond26
4745129606Non-polar covalent bondsThe atoms share the electron equally27
4745131043Polar covalent bondsOne atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally28
4745133655Ionic bondsStripping/giving an electron instead of sharing29
4745135935IonA charged atom30
4745136215CationA positively charged ion31
4745136872AnionA negatively charged ion32
4745137929Ionic bondThe attraction between an anion and a cation33
4745139286Ionic compounds/saltsCompounds formed by ionic bonds34
4745144176Covalent bondsThe stronger bond35
4745146783Ionic/Hydrogen bondsThe weaker bonds36
4745149011Weak chemical bondsHelp reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other37
4745151223Hydrogen bondsWhen a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (usually oxygen and hydrogen atoms)38
4745162273Van Der Waals interactionsAttractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges39
4745165698S/P orbitalsThe orbitals that hybridize in covalent bonds which creates a specific molecular shape40
4745174221Chemical EquilibriumWhen the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal41
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APES Legislation Flashcards

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6503935837National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)What - requires environmental assessments and environmental impact statements before development projects. When - 1970 Why - in response to growing public concern over environmental issues0
6503942616National Trails System Act (NTS)What - created the national trails system establishing scenic, historic, recreational and connecting trails. When - 1968 Why - to preserve trails for recreational use1
6503951801National Park Service ActWhat - created National Park System, combining all national parks and monuments into one regulatory agency. When - 1916 Why - growing need for centralized regulation of federal land2
6503958859Montreal ProtocolWhat - International agreement that phased out substances harmful to the ozone layer (CFCs) When - 1989 Why - to combat ozone depletion3
6503963216Noise Control ActWhat - Establishes noise emission standards for vehicles, aircraft, HVAC equip, etc. When - 1972 Why - to protect people from damaging noise pollution and require cities to mitigate noise pollution4
6503973542Copenhagen Accord2009 Agreement between US, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa; Cut Emissions (Though not legally Binding Amounts) The Agreement promises Aid to Developing Countries to support Green Development5
6504002865Convention of Biological Diversityan international treaty that aims to conserve biodiversity, use biodiversity in a sustainable manner, and ensure the fair distribution of biodiversity's benefits. When: 1992 Note - US has not ratified6
6504010042Clean Water Act(1972): set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable7
6504017808Clean Air ActA U.S. law that authorizes the EPA to set limits on the amount of specific air pollutants that are permitted everywhere in the United States Focuses on six air pollutants (lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone)8
6504029383Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species1973 - Controls the exploitation of endangered species through international legislation. Bans hunting, capturing and selling of threatened species and bans the import of ivory.9
6504037625Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)provides a federal "superfund" to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous- waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment10
6504045449Soil Conservation Act(1936)subsidized farmers to reduce soil-depleting crops and to employ soil conservation measures11
6504057568Soil Erosion ActAs a result of the Dust Bowl, this act established the Soil Conservation Service. It mandates the protection of the nation's soil reserves, deals with soil erosion problems, carries out soil surveys and does research on soil salinity12
6504064333Source Water Assessment Programinvolves the implementation of pollution prevention practices to protect the water quality in a watershed or wellhead protection area servicing a public water supply.13
6504136474Ramsar ConventionThe international Convention on Wetlands, signed in Iraq in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands around the world. More than 150 countries are participating in the agreement, with over 150 million ha of wetlands designated for inclusion in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.14
6504143641Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Management of non-hazardous and hazardous solid waste including landfills and storage tanks. Set minimal standards for all waste disposal facilities and for hazardous wastes.15
6504146103Safe Drinking Water Act(1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutatnts in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health16
6504153400Price Anderson Nuclear Indemnity Actpartially compensates the nuclear industry against liability claims arising from nuclear incidents while ensuring compensation coverage for the public 1957 Considered necessary as an incentive for private nuclear production17
6504170653Oil Pollution ActTo prevent further oil spills form occurring in the US, company required to make a plan to prevent spills that may occur (must also have containment and cleanup plan in case of emergency). It also phases out single-hulled tankers and establishes an oil spill liability trust fund.18
6504178622Oil Spill Prevention ActAn amendment to the oil pollution act that doubled liability limits for oil spills19
6504198904Ocean Dumping Ban Act1988; bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste in the ocean20
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AP Government Chapter 9 Flashcards

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6150727020NominationThe official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success is in the nomination game requires momentum, money and media attention0
6150735368Campaign StrategyThe master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign.1
6150741288National Party ConventionThe supreme power within each of the parties. The convention meets every four years to nominate the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to write the party's platform.2
6150751005McGovern-Fraser CommissionA commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.3
6150758850SuperdelegatesNational party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the national party convention.4
6150766427Invisible PrimaryThe period before any votes are cast when candidates compete to win early support from the elite of the party and to create a positive first impression of their leadership skills.5
6150772275CaucusA system for selecting convention delegates used in about a dozen states in which voters must attend an open meeting to express their presidential preference.6
6150780770Presidential PrimariesElections in which a state's voters go to the polls to express their preference for a party's nominee for president. Most delegates to the national party conventions are chosen this way.7
6150790605FrontloadingThe recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize o media attention.8
6150797052Party PlatformA political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four hears. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rrough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.9
6150810928Direct MailA method of raising money for a political cause or candidate, in which information and requests for money are sent to people whose names appear on lists of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past.10
6150822956Campaign ContributionsDonations that are made directly to a candidate or a party and that must be reported. to the FEC. As of 2012, individuals were allowed to donate up to $2,500 per election to a candidate and up to $30,800 to a political party.11
6150832902Independent ExpendituresExpenses on behalf of a political message that are made by groups that are uncoordinated with any candidate's campaign.12
6150840726Federal Election Campaign ActA law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal election Commission and provided for limits on and disclosure of campaign contributions.13
6150846511Political Action CommitteesGroups that raise money from individuals and then distribute it in the form of contributions to candidates that the group supports. PACs must register with the FEC and report their donations and contributions to it.14
6150860890Federal Election CommissionA six member bipartisan agency created by the Federal election Campaign Act of 1974. The Federal Election Commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws.15
6150875592Soft MoneyPolitical contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grassroots level or for generic party advertising. For a time, such contributions were unlimited,until they were banned by the McCain-Feingold Act.16
6150891131527 GroupsIndependent political groups that are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates. Section 527 of the tax code specifies that contributions to such groups must be reported to the IRS.17
6150904381Citizen United v. Federal election CommissionA 2010 landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that individuals, corporations, and unions could donate unlimited amounts of money to groups that make independent political expenditures.18
6150917983501 (c) GroupsGroups that are exempted from reporting their contributions and can receive unlimited contributions. Section 501c of the tax code specifies that such groups cannot spend more than half of their funds on political activities.19
6150927785Super PACsIndependent expenditure-only PACs are known as Super PACs because they may accept donations of any size and can endorse candidates. Their contributions and expenditures must be periodically reported to the FEC.20
6150955961Selective PerceptionThe phenomenon that people's beliefs often guide what they pay the most attention to and how they interpret events.21
6150961056SuffrageThe legal right to vote in the United States, gradually extended to virtually all citizens over the age of 18.22
6150966041Political EfficacyThe belief that one's political participations really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference23
6150970351Civic Dutyhe belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should vote.24
6150980411Voter RegistrationA system adopted by the states that requires voters to register prior to voting. Some states require citizens to register as much as 30 days in advance, whereas other permit Election Day registration.25
6150992039Motor Voter ActA 1993 act that requires states to permit people to register to vote when they apply for a diver's license.26
6151004907Mandate theory of electionsThe idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do.27
6151016262Policy Votingelectoral choices that are made on the basis of the voters' policy preferences and where the candidates stand on policy issues.28
6151025813Electoral CollegeA unique American institution created by the Constitution, providing for the selection of the president by electors chosen by the state parties. Although the electoral College vote usually reflects a popular majority, less populated states are over represented and the winner-take-all rule concentrates campaigns on close states.29
6151047201Battleground StatesThe key states that the presidential campaign focus on because they are most likely to decide the outcome of the electoral College vote.30
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AP Stats-Chapter 6 Flashcards

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5831411564random variabletakes numerical values that describe the outcomes of some chance process0
5831414973probability distributiongives the random variable possible values and their probabilities1
5831428517Discrete random variableX takes a fixed set of possible values with gaps between2
5831434586Mean (expected value) of a discrete random variablemultiply each possible value by its probability, then add all the products3
5831437817continuous random variableX takes all values in an interval of numbers4
5831440797independent random variablesIf knowing whether any event involving X alone has occurred tells us nothing about the occurrence of any event involving Y alone and vice versa.5
5831444186binomial settingArises when we perform several independent trials of the same chance process and record the number of times that a particular outcome occurs; 4 conditions must be met (BINS)6
5831452463B in BINS or BITSB-binary (classify each outcome as success or failure)7
5831455072I in BINS or BITSI-Independent trials (one trial must not influence the next trial)8
5831456731N in BINSN-Number of trials is fixed9
5831458268S in BINS or BITSS-Success (there is the same probability of success on each trial)10
5831460313Binomial random variableThe count X of successes in a binomial setting11
5831462755Binomial DistributionThe probability distribution of a binomial random variable.12
5831475115binomial coefficientthe number of ways of arranging k successes among n observations; n choose k13
5831481726mean of binomial random variablenp, where n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success14
5831484513standard deviation of binomial random variablesquare root of (np)(1-p), where n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success15
583148928110% conditionn ≤ (1/10)N16
5831492206Large Counts conditionnp>=10 and n (1-p)>=1017
5831504460Geometric Settingarises when we preform independent trials of the same chance process and record the number of trials it takes to get one success, 4 conditions must be met (BITS)18
5831511288T in BITST-Trials (the number of trials it takes to get one success)19
5831516508Geometric Random VariableThe number of trials Y that it takes to get a success in a geometric setting20
5831517481Geometric Distributionthe probability distribution of a geometric random variable21
5831530293mean of a geometric random variablethe expected number of trials required to get the first success is 1/p where p is the probability of success22
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AP Terms Flashcards

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6483766255allegoryA story in which people, things, and actions represent an idea or generalization about life, often have a strong moral or lesson. (Ex: Animal Farm; Lord of the Flies)0
6483771080alliterationRepetition of consonant sounds1
6483772116allusionA brief reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.2
6483773980ambiguityAn event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.3
6483775571analogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. Ex: I feel like a fish out of water.4
6483786738anecdoteA brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.5
6483786739antagonistA character or force in conflict with the main character6
6483788451aphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. Also called a maxim.7
6483790235apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.8
6483792886assonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity9
6483794225characterizationA method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.10
6483795072clicheA worn-out idea or overused expression11
6483795073colloquialisminformal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing12
6483795711conceitA fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor13
6483798837conflictA struggle between opposing forces or characters14
6483801559connotationAll the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word or phrase suggests15
6483802812coupletTwo consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme16
6483803888dialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.17
6483804828dictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words18
6483804829elegya sorrowful poem or speech19
6483806948epicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society20
6483809093figurative languageLanguage that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.21
6483809095foilA character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist). The purpose of the foil character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only22
6483811651foreshadowingA narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.23
6483812401free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme24
6483812402hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor25
6483813166imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)26
6483815153ironyA contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.27
6483816324juxtapositionPoetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit.28
6483820257local colora term applied to fiction or poetry which tends to place special emphasis on a particular setting, including its customs, clothing, dialect and landscape.29
6483822237metaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.30
6483823153moodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader31
6483823923motifA recurring theme, subject or idea32
6483825217paradoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.33
6483826653parallel structurethe repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures34
6483832188parodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.35
6483832189personificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes36
6483833232plotSequence of events in a story37
6483833986point of viewThe perspective from which a story is told38
6483833987protagonistMain character39
6483835162quatrainA four line stanza40
6483837286rhythma rise and fall of the voice produced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language.41
6483838529rhetoricThe art of using language effectively and persuasively42
6483839839rhetorical questionA question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.43
6483840793satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.44
6483841686simileA comparison of two unlike things using "like" or "as"45
6483842462soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage46
6483843666stereotypeA generalized belief about a group of people47
6483844948stream of consciousnessa style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.48
6483844949stylethe distinctive way in which a writer uses language: a writer's distinctive use of diction, tone, and syntax.49
6483846761suspenseA feeling of uncertainty and curiosity about what will happen next in a story; key element in fiction and drama; "hook" writer uses to keep audience interested50
6483847531symbolAn object or action in a literary work that means more than itself, that stands for something beyond itself.51
6483848401themethe insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work.52
6483849248toneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.53
6483850964tragedyA serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character54
6557281318footA metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables55
6557282612iambica foot of poetry that follows an "unstressed-stressed" pattern (da DUM) ( u/ )56
6557292661trochaica foot of poetry that follows a "stressed-unstressed" pattern (DUM da) ( /u )57
6557297549anapestica foot of poetry that follows an "unstressed-unstressed-stressed" pattern (da da DUM) ( uu/ )58
6557306481dactylica foot of poetry that follows a "stressed-ustressed-unstressed" pattern (DUM da da) ( /uu )59
9764674021anaphorathe repetition of words or phrases at the BEGINNING of consecutive lines or sentences60
9764676681epistrophethe repetition of a word at the END of successive clauses or sentences61
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