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AP Vocab List 1 Flashcards

5627863117	Synecdoche	a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole (as "fifty sail" for "fifty ships"), the whole for a part (as "society" for "high society")	0
5627869430	Metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant (for example "suit" for "business executive" or "the track" for "horse racing")	1
5627881328	Metaphor	a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two (example: he is a brick wall on the football field)	2
5627910684	Simile	a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, as in "she is like a rose"	3
5627924818	Apostrophe	digression in the form of an address to someone not present, or to a personified object or idea	4
5627932996	Phlegmatic	not easily upset, excited, or angered	5
5627937476	Splenetic	very angry and annoyed	6
5627942201	Melancholy	a sad mood or feeling	7
5627946499	Sanguine	confident and hopeful	8
5627949169	Choleric	made angry easily; hot-tempered	9
5627953398	Rhetoric	language that is intended to influence people and that may not be honest or reasonable	10
5627962665	Redundant	repeating something else and therefore unnecessary	11
5627967973	Strumpet	prostitute	12
5627973362	Sycophant	a person who praises powerful people in order to get their approval; suck	13
5627979392	Unctuous	used to describe someone who speaks and behaves in a way that is meant to seem friendly and polite but that is unpleasant because it is obviously not sincere	14
5627988873	Condone	to forgive or approve of something that is considered wrong; to allow (something that is considered wrong) to continue	15
5628002128	Pragmatic	dealing with the problems that exist in a specific situation in a reasonable and logical way instead of depending on ideas and theories (practical, realistic, matter-of-fact)	16
5628011826	Auspicious	showing or suggesting that future success is likely	17
5628015637	Perquisite	a privilege, gain, or profit incidental to regular salary or wages	18
5628021789	Stoic	a person who accepts what happens without complaining or showing emotion	19
5628027344	Hackneyed	not interesting, funny, etc. because of being used too often; not fresh or original	20
5628034309	Jaded	made dull, apathetic, or cynical by experience	21
5628037830	Jejune	not interesting; too simple	22
5628044392	Solipsist	a person that believes that only they exist or only they are real	23
5628047360	Trite	not interesting of effective because of being used too often; not fresh or original	24
5628052797	Hamartia	tragic flaw	25
5628057055	Hubris	a great or foolish amount of pride or confidence	26
5628060547	Didactic	designed or intended to teach people something	27
5628065577	Itinerant	traveling from place to place	28
5628069219	Mawkish	sad or romantic in a foolish or exaggerated way	29
5628078538	Ameliorate	to make something better, or less painful	30
5628081365	Superficial	not thorough or complete; lying close to the surface	31
5628085294	Archetype	a perfect example of something or modeled after which other things are patterned (example: the hero, the mentor, etc.)	32
5628091693	Egregious	very bad and easily noticed	33
5628095022	Satire	a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad, etc. (usually making a statement about a person, government, or society)	34
5628104485	Fastidious	very careful about how you do something; excessively particular, critical, or demanding	35
5628110616	Hyperbole	language that describes something as better or worse than it really is; exaggeration (example: I am so hungry I could eat a horse)	36
5628119979	Onomatopoeia	the creation of words that imitate natural sounds	37
5628127435	Ephemeral	lasting a very short time	38
5628129988	Allusion	a statement that refers to something without mentioning it directly (example: I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's; he was a real Romeo with the ladies)	39
5628145157	Vacillate	to repeatedly change your opinions or desires	40
5628150315	Apocryphal	well-known but probably not true; (of a story or statement) of doubtful authenticity, although widely circulated as being true	41
5628170332	Feisty	not afraid to fight or argue; very lively and aggressive	42
5628184498	Altruistic	showing a selfless concern for the well-being of others; unselfish	43
5628192044	Sonnet	a poem made up of 14 lines that rhyme in a fixed pattern	44
5628194507	Imagery	language that causes people to imagine pictures in their mind	45
5628199111	Prolepsis	the representation of a thing as existing before it actually does or did so, as in "he was a dead man when he entered"	46
5628207418	Orthodox	accepted as true or correct by most people	47
5628213899	Innate	existing in, belonging to, or determined by factors present in an individual from birth	48
5628222299	Dramatic irony	irony that is inherent in speeches, or a situation of a drama, and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play	49
5628234906	Cryptic	difficult to understand; having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure	50
5628240830	Banal	so lacking in originality as to be obvious and boring (not interesting)	51
5628244547	Scrutinize	to examine (something) carefully, especially in a critical way	52
5628251037	Condescend	show feelings of superiority; be patronizing	53
5628258838	Philanthropy	the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes (charity)	54
5628267262	Aggravate	to make a problem, injury, or offense worse or more serious (or to annoy)	55
5628274179	Anxious	experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	56
5628281886	Stentorian	(of a person's voice) loud and powerful	57
5628284494	Taciturn	(of a person) reserved or uncommunicative in speech; saying little	58
5628290901	Epigram	a short and clever poem or saying; a short, often satirical poem dealing concisely with a single subject and usually ending with a witty or ingenious turn of thought	59
5628300775	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning	60
5628306275	Chronic	long-lasting and difficult to eradicate	61
5628310147	Preclude	prevent from happening; make impossible	62
5636188789	Prodigal	spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant	63
5636190964	Languid	slow and relaxed	64
5636192454	Hypocritical	behaving in a way that suggests one has higher standards or more noble beliefs than is the case	65
5636194569	Enervate	cause (someone) to feel drained of energy or vitality; weaken	66
5636197304	Disparage	regard or represent as being of little worth	67
5636199276	Cupidity	greed for money or possessions	68
5636201829	Apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern	69
5636202965	Augment	to increase the size or amount of something	70
5636204485	Reticent	not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily	71
5636206098	Incoherent	not able to talk or express yourself in a clear way that can be easily understood	72
5636208903	Heresy	belief or opinion that does not agree with the official belief or opinion of a particular group	73
5636211828	Importune	urgent or persistent, often in a burdensome way	74
5636213858	Extol	to praise highly or enthusiastically	75
5636215453	Enigma	something obscure or hard to find; someone who is a mystery	76
5636217045	Provincial	a person who lives in or comes from a place that is far away from large cities; a person of local or restricted interests or outlook (usually from a limited viewpoint and/or experiences because where they are from); unsophisticated or narrow-minded	77
5636225478	Repudiate	to refuse to accept or support (something); to reject	78
5636227703	Shibboleth	a peculiarity of pronunciation, behavior, etc.; a widely held belief that is usually distinctive to a particular group	79
5636235630	Relegate	to put (someone or something) in a lower or less important position, rank, etc.	80
5636238413	Dogmatic	expressing personal opinions or beliefs as if they are certainly correct and cannot be doubted	81
5636240851	Adamant	an unbreakable or extremely hard substance	82
5636242476	Indolent	not liking to work or be active	83
5636243876	Nihilism	the belief that traditional morals, ideas, beliefs, etc. have no worth or value	84
5636246772	Ascetic	relating to or having a strict and simple way of living that avoids physical pleasure	85
5636251588	Elucidate	to make (something that is hard to understand) clear or easy to understand	86
5636253530	Complacent	satisfied with how things are and not wanting to change them	87
5636260101	Nefarious	evil or immoral	88
5636260102	Germane	relating to a subject in an appropriate way	89
5636264448	Reprehensible	very bad; deserving very strong criticism	90
5636267494	Mitigate	to make (something) less severe, harmful, or painful	91
5636268745	Immutable	unable to be changed	92
5636275004	Hedonist	a person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life; a pleasure-seeker	93
5636277896	Insipid	lacking flavor; lacking vigor or interest	94
5636279506	Digress	to speak or write about something that is different from the main subject being discussed	95
5636282096	Incongruous	strange because of not agreeing with what is usual or expected	96
5636284770	Esoteric	only taught or understood by members of a special group; hard to understand; limited to a small number of people	97
5636288891	Ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone	98
5636292398	Atrophy	gradual decline in effectiveness or vigor due to underuse or neglect; medical: gradual loss of muscle or flesh usually because of disease or lack of use	99
5636297244	Engender	to be the source or cause of (something); to cause to exist or develop	100
5636299547	Ironic	strange or funny because something (such as a situation) is different from what you expected	101
5636302088	Profound	requiring deep thought or wisdom; having or showing great knowledge or understanding	102
5636308483	Congenial	pleasant because personality, qualities, or interests are similar to one's own	103
5636312466	Abate	to become weaker	104
5636314085	Acrimonious	angry and bitter	105
5636314086	Indifferent	not interested in or concerned about something	106
5636316056	Ambiguous	not expressed or understood clearly; able to be understood in more than one way	107
5636319220	Objective	based on facts rather than feelings or opinions	108
5636322301	Revere	to have great respect for (someone or something)	109
5636324197	Discrimination	recognize a distinction; make an unjust or prejudicial distinction in the treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, sex, or age	110
5636330542	Denounce	publicly declare to be wrong or evil	111
5636332536	Candid	expressing opinions and feelings in an honest and sincere way	112
5636334879	Discern	to see or understand the difference	113
5636335955	Disdain	a feeling of strong dislike or disapproval of someone or something you think does not deserve respect	114
5636339586	Abstract (adj)	existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence	115
5636345971	Temper (v)	to make (something) less severe or extreme	116
5636350106	Eccentric	strange or unusual	117
5636355474	Futile	having no result or effect; pointless or useless	118
5636362444	Resignation	the feeling that something unpleasant is going to happen and cannot be changed	119
5636364594	Servile	very obedient and trying too hard to please someone	120
5636366603	Resolve	to find an answer or solution to (something)	121
5636367855	Virulent	bitterly hostile	122
5636370523	Aesthetic	of or relating to art or beauty	123
5636371999	Diligent	characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort	124
5636373529	Guile	the use of clever and usually dishonest methods to achieve something	125
5636377154	Incessant	continuing without stopping	126
5636379278	Infamous	well-known for some bad quality or deed	127
5636382764	Excoriate	to criticize (someone or something) very harshly	128
5636390710	Euphony	a harmonious succession of words having a pleasing sound	129
5636392849	Depravity	a very evil quality or way of behaving	130
5636394330	Seven Deadly Sins	a grouping and classification of vices (pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, and sloth)	131
5636398992	Oxymoron	a combination of words that have opposite or very different meanings (example: cruel to be kind, Great Depressions, clearly confused, painfully beautiful)	132
5636405835	Deus ex machina	an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel	133
5636411088	Curmudgeon	a person (especially an old man) who is easily annoyed or angered and who often complains	134
5636416028	Milquetoast	a timid, meek, or unassertive person	135
5636419092	Cliche	a phrase or expression that has been used so often that it is no longer original or interesting (example: opposites attract, every cloud has a silver lining, YOLO, etc.)	136
5636424467	Picaresque	telling a story about the adventures of a usually playful and dishonest character	137
5636545054	Bathos	the sudden appearance of a silly idea or event in a book, movie discussion, etc. that is serious in tone	138
5636548362	Scansion	the analysis of verse to show its meter	139
5636550648	Incredulous	feeling or showing a lack of belief	140
5636554208	Inexorable	not able to be stopped or changed	141
5636559740	Inveterate	always or often happening or existing	142
5636565146	Offal	the organs (such as the liver or kidney) of an animal that are used for food	143
5636567148	Motley	made up of many different people or things	144
5636570577	Poltroon	a spiritless coward	145
5636571855	Interlude	a period of time between events or activities	146
5636573641	Exhort	to try to influence (someone) by words or advice; to strongly urge (someone) to do something	147
5636611271	Gauche	having or showing a lack of awareness about the proper way to behave; socially awkward	148
5636615015	Gratis	used to indicate that no money is paid for something	149
5636618969	Ignominious	causing disgrace or shame	150
5636620824	Heinous	very bad or evil; deserving of hate or contempt	151
5636623257	Dolorous	causing, marked by, or expressing misery or grief	152
5636692240	Undaunted	not afraid to continue doing something or trying to do something even though there are problems, dangers, etc.	153
5636695662	Dirge	a slow song that expresses sadness or sorrow (usually a funeral song)	154
5636704591	Dissipated	(of a person or way of life) overindulging in sensual pleasures; to cause something to spread and disappear	155
5636708518	Cower	to move back or bend your body down because you are afraid	156
5636711343	Amenities	things that make life easier or more pleasant	157
5636714020	Carnal	relating to physical, especially sexual, needs and activities	158
5636718079	Depraved	morally corrupt; wicked	159
5636735840	Chasten	to cause (someone) to feel sad or embarrassed about something that has happened (punish them)	160
5636740291	Denouement	the final part of something (such as a book, a play, or a series of events)	161
5636741934	Fickle	changing opinions often	162
5636746443	Libertine	a person (especially a man) who leads an immoral life and is mainly interested in sexual pleasure	163
5636748918	Sage	very wise	164
5636751214	Satyr	one of the forest gods in Greek mythology who have faces and bodies like men and ears, legs, and tails like goats	165
5636754474	Urbane	polite and confident	166
5636757523	Rustic	of, relating to, or suitable for the country or people who live in the country	167
5636757524	Wily	full of clever tricks	168
5636759364	Vestige	the last small part that remains of something that existed before (a trace, mark, or visible sign left by something)	169
5651752658	Expository	intended to explain or describe something	170
5651756138	Neophyte	a person who has just started learning or doing something (sometimes refers to a person who has joined a religious group)	171
5651761952	Lassitude	the condition of being tired; lack of physical or mental energy	172
5651765565	Prosody	the rhythm and pattern of sounds of poetry and language	173
5651769625	Fiscal	of or relating to money (especially to the money a government, business, or organization earns, spends, and owes)	174
5651777708	Precis	a brief summary of the main points and ideas of a piece of writing or speech	175
5651784366	Baroque	of or relating to a dramatic style of art and music that was common in the 17th and early 18th centuries and that featured many decorative parts and details (bold ornamentation)	176
5651797739	Burlesque	a literary or dramatic work that seeks to ridicule by means of grotesque exaggeration or comic imitation; a kind of entertainment that was popular in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and that included funny performances, singing, and dancing	177
5651851996	Chutzpah	personal confidence or courage that allows someone to do or say things that may seem shocking to others	178
5651859951	Mensch	a person of integrity and honor	179

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AP- Biology - Enzymes Flashcards

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8158774579	chemical reaction	A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.	0
8158774580	reactants	compounds that enter into a chemical reaction	1
8158774581	product	compounds produced by a chemical reaction.	2
8158774582	enzyme	biological catalysts usually globular that speed up the rate of chemical reactions	3
8158774583	coenzyme	A non protein organic molecule serving to modify the active site of an enzyme before the reaction is allowed to occur. Most vitamins function important metabolic reactions in this role.	4
8158774584	Competitive inhibition	substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site	5
8158774585	Noncompetitive inhibitor	a chemical that binds to an enzyme but not in the active site. This chemical will change the shape of the enzyme (reversible)	6
8158774586	substrate	the substance an enzyme catalyzes, changes.	7
8158774587	active site	the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and goes through a chemical reaction.	8
8158774588	exothermic reaction	a chemical reaction where energy is given off, so that the products have less energy than the reactants.	9
8158774589	endothermic reaction	a chemical reaction where energy is taken in, so that the products have more energy than the reactants.	10
8158774590	activation energy	Eₐ is the abbreviation used for the energy required to start a reaction.	11
8158774591	sucrase	An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose	12
8158774592	Catalase	an enzyme found in most aerobic organisms that breaks down H2O2 to water and oxygen	13
8158774593	amylase	Enzyme that can break the bonds of starch to form the carbohydrate monomer, glucose.	14
8158774594	lipase	Enzyme that can break the bonds of lipids to form the monomer, fatty acids.	15
8158774595	protease	Enzyme that can break the polypeptide bonds of proteins to form the monomer, amino acids.	16
8158774596	nuclease	Enzyme that can break the bonds of nucleic acids to form monomer, nucleotides	17
8158774597	activated complex	the structure that is made up of the substrate bonded to the active site of the enzyme.	18
8158774598	lock and key hypothesis	The substrate fits the active site of the enzyme like a key fits in a lock. There is no change to the shape of the enzyme or substrate.	19
8158774599	induced fit hypothesis	The active site of the enzyme is flexible and conforms to fit the substrate like a glove fits on a hand.	20
8158774600	Denature	Characteristic of proteins; a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning.	21
8158774601	Allosteric	__________ regulation of enzyme occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme changing the protein's shape	22
8158774602	Catalyst	______ an agent that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently altered	23
8158774603	G	An exergonic reaction releases free energy. The abbreviation for free energy is: Named after the American Scientist Josiah Gibbs	24
8158774604	Transition State	The less stable state that occurs and is usually a high-energy state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction	25
8158774605	Inducing Strain	The enzyme cause bonds in the substrate to stretch	26
8158774606	Substrate orientation	When Enzyme bring together specific atoms into a correct position that are otherwise rotating and tumbling so that bonds can form	27
8158774607	Side chain (R group)	the part of the enzyme that can add H+ ions to or from substrate destabilizing covalent bonds	28
8158774608	Metal	__________ ions such as Copper, Zinc iron bind to certain enzymes to initiated chemical reactions.	29
8158774609	Heme	Organic molecules with iron an iron cofactor (A Prosthetic Group) that are permanently bond to enzyme responsible Oxygen transport	30
8158774610	Irreversible Inhibition	When an enzyme inhibitor that covalently binds to the amino acid side chain at the active site of an enzyme it is called _______________	31
8158774611	Reversible Inhibition	When an enzyme inhibitor binds is similar to the substate and non-covalently bind to the active site and there slows down the enzyme	32
8158774612	Protein Kinases	enzymes that reversibly activate or inactivate other proteins by adding phosphate groups to (phosphorylating) them	33
8158774613	Activator	A non-covalent binding regulator that can cause an enzyme to change shape and expose and expose an otherwise unexposed active site in allosteric regulation	34
8158774614	Shape	in Biology the prefix allo means "different" and stereos means "__________"	35
8158774615	Hydrogen	The specificity and activity of an enzyme depends on it 3D structure and this in turn depends on ______________ bonds	36
8158774616	hydrophobic	Changes in H+ ions (acidity) concentration can alter how _____________ some regions of protein are.	37
8158774617	pH	After looking at the graph the enzyme activity of the the three different enzymes is being regulated by what variable	38
8158774618	Temperature	After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable:	39
8158774619	Substrate Concentration	After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable:	40

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AP Lit - Vocab 2 Flashcards

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10267820335	Rhyme Scheme	the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.	0
10267821144	Metre	The regular use of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry	1
10267823381	Plot	The sequence of events in a story	2
10267825552	Situational Irony	a type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.	3
10267826550	Dramatic Irony	when the audience knows what is occurring in the story but the characters do not	4
10267826551	Verbal Irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	5
10267827304	Foreshadowing	the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot	6
10267828951	Symbolism	A device in literature where an object represents an idea.	7
10267829696	Soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	8
10267830237	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman	9

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AP Biology Mitosis Flashcards

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9424347761	Anaphase	The homologous chromosomes repel each other and move towards opposite poles and the kinetochore fibers shorten	0
9424347762	Binary Fission	The process of an organism duplicating its genetic material and splitting in two	1
9424347763	Cell Plate	Cytokinesis in plants	2
9424347764	Centrioles	An organelle near the nucleus in animal cells; splits into two during interphase of the cell cycle	3
9424347765	Centromere	The point where the chromosomes is attached to the spindle fiber during cell division	4
9424347766	Chromatin	Long, thin fiber that is folded and coiled to form the chromosome	5
9424347767	Chromosomes	Threadlike structures composed of DNA and protein	6
9424347768	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm into two separate cells	7
9424347769	Cleavage Furrow	Cytokinesis in animals	8
9424347770	Gametes	A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote	9
9424347771	Genome	The total amount of DNA unique to each species	10
9424347772	G0 Phase	Resting stage; neither growing or dividing	11
9424347773	G1 Phase	Cell grows	12
9424347774	G2 Phase	Centrioles replicate, and cell prepares for division	13
9424347775	Growth Factors	Stimulate the cell to divide and grow	14
9424347776	Interphase	Takes up 90% of the cell cycle; prepares the cell for division and allows the cell to grow	15
9424347777	Kinetochore	Disc-shaped structure on a chromatid where the microtubules attach	16
9424347778	Metaphase	Chromosomes line up at the equator; and the kinetochore microtubules attach to the chromosome	17
9424347779	Metaphase Plate	Where all the chromosomes line up during the third phase	18
9424347780	Microfilaments	A small rodlike structure that is present in the cytoplasm in many eukaryotic cells	19
9424347781	Microtubules	A microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells	20
9424347782	Mitosis	Nuclear division; replicated chromosomes are divided into two genetically identical daughter cells of parent	21
9424347783	Nuclear Membrane	The membrane that surrounds the nucleus in a cell	22
9424347784	Prophase	Centrioles move to opposite sides; chromatin thickens; nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear; chromosomes shorten and thicken and turn into sister chromatin	23
9424347785	S Phase	Synthesizes DNA	24
9424347786	Somatic Cells	Replicate by mitosis; autosomes (body cells)	25
9424347787	Telophase	Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin; nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear membrane come back; cytoplasm starts to divide	26
9424347788	Contact Inhibition	Density of the cell poplulation	27

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AP vocab Flashcards

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4785720694	la oficina	office	0
4785723136	el despacho	office, study	1
4785724450	la direccion	office (official)	2
4785726010	el bufete	(law) office	3
4785727305	la redaccion	(newspaper) office	4
4785729752	el consultorio	(medical) office	5
4785733479	la clinica dental	dental office	6
4785735814	volver a + infinitive	to do something again	7
4785736928	volver	to return, to go (come) back	8
4785740295	regresar	to return, to go (come) back	9
4785741885	devolver	to return (something). to give back: to throw up	10
4785745348	cerrar	to close. to shut: to lock	11
4785747140	el cierre	closing. shutting	12
4785749071	abrir	to open	13
4785751450	la abertura	opening. aperture	14
4785753490	clausurar	to close, to adjourn	15
4785755603	la clausura	closing, adjournment	16
4785757302	la apertura	opening: musical overture	17
4785760922	acabar de + infinitive	to finish doing (something): to have (had) just done something	18
4785764284	terminar de + infinitive	to finish doing something	19
4785765948	la sala	living room, parlor	20
4785767015	el cuarto	room	21
4785767915	el aula	classroom	22
4785769678	la habitacion	room	23
4785769679	el salon	living room: large room, hall	24
4785771589	angosto	narrow	25
4785772880	estrecho	narrow	26
4785774476	el hule	rubber: oilcloth	27
4785775177	la goma	rubber: rubber band	28
4785776599	el caucho	rubber	29
4785779192	de palo	wooden	30
4785779995	la madera	wood	31
4785779997	el palo	pole. stick: a blow with a stick	32
4785781828	la lena	(fire) wood	33
4785783175	matar	to kill	34
4785784511	asesinar	to murder, assassinate: to kill	35
4785785869	rematar	to finish off	36
4785787369	eliminar	to wipe out, bump off	37
4785790626	ejecutar	to execute	38
4785792435	el bloque	block	39
4785793457	el establo	stable	40
4785794263	la cuadra	block (Sp. Am): stable (Sp.)	41
4785797938	la manzana	block (Sp.): apple	42
4785799136	el ropero	closet	43
4785800172	la alacena	cupboard, closet: locker	44
4785805532	el guardarropa	checkroom, cloakroom: clothes closet	45
4785809082	tomar	to take	46
4785810031	agarrar	to take (Sp. Am): to grasp (Sp.)	47
4785814062	amanecer	to dawn	48
4785815038	anochecer	to grow dark	49
4785816391	antardecer	to draw towards evening: to happen late in the afternoon	50
4785819470	ordinario	ordinary, common	51
4785820899	comun	common	52
4785822077	corriente	common	53
4785824176	ahorcar	to hang	54
4785824177	pender	to hang	55
4785826517	tender	to hang	56
4785828406	colgar	to hang (coll. to flunk or fail someone)	57

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AP Statistics Chapter 5 Flashcards

Aligned to The Practice of Statistics (Starnes, Tabor, Yates, Moore) 5th edition

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6749842659	complementary events	two disjoint events that together make up the entire sample space	0
6749842660	P(at least 1)	1- P(none)	1
6749842661	mutually exclusive events (disjoint events)	events that can't happen at the same time	2
6749842662	Interpretation of A ∩ B	A intersect B; the outcomes that are in A and that are also in B	3
6753981077	Formula for the probability of two INDEPENDENT events, A and B, occurring	P(A) x P(B)	4
6753994510	Formula for the probability of two events, A and B, occurring; events DO NOT need to be INDEPENDENT	P(A) x P(B \| A)	5
6749842667	Interpretation of A ∪ B	A union B; the outcomes that are in A or B (or both)	6
6753940422	Formula for the probability of event A or event B occurring	P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)	7
6749842664	The Law of Large Numbers	As the number of trails increases, the proportion of times a specific outcome occurs approaches a the true probability of the event	8
6749842669	outcome	the possible result of a situation or experiment	9
6749842670	event	a single outcome or a group of outcomes	10
6749842671	sample space	the set of all possible outcomes	11
6749842672	probability	the numerical value from 0 to 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions P(event) = (number of favorable outcomes) ÷ (number of possible outcomes)	12
6749842665	trial	in probability, a single repetition or observation of an experiment	13
6749842666	probability model or probability distribution	identifies all possible outcomes and the corresponding probability of each possible outcome	14
6749842668	conditional probability, P(A \| B)	The probability that A occurs, given that B has occurred	15
6754047758	Formula for conditional probability "B given A"	P(B \| A) = P(A n B) / P(A)	16
6754012922	Independent Events	If the occurrence of one event has no effect on the change that other event will happen	17
6754031125	Numerical way to show 2 events are independent	P(A) = P(A \| B) AND P(B) = P(B \| A)	18

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AP Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards

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7633334770	taxonomy	The branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics	0
7633334771	binomial nomenclature	A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name	1
7633334772	Natural Selection	A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations.	2
7633334773	adaptations	inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments	3
7633334774	Artificial selection	Selective breeding of plants and animals, by humans, to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring	4
7633334775	homology	Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.	5
7633334776	homologous structure	Physical structures in two different organisms that have structural similarity due to a common ancestor, but may have different functions. Homologous structures arise from divergent evolution.	6
7633334777	Divergent evolution	A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures. This causes organisms to evolve differently, to diverge from their common ancestor. The resulting (new) species may share structural (but not necessarily functional) similarity; produces homologous structures.	7
7633334778	Embryonic homologies	Comparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms. E.g. All vertebrate embryos have a post-anal tail and pharyngeal pouches.	8
7633334779	Vestigial	genetically determined structures or attributes that have apparently lost most or all of their ancestral function in a given species, but have been retained through evolution.	9
7633334780	Molecular homologies	shared characteristics on a molecular level through composition of proteins or DNA. This homology is used to build evolutionary trees.	10
7633334781	Convergent evolution	Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.	11
7633334782	Analogous structure	Structures, such as a bat's wing and a fly's wing, that have the same function, but the similarity is superficial and reflects an adaptation to similar environments, not a common ancestry	12
7633334783	Fossil record	The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.	13
7633334784	Paleontology	a science dealing with prehistoric life through the study of fossils	14
7633334785	Biogeography	the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of species. provides evidence of evolution.	15
7633334786	Continental drift	Idea that continents were joined as 1 large land called Pangaea & moved over time to current position. Can explain similarities of species on continents that are distant today.	16
7633334787	Endemic species	Species that is found in only one area and nowhere else. Such species are especially vulnerable to extinction.	17

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AP World - Chp 8 Flashcards

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5846641671	Analects	The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.	0
5846641672	Chinese Examination system	To maintain centralized control, rulers recruited and use bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals. For example the Chinese used this system.	1
7806957585	Civil Service Exam	In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide	2
7806971417	Daoism	AKA Taoism. Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature.	3
7806981638	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. Prominent during Warring States Period.The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. Based on a pessimistic view of human nature. Social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely.	4
7807013223	Lui Bang	First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals	5
7807448606	LI	Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism	6
7807460000	Ren	An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism	7
7807471238	Silk Road	Silk Road connected China, India, and the Middle East. This ancient caravan trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extended some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linked China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. Traders carried silk and other trade goods along this route, as well as spread culture. Conquerors were often motivated to control parts or all of this route and its wealth.	8
7807482990	Tao-te Ching	The central text of Daoism. aka Daodejing. aka Tao de ching	9
7807489795	Wudi	emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control	10
7807496168	Yellow Turban Revolt	A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks.	11
7807504864	Yin and yang	In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities	12

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AP Psychology: Consciousness and Learning Flashcards

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9643127291	consciousness	our awareness ourselves and our environment	0
9643127292	Biological Rhythms	periodic fluctuations in our bodies' physiological states, including annual variations in appetite, 90 minute sleep cycles, the 28 day menstrual cycle, and circadian rhythms	1
9643127293	Circadian Rhythms	any regular bodily rhythm (body temperature, etc) that follows a 24 hour schedule	2
9643127294	REM sleep	brain/eyes are active; muscles relaxed; vivid dreaming occurs; paradoxical sleep	3
9643127295	Alpha waves	relatively slow brain waves; awake and relaxed state	4
9643127296	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness; needed for healthy functioning	5
9643127297	hallucinations	false sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus	6
9643127298	delta waves	large, slow brain waves. deep sleep	7
9643127299	insomnia	Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	8
9643127300	narcolepsy	A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	9
9643127301	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	10
9643127302	night terror	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	11
9643127303	dreams	vivid sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts; occur during during REM	12
9643127304	Manifest Content (Part of Dream Theory)	the remembered storyline	13
9643127305	Latent Content	the underlying, but censored content of a dream	14
9643127306	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur	15
9643127307	posthypnotic suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized	16
9643127308	REM rebound	tendency for REM sleep to increase, following REM sleep deprivation	17
9643127309	psychoactive drugs	alter mood and perception. mimic or block neurotransmitters	18
9643127310	dissociation	split between different levels of consciousness; allows us to divide attention between more than one thought	19
9643127311	tolerance	the diminishing of a psychoactive drug's effect that occurs with repeated use, requiring progressively larger doses in order to produce the same effect	20
9643127312	withdrawal	refers to the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of addictive drugs	21
9643127313	physical dependence	physiological need for a drug that is indicated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken	22
9643127314	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	23
9643127315	depressants	Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	24
9643127316	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety and induce sleep but impairing memory and judgment	25
9643127317	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	26
9643127318	stimulants	Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	27
9643127319	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	28
9643127320	methamphetamines	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.	29
9643127321	ecstacy (MDMA)	stimulant, mild hallucinogen; short term euphoria because of increased serotonin. Repeated uses causes problems with serotonin production and suppresses immunity.	30
9643127322	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	31
9643127323	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). blocks action of serotonin	32
9643127324	THC	ingredient in marijuana; mild hallucination	33
9643127325	near-death experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest)	34
9643127326	dualism	philosophical belief that the mind and body are separate entities	35
9643127327	monism	belief that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.	36
9643127328	fantasy-prone personality	one with a vivid imagination and spends and unusual amount of time fantasizing	37
9643127329	hypnagogic state	drowsy period between waking and sleeping; transient dream-like fantasies or hallucinations may occur	38
9643127330	learning	any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience	39
9643127331	associative learning	when organisms learn that two certain events occur together. two variations of associative learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning	40
9643127332	classical conditioning	learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus	41
9643127333	behaviorism	The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes; Watson.	42
9643127334	unconditioned response	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	43
9643127335	unconditioned stimulus	the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response	44
9643127336	conditioned response	the learned response to previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from the acquired association between CS and US	45
9643127337	conditioned stimulus	an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a CR after association with an US	46
9643127338	acquisition	the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened. the strengthening of a reinforced response (operant)	47
9643127339	extinction	weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US; operant- when the behaviour is no longer reinforced	48
9643127340	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	49
9643127341	generalization	The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.	50
9643127342	discrimination	the ability to distinguish the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US	51
9643127343	operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.	52
9643127344	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning	53
9643127345	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	54
9643127346	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	55
9643127347	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	56
9643127348	shaping	operant conditioning; procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour.	57
9643127349	reinforcer	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	58
9643127350	positive reinforcement	Presentation of a stimulus after a particular response in order to increase the likelihood that the response will recur	59
9643127351	negative reinforcement	Removal of an aversive stimulus after a particular response to increase the likelihood that the response will recur	60
9643127352	primary reinforcers	In and of themselves, rewarding things. (food, water, rest.) Natural properties are rewarding.	61
9643127353	conditioned reinforcers	learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers	62
9643127354	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	63
9643127355	partial reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	64
9643127356	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (every 3 books you read, you get $50)	65
9643127357	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)	66
9643127358	fixed-inteveral schedule	a response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed (paycheck every two weeks)	67
9643127359	variable-interval schedule	a response is reinforced after varying intervals of time (fishing)	68
9643127360	punishment	Process of presenting an undesirable or noxious stimulus, or removing a desirable stimulus, to decrease the probability that a preceding response will recur	69
9643127361	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	70
9643127362	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	71
9643127363	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	72
9643127364	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	73
9643127365	observational learning	A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.	74
9643127366	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	75
9643127367	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	76
9643127368	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.	77
9643127369	over justification effect	the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors	78
9643127370	Little Albert	a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism. In 1920, John Watson and his graduate student, who later becme his wife, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned an 11-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects. First Albert was exposed to a white rat. Initially the child was not afraid of the rat: however, Watson and Rayner would strike a steel bar, which created a loud noise whenever the child would get near the animal. This created a conditioned (i.e., learned) fear in the child. This experiment has been used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow the result of an unconscious process.	79
9643127371	Unconscious brain activity comes...	before conscious brain activity	80
9643127372	novel tasks...	require conscious attention	81
9643127373	sleep cycles	4-6 complete ones, each about 90 minutes, early in the night most time in stage 3 and 4, 2 and REM sleep predominate later	82
9643127374	sleep deprivation	a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks	83
9643127375	sleep walk in what stage	stage 4	84
9643127376	sleep theories	Protective, regenerates, restore and rebuild memory, generates creative thinking, and support growth	85
9643127377	activation-synthesis theory	dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry	86
9643127378	wish-fulfillment theory	Dreams provide "psychic safe value" - accepting otherwise unacceptable feelings, dreaming of secret desires (manifest content & latent content) - a hidden meaning.	87
9643127380	social-influence theory	hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness; its an extension of everyday social behavior	88
9643127381	Bobo doll	Nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively	89

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