| CourseNotes

AP Flashcards

6525130245	Acid rain	rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions	0
6525146013	Agglomeration	A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities.	1
6525147903	Agglomeration economies	The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores	2
6525149360	Air pollution	pollution of the atmosphere	3
6525151558	Aluminum industry (factors of production, location)	manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group	4
6525151559	Assembly line production/Fordism	industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations, each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible	5
6525154916	Bid rent theory	geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.	6
6525154917	Break-of-bulk point	A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.	7
6525158025	Canadian industrial heartland	the St. Lawrence Valley - Ontario Peninsula	8
6525159676	Carrier efficiency	An organization that provides communications and networking services	9
6525159677	Comparative advantage	An organization that provides communications and networking services	10
6525161689	Cumulative causation	an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions	11
6525161690	Deglomeration	The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.	12
6525163645	Deindustrialization	process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment	13
6525163646	Economic sectors	primary secondary tertiary quaternary	14
6525166696	Economies of scale	as a company produces larger numbers of a particular product, the cost of each of these products goes down	15
6525166697	Ecotourism	ourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature	16
6525170198	Energy resources	natural resources that provide people with energy	17
6525170199	Entrepôt	a port where merchandise can be imported and re-exported without paying import duties	18
6525174645	Export processing zone	areas where governments create favorable investments and trading conditions to attract	19
6525180984	Fixed costs	costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced	20
6525180985	Footloose industry	industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms	21
6525183623	Four Tigers		22
6525183624	Greenhouse effect	warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere	23
6525185403	Growth poles	economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries	24
6525187089	Heartland/rimland	Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent.	25
6525190721	Industrial location theory	Alfred Weber, the selection of optimal factory locations has much to do with the minimization of land, labor, resource, and transportation costs, variable-cost framework that affects location of factory sites	26
6525193457	Industrial regions (place, fuel source, characteristics)	Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, East Asia	27
6525194856	Industrial Revolution	the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production	28
6525194857	Industry (receding, growing)	R industry is diminishing in size and importance G industry is increasing in size and importance	29
6525197497	Infrastructure	the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.	30
6525197498	International division of labor	the highest form of the social and territorial division of labor; the specialization of countries in the production of particular types of products, which they use for exchange	31
6525199369	Labor-intensive	Labor intensive refers to a process or industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods or services.	32
6525199370	Least-cost location	Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.	33
6532771328	Major manufacturing regions	Great Lakes Brazil Central England tokyo	34
6532771329	Manufacturing exports	The place in which the production and manufacturing of goods is exported.	35
6532774951	Manufacturing/warehouse location	Based on the principle of agglomeration	36
6532774952	Maquiladora	Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.	37
6532778522	Market orientation	a philosophy that assumes that a sale does not depend on an aggressive sales force but rather on a customer's decision to purchase product	38
6532778523	Multiplier effect	expansion of economic activity caused by the growth or introduction of another economic activity	39
6532780393	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement	40
6532782476	Outsourcing	contracting out selected functions or activities of an organization to other organizations that can do the work more cost efficiently	41
6532782477	Ozone depletion	thinning of Earth's ozone layer	42
6532784809	Plant location (supplies, "just in time" delivery)	factory is located close to market and supplier to reduce need for stalk items, and supplies, "Just in time" delivery.	43
6532787181	Postindustrial	of or relating to a society or economy marked by a lessened importance of manufacturing and an increase of services, information, and research	44
6532787182	Refrigeration	the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes	45
6532790090	Resource crisis	When resources for a national or global market run low.When resources for a national or global market run low.	46
6532790091	Resource orientation	tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources	47
6532792857	Special economic zones (China)	Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses.	48
6532792858	Specialized economic zones	specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment.	49
6532794781	Substitution principle	Principle that maintains that the correct location of a production facility is where the net profit is the greatest.	50
6532794782	Threshold/range	The population required to make provision of services economically feasible.	51
6532797169	Time-space compression	through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced	52
6532797170	Topocide	The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed.	53
6532798871	Trade (complementarity)	the idea that one country can produce products that another country can't; the other country will then trade for those products with its own products that the other country can't produce	54
6532805286	Transnational corporation	A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries	55
6532805287	Ubiquitous	specific industry is inseparable from target market	56
6532806934	Variable costs	expenses that change with the number of products produced	57
6532806935	Weber, Alfred	Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization.	58
6532809595	Weight-gaining	finished products weigh more than raw materials, so the factory needs to be close to the market	59
6532811697	Weight-losing	raw materials weigh more than the finished product, so the factory needs to be close to the resources	60
6532811698	World cities	a group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce	61

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9949617395	Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, through pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.	0
9949617396	Circular Reasoning	A fallacy in which the argument repeats the claim as a way to prove evidence.	1
9949617397	Archaic diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	2
9949617398	Syntax	The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order (subject-verb-object, for instance, or an inverted structure); the length and structure of sentences (simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex); and such schemes as parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole.	3
9949617399	Claim of Fact	asserts that something is true or not true	4
9949617400	Text	While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and understood, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	5
9949617401	Tone	A speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices.	6
9949617402	Claim of Value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	7
9949617403	Claim of Policy	proposes a change	8
9949617404	Hortative Sentence	sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	9
9949617405	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point	10
9949617406	Zeugma	The use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different meanings	11
9949617407	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	12
9949617408	Wit	The use of humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument	13
9949617409	Synthesize	Combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea.	14
9949617410	Warrant	Expresses the assumption necessarily shared by speaker and audience	15
9949617411	Figurative Language	Non literal language, sometimes referred to as tropes or metaphorical language, often evoking strong imagery.	16
9949617412	Claim	Also called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	17
9949617413	Understatement	A figure of speech in which something is presented as lesser than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect. Also called litotes, it is the opposite of hyperbole	18
9949617414	Backing	in the Toulmin model, consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.	19
9949617415	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.	20
9949617416	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	21
9949617417	Assertion	A statement that presents a claim or thesis	22
9949617418	analogy	A comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Often uses something simple or familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex.	23
9949617419	audience	the listener, reader, or viewer of the text: most texts have multiple, primary and secondary, and do not overtly express at least one.	24
9949617420	irony	A figure of speech that occurs when a speaker says one thing but means something else, or when it is said it is the opposite of what is expected.	25
9949617502	Aristotelian triangle		26
9949617421	Argument	A process of reasoned inquiry. A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	27
9949617422	assumption	the idea shared by the speaker and the audience that makes the argument possible, necessary in Toulminesque argumentation.	28
9949617423	first-hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	29
9949617424	Chiasmus	Taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a "crisscross" pattern: "By day the frolic, and the dance by night." "Naked I rose from the earth; to the grave I fall clothed."	30
9949617425	Climax	Arrangement in order of increasing importance: "Let a man acknowledge his obligations to himself, his family, his country, and his God."	31
9949617426	hasty gerneralization	a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	32
9949617427	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion of all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	33
9949617428	induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw conclusion, which is also called generalization.	34
9949617429	Quantitative Evidence	includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers - for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	35
9949617430	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place(real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	36
9949617431	Qualitative Evidence	Evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent.	37
9949617432	Meiosis	Understatement (opposite of exaggeration)	38
9949617433	Litotes	A type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect	39
9949617434	Onomatapoeia	Words that sound like what they mean. For example, buzz; click; rattle; clatter; crackle	40
9949617435	Qualifier	uses words like "usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely" to temper the claim a bit, making it less absolute.	41
9949617436	inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence(variation of subject-verb-object order).	42
9949617437	Propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In it's negative sense, the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	43
9949617438	Purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve	44
9949617439	Qualified Argument	An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position	45
9949617440	Straw Man	One side of the argument is presented as so extreme that no one will agree with it. Often this is done by referring to the exception, rather than the rule, and inferring that the exception is the rule.	46
9949617441	personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea	47
9949617442	Trope	Artful diction; from the Greek word for "turning," a figure of speech such as a metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synechdoche	48
9949617443	alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.	49
9949617444	Slippery Slope	Arguing from the perspective that one change inevitably will lead to another. EX:"If we legalize gay marriage, next people will want to legalize polygamy."	50
9949617445	Exordium	In classical oration, introduction to an argument, in which the speaker announces the subject and purpose.	51
9949617446	Mood	The feeling or atmosphere created by a text.	52
9949617447	antithesis	opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	53
9949617448	peroration	in classical oration, the final part of an argument, it follows the refutation and typically appeals to pathos as it moves the audience toward the conclusion	54
9949617449	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse order	55
9949617450	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	56
9949617451	Rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	57
9949617452	Non Sequitur	Term meaning there's a logical gap between the premise or evidence and the conclusion. Being a broad, categorical term there are many different types, including post hoc, hasty generalization, slippery slope, affirming the consequent, and simply faulty assumption or warrant. Example: "If you loved me you'd buy me this car."	58
9949617453	Satire	The use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual.	59
9949617454	Puns (paronomasia)	twists the meaning of words, often to create a humorous effect.	60
9949617455	annotation	the taking of notes directly on a text.	61
9949617456	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	62
9949617457	pathos	greek for "suffering" or "experience, speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience, more specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other	63
9949617458	Classical Oration	The five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction (introducing the reader to the ideas), the narration (provides factual information), the confirmation (major part: makes the case), the refutation (anticipate/parry) and the conclusion (closes out the essay).	64
9949617459	Closed Thesis	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major point the writer intends to make.	65
9949617460	complex sentence	a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	66
9949617461	compound sentence	a sentence that includes at least two independent clauses.	67
9949617462	Rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)	A diagram that illustrates the inter-relationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	68
9949617463	Rhetorical question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer	69
9949617464	Ethos	Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic.	70
9949617465	Post hoc ergo propter hoc	Translates as "after this, therefore because of this". The fallacy confuses correlation for causation, or mistakenly claiming that one thing caused another to happen since they happen in sequence.	71
9949617466	False Dilemma	Fallacy which simply paints an issue as one between two extremes with no possible room for middle ground, nuance, or compromise. Example: "You're either with us or against us."	72
9949617467	anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim	73
9949617468	Anastrophe	Inverted word order from what one expects: "One ad does not a survey make."	74
9949617469	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to the audience.	75
9949617470	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	76
9949617471	Logical Fallacies	potential vulnerabilities weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	77
9949617472	nominalization	this process of changing a verb into a noun. Discuss becomes discussion, depend becomes dependence.	78
9949617473	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. Lou Gehrig's occasion is Lou Gehrig appreciation day, more specifically, his moment came at home plate between games of a doubleheader.	79
9949617474	open thesis	not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. The popularity of the Harry Potter series demonstrates that simplicity trumps complexity when it comes to the taste of readers, both old and young.	80
9949617475	oxymoron	a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words. "But this peaceful revolution..."	81
9949617476	narration	In classical oration, the factual and background information, establishing why a subject or problem needs addressing; it precedes the confirmation, or laying out of evidence to support claims made in the argument.	82
9949617477	parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	83
9949617478	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of ad hominem	84
9949617479	paradox	a statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth	85
9949617480	conformation	In classical oration, this major part of an argument comes between the narration and refutation; it provides the development of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker	86
9949617481	connotation	Meanings or association that readers have with a word beyond dictionary definition or donation. Connotations are often positive or negative and greatly affect the author's tone.	87
9949617482	counter argument	The opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward.	88
9949617483	context text	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and event surrounding a text	89
9949617484	deduction	logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of syllogism: major premise -> minor premise -> conclusion	90
9949617485	diction	A speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message	91
9949617486	either/or (false dilemma)	In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	92
9949617487	enthymeme	Essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood	93
9949617488	Toulmin model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin; Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation)	94
9949617489	Rogerian argument	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating	95
9949617490	Imagery	A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds; may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses	96
9949617491	Imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin	97
9949617492	Equivocation	a fallacy that uses the term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misinterpret or deceive	98
9949617493	Concession	An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable; usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument	99
9949617494	Cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the building of the sentence and then builds and adds on	100
9949617495	Begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" the question whether the support or evidence itself is sound.	101
9949617496	Stance	A speaker's attitude toward the audience (differing from tone, the speaker's attitude toward the subject).	102
9949617497	Straw Man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	103
9949617498	Subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	104
9949617499	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	105
9949617500	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.	106

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6521236364	1	Olfactory	0
6521236365	2	Optic	1
6521236366	3	Oculomotor	2
6521236367	4	Trochler	3
6521236368	5	Trigeminal	4
6521236369	6	Abducens	5
6521236370	7	Facial	6
6521236371	8	Vestibulocochlear	7
6521236372	9	Glossopharyngeal	8
6521236373	10	Vagus	9
6521236374	11	Accessory	10
6542138321	Down	Inferior rectus	11
6542138322	Up and out	Inferior oblique	12
6542138323	Lateral rectus	Toward ear	13
6542143677	Superior oblique	Down and out	14
6542143678	Superior rectus	Up	15
6542143679	Medial rectus	Toward nose	16

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Vocabulary Semester Exam Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5719925148	ambiguity	(n.) uncertainty in meaning	0
5719925149	antecedent	(n.) a preceding event; a forerunner; a precursor -OR- a pronoun which refers to a previous noun or pronoun	1
5719925150	aphorism	(n.) brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	2
5719925151	apostrophe	(n.) a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	3
5719925152	caesura	(n.) a natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	4
5719925153	catharsis	(n.) an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety	5
5719925154	colloquial	(adj.) characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	6
5719925155	conceit	(n.) a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	7
5719925156	hamartia	(n.) tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	8
5719925157	hubris	(n.) excessive pride	9
5719925158	facetious	(adj.) humorous, not meant seriously	10
5719925159	acquiescent	(adj.) Agreeing without protest	11
5719925160	juxtaposition	(n.) placement of two things closely together to emphasize com parisons or contrasts	12
5719925161	doppelganger	(n.) a ghostly double of a living person	13
5719925162	ostentatious	(adj.) marked by conspicuous or pretentious display, showy	14
5719925163	prodigal	(adj.) wastefully extravagant; lavishly or generously abundant; (n.) one who is wasteful and self-indulgent	15
5719925164	caustic	(adj.) very critical or sarcastic; capable of corroding metal or burning the skin	16
5719925165	blithe	(adj.) cheerful, lighthearted; casual, unconcerned	17
5719925166	feminine rhyme	(n.) double rhymes ending on the unstressed syllables (lotion,motion)	18
5719925167	veracity	(n) truthfulness, accuracy; habitual adherence to the truth	19

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7561408378	Allusion	Reference within a work and to a person, place, or event	0
7561408379	Anagorisos	Moment of discovery	1
7561408380	Bathos	Unexpected turn from the lofty to trivial	2
7561408381	Caricature	An exaggeration of someone's features	3
7561408382	deus ex machina	a plot twist that brings about a plot resolution	4
7561408383	Epiphany	Sudden life realization in an everyday moment	5
7561408384	Foreshadowing	A warning for a future event	6
7561408385	in medias res	starting a narrative in the middle	7
7603795337	interior monologue	a record of a character's thought	8
7561408386	Invocation	A prayer to a god	9
7561408387	Irony	the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning	10
7561408388	Verbal Irony	A statement that implies the opposite	11
7561408389	situational irony	One understanding of a situation is in sharp contrast to another	12
7561408390	Romantic irony	An authors persistent reminding of a presence in a work	13
7561408391	dramtic irony	Where the audience knows something the character in a story doesn't	14
7561408392	Cosmic irony	irony based on the power of the universe	15
7561443307	Melodrama	Using emotion or plot twists to provoke audience	16
7561443308	Parallelism	Similarities between elements in a narrative	17
7561443309	Pathos	Quality in literature that appeals to emotion	18
7561443310	Poetic diction	Use of specific words that are not common to contemporary speech	19
7561443311	Poetic license	Creating your own rules to strengthen a passage	20
7561452197	Archetype	A theme, motif, symbol, or stock character that that is always culturally conscious	21
7561459449	Wit	Words that display cleverness	22
7561459450	Emblem	An object that represents something	23
7561459451	Imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language	24
7561470856	Motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	25
7561470857	Symbol	Something that represents something else	26
7561470858	Theme	A universal idea in a literary work	27
7561470859	Thesis	The main argument of a work	28
7561470860	Tone	The atmosphere presented in a story	29

Powered by Quizlet.com

APES AP Test Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5817366222	abiotic	Pertaining to factors or things that are separate and independent from living things; nonliving.	0
5817366223	acid	Any compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Also, a water solution that contains a surplus of hydrogen ions.	1
5817366224	A layer	a soil horizon; the layer below the O layer is called the A layer. The A layer is formed of weathered rock, with some organic material; often referred to as topsoil.	2
5817366225	alkaline	a basic substance; chemically, a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions; in reference to natural water, a measure of the base content of the water.	3
5817366226	aquifer	an underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows the movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay. Aquifers are frequently tapped for wells.	4
5817366227	arable	land that's fit to be cultivated.	5
5817366228	asthenosphere	the part of the mantle that lies just below the lithosphere.	6
5817366229	atmosphere	the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body, especially the one surrounding the Earth, which is retained by the celestial body's gravitational field.	7
5817366230	barrier island	a long, relatively narrow island running parallel to the mainland-built up by the action of waves and currents and serving to protect the coast from erosion by surf and tidal surges.	8
5817366231	biological weathering	any weathering that's caused by the activities of living organisms.	9
5817366232	biotic	living or derived from living things.	10
5817366233	B layer	a soil horizon; B receives the minerals and organic materials that are leached out of the A horizon.	11
5817366234	chemical weathering	the result of chemical interaction with the bedrock that is typical of the action of both water and atmospheric gases.	12
5817366235	C layer	a soil horizon, horizon C is made up of larger pieces of rock that have not undergone much weathering.	13
5817366236	clay	the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.	14
5817366237	convection	the vertical movement of a mass of matter due to heating and cooling; this can happen in both the atmosphere and Earth's mantle.	15
5817366238	convection currents	air currents caused by the vertical movement of air due to atmospheric heating and cooling.	16
5817366239	convergent boundary	a plate boundary where two plates are moving toward each other.	17
5817366240	coral reef	an erosion-resistant marine ridge or mound consisting chiefly of compacted coral together with algal material and biochemically deposited magnesium and calcium carbonates.	18
5817366241	Coriolis effect	The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the Earth, rightward in the Northern Hemisphere, and leftward in the Southern Hemisphere.	19
5817366242	crop rotation	the practice of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land - for example, corn one year, legumes for two years, and then back to corn.	20
5817366243	delta	a usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river.	21
5817366244	divergent boundary	a plate boundary at which plates are moving away from each other. This causes an upwelling of magma from the mantle to cool and form new crust.	22
5817366245	doldrums	a region of the ocean near the equator, characterized by calms, light winds, or squalls.	23
5817366246	drip irrigation	a method of supplying irrigation water through tubes that literally drip water onto the soil at the base of each plant.	24
5817366247	earthquake	the result of vibrations (often due to plate movements) deep in the Earth that release energy. They often occur as two plates slide past one another at a transform boundary.	25
5817366248	El Nino	a climate variation that takes place in the tropical Pacific about every three to seven years, for a duration of about one year.	26
5817366249	erosion	the process of soil particles being carried away by wind or water. Erosion moves the smaller particles first and hence degrades the soil to a coarser, sandier, stonier texture.	27
5817366250	estuary	the part of the wide lower course of a river where its current is met by the tides.	28
5817366251	fault	the place where two plates abut each other.	29
5817366252	Green Revolution	the development and introduction of new varieties of (mainly) wheat and rice that has increased yields per acre dramatically in countries since the 1960s.	30
5817366253	greenhouse effect	the phenomenon whereby the Earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb heat radiated back from the Earth's surface.	31
5817366254	Hadley cell	a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns.	32
5817366255	Headwaters	the water from which a river rises; a source.	33
5817366256	Horizon	a layer of soil.	34
5817366257	humus	the dark, crumbly, nutrient-rich material that results from the decomposition of organic material.	35
5817366258	hurricane (typhoon, cyclone)	a severe tropical cyclone originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, traveling north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin, and usually involving heavy rains.	36
5817366259	inner core	the molten core of the Earth.	37
5817366260	jet stream	a high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 km (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 miles).	38
5817366261	land degradation	when soil becomes water-logged and then dries out, and salt forms a layer on its surface.	39
5817366262	La Nina	a cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns.	40
5817366263	lithosphere	the outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, approximately 100 km (62 miles) thick.	41
5817366264	loamy	soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter.	42
5817366265	mantle	the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.	43
5817366266	monoculture	the cultivation of a single crop on a farm or in a region or country; a single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.	44
5817366267	O layer	the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms.	45
5817366268	physical (mechanical) weathering	any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.	46
5817366269	plate boundaries	the edges of tectonic plates.	47
5817366270	prior appropriation	when water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area.	48
5817366271	rain shadow	the low-rainfall region that exists on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountain range. This rain shadow is the result of the mountain range's causing precipitation on the windward side.	49
5817366272	red tide	a bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish discoloration of coastal ocean waters. Certain dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyamfox produce toxins that kill fish and contaminate shellfish.	50
5817366273	R horizon	The bedrock, which lies below all of the other layers of soil, is referred to as the R horizon.	51
5817366274	riparian right	the right, as to fishing or to the use of a riverbed, of one who owns riparian land (the land adjacent to a river or stream).	52
5817366275	salinization	the process in which soil becomes saltier and saltier until, finally, the salt prevents the growth of plants. Salinization is caused by irrigation because salts brought in with the water remain in the soil as water evaporates.	53
5817366276	sand	the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05,2.0 mm in diameter.	54
5817366277	silt	soil with particles 0.002,0.05 mm in diameter.	55
5817366278	Southern Oscillation	the atmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Nino and cooling of La Nina.	56
5817366279	subduction zone	in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate.	57
5817366280	thermocline	a layer in a large body of water, such as a lake, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt.	58
5817366281	thermosphere	the outermost shell of the atmosphere, between the mesosphere and outer space, where temperatures increase steadily with altitude.	59
5817366282	topsoil	the A layer of soil is often referred to as topsoil and is most important for plant growth.	60
5817366283	trade winds	the more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over the Earth's surface, as part of Hadley cells.	61
5817366284	transform boundary	also known as transform faults, boundaries at which plates are moving past each other, sideways.	62
5817366285	tropical storm	a cyclonic storm having winds ranging from approximately 48 to 121 km (30 to 75 miles) per hour.	63
5817366286	upwelling	a process in which cold, often nutrient-rich, waters from the ocean depths rise to the surface.	64
5817366287	volcanoes	an opening in the Earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected.	65
5817366288	watershed	the region draining into river system or other body of water.	66
5817366289	water-scarce	countries that have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1,000 m3 per person.	67
5817366290	water-stressed	countries that have a renewable annual water supply of about 1,000,2,000 m3 per person.	68
5817366291	weather	the day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation mediated by the atmosphere in a given region.	69
5817366292	weathering	the gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors.	70
5817366293	wetlands	a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.	71
5817366294	assimilation	the process in which plants absorb ammonium (NH3), ammonia ions (NH4+), and nitrate ions (NO3) through their roots.	72
5817366295	autotroph	an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.	73
5817366296	bioaccumulation	the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.	74
5817366297	biomagnifications	the process by which the concentration of toxic substances increases in each successive link in the food chain.	75
5817366298	biosphere	the part of the Earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.	76
5817366299	carnivore	an animal that only consumes other animals.	77
5817366300	chemotroph (chemoautotroph)	an organism such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds, as opposed to photosynthesis.	78
5817366301	climax community	a stable, mature community in a successive series that has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages and adapted to its environment.	79
5817366302	combustion	the process of burning.	80
5817366303	community	formed from populations of different species occupying the same geographic area.	81
5817366304	competitive exclusion	the process that occurs when two different species in a region compete and the better adapted species wins.	82
5817366305	consumer	an organism that must obtain food energy from secondary sources, for example, by eating plant or animal matter.	83
5817366306	decomposer	bacteria or fungi that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter like plant material, the wastes of living organisms, and corpses. They convert these materials into inorganic forms.	84
5817366307	denitrification	the process by which specialized bacteria (mostly anaerobic bacteria) convert ammonia to NOy NO2, and N2 and release it back to the atmosphere.	85
5817366308	detritivore	organisms that derive energy from consuming nonliving organic matter.	86
5817366309	ecological succession	transition in species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in any area virtually barren of life.	87
5817366310	edge effect	the condition in which, at ecosystem boundaries, there is greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities.	88
5817366311	energy pyramid	the structure obtained if we organize the amount of energy contained in producers and consumers in an ecosystem by kilocalories per square meter, from largest to smallest.	89
5817366312	evaporation	to convert or change into a vapor.	90
5817366313	evolution	change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals and resulting in the development of new species.	91
5817366314	extinction	being extinct or the process of becoming extinct.	92
5817366315	food chain	a succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member and, in turn, is preyed upon by a higher member.	93
5817366316	food web	a complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community.	94
5817366317	Gross Primary Productivity	the amount of sugar that the plants produce in photosynthesis and subtracting from it the amount of energy the plants need for growth maintenance, repair, and reproduction.	95
5817366318	habitat	the area or environment where an organism or ecological community normally lives or occurs.	96
5817366319	habitat fragmentation	when the size of an organism's natural habitat is reduced, or when development occurs that isolates a habitat.	97
5817366320	heterotrophy	an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition.	98
5817366321	indigenous species	species that originate and live, or occur naturally, in an area or environment.	99
5817366322	invasive species	an introduced, normative species.	100
5817366323	keystone species	a species whose very presence contributes to an ecosystem's diversity and whose extinction would consequently lead to the extinction of other forms of life.	101
5817366324	law of conservation of matter	states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.	102
5817366325	mutualism	a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.	103
5817366326	natural selection	the process by which, according to Darwin's theory of evolution, only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations, while those less adapted tend to be eliminated.	104
5817366327	net Primary Productivity (NPP)	the amount of energy that plants pass on to the community of herbivores in an ecosystem.	105
5817366328	niche	the total sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.	106
5817366329	nitrification	the process in which soil bacteria convert ammonium (NH4+) to a form that can be used by plants; nitrate, or NO3.	107
5817366330	nitrogen fixation	the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds, such as ammonia, by natural agencies or various industrial processes.	108
5817366331	omnivores	organisms that consume both producers and primary consumers.	109
5817366332	parasitism	a symbiotic relationship in which one member is helped by the association and the other is harmed.	110
5817366333	photosynthesis	the process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct.	111
5817366334	pioneer species	organisms in the first stages of succession.	112
5817366335	population	a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area.	113
5817366336	predation	when one species feeds on another.	114
5817366337	primary consumers	this category includes organisms that consume producers (plants and algae).	115
5817366338	primary succession	when ecological succession begins in a virtually lifeless area, such as the area behind a moving glacier.	116
5817366339	producer	an organism that is capable of converting radiant energy or chemical energy into carbohydrates.	117
5817366340	realized niche	when a species occupies a smaller niche than it would in the absence of competition.	118
5817366341	reservoir	a place where a large quantity of a resource sits for a long period of time.	119
5817366342	respiration	the process in which animals (and plants!) breathe and give off carbon dioxide from cellular metabolism.	120
5817366343	secondary consumers	organisms that consume primary consumers.	121
5817366344	species	organisms that are capable of interbreeding with one another and incapable of breeding with other species.	122
5817366345	symbiotic relationships	close, prolonged associations between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but do not necessarily benefit the members.	123
5817366346	tertiary consumers	organisms that consume secondary consumers or other tertiary consumers.	124
5817366347	transpiration	the act or process of transpiring, or releasing water vapor, especially through the stomata of plant tissue or the pores of the skin.	125
5817366348	trophic level	each of the feeding levels in a food chain.	126
5817366349	age-structure pyramids	graphical representations of populations' ages.	127
5817366350	albedo	the fraction of solar energy that is reflected back into space.	128
5817366351	biotic potential	the amount that the population would grow if there were unlimited resources in its environment.	129
5817366352	birth rate (crude birth rate)	the number of live births per 1,000 members of the population in a year.	130
5817366353	carrying capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources in a region.	131
5817366354	death rate (crude death rate)	is equal to the number of deaths per 1,000 members of the population in a year.	132
5817366355	demographic transition model	a model that's used to predict population trends based on the birth and death rates as well as economic status of a population.	133
5817366356	ecological footprint	the amount of the Earth's surface that's necessary to supply the needs of, and dispose of the waste from a particular population.	134
5817366357	emigration	the movement of individuals out of a population.	135
5817366358	genetic drift	the random fluctuations in the frequency of the appearance of a gene in a small isolated population, presumably owing to chance, rather than natural selection.	136
5817366359	Immigration	the movement of individuals into a population.	137
5817366360	k-selected	organisms that reproduce later in life, produce fewer offspring, and devote significant time and energy to the nurturing of their offspring.	138
5817366361	logistic population growth	when populations are well below the size dictated by the carrying capacity of the region they live in, they will grow exponentially, but as they approach the carrying capacity, their growth rate will decrease and the size of the population will eventually become stable.	139
5817366362	population density	the number of individuals of a population that inhabit a certain unit of land or water area.	140
5817366363	replacement birth rate	the number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves in a population.	141
5817366364	r-selected	organisms that reproduce early in life and often and have a high capacity for reproductive growth.	142
5817366365	total fertility rate	the number of children an average woman will bear during her lifetime; this information is based on an analysis of data from preceding years in the population in question.	143
5817366366	agroforestry	when trees and crops are planted together, creating a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between them.	144
5817366367	Aquaculture	the raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest.	145
5817366368	bottom trawling	a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is literally scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path.	146
5817366369	by-catch	any other species of fish, mammals, or birds that are caught that are not the target organism.	147
5817366370	capture fisheries	fish farming in which fish are caught in the wild and not raised in captivity for consumption.	148
5817366371	clear-cutting	the removal of all of the trees in an area.	149
5817366372	conservation	the management or regulation of a resource so that its use does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate itself.	150
5817366373	consumption	the day-to-day use of environmental resources as food, clothing, and housing.	151
5817366374	contour farming a process in which rows of crops are plowed across the hillside; this prevents the erosion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope.	...	152
5817366375	deforestation	the removal of trees for agricultural purposes or purposes of exportation.	153
5817366376	driftnets	nets that are dragged through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path.	154
5817366377	ecosystem capital	the value of natural resources.	155
5817366378	fishery	the industry or occupation devoted to the catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals.	156
5817366379	greenbelt	open or forested areas built at the outer edge of a city.	157
5817366380	intercropping (also called strip cropping)	is the practice of planting bands of different crops across a hillside.	158
5817366381	long lining	in fishing, the use of long lines that have baited hooks and will be taken by numerous aquatic organisms.	159
5817366382	malnutrition	poor nutrition that results from an insufficient or poorly balanced diet.	160
5817366383	mineral deposit	an area in which a particular mineral is concentrated, mining,the excavation of the Earth for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals.	161
5817366384	natural resources	biotic and abiotic natural ecosystems.	162
5817366385	nonrenewable resources	resources that are often formed by very slow geologic processes, so we consider them incapable of being regenerated within the realm of human existence.	163
5817366386	no-till	refers to when farmers plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil.	164
5817366387	old growth forest	one that has never been cut; these forests have not been seriously disturbed for several hundred years.	165
5817366388	overgrazed	when grass is consumed by animals at a faster rate than it can regrow.	166
5817366389	preservation	the maintenance of a species or ecosystem in order to ensure their perpetuation, with no concern as to their potential monetary value	167
5817366390	renewable resources	refers to resources, such as plants and animals, which can be regenerated if harvested at sustainable yields.	168
5817366391	second growth forests	areas where cutting has occurred and a new, younger forest has arisen.	169
5817366392	selective cutting	the removal of select trees in an area; this leaves the majority of the habitat in place and has less of an impact on the ecosystem.	170
5817366393	shelter-wood cutting	when mature trees are cut over a period of time (usually10,20 years); this leaves mature trees, which can reseed the forest, in place.	171
5817366394	silviculture	the management of forest plantations for the purpose of harvesting timber.	172
5817366395	slash-and-burn	when an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops.	173
5817366396	surface fires	fires that typically burn only the forest's underbrush and do little damage to mature trees. Surface fires actually serve to protect the forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperatures.	174
5817366397	tailings	piles of gangue, which is the waste material that results from mining.	175
5817366398	traditional subsistence agriculture	when each family in a community grows crops for themselves and rely on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops.	176
5817366399	terracing	creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.	177
5817366400	tree farms	also known as plantations, these are planted and managed tracts of trees of the same age that are harvested for commercial use.	178
5817366401	Uneven-aged management	the broad category under which selective cutting and shelter-wood cutting fall; selective deforestation.	179
5817366402	active collection	the use of devices, such as solar panels, to collect, focus, transport, or store solar energy.	180
5817366403	anthracite	the cleanest-burning coal; almost pure carbon.	181
5817366404	barrels	the unit used to describe the volume of fossil fuels.	182
5817366405	bituminous	the second-purest form of coal.	183
5817366406	crude oil	the form petroleum takes when in the ground.	184
5817366407	energy	the capacity to do work.	185
5817366408	fission	a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus, especially a heavy nucleus such as an isotope of uranium, splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, releasing from 100 million to several hundred million electron volts of energy.	186
5817366409	fossil fuel	a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel.	187
5817366410	First Law of Thermodynamics	says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transferred and transformed.	188
5817366411	fly ash	a waste product produced by the burning of coal.	189
5817366412	Half-life	the amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to disappear.	190
5817366413	Hubbert peak (peak oil)	an influential theory that concerns the long-term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. It predicts that future world oil production will soon reach a peak and then rapidly decline.	191
5817366414	hydroelectric power	power generated using water.	192
5817366415	kinetic energy	the energy of motion.	193
5817366416	lignite	the least pure coal.	194
5817366417	nuclear fusion	the process of fusing two nuclei.	195
5817366418	overburden	the rocks and Earth that is removed when mining for a commercially valuable mineral resource.	196
5817366419	passive solar energy collection	the use of building materials, building placement, and design to passively collect solar energy that can be used to keep a building warm or cool.	197
5817366420	peak oil (Hubbert peak)	an influential theory that concerns the long, term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. It predicts that future world oil production will soon reach a peak and then rapidly decline.	198
5817366421	petroleum	a hydrocarbon that forms as sediments are buried and pressurized.	199
5817366422	photovoltaic cell (PV cell)	a semiconductor device that converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy.	200
5817366423	potential energy	energy at rest, or stored energy.	201
5817366424	proven reserve	an estimate of the amount of fossil fuel that can be obtained from reserve.	202
5817366425	radiant energy	sunlight.	203
5817366426	scrubbers	devices containing alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide from industrial plants.	204
5817366427	Second Law of Thermodynamics	says that the entropy (disorder) of the universe is increasing. One corollary of the Second Law of thermodynamics is the concept that, in most energy transformations, a significant fraction of energy is lost to the universe as heat.	205
5817366428	strip mining	involves the removal of the Earth's surface all the way down to the level of the mineral seam.	206
5817366429	subbituminous	the third purest form of coal.	207
5817366430	underground mining	involves the sinking of shafts to reach underground deposits. In this type of mining, networks of tunnels are dug or blasted and humans enter these tunnels in order to manually retrieve the coal.	208
5817366431	wind farm	a group of modern windmills.	209
5817366432	acid precipitation	acid rain, acid hail, acid snow; all of which occur as a result of pollution in the atmosphere.	210
5817366433	acute effect	the effect caused by a short exposure to a high level of toxin.	211
5817366434	catalytic converter	a platinum, coated device that oxidizes most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust, converting them to CO2.	212
5817366435	closed-loop recycling	when materials, such as plastic or aluminum, are used to rebuild the same product. An example of this is the use of the aluminum from aluminum cans to produce more aluminum cans.	213
5817366436	composting	a process that allows the organic material in solid waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer.	214
5817366437	building-related illness	when the signs and symptoms of an illness can be attributed to a specific infectious organism that resides in the building.	215
5817366438	chronic effect	an effect that results from long,term exposure to low levels of toxin.	216
5817366439	deep well injection	drilling a hole in the ground that's below the water table to hold waste.	217
5817366440	disease	occurs when infection causes a change in the state of health.	218
5817366441	dose-response analysis	a process in which an organism is exposed to a toxin at different concentrations, and the dosage that causes the death of the organism is recorded.	219
5817366442	dose-response curve	the result of graphing a dose-response analysis.	220
5817366443	ED50	the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin.	221
5817366444	global warming	an intensification of the Greenhouse Effect due to the increased presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.	222
5817366445	gray smog (industrial smog)	smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal.	223
5817366446	hazardous waste	any waste that poses a danger to human health; it must be dealt with in a different way from other types of waste.	224
5817366447	heat islands	urban areas that heat up more quickly and retain heat more than do nonurban areas.	225
5817366448	high-level radioactive waste	radioactive wastes that produce high levels of ionizing radiation.	226
5817366449	industrial smog (gray smog)	smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.	227
5817366450	Infection	the result of a pathogen invading a body.	228
5817366451	LD50	the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms die from a toxin.	229
5817366452	leachate	the liquid that percolates to the bottom of a landfill.	230
5817366453	low-level radioactive waste	radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation.	231
5817366454	noise pollution	any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health.	232
5817366455	non-point source pollution	pollution that does not have a specific point of release, open,loop recycling,when materials are reused to form new products.	233
5817366456	ozone holes	the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica (and to some extent, over the Arctic).	234
5817366457	pathogens	bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease.	235
5817366458	photochemical smog	when photochemical smog, NOx compounds, VOCs, and ozone combine to form smog with a brownish hue.	236
5817366459	point source pollution	a specific location from which pollution is released; an example of a point source location is a factory where wood is being burned.	237
5817366460	poison	any substance that has an LD50, of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight.	238
5817366461	physical treatment	in a sewage treatment plant, the initial filtration that is done to remove debris such as stones, sticks, rags, toys, and other objects that were flushed down the toilet.	239
5817366462	primary pollutants	pollutants that are released directly into the lower atmosphere.	240
5817366463	primary treatment	when physically treated sewage water is passed into a settling tank, where suspended solids settle out as sludge; chemically treated polymers may be added to help the suspended solids separate and settle out.	241
5817366464	risk assessment	calculating risk, or the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen.	242
5817366465	risk management	using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen).	243
5817366466	secondary pollutants	pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.	244
5817366467	secondary treatment	the biological treatment of wastewater in order to continue to remove biodegradable waste.	245
5817366468	sick building syndrome	when the majority of a building's occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in the building.	246
5817366469	sludge	the solids that remain after the secondary treatment of sewage.	247
5817366470	sludge processor	a tank filled with aerobic bacteria that's used to treat sewage.	248
5817366471	solid waste	can consist of hazardous waste, industrial solid waste, or municipal waste. Many types of solid waste provide a threat to human health and the environment.	249
5817366472	stationary sources	non-moving sources of pollution, such as factories.	250
5817366473	Superfund Program	a program funded by the federal government and a trust that's funded by taxes on chemicals; identifies pollutants and cleans up hazardous waste sites.	251
5817366474	threshold dose	the dosage level of a toxin at which a negative effect occurs.	252
5817366475	toxicity	the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful.	253
5817366476	toxin	any substance than is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed at dosages sufficient to damage a living organism.	254
5817366477	tropospheric ozone	ozone that exists in the trophosphere.	255
5817366478	U.S. Noise Control Act	gave the EPA power to set emission standards for major sources of noise, including transportation, machinery, and construction.	256
5817366479	vector	the carrier organism through which pathogens can attack.	257
5817366480	wastewater	any water that has been used by humans. This includes human sewage, water drained from showers, tubs, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, water from industrial processes, and storm water runoff.	258
5817366481	Waste-to-Energy (WTE) program	when the energy released from waste incineration is used to generate electricity.	259
5817366482	green tax	a fiscal policy that lowers taxes on income, including wages and profit, and raises taxes on consumption, particularly the unsustainable consumption of non-renewable resources.	260
5817366483	market permits	when companies are allowed to buy permits that allow them a certain amount of discharge of substances into certain environmental outlets. If they can reduce their amount of discharge, they are allowed to sell the remaining portion of their permit to another company.	261

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9910648132	Animal Husbandry	An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.	0
9910648133	Cash Cropping	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
9910648134	Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness)	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	2
9910648135	Commercial Crops	A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.	3
9910648136	Domestication of Plants	Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to a full fledged agricultural economy.	4
9910648137	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	5
9910648138	Fallow	When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land.	6
9910648139	GMOs	Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value; Genetically Modified Organisms.	7
9910648140	Intensive Farming	Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land.	8
9910648141	Labor-intensive Crops	Includes fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything requiring constant tending or wielding.	9
9910648142	Labor-intensive Animals	Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.	10
9910648143	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	11
9910648144	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	12
9910648145	Market Gardens	Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.	13
9910648146	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	14
9910648147	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	15
9910648148	Suitcase Farmers	A suitcase farm is a farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source; they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site.	16
9910648149	Spring Wheat	Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.	17
9910648150	Sustainable Yield	Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.	18
9910648151	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	19
9910648152	Winter Wheat	Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer.	20
9910648153	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	21
9910648154	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	22
9910648155	Communes	A group of people living together and sharing processions.	23
9910648156	SE Asia domesticated what?	Yams, Taro Root, Bananas, palm oil, cattle, sheep, goats	24
9910648157	Western Africa domesticated what?	Millet(China), Sorghum	25
9910648158	S. Mexico domesticated what?	squash, beans, cotton, Maize(Corn),	26
9910648159	SW Asia domesticated what?	Wheat, Barley, Rice(India)	27
9910648160	1st Agric Revo Location	Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent	28
9910648161	1st Agric Revo Change	Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming	29
9910648162	1st Agric Revo Impact	Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers,slaves, government officials, merchants Surplus of food Led to writing Began trading which led to system of defense Towns located on high ground(acropolis) and water	30
9910648163	2nd Agric Revo Location	England, Denmark, Netherlands	31
9910648164	2nd Agric Revo Sustained by...	Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices	32
9910648165	2nd Agric Revo Before I.R	Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot, rotate crops to maintain soil fertility Improved soil fertility Canals	33
9910648166	3rd Agric Revo Defintion	new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers	34
9910648167	How to increase GMOs	1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals 2. Irrigation system 3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides 4. Purchase machines to keep up with production 5. Need a receptive environment 6. Need receptive commodity markets 7. Barriers to implementation Poor, unreceptive environment river water	35
9910648168	Shifting Cultivation Location	Subtropics and Tropics	36
9910648169	Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics	Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density	37
9910648170	Slash-and-Burn is also know	Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm)	38
9910648171	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	39
9910648172	Commercial Farming Positives	Increase yield Keeps food costs low	40
9910648173	Commercial Farming Negatives	Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi	41
9910648174	Livestock Ranching	Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market Bulk-reducing industry	42
9910648175	Dairying	Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid	43
9910648176	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	44
9910648177	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	45
9910648178	Market Gardening	Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor	46
9910648179	Mediterranean	Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production	47
9910648180	Plantation farming	Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops	48
9910648181	Cash Crop Examples	Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean	49
9910648182	Coffee	Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it	50
9910648183	Tea	Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations	51
9910648184	Illegal Drugs	Marijuana, Poppy seeds Core are demanders Periphery grows them Takes processing	52
9910648185	What two factors influenced Von Thunen model?	Perishability and Transport Costs	53
9910648186	Von Thunen ring outside city(1)	Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market	54
9910648187	Von Thunen ring (2)	Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock	55
9910648188	Von Thunen ring (3)	Food grains and cash crops	56
9910648189	Von Thunen ring (4)	Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land	57
9910648190	Von Thunen assumptions	Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation	58
9910648191	Von Thunen factors that decrease the model	Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used	59
9910648192	Horizontal integration	Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries	60
9910648193	Vertical integration	One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment	61
9910648194	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	62
9910648195	Triple cropping	Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation	63
9910648196	Vertical farming	Urban, crowded, squatter areas Takes up less space	64
9910648197	Agrarian-based society	Based on agriculture Mesopotamian, River valley, Primary sectors	65
9910648198	Animal husbandry	Care of domesticated animals	66
9910648199	Open-lot farming	Type of subsistence farming Village farms the land Ejiado	67
9910648200	Subsistence crop	Food crops used only by family or local market trading	68
9910648201	Organic Farming	o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs. o sold in 54% of US grocery store	69
9910648202	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	70
9910648203	Staple Grains	wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava	71

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Intelligence Flashcards

The intelligence unit of AP Psychology.

Terms : Hide Images

5192558701	Charles Spearman	1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)	0
5192558702	L.L. Thurstone	proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities	1
5192558703	Howard Gardner	1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)	2
5192558704	Robert Sternberg	1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)	3
5192558705	Alfred Binet	1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)	4
5192558706	Lewis Terman	1877-1956; Field: testing; Contributions: revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children	5
5192558707	David Wechsler	Developed WAIS and WISC (IQ tests)	6
5192558708	Intelligence Test	A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores	7
5192558709	Intelligence	Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.	8
5192558710	General Intelligence	A general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.	9
5192558711	Factor Analysis	A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.	10
5192558712	Savant Syndrome	A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing	11
5192558713	Multiple Intelligences	Gardner-bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial	12
5192558714	Gardner's Eight Intelligences	1. Linguistic-sensitivity to meaning and order of words. 2. Logical mathematical- the ability in mathematics and other complex logical systems 3. Spatial- The ability to "think in pictures" to perceive the visual world accurately, and recreate it in the mind or on paper. 4. Musical- the ability to understand and create music 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic- the ability to use one's body in a skilled way, for self-expression or toward a goal. 6. The ability to perceive and understand other individuals mood, desires, motivations 7. Intrapersonal- The understanding of one's own emotion 8. Naturalist- the ability to recognize and classify plants, minerals, animals	13
5192558715	Sternberg's Three Intelligences	analytical, creative, practical	14
5192558716	Social Intelligence	the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully	15
5192558717	Emotional Intelligence	The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions	16
5192558718	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	17
5192558719	Stanford Binet test	Emphasizes verbal and mathematical skills. It is the measure of mental age divided by chronological age times 100.	18
5192558720	Intelligence Quotient	a measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test	19
5192558721	Aptitude tests	A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.	20
5192558722	Achievement tests	A test designed to assess what a person has learned	21
5192558723	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests	22
5192558724	Standardization	Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.	23
5192558725	Normal Curve	the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.	24
5192558726	Flynn Effect	The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations	25
5192558727	Reliability	Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings	26
5192558728	Validity	Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure	27
5192558729	Content Validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest	28
5192558730	Predictive Validity	The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.	29
5192558731	Intellectual Disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound	30
5192558732	Down Syndrome	A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	31
5192558733	Heritability	A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group	32
5192558734	Mozart Effect	the name given to findings of an experiment in which college students who listened to a Mozart sonata scored high than they had after experiencing the same amount of silence or listening to relaxation instructions	33
5192558735	Stereotype Threat	A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype	34

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science (Energy) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9201179854	Nonrenewable	Once they're used, they will not be replaced in a human lifetime	0
9201179855	Fossil fuels	Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)	1
9201179856	Nuclear Fuels	Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy	2
9201179857	Commercial energy sources	Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)	3
9201179858	Subsistence energy sources	Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.	4
9201179859	Energy Carrier	Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.	5
9201179860	Turbine	Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.	6
9201179861	Electrical Grid	Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.	7
9201179863	Capacity	Maximum Electrical output of a plant	8
9201179865	Cogeneration	Combined heat and power. Recycling of materials used to generate electricity for other purposes: like water from a thermal power plant used to create heat in the building.	9
9201179866	Coal	Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.	10
9201179867	Petroleum	Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.	11
9201179868	Crude Oil	Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum	12
9201179869	Oil Sands	Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.	13
9201179870	Bitumen	(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.	14
9201179872	Energy Intensity	Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.	15
9201179873	Hubbert Curve- Peak Oil (Dealing with Oil)		16
9201179874	Peak Oil	Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.	17
9201179875	Fission	Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.	18
9201179876	Fuel Rods	The fuel- usually uranium- that experiences a chain nuclear fission reaction to generate heat in a nuclear power plant	19
9201179877	Control Rods	Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.	20
9201179878	Radioactive Waste	Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.	21
9201179881	Nuclear Fusion	Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.	22
9201179883	Nonrenewable	Once gone, no more. Oil Coal Nuclear	23
9201179884	Potentially Renewable	As long as we do not consume them more quickly than can be replenished. Wood Biofuel	24
9201179886	Renewable	Potentially Renewable and Nondepletable	25
9201179887	Energy Conservation	Finding ways to use less energy	26
9201179889	Peak Demand	Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.	27
9201179890	Passive Solar Design	Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.	28
9201179892	Biofuels	Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.	29
9201179897	Ethanol	Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.	30
9201179899	Hydroelectricity	Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.	31
9201179900	Run-of-the-river	Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.	32
9201179901	Water Impoundment	Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.	33
9201179902	Tidal Energy	Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.	34
9201179903	Active Solar Energy	Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.	35
9201179904	Photovoltaic Solar Cells	Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.	36
9201179908	Wind Turbine	Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.	37
9201179909	Hydrogen Fuel Cell	Operates like a battery. This reaction isolates Hydrogen and Oxygen and happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.	38
9201179910	Electrolysis	Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.	39
9201179911	Smart grid	Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users. Adds in energy produced by solar panels on consumers houses.	40

Powered by Quizlet.com

APES Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5949047571	Sequence from largest to smallest	Molecule, atom, neutron, electron	0
5949047572	Second law of thermodynamics	The energy in the universe is constant	1
5949212083	Producer	Responsible for turning inorganic chemicals into organic chemicals	2
5949212084	Deconposer	Capable of converting matter from one form to another	3
5949212085	Needed to have a functional ecosystem	Producer and heterotroph	4
5949212086	Most productive ecosystem	Swamps and marshes	5
5949212087	It has been said that land animals can't exist without plants but plants could exist without animals	True. Plants are able to convert sunlight into food energy and animals must get their energy from plants or other organisms that eat plants	6
5949212088	Logistical growth	Number of individuals increase rapidly, rate of increase slows as carrying capacity is reached, the curve on the graph levels off.	7
5949212089	Community	Several interacting species living in the same area	8
5949212090	TFR of 2.1	The statistical representation of population replacement	9

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

AP Flashcards

AP Vocabulary Flashcards

Ap Flashcards

AP Vocabulary Semester Exam Flashcards

AP terms Flashcards

APES AP Test Review Flashcards

AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

AP Psychology - Intelligence Flashcards

AP Environmental Science (Energy) Flashcards

APES Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org