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AP Biology Cell Cycle Flashcards

6330660183	Mitosis	Cell division that produces normal cells, produces two identical daughter cells.	0
6330660184	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, produces four identical daughter cells.	1
6330660185	Centrioles	In animal cells, a pair of centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers. These guide chromosomes in mitosis.	2
6330660186	IPPMAT	Pneumonic device to remember the stages and order of cell division: Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.	3
6330660187	Interphase	90% of the cell cycle. The cell does its "everyday job": RNA is produced, proteins are synthesized. The cell is preparing for duplication -- it is ready whenever it is triggered.	4
6330660188	G1 Phase	Initiated by a signal to divide. 1st growth period of the cell. Cell does its "everyday job." Cell grows, preparing for division.	5
6330660189	S Phase	DNA Synthesis. The cell copies chromosomes.	6
6330660190	Chromatin	The DNA-Protein complex formed when DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins.	7
6330660191	Chromosomes	A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.	8
6330660193	Centromeres	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.	9
6330660194	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis.	10
6330660195	Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. Code for the same gene, but may have different alleles.	11
6330660196	G2 Phase	The cell prepares for division. Cell grows even more. Produces more organelles, proteins, and membranes.	12
6330660197	Prophase	Chromatin condenses. Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell. Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane breaks down.	13
6330660198	Prometaphase	Transition to metaphase. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. Nuclear membrane disappears. Microtubules attach at kinetochores. Chromosomes begin moving.	14
6330660199	Kinetochores	Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.	15
6330660200	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	16
6330660201	Metaphase	Chromosomes align along middle of cell, ensuring chromosomes separate properly.	17
6330660202	Equatorial Plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.	18
6330660203	Anaphase	Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores. Poles move farther apart.	19
6330660204	Chromosome Movement	Kinetochores use motor proteins that "walk" chromosomes along attached microtubule. Microtubule shortens by dismantling at kinetochore.	20
6330660205	Telophase	Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Spindle fibers disperse. Cytokinesis begins.	21
6330660206	Cytokinesis in Plants	A cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes. A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes	22
6330660207	Cytokinesis in Animals	Constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell. Cleavage furrow forms. Splits cell in two, like tightening a draw string.	23
6330660208	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	24
6330660209	Cytokinesis in Plants	Cell plate forms from vesicles lining up at the equator. They proceed to fuse and form two cell membranes. A new cell wall is laid between membranes. The new cell wall fuses with the existing cell wall.	25
6330660210	Evolution of Mitosis	In, eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria (single circular chromosome with no membrane bound organelles).	26
6330660211	Cancer	A collection of related diseases in which cells divide uncontrollably	27
6330660212	G1 checkpoint	At the end of G1 phase, if cell is not ready to divide it may arrest here (G0 phase - nerve and muscle cells remain here, rarely divide after maturing) and never proceed or wait until it is ready.	28
6330660213	S checkpoint	DNA damage checkpoint: DNA recplication halted if genome is damage	29
6330660214	cyclin	one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	30
6330660215	gamete	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	31
6330660216	zygote	A fertilized egg	32
6330660217	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	33
6330660218	budding	Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism	34
6330660219	parthenogenesis	Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. No males involved.	35
6330660220	chiasmata	The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	36
6330660221	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	37
6330660222	point of sexual reproduction	increase variation in offspring, increase diversity in a population	38
6330660233	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site	39
6330660234	density-dependent inhibition	crowded cells stop dividing	40
6330660236	tumor-suppressor genes	a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer	41
6330660237	Proto-oncogenes	Genes that stimulate mitosis	42
6330694577	totipotent	a fertilized egg or zygote; able to become all cells of an organism as well as the entire organism	43
6330699929	pluripotent	embryonic stem cells; cells that are capable of developing into all the cells of an organism	44
6330707311	multipotent	adult stem cells; cells that are capable of developing into a related group of cells; cells in marrow can develop into any type of blood cell	45
6330716001	differentiation	The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function, as in the case of a liver cell, a blood cell, or a neuron.	46
6330728914	ectoderm	the outer layer of cells in a developing embryo; cells differentiate into covering cells like skin and the nervous system	47
6330738189	mesoderm	middle layer of cells in a developing embryo; differentiate into muscles and bones	48
6330741994	endoderm	inner layer of cells in a developing embryo; differentiate into internal organs	49
6330752276	apoptosis	programmed cell death; happens in tadpole tail	50
6330756430	necrosis	death of cells due to damage	51
6330758779	clones	genetically identical organisms; produced by asexual reproduction	52
6330766121	centromere	the spot where chromatids attach to each other	53
6330776064	asexual reproduction	producing a new organism that is genetically identical to the original; ex: budding, fragmentation, vegetative	54
6330798566	karyotype	a display of the homologous chromosomes from largest to smallest; shows extra or missing chromosomes	55
6330811217	haploid	n; one copy of each chromosome; cell will half the normal number of chromosomes; gametes	56
6330818324	diploid	2n; two copies of each chromosome; cell with normal number of chromosomes; autosomes	57
6330824473	X and Y	sex chromosomes; XX female; XY male	58
6330827831	meiosis	process of reduction division; involves two divisions and reduces chromosome number in half	59

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AP Psychology History/Perspectives Flashcards

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7180385262	empiricism	the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation	0
7180385263	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind	1
7180385264	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish	2
7180385265	experimental psychology	the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method	3
7180385266	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
7180385267	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	5
7180385268	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes	6
7180385269	nature-nurture issue	the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture	7
7180385270	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	8
7180385271	level of analysis	the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon	9
7180385272	biopsychosocial approach	an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis	10
7180385273	biological psychology	a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes	11
7180385274	evolutionary psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection	12
7180385275	psychodynamic psychology	a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders	13
7180385276	behavioral psychology	the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning	14
7180385277	cognitive psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin	15
7180385278	social-cultural psychology	the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking	16
7180385279	psychometrics	the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits	17
7180385280	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	18
7180385281	developmental psychology	the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	19
7180385282	educational psychology	the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning	20
7180385283	personality psychology	the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting	21
7180385284	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	22
7180385285	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	23
7180385286	industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces	24
7180385287	human factors psychology	the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments	25
7180385288	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	26
7180385289	clinical psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders	27
7180385290	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy	28
7180385291	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	29
7180385292	Francis Bacon	English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method	30
7180385293	Mary Whiton Calkins	American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association	31
7180385294	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)	32
7180385295	Rene Descartes	French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that "threads" within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought	33
7180385296	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.	34
7180385297	Sigmund Freud	Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).	35
7180385298	G. Stanley Hall	american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association	36
7180385299	William James	founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment	37
7180385300	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	38
7180385301	Abraham Maslow	humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence	39
7180385302	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	40
7180385303	Jean Piaget	Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	41
7180385304	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	42
7180385305	Rosalie Rayner	graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion	43
7180385306	Carl Rogers	1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person	44
7180385307	B. F. Skinner	behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons	45
7180385308	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	46
7180385309	E. B. Tictchner	Introduced experimental psychology to the United States	47
7180385310	Margaret Floyd Washburn	Was the first female PhD in psychology	48
7180385311	John B. Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat	49
7180385312	Wilhelm Wundt	german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879	50
7180385313	Introspection	a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings	51
7180385314	Gestalt Psychology	a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts	52

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AP Unit 3 Flashcards

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7012842612	ambiguity	a vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation	0
7012839819	allegory	a story in which the narrative/characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical, or ethical meaning	1
7012842613	antagonist	a character or force in a work of literature that opposes the protagonist to create the conflict	2
7012843791	protagonist	the main character of a literary work	3
7012843792	archetype	an abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model/form	4
7012845243	atmosphere	the emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene	5
7012848918	fable	a short tale often featuring nonhuman characters that act as people and whose actions enable the author to make observations or draw useful lessons about human behavior	6
7012848919	gothic	style of writing characterized by elements of fear, horror, sadness, and death as well as elements of romanticism such as individuality, nature, and high emotion	7
7012850185	harangue	a forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade	8
7012851169	third person omniscient	a point of view in which the narrator has unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of all characters, setting, background, and other elements of the story	9
7012851170	third person limited	a point of view in which the narrator generally reports only what one character sees and the thoughts of that one character	10
7012851171	mood	the overall feeling of a literary work	11
7012852200	satire	a literary style used to poke fun at, attack, or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of making a change in society or bringing about awareness	12
7012852201	moral	a brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature	13
7012852202	nemesis	the protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty	14
7012853608	parable	a story that instructs; a story that consists of a moral or spiritual truth	15
7012853609	pathetic fallacy	ascribing human feelings to nature or non human objects (a kind of personification that focuses only on nature)	16
7012854734	prelude	an introduction, usually to a poem or longer work of verse	17
7012857138	tone	an author's attitude toward the topic or subject	18
7012858627	romanticism	the literary style that emphasizes imagination, nature, emotion, and individual expression	19

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AP Ch 13 vocabulary Flashcards

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6529700252	Barr Body	dark staining body in the cell nuclei of female mammals that contains a condensed inactive X chromosome	0
6529706993	carcinogens	environmental agent that causes mutations leading to the development of cancer.	1
6529714314	chromatin	network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus of a cell	2
6529723133	DNA repair enzyme	one of several enzymes that restore the original base sequence in an altered DNA strand	3
6529730865	enhancer	DNA sequence that acts as a regulatory element to increase the level of transcription when regulatory proteins bind to it.	4
6529737803	epigenetic inheritance	an inheritance pattern in which a nuclear gene has been modified but the changed expression of the gene is not permanent over many generations	5
6529745993	frameshift mutation	insertion of deletion of at least one base, so that the reading of the corresponding mRNA changes	6
6529751401	gene mutations	altered gene whose sequence of bases differs from the original sequence	7
6529758547	induced mutation	mutation that is caused by an outside influence	8
6529764060	inducer	molecule that brings about activity of an operon by joining with a repressor and preventing it from binding to the operator	9
6529773806	microRNA	short sequences of RNA, usually less than 22 nucleotides, that are involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.	10
6529783163	mutagens	chemical or physical agent that increases the chance of mutation	11
6529786482	operator	the sequence of DNA that serves as a binding site for a repressor, and thereby regulates the expression of structural genes.	12
6529795014	operon	group of structural and regulating genes that function as a single unit.	13
6529802907	point mutations	change of only one base in the sequence of bases in a gene	14
6529809007	posttranscriptional control	gene expression following transcription that regulates the way mRNA transcripts are processed	15
6529815576	posttranslational control	alternation of gene expression by changing a protein's activity after it is translated	16
6529818693	promoter	a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds prior to transcription	17
6529823112	proteases	enzyme that breaks the peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins, polypeptides, and peptides	18
6529831472	proteasome	cellular structure containing proteases that is involved in the destruction of tagged proteins	19
6529841996	regulator gene	gene that controls the expression of another gene or genes	20
6529844990	RNA interference	cellular process that utilizes miRNA and siRNA molecules to reduce, or inhibit, the expression of specific genes	21
6529856790	spontaneous mutation	mutation that arises as a result of anomalies in normal biological processes, such as mistakes made during DNA replication	22
6529861602	structural genes	gene that codes for the amino acid sequence of a peptide or protein	23
6529869016	transcriptional activator	protein that participates in the initiation of transcription by binding to the enhancer regulatory regions	24
6529880106	transcriptional control	control of gene expression by the use of transcription factors, and other proteins, that regulate either the initiation of transcription or the rate at which it occurs	25
6529892412	transcriptional factor	in eukaryotes, protein required for the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase	26
6529900021	translational control	gene expression regulated by influencing the interaction of the mRNA transcripts with the ribosome.	27

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Ap Literature Flashcards

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8456637316	Title	Original title that is descriptive and informative	0
8456637317	Thesis	Thesis that asserts a claim and states it's significance	1
8456637318	Tense	Writes consistently in 3rd person present tense (he goes to the park)	2
8456637319	Plot and structure	The sequence of incidents or events through which an author constructs a story	3
8456637320	Conflict	Clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills-conflict may be physical, mental, emotional, or moral	4
8456637321	Protagonist	Central character in conflict-simply the central character, not always the hero	5
8456637322	Suspense	Increases a readers curiosity combined with the fate of a likeable, sympathetic character- closely linked with the elements of surprise	6
8456637323	More suspense	Proportional to the unexpectedness of what happens, when the story departs radically from expectations, surprise ending one that features a sudden unexpected turn or twist	7
8456637324	Writers use two common devices	Mystery and dilemma	8
8456637325	Mystery	An unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation	9
8456637326	Dilemma	A position In which a character must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable, whether a story has a surprise ending it almost always has a happy ending	10
8456637327	If fiction is to mirror human life	It must acknowledge human defeat as well	11
8456637328	We need to expect and understand	Defeat as well as victory	12
8456637329	Artistic unity	Does not include irrelevant information that does not contribute to the meaning or advance the central intention of the story, they don't select but arrange and must form a logical progression	13
8456637330	Plot manipulation	When an author includes a turn in the plot that is unjustified by the situation of characters, such as an unmotivated action	14
8456637331	Deus ex machina	Latin for god from machine, Greek practice of having a god descend from heaven at the last minute to rescue the protagonist, not convincing resolution in fiction, action should grow out of the plot rather than end with a chance resolution	15
8456637332	Chance	The occurrence of an event that has no apparent cause in previous events or in predisposition of character, if the author uses an improbable chance event	16
8456637333	Coincidence	The chance occurrence of two events that may have a peculiar correspondence, more problematic than chance, since it is chance compounded, may be used to initiate a story and to occasionally complicate it, but not resolve it	17
8456637334	indirect characterization	Author subtly reveals the character through actions and interactions	18
8456637335	Direct method usually has..	Little emotional impact unless bolstered by the indirect	19
8456637336	Stock character	Flat character, stereotyped figures who have recurred so often in fiction that we recognize them at once	20
8456637337	Static character	Remains the same person from start to finish	21
8456637338	Dynamic character	Undergoes distinct changes on outlook, character, and personality	22
8456637339	Epiphany	A moment of spiritual insight into life or into the characters own circumstances	23
8456637340	Theme	The controlling idea or insight to a piece of literature	24
8456637341	Theme 2	Unifying generalization about life stated or implied in a story, not all stories have a significant theme	25
8456637342	Theme exists when	Author tries to reveal some truth in describing life, introduces a concept or theory of life that the story illuminates	26
8456637343	Omniscient	Third person narrative who knows the whole story	27
8456637344	third person limited	in third person limited the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character	28
8456637345	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	29
8456637346	Objective	Narrator can go anywhere but can't comment, intercept, or go into a characters mind	30
8456637347	HTRLLAP violence	Symbolic, thematic, biblical, Shakespearean, romantic, allegorical, transcendent-relationship with the universe	31
8456637348	Two examples of violence	Specific injury, physical to self or others very gory Narrative violence, suffering/death in the plot all have purpose	32
8456637349	Allegories have one mission:	Convey a certain message	33
8456637350	Tone	an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience Formal, informal, serious, comical, sarcastic, sad, cheerful, etc.	34
8456637351	Diction	A style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or writer	35
8456637352	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	36
8456637353	Imagery	Fig language to help create a mental picture	37

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AP Government Civil Rights Flashcards

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5997352355	Civil Rights	Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.	0
5997352356	14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; citizenship by birth & naturalization; prohibited state gov. from infringing on equal rights; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage.	1
5997352357	Equal Protection of the laws	a standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government- 14th amendment	2
5997352358	Scott vs. Sanford	1857 supreme court case ruling that a slave that has escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territory.	3
5997352359	13th Amendment	Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)	4
5997352360	Plessy vs. Ferguson	(1896) Supreme Court decision that created the "separate but equal" doctrine. As a result many states across the South had "Jim Crow Laws." Separate water fountains, restrooms, entrances, segregated seating at movie theatres, etc. Most importantly, segregated schools.	5
5997352361	Brown vs. Board of Education	1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	6
5997352362	Civil Rights Act of 1964	law making racial discrimination in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbid many forms of job discrimination. Public discrimination	7
5997352363	Suffrage	Legal right to vote blacks-15th amendment women-19th amendment 18 year old- 26th amendment	8
5997352364	15th amendement	African-American males received the right to vote	9
5997352365	Poll Taxes	Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.	10
5997352366	White primary	the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation. Declared unconstitutional in 1944.	11
5997352367	24th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll taxes to vote in national elections.	12
5997352368	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	13
5997352369	Hernandez vs. Texas	ended the exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries in Texas.	14
5997352370	Korematsu vs. US	1944- Supreme Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country's need for protection against espionage outweighed individual rights	15
5997352371	19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.	16
5997352372	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	17
5997352373	Reed vs. Reed	1971 outlawed sexual discrimination	18
5997352374	Craig vs. Boren	1976 Supreme Court ruling that est "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination	19
5997352375	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	Passed by Congress in 1990, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.	20
5997352376	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities	21
5997352377	Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke	A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could weigh race or ethnic background as an element of admitting, but couldn't set aside places for members of particular racial groups.	22
5997352378	Adarand Constructors vs. Pena	A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional.	23

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AP Spanish Workplace Essay Flashcards

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5899363408	ventajas	benefits	0
5899363409	retos	challenges	1
5899864945	mito(s)	myth(s)	2
5899874553	beneficioso	beneficial	3
5899880857	empleado(s)	employee(s)	4
5899884283	desventaja	disadvantage	5
5899897913	trabajar a distancia	work from a distance or at home (not in an office space)	6
5899911034	teletrabajo	teleworking (work from home, making use of the Internet, email, and the telephone)	7
5899924138	facilitar	to make easier	8
5899928050	Internet banda ancha	broadband (high speed internet)	9
5899943009	virtualmente	through virtual reality (internet and technological means)	10
5899954954	télefono inteligente	smartphone	11
5899964786	computadora(s) portátil(es)	laptop(s)	12
5899968307	liberar	to liberate set free	13
5899975186	comercio(s)	trade, business of selling	14
5899977744	diariamente	daily	15
5899982724	época	time/era	16
5899990835	trasladar	to move	17
5899994784	hogar(es)	home(s)	18
5900010547	fuerza laboral	workforce	19
5900016407	aislado(a)	isolated	20
5900020914	lanzar	to throw	21
5900028916	antipatía	aversion/dislike/disdain	22
5900045193	desempeño	performance	23
5900057299	presión	pressure	24
5900062201	flojo	loose/lazy	25
5900066631	gerente	manager	26
5900072528	ahorro	saving	27
5900155663	medio ambiente	environment	28
5900163510	repostar	refuel	29
5900176788	combustible	fuels (gasoline)	30
5900185619	atasco	traffic jam	31
5900223887	riesgos de seguridad	security risks (for example for a company)	32
5900234244	dispositivo	device (computer/smartphone/etc)	33
5900242081	supervisión	supervision (for example in workplace)	34
6001342791	empresa	business	35
6007721264	fidelidad	fidelity. faithfulness (to a person or belief)	36
6007752986	emisión de CO2	manmade greenhouse gases (from cars for example)	37
7967689271	euros	euros (currency used in Europe and Spain)	38

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AP Literature Vocab. Unit 7 Flashcards

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5121545662	Abeyance	(n) a state of being temporarily inactive, suspended, or set aside syn: postponement, suspension	0
5121547150	Ambivalent	(adj) having opposite and conflicting feelings about someone or something syn: ambiguous, of two minds ant: unequivocal, unambiguous, clear-cut	1
5121552211	Beleaguer	(v) to set upon from all sides; to surround with an army; to trouble, harass syn: besiege, encircle, pester	2
5121553578	Carte Blanche	(n) full freedom or authority to act at one's own discretion syn: blank check	3
5121554809	Cataclysm	(n) a sudden, violent, or devastating upheaval; a surging flood, deluge syn: disaster, catastrophe	4
5121556699	Debauch	(v) to corrupt morally, seduce; to indulge in dissipation; (n) an act or occasion or dissipation or vice syn: carouse, orgy ant: elevate, uplift, purify	5
5121559084	Eclat	(n) dazzling or conspicuous success or acclaim; great brilliance (of performance or achievement) syn: celebrity ant: dullness, insipidity, mediocrity	6
5121562009	Fastidious	(adj) overly demanding or hard to please; excessively careful in regard to details; easily disgusted syn: precise, exacting, finicky ant: careless, sloppy, messy, untidy, slovenly	7
5121564409	Gambol	(v) to jump or skip about playfully syn: frolic, romp, cavort, caper ant: lumber, plod	8
5121567119	Imbue	(v) to soak or stain thoroughly; to fill the mind syn: infuse, inculcate ant: remove, expunge, eradicate, erase	9
5121569392	Inchoate	(adj) just beginning; not fully shaped or formed syn: incipient, embryonic ant: mature developed, complete	10
5121570870	Lampoon	(n) a malicious satire; (v) to satirize, ridicule syn: burlesque, parody ant: compliment, flattery	11
5121575727	Malleable	(adj) capable of being formed into different shapes; capable of being altered, adapted, or influenced syn: pliable, impressionable, adaptable ant: rigid, inflexible, unyielding, intractable	12
5121579533	Nemesis	(n) an agent or force inflicting vengeance or punishment; retribution itself; an unbeatable rival syn: comeuppance, avenger ant: guardian angel, ally, patron	13
5121582577	Opt	(v) to make a choice or decision syn: choose, select, decide	14
5121583453	Philistine	(adj) lacking in, hostile to, or smugly indifferent to cultural and artistic values or refinements; (n) such a person syn: boorish, lowbrow, pendant ant: refined, cultivated, highbrow	15
5121586283	Picaresque	(adj) involving or characteristic of clever rogues or adventures syn: roguish, rascally, rakish	16
5121587806	Queasy	(adj) nauseated or uneasy; causing nausea or uneasiness; troubled syn: unsettled ant: calm, untroubled, confident	17
5121589456	Refractory	(adj) stubborn; hard or difficult to manage; not responsive to treatment or cure syn: unruly, disobedient, willful, mulish ant: docile, tractable, obedient	18
5121591779	Savoir-Faire	(n) the ability to say and do the right think in any situation; social competence syn: tact, finesse, suavity, sophistication ant: tactlessness, gaucherie, boorishness	19

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