| 5874289755 | Divine Right of Kings | The kings used religion to justify their power saying that God made them king so that gave them the absolute authority and that they were not bound by any manmade law for their actions. | | 0 |
| 5874289756 | The Thirty Years War | 1618-1648 Last Religious War. Protestant Bohemian Nobles vs. Catholic Emperor | | 1 |
| 5874289757 | Louis XIV treatment of Huguenots | Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes. Huguenots were persecuted as a result by losing all their freedom to worship. Huguenot churches were torn down and some were forced to serve as galley slaves on French ships. All Protestant education was forbidden. | | 2 |
| 5874289758 | English Civil War | Parliament (Roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell supported by the Puritans, the lesser gentry, and the merchants VS. The King (Cavaliers) supported by the nobility. King Charles I lost and was beheaded (1649). | | 3 |
| 5874289760 | Scientific Method | movement towards proving things with observation, measurement, and experimen | | 4 |
| 5874289761 | Galileo | Italian. 1564-1642. Best-known astronomer in history. Suggested the use of the pendulum to measure time. He improved the telescope, confirmed the heliocentric theory and agreed with Kepler that the planets move in elliptical orbits. Was made to retract that before the Roman Catholic church but according to legend as he rose muttered, "But it does move!" | | 5 |
| 5874289762 | Isaac Newton | English. 1642-1727. Astronomer who, like Galileo, contributed to several other fields such as physics and math. Demonstrated with a prism that "white light" is actually composed of many different colors. Developed calculus, invented the reflecting telescope. Remembered best for his discovery of the Laws of Gravity. | | 6 |
| 5874289763 | John Locke | English. 1632-1704. Believed in the philosophy of Empiricism (the idea that all knowledge comes through experience). He rejected the doctrine of original sin, choosing to believe that man is basically good. Advanced the idea that men possess certain natural and unalienable rights -- rights that cannot be transferred or surrendered. | | 7 |
| 5874289764 | Enlightenment | 18th century intellectual movement that looked to human reason as the solution for all of life's problems. It was believed that "Reason" was the only sure source of knowledge and truth an attitude known as rationalism. Reason was their standard of truth: it was their guide to understanding the universe and the proper way to worship God. This new religion was called Deism. Deism was built upon mere human wisdom. The Bible warns against such error. | | 8 |
| 5874289765 | Great Awakening | 1740-42. While the Methodist revival progressed in the British Isles, America experienced the climax of a tremendous revival known as the Great Awakening. Through the preaching of Whitefield and other traveling evangelists, thousands of people heard the message of salvation. Local pastors were the key such as Jonathan Edwards who faithfully ministered to the needs of their own congregations. | | 9 |
| 5874289768 | Mayflower Compact | 1620. A temporary agreement drafted aboard the "Mayflower" establishing civil authority for the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. The Pilgrim leaders realized the need for discipline to maintain order among themselves. | | 10 |
| 5874289769 | Declaration of Independence | July 4th, 1776. A declaration by the colonists to preserve their freedom and to secure independence from Britain was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress. | | 11 |
| 5874289770 | Constitution | Formally adopted in 1789, established a new nation -- the United States of America. A republican form of government modeled after the Roman Republic and divided the powers of government among three branches each with specific functions and checks on the other branches. | | 12 |
| 5874289771 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments that clearly define liberties and placed restraints on governmental interference. | | 13 |
| 5874289772 | French Revolution | See notes and chart on pg. 401
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions. | | 14 |
| 5874289773 | Napoleon Bonaparte | 1769-1821. Born on the island of Corsica. See notes.
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | | 15 |
| 5874289774 | Waterloo | June 8, 1815 the allied forces, under the leadership of the British Duke of Wellington won a decisive victory against Napoleon on the plains of Waterloo (today is Belgium). Napoleon was banished to St. Helena, a little island in the middle of the South Atlantic. | | 16 |
| 5874289775 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823. US President James Monroe in a speech to the US Congress warned the European nations that any attempt to establish or reestablish colonies in the Western Hemisphere would be considered an "unfriendly" act of aggression. Although the US did not have the power to enforce the Monroe Doctrine, the British navy was able to block any attempt on the part of the European alliance. | | 17 |
| 5874289776 | Nationalism | A feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries. Also, the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination. | | 18 |
| 5874289777 | Crimean War | 1854-56. First major international conflict after the defeat of Napoleon. Brittain, France & the Kingdom of Sardinia against Russia with her policy of expansion in the Near East where the Ottoman Empire was losing control. Brittain feared a Russian victory would upset the balance of power and threaten their control of the Mediterranean region. Russia lost and the major nations promised to keep the Ottoman Empire from being destroyed. | | 19 |
| 5874289778 | German Unification | 1866-1871
In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany. | | 20 |
| 5874289780 | Industrial Revolution | Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion. | | 21 |
| 5874289781 | Eli Whitney | An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged. 1765-1825 |  | 22 |
| 5874289782 | Wright Brothers | 1903. Two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, carried out the first successful airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. |  | 23 |
| 5874289783 | Henry Ford | United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production; proponent of the Assembly Line and Standardization; invented the Model T with production in 1908; workers paid salary high enough to buy products they made. By 1913 Ford workers were able to assemble a car in ninety-three minutes. |  | 24 |
| 5874289784 | William Wilberforce | A British statesman and reformer; leader of the abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to the end of the English slave trade in 1807. Also had a goal to produce children with education in reading, hygiene, and religion. | | 25 |
| 5874289785 | Socialism | Four Types. 1. Utopian Socialism - direct result of the French Enlightenment. Believed that if the inequities in society could be abolished, man's natural goodness could be perfected. Consider the profit motive of capitalism to be the basic source of evil.
2. Marxism - Karl Marx believed that economic forces determine the course of history and that history would naturally progress toward perfection allowing man to "progress" to a higher stage of development. Once man reaches this perfect society where everyone is equal and gladly shares the fruit of his labor with others he called it communism.
3. Fabian Socialism - British socialists who sought to achieve a socialist society without revolution but by wearing down capitalism gradually by undermining it with gradual change.
4. Christian Socialism - Theological liberals who believed that Christianity and capitalism were incompatible. They believed that unregenerate society could and should live according to the Sermon on the Mount. | | 26 |
| 5874289786 | Adam Smith | Published in 1776 one of the most influential books on political economics "Wealth of Nations." Attacks mercantilism practiced by most European nations. Saying a nation's wealth should depend on productivity, not gold and silver. Advocated a "hands off" policy known as laissez-faire. The government should not interfere in business and trade, but provide a favorable climate for business activity. He proposed a policy of "free trade" among nations. A nation should manufacture what it can best and most efficiently produce. | | 27 |
| 5874289787 | Laissez Faire Economics | Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property. | | 28 |
| 5874289788 | Communist Manifesto | 1848. Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. It explains socialism and the belief that the proletariat (oppressed workers) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (factory owners). | | 29 |
| 5874289789 | Salvation Army | A group created in 1865 by William Booth to spread Christian teaching and offer food and shelter to the poor. | | 30 |
| 5874289790 | George Mueller | formed the best-known orphanages in Bristol, England | | 31 |
| 5874289791 | Robert Raikes | founder of British Sunday school who sought to reach the poor, illiterate, working-class children and teach them about Jesus and how to read and write | | 32 |
| 5874289792 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. |  | 33 |
| 5874289793 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. | | 34 |
| 5874289794 | Boer War | (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the dutch farmers (Boers) in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | | 35 |
| 5874289795 | Simon Bolivar | (1783-1830) Leader for independence, "the liberator," who defeated Spanish forces in South America, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | | 36 |
| 5874289796 | Mercantilism | Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver. | | 37 |
| 5874289797 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. | | 38 |
| 5874289798 | William Carey | 1761-1834. Father of Modern Missions, established the Baptist Missionary Society, missionary in India | | 39 |
| 5874289799 | Hudson Taylor | 1832-1905. A British Protestant missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission; known for his sensitivity to Chinese culture (and immersion into it) and his zeal for evangelism. | | 40 |
| 5874289801 | Nobel Peace Prize | This is a type of award given to someone who promotes peace; it was named after a Swedish Chemist by the name of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite | | 41 |
| 5874289802 | Archduke Ferdinand | Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28,1914, started World War I. | | 42 |
| 5874289803 | Central Powers | In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies. Other nations such as The Ottoman Empire and Bulgarians. | | 43 |
| 5874289804 | Allies | In World War I the alliance of Russia, Serbia, and France, later joined by Great Britain, Italy, America, China, Japan and others. | | 44 |
| 5874289805 | Lusitania | British passenger ship that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people (128 American). It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI. | | 45 |
| 5874289806 | Treaty of Versailles | Treaty between the Allies and Germany 1918, Created by the leaders of the victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. | | 46 |
| 5874289807 | League of Nations | A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson during his Fourteen Points, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. | | 47 |
| 5874289808 | The Maginot Line | A zone of heavy defensive fortifications erected by France along its eastern border in the years preceding World War II, but outflanked in 1940 when the German army attacked through Belgium. | | 48 |
| 5874289809 | Great Depression | (1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and the decline in the need for raw materials from non-industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies. | | 49 |
| 5874289810 | New Deal | (1933 - 1936) President Franklin D Roosevelt's plan to end the Great Depression. 3 major goals were what FDR called his 3 R's - Relief, Recovery, and Reform. Many were put back to work, but the Depression was ended when America entered WW II. | | 50 |
| 5874289811 | Bolsheviks | A Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. They eventually seized power in Russia in 1917. | | 51 |
| 5874289812 | Lenin | Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. |  | 52 |
| 5874289813 | Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953). |  | 53 |
| 5874289814 | Benito Mussolini | Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)
founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people. |  | 54 |
| 5874289815 | Fascists | Members of a political party in Italy who preached that the nation and the race were more important than the individual.
A political party supporting brutally oppressive dictatorial control of speech and civil rights and enforcing inhumane laws. In Germany Hitler was the leader. In Italy, Benito Mussolini was the leader | | 55 |
| 5874289816 | Mein Kampf | "My Struggle" Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923-1924. The book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans. | | 56 |
| 5874289817 | The Gestapo | The official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. Hermann Göring formed the unit in 1933. | | 57 |
| 5874289818 | Chiang Kai-shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. |  | 58 |
| 5874289819 | Mao Zedong | (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. |  | 59 |
| 5874289820 | Third Reich | Name given to Germany during the Nazi regime, between 1933 and 1945. The Third Republic of Germany. | | 60 |
| 5874289821 | Neville Chamberlain | British Prime Minister prior to WWII who signed a peace treaty with Germany which promised "Peace in our time." Hitler did not honor the treaty, attacked Britain, and Winston Churchill replaced Chamberlain.
The prime minister of Britain from 1937 to 1940, who advocated a policy of appeasement toward the territorial demands of Nazi Germany. This appeasement policy essentially turned a blind eye to Germany's 1938 annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland. |  | 61 |
| 5874289822 | Fifth Column | A subversive group of civilians working secretly within their own country to turn it over to an invading army.
Refers to individuals within a country who secretly aid the enemy by spying, spreading enemy propaganda, and committing sabotage. | | 62 |
| 5874289823 | Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. | | 63 |
| 5874289824 | Battle of the Bulge | December 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30-mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. | | 64 |
| 5874289825 | The Yalta Conference | This February 1945 meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Stalin in the USSR made decisions regarding the treatment of Germany following its WWII defeat -- They agreed on unconditional surrender, the division of Germany into occupation zones, denazification, German reparations payments to the Allies, and free elections in Poland. |  | 65 |
| 5874289826 | D-Day | (FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. | | 66 |
| 5874289827 | V-E Day | May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered | | 67 |
| 5874289828 | V-J Day | "Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945. Officially ending WWII. | | 68 |
| 5874289829 | Cold War | (1945-1991) The period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991. | | 69 |
| 5874289830 | Iron Curtain | A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.
A term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations. | | 70 |
| 5874289831 | Marshal Tito | Communist leader, opposed Nazi control, emerged as the leader of Yugoslavia after WWII. Able to avoid domination by USSR. |  | 71 |
| 5874289832 | Containment | A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. | | 72 |
| 5874289833 | NATO | 1949. North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. | | 73 |
| 5874289834 | Warsaw Pact | A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. | | 74 |
| 5874289835 | Korean War | 1950-53. Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. | | 75 |
| 5874289836 | Vietnam War | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who was supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who was supported by the United States. | | 76 |
| 5874289837 | Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military firing on the students with tanks resulting many deaths. |  | 77 |
| 5874289838 | United Nations | An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919. | | 78 |
| 5874289839 | World Council of Churches | Included different denominations and promoted dialogue between Christians with headquarters located in Amsterdam. | | 79 |
| 5874289840 | Vatican II | 1962-1965. Called by Pope John XXIII. The previous Council was called because of problems, but this one was called to look at itself. It produced many documents and was the first council to have worldwide representation, women observers, immediate press release, and non-Catholic members. | | 80 |
| 5874289841 | Civil Rights Movement | A social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts. | | 81 |
| 5874289842 | Iron Lady | 1979. The nickname that was given to the former Great Britain Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, as a result of her staunch opposition to the Soviet Union and socialism. | | 82 |
| 5874289843 | Third World | A term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies. | | 83 |
| 5874289844 | Apartheid | A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites. | | 84 |
| 5874289845 | Zionist Movement | A nationalist movement among the Jews to establish a home land in Palestine | | 85 |
| 5874289846 | Balfour Declaration | A statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. | | 86 |
| 5874289847 | Birth of State of Israel | 1948. | | 87 |
