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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848

5353688387	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
5353688388	sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).	1
5353688389	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)	2
5353688390	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151)	3
5353688391	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
5353688392	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in the US, it helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
5353688393	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	6
5353688394	Henry Clay's American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs; 2) a national bank; and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements to be funded by the national government were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow for such use of federal funds. (p. 152)	7
5353688395	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836.	8
5353688396	Panic of 1819	The first major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. (p. 153)	9
5353688397	Lancaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)	10
5353688398	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	11
5353688399	Erie Canal	A canal built in 1825 in New York that linked economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices, and stronger economies. (p. 161)	12
5353688400	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807 he built a boat powered by a steam engine. It made shipping easier and cheaper. (p. 161)	13
5353688401	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. A method for carrying passengers and freight. They made the Midwest a major power. (p. 161)	14
5353688402	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793 he built the first cotton gin. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles out of mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	15
5353688403	corporations	Businesses owned by stockholders, treated by law as if it were a person.	16
5353688404	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer, one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791 he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	17
5353688405	factory system	In the 1820s New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power for the new machinery. (p. 162)	18
5353688406	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. These were textile mills. (p. 163)	19
5353688407	industrialization	Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy.	20
5353688408	specialization	Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods.	21
5353688409	unions	Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)	22
5353688410	cotton gin	It was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)	23
5353688411	market revolution	This revolution from produced vast economic growth. People bought and sold more goods rather than making them for themselves. (p. 164)	24
5353688412	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835). A Federalist who favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Even when he was outnumbered in the Supreme Court, Republican justices sided with him. (p. 153)	25
5353688413	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 case in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	26
5353688414	McCulloch v. Maryland	An 1819 Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States, The case confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States based on the Constitution's implied power.	27
5353688415	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	1819 Supreme Court case in which New Hampshire had attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The Supreme Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.	28
5353688416	Gibbons v. Ogden	In 1821 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)	29
5353688417	implied powers	Even though a power not specifically stated in the Constitution, the federal government my have the power to create one. (p. 154)	30
5353688418	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered southerns. (p. 156)	31
5353688419	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise that Missouri joined the Union as a slave state, and Maine joined as a free state. Congress also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. (p. 157)	32
5353688420	Stephen Decatur	Naval officer sent by James Madison in 1815 with a fleet to force the rulers of North Africa to allow American shipping the free use of the Mediterranean. (p. 157)	33
5353688421	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canada border fortifications. (p. 157)	34
5353688422	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years; 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)	35
5353688423	Andrew Jackson	In 1817 this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. (p. 158)	36
5353688424	Florida Purchase Treaty	An 1819 treaty in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the U.S. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)	37
5353688425	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

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5583917518	free-soil movement	This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)	0
5583917519	Free-Soil party	In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)	1
5583917520	conscience Whigs	Whigs that opposed slavery. (p. 248)	2
5583917521	barnburners	Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party. (p 248)	3
5583917522	New England Emigrant Aid Company	Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory. (p. 253)	4
5583917523	bleeding Kansas	After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)	5
5583917524	Pottawatomie Creek	In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)	6
5583917525	Lecompton constitution	In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)	7
5583917526	popular sovereignty	Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)	8
5583917527	Lewis Cass	This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)	9
5583917528	Henry Clay	He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)	10
5583917529	Zachary Taylor	The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)	11
5583917530	Compromise of 1850	Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)	12
5583917531	Stephen A. Douglas	In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)	13
5583917532	Millard Fillmore	The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, succeeding Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)	14
5583917533	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)	15
5583917534	Crittenden compromise	In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)	16
5583917535	Franklin Pierce	The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)	17
5583917536	Know-Nothing party	This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)	18
5583917537	Republican party	This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)	19
5583917538	John C. Fremont	In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)	20
5583917539	James Buchanan	The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)	21
5583917540	election of 1860	In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)	22
5583917541	sucession	The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)	23
5583917542	Fugitive Slave Law	Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)	24
5583917543	Underground Railroad	A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)	25
5583917544	Harriet Tubman	Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)	26
5583917545	Dred Scott v. Sandford	An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)	27
5583917546	Roger Taney	He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)	28
5583917547	Abraham Lincoln	He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)	29
5583917548	Lincoln-Douglas debates	In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)	30
5583917549	house-divided speech	The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)	31
5583917550	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)	32
5583917551	Sumner-Brooks incident	This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)	33
5583917552	John Brown	He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)	34
5583917553	Harpers Ferry raid	In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)	35
5583917554	Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin	In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)	36
5583917555	Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South	In 1857, he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North. (p. 250)	37
5583917556	George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South	In 1854, he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery. (p. 251)	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

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5295500880	Thomas Jefferson	A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality	0
5295500881	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.	1
5295500882	John C. Calhoun	The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.	2
5295500883	John Marshall	Federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review	3
5295500884	Judicial Review	the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional	4
5295500885	Marbury v. Madison	A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government.	5
5295500886	strict interpretation of Constitution	Strict and doctrinal interpretation of the Constitution and its justification. Thomas Jefferson favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which he interpreted as forbidding everything it did not expressly permit. In contrast, Hamilton favored a loose interpretation.	6
5295500887	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Approved Jefferson's purchase of French territory.	7
5295500888	Aaron Burr	An American politician and adventurer. He was a formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. Jefferson's vice-president for his first term; not voted into a second term because of radical ideas and ventures that threatened to break up the Union and resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.	8
5295500889	Quids	Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 (even though it was started by a Republican president) because it did not follow the traditional Republican idea of limited federal government.	9
5295500890	Toussaint I'Ouverture	He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses.	10
5295500891	Barbary Pirates	The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.	11
5295500892	Neutrality	a position of not taking sides in a conflict	12
5295500893	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.	13
5295500894	Chesapeake-Leopard Affair	incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed. Many angry and humiliated Americans called for war.	14
5295500895	Embargo Act (1807)	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	15
5295500896	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.	16
5295500897	Nonintercourse Act (1809)	Replaced the Embargo Act. Lifted the stop of trade to foreign countries EXCEPT France and England. Led to the war of 1812.	17
5295500898	Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)	When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided, however, that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation.	18
5295500899	Tecumseh and Prophet	These Shawnee brothers organized a large native confederacy to prevent the American advance westward. (p. 138)	19
5295500900	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, he fought against Tecumseh and Prophet at the Battle of Tippecanoe.	20
5295500901	Battle of Tippecanoe	Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.	21
5295500902	Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.	22
5295500903	War Hawks	These were mostly young Republicans who had been imbued with the ideals of the American Revolution as youths, who wanted to take Canada and Florida and deal with the Indian problem. They held a majority in Congress, and were responsible for declaring war in 1812	23
5295500904	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state	24
5295500905	War of 1812	A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.	25
5295500906	"Old Ironsides"	The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution who raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.	26
5295500907	Battle of Lake Erie	U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie.	27
5295500908	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.	28
5295500909	Battle of the Thames River	Battle led by Harrison; broke the British alliance with the Native Americans when Tecumseh was killed	29
5295500910	Thomas Macdonough	A commander of an American fleet on Lake Champlain that fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses; the Americans were nearly defeated, but his nifty techniques forced the British to retreat; this heroic naval battle saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution.	30
5295500911	Battle of Lake Champlain	A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England after being stoped by Thomas Macdonough. The British began to decide that the war was to costly.	31
5295500912	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	32
5295500913	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.	33
5295500914	Creek Nation	American Indians originally from the southeastern United States. They were one of the Five Civilized Tribes. They were an important British ally in the war of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson.	34
5295500915	Battle of New Orleans	Andrew Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.	35
5295500916	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.	36
5295500917	Hartford Convention (1814)	Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded:-Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos; -Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared; -The abolition of slavery; -a President could only serve 1 term; -the abolition of the 3/5 clause; -the prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.	37
5295500918	Francis Scott Key , "The Star Spangled Banner"	Francis Scott Key, who observed the Birtish attack on Fort McHenry, celebrated the American victory by writing a poem that is the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" today.	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 6 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic, 1787-1800

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5295498965	James Madison	"Father of the Constitution"; wanted a new document; took detailed notes during the convention. (p. 104)	0
5295498966	Framers of the Constitution	Rich, white, male, educated and most weree heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104)	1
5295498967	Alexander Hamilton	One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. (p. 106)	2
5295498968	Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson	Leaders who helped James Madison write the Constitution.	3
5295498969	Federalists	Favored a strong central government, favored a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. (p. 107)	4
5295498970	Anti-Federalist	Argued against the Constitution out of fear it created a central government that was too powerful. (p.. 107)	5
5295498971	Federalists Papers	Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106)	6
5295498972	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments added to protect the rights of individual citizens, adopted in 1781. (p. 108)	7
5295498973	Amendments	Changes to the Constitution	8
5295498974	economic sanctions	Efforts to boycott and other ways to protest the action of England in Intolerable Acts	9
5295498975	Washington's Farewell Address	George Washington's farewell address written in late 1796. It warned against: making permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115)	10
5295498976	permanent alliances	Washington warned against these as things that could obligate us to unnecessary alliances and actions. (p. 115)	11
5295498977	Alien and Sedition Acts	Acts by the Federalists which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president ofr Congress. (p. 117)	12
5295498978	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117)	13
5295498979	slave trade	International slave trade protected at Constitutional Convention for 20 years, after which Congress could vote to end it. (p. 105)	14
5295498980	infant industries	Term for new and developing industries which were supported by placing high tariffs on imported goods. This was part of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. (p. 110)	15
5295498981	National bank tariffs; excise tariffs	Favored by Federalists in North as way to fund government/protect businesses; opposed by South and farmers	16
5295498982	Battle of Fallen Timbers	In 1794 the US Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indians. (p. 113)	17
5295498983	Treaty of Greenville/Public Land Act	In this treaty the American Indians surrendered claims to the Ohio Valley and promised to open it to settlement. (p. 113)	18
5295498984	Mt. Vernon Conference	In 1785 George Washington Hosted a conference at his home, It led to the Annapolis Convention. (p. 104)	19
5295498985	Annapolis Convention	Only five states sent delegates, but led to Constitutional Convention in May 1787. (p. 104)	20
5295498986	Constitutional Convention	Delegates from all states but Rhode Island met in Philadelphia in May 1787	21
5295498987	Checks and balances	Designed to keep one branch of government from dominating the other	22
5295498988	Virginia Plan	"Large state" plan; wanted representation based on state population	23
5295498989	New Jersey Plan	"Small state" plan; called for representation to be equal regardless of size	24
5295498990	Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise	Est. a bicameral legislature that compromised for small and large states (House and Senate)	25
5295498991	House of Representatives	Representation in the House would be based on population of each state	26
5295498992	Senate	Two people per state, regardless of size	27
5295498993	Three Fifths Compromise	3/5's of a state's slave population would be counted for representation purposes	28
5295498994	Commercial Compromise	Allowed Congress to regulate interstate trade and foreign commerce	29
5295498995	Electoral college system	Process by which a President would be elected	30
5295498996	Legislative branch	This branch of government compromises Congress; it makes laws	31
5295498997	Congress	Legislative branch; House and Senate	32
5295498998	Executive department	Organized by Washington as part of the new departments of the executive branch	33
5295498999	Cabinet	Term for chiefs of departments appointed by Washington	34
5295499000	Henry Knox	Washington's Secretary of War	35
5295499001	Edmund Randolph	Washington's Attorney General	36
5295499002	Judiciary Act	Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices	37
5295499003	Federal courts	Courts created by the Judiciary Act	38
5295499004	Supreme Court	Ultimate court in the land	39
5295499005	National debt	Was very high at the revolution; Hamilton proposed paying it off at face value	40
5295499006	Whiskey Rebellion	First real test of the new government; put down when Washington called in forces	41
5295499007	Federalists Era	Period in early when Federalists dominated the government	42
5295499008	Democratic-Republican Party	Rival to Federalists; opposed strong central government; led by Jefferson	43
5295499009	political parties	Not anticipated by founders; Federalists and Democratic-Republicans	44
5295499010	two-term tradition	Set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt, of Presidents only staying in office for two terms	45
5295499011	John Adams	In 1796 he was a Federalist who was elected as the second president. In 1800 he lost the presidential election to Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. (p. 115, 117)	46
5295499012	Revolution of 1800	Election in which Democratic-Republicans peacefully took power from the Federalists.	47
5295499013	French Revolution	Democratic-Republican's felt we were obligated to support the French.	48
5295499014	Proclamation of Neutrality	In 1793 Washington announced us a neutral in the war between England and France	49
5295499015	"Citizen" Genet	Sought to gain American support for French; led to criticism of Washington in the US	50
5295499016	Jay Treaty	Treaty that embarrassed US because England did not respect us; US gained very few concession from England	51
5295499017	Pinckney Treaty	Better deal than Jay's Treaty; Spain agreed to open lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to US trade	52
5295499018	Right of deposit	US gained right to transfer cargoes in New Orleans without Spanish duties	53
5295499019	XYZ Affair	French demanded a bribe before we could speak with French leader; led many to call for war against England	54

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AP US Gov: History Flashcards

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7782770708	Articles of Confederation	First attempt at US Government, sent to the states for ratification in 1777; restricted national government too much	0
7782770709	Shay's Rebellion	Rebellion focused on taking down the Massachusetts state government arsenal in efforts to stop the state courts from prosecuting debtors	1
7782770710	Pluralism	Having a variety of parties and interests within a government that helps strengthen the government; variety of groups ensures no one group will take control (Federalist Papers 10)	2
7782770711	Three-Fifths Compromise		3
7782770712	Federalists	Group that favored strong central government and a system of separated powers	4
7782770713	Anti-Federalist	Group that favored strong state governments, feared large government	5
7782770714	Amendment Process		6
7782770715	Great Compromise		7
7782770716	Originalist (Constitution Interpretation)		8
7782770717	Living Constitution (Constitution Interpretation)		9
7782770718	Separation of Powers		10
7782770720	Unitary Government	Each state has its own government entity, but the central government is supreme	11
7804305666	Confederal Government	Sovereign states delegate power to the central government	12
7782770721	Elastic Clause	Congress can pass laws it sees as necessary and proper (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18)	13
7782770722	National Supremacy Clause	Article VI Section 2, states that the Constitution, the federal laws made under it, and treaties are the supreme law of the land	14
7782770723	Full Faith and Credit Clause	Article IV Section 1, states that states must have access to the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."	15
7782770724	Privileges and Immunities Clause	Article IV Section 2, states that "the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states."	16
7782770725	Enumerated/Expressed Powers	Congressional powers listed mainly in Article I Section 8	17
7782770726	Implied Powers	Powers not explicitly named in Article I Section 8 but are necessary to the execution of the powers of Congress	18
7782770727	Concurrent Powers	Powers shared between the federal government and the state	19
7782770728	Reserved Powers	Powers of the states, may not be explicitly written into the Constitution	20
7782770729	Denied Powers	Powers restricted from government listed in Article I Section 9 as well as the first 8 amendments	21
7782770730	Dual/Layer Cake Federalism	Power is clearly divded by states and federal government	22
7782770731	Cooperative/Marble Cake Federalism	Mixed powers between states and federal government	23
7782770732	Fiscal Federalism	Division between federal roles and financial relations	24
7782770733	New Federalism	Pass power from federal government to state government	25
7782770734	Picket Fence Federalism	Descending powers, federal has the main power, stratified based on issues, form of Cooperative	26
7799062502	Coercive Federalism		27
7799062504	Categorical grants	Grants issued to the states by the federal government that can only be spent for narrowly defined purposes	28
7799062505	Block grants	Grants issued to the states by the federal government that can be spent on a wide range of services	29
7799062506	General revenue sharing (GRS)	Government apportions part of its tax revenue with the states	30
7799062507	Federal mandates	Federal orders imposed on states that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action."	31
7799062508	Tenth Amendment	All powers not listed in the Constitution are reserved to the states	32
7799062509	Commerce Clause	"To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." (Article I Section 8 Clause 3) Enumerated power	33
7799062510	Public Opinion	Citizens' views on politics and government action	34
7799062511	Liberal/Conservative ideology	A way of describing political beliefs on a spectrum that runs from Liberal to Conservative	35
7799062512	Latent Opinion	An opinion formed on the spot	36
7799062513	Random Sample	Randomized, selected group of people surveyed to gauge whole population's opinion, improves accuracy	37
7799062514	Sampling Error	A calculation that describes what percentage of the people surveyed may not accurately represent the population being studied	38
7799070585	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	Court case that allowed the government to establish the Second National Bank using the Necessary and Proper Clause	39
7799070586	Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	Court case that dissolved steamboat monopolies using the Commerce Clause	40
7799070587	Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	Ruled that slaves were not full citizens of the United States and that the US could not ban slavery from any territories	41
7799070588	United States v. Lopez (1995)	Struck down the 1990 Gun-Free School Zones Act, saying it was unconstitutional to ban people from carrying guns near schools	42

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 9 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 9 Sectionalism, 1820-1860

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5729173421	Northeast	In the early 19th century, the area which included New England and the Middle Atlantic states. (p. 173)	0
5729173422	Old Northwest	In the early 19th century, the territory which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota. (p. 173)	1
5729173423	sectionalism	Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)	2
5729173424	Nativists	Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)	3
5729173425	American party	In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)	4
5729173426	Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	A secret anti-foreign society in the 1840s. In the 1850s the society turned to politics by forming the American party. (p. 176)	5
5729173427	Know-Nothing Party	Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)	6
5729173428	Free African Americans	By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)	7
5729173429	planters	The South's small wealthy elite that owned more than 100 slaves and more than 1000 acres. (p. 180)	8
5729173430	Codes of Chivalry	The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)	9
5729173431	poor whites	The term for the three-fourths of the South's white population who owned no slaves. (p. 180)	10
5729173432	hillbillies	Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)	11
5729173433	mountain men	In the 1820s, these were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. They trapped for furs and served as guides for settlers traveling to the West coast. (p. 181)	12
5729173434	the West	The term that referred to the new area that was being settled, the location changed as the white settlements moved westward. (p. 181)	13
5729173435	the frontier	The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time. (p. 181)	14
5729173436	Deep South	The cotton rich area of the lower Mississippi Valley. (p. 178)	15
5729173437	American Indian removal	By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)	16
5729173438	Great Plains	Native Americans in this area used the horse to hunt buffalo. Tribes such as the Cheyenne and the Sioux, became nomadic hunters following the buffalo herds. (p. 181)	17
5729173439	white settlers	In the 1840s and 1850s, they settled the Western frontier. They worked hard, lived in log cabins or sod huts. Disease and malnutrition were even greater dangers than attacks by American Indians. (p. 182)	18
5729173440	urbanization	Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)	19
5729173441	urban life	The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850. (p. 174)	20
5729173442	new cities	After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East. (p. 175)	21
5729173443	Irish potato famine	From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland. Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures. (p. 176)	22
5729173444	Roman Catholic	Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it. (p. 176)	23
5729173445	Tammany Hall	New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)	24
5729173446	Germans	In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered. (p. 176)	25
5729173447	immigration	From the 1830s to the 1850s, four million people came from northern Europe to the United States. (p. 175)	26
5729173448	King Cotton	By the 1850s, this agricultural product was by far the South's most important economic force. (p. 177)	27
5729173449	Eli Whitney	The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)	28
5729173450	peculiar institution	A term that referred to slavery because many southern whites were uneasy with the fact that slaves were human beings yet treated so unfairly. Some used historical and religious arguments to support their claim that it was good for both slave and master. (p. 178)	29
5729173451	Denmark Vesey	In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)	30
5729173452	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)	31
5729173453	slave codes	In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)	32
5729173454	Industrial Revolution	Originally this revolution was centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830's, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods - everything from farm implements to clocks and shoes. (p. 174)	33
5729173455	unions	For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)	34
5729173456	Commonwealth v. Hunt	In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)	35
5729173457	ten-hour workday	During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)	36
5729173458	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	37
5729173459	John Deere	United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	38
5729173460	Daniel Webster	A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)	39
5729173461	environmental damage	This term, described what occurred when settlers cleared forests and exhausted the soil. (p. 182)	40
5729173462	extinction	This term, described what trappers and hunters did to the beaver and buffalo populations. (p. 182)	41

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AP US History Ch. 4 Brinkley Flashcards

cards for the AP history test

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5645368148	Where did the real authority for the colonies rest in the early 1700's in England?	The Privy Council	0
5645368149	In the early 1700's were the individual colonies more likely to identify with England or each other?	England	1
5645368150	What was the purpose of the Albany Plan?	to negotiate a traety with the Iroqouis and discuss forming a colonial federation to deal with issues they were having with the Indians	2
5645368151	Who were the three major players in the French and Iandian War?	The English, the French, and the Iroquois	3
5645368152	What were the new sources of conflict that led to the French and Indian War?	Louis the XIV began to support expansion in America The fur trade drew large numbers (comparitively to the past) of peasants in search of wealth New missionary zeal drew Jesuits French farmers were attraccted to the Mississppi River bottomlands French explorers began to claim more and more land	4
5645368153	What were large estates on the St. Laurence River called??	seigneuries	5
5645368154	Why did the French have better realtions with the Indians (in general)?	They tended to be more tolerant The French adjusted their behavior to Indian patterns, unlike the English who tried to impose their social norms on the Indians Fur traders often married Indian women Jesuit missionaries converted thousands of Indians to Catholicism	6
5645368155	How did the Iroquois Confederacy maintain their power in the Great Lakes region before the French and Indian War?	They avoided too close of a relationship with the English or the French and played the two nations against each other`	7
5645368156	What three wars began the French-English conflict in north America? Where did they begin?	King William's War, Queen Anne's War, and King George's War the began in Europe	8
5645368157	What clash began the French and Indian War?	When the Virginia militia force, under George Washington, built Fort Necessity in opposition to the French fort, Fort Duquesne. There was then a minor squirmish which was a significantly won by the French	9
5645368158	To what extent did the British provide assistance to the colonies during the war?	They provided some assistance, but it was inadequate and it didnt succeed.	10
5645368159	What began the second phase of the French and Indian War?	The formal declaration by France and England beginning the Seven Years War.	11
5645368160	Who took over the French and Indian War in the colonies after the death of Braddock?	William Pitt	12
5645368161	What was impressment?	The forceful enlisting of colonists into the militia by Britain	13
5645368162	What characterized the third phase of the French and Indian War?	William Pitt relaxed many of the policies that were imposed on the colonist and promised to reimburse the colonists for all the supplies they took from the colonists	14
5645368163	What ended the American phase of the French and Indian War?	The capture of Quebec by James Wolfe	15
5645368164	What were some of the consequences of the Seven Years War?	The English leaders saw the French and Indian War as a sign of American ineptitude. It forced all of the colonies for the firsttime to unite against a common foe. It confirmed in American's eyes the ilegitamacy of British interference in colonial affairs The soldiers found comrodery in each other The Indians that had allied themselves with the French had to deal with the bitterness the British had towards them. The Iroquois Confederacy crumbled	16
5645368165	Who was the king of England in 1760 that had mental health issues?	George III	17
5645368166	Who became the prime minister of England that thought the colonists had become too long indulged and imposed a new system on the colonies?	George Grenville	18
5645368167	What was the Proclomation of 1763?	to avoid conflict with natives, forbade settlers to advance beyond line drawn on app mountains. colonists ignored this law and kept pushing west	19
5645368168	What does the term "white encroachment' refer to?	It refered to the policy many colonists took of ignoring the line of settlement the British imposed	20
5645368169	What was the Sugar Act?	It strengthened the enforcement of the duties on sugar and established courts to try smugglers.	21
5645368170	What was the Currency Act of 1764?	Forced the colonies to stop issuing paper money?	22
5645368171	What was the Stamp Act of 1765?	It imposed a tax on things such as almanacs, newspapers, pamplets, deeds, wills, liscenses colonists saw it as a direct attempt by england to raise income of colonies without consent of the colonial assemblies- it affected everybody	23
5645368172	Who were the Paxton Boys?	A group of ''backcountrymen'' that demanded relief from colonial taxes and for help to help them defend themselves against Indians	24
5645368173	What was the regulator movement?	Men of the Carolina upcountry who were underepresented in the colonial assembly and rose up against the taxes imposed on them by local sheriffs	25
5645368174	What was the major reasons for the Stamp, Sugar, and Currency acts?	Britain was suffering from a postwar depression and sought to regain some of its investments	26
5645368175	Was home rule a new or old concept to the colonists?	old	27
5645368176	What was the major effect of the House Burgesses in regards to the Stamp Act?	The dicussion of the new taxes especially by Patrick Henry, made the colonists believe they could do more than just grumble over the taxes	28
5645368177	What was Virginia Resolves?	A pamphlet describing the different resolutions Patrick Henry suggested to the House of Burgesses "people have the right to be taxed only by their representatives who voted on the tax"	29
5645368178	Who was the Lieutenant govenor of Boston?	Hutchinson	30
5645368179	Who were the Sons of Liberty?	Men of Boston who terrorized stamp agents and burned stamps in response to the Stamp Act	31
5645368180	Why did England repeal the Stamp Act?	Britain was feeling a lot of economic pressure from the boycotts of the colonists and the merchants catering to the colonies were complaining	32
5645368181	What was the Declaratory Act?	An act allowing Parliament to have control in all cases; passed directly after the Stamp Act was repealed	33
5645368182	Who was the man that lead the Green Mountain Boys and succeeded in making Vermont a separate state?	Ethan Allen	34
5645368183	What was the Mutiny Act?	It required the colonists to house Britsih troops, a practice that had been held for many years, but it was REQUIRED now (This act was also knon was the Quartering Act)	35
5645368184	Benjamin Franklin argued for the distinction between _______ taxes and __________ taxes.	Internal, External	36
5645368185	What were the Townshend Duties?	A tax on tea, lead,paper, and paint	37
5645368186	What did Americans do in response to the Townshend Duties?	boycott	38
5645368187	What were the results of the British soldiers being poorly paid and poorly treated?	They often weren't qualified to deal with the colonists and more importantly, they tried to get jobs outside of the army to suppliment their income in an already tight/competitive job market	39
5645368188	What was a result of the "Boston Massacre"?	The idea that it was a massacre of innocent civilians was widely spread throughout the colonies and outrage followed	40
5645368189	Who was the leading figure following the Boston Massacre in fueling public outrage?	Samuel Adams	41
5645368190	Know the difference between virtual and actual representation.	Virtual- Parliament represented the whole of the Britsih empire Actual- Parliaments members should be elected from every geographical sphere	42
5645368191	Why was the Tea Act imposed	The British East India Companywas going bankrupt and England thought if it removed them from having to pay taxes, ot would both lower the price of tea in the colonies and help the East India Company financially	43
5645368192	What was different about th ecolonial boycott on tea?	It involved large numbers of people	44
5645368193	Who said "rather than freedom,we'll part with our tea"?	the Daughters of Liberty	45
5645368194	What happened at the Boston Tea Party?	At first, Boston was planning on mimicking sdeveral other colonies and sending the ships with tea back to England, but their govenor wouldn't let them.So on Dec. 16, 1773, the Sonns of Liberty, masquerading as Mohawks dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor	46
5645368195	What was Englands response to the Boston Tea Party?	The Coercive Acts- Closed the port of Boston, reduced Mass. self government, allowed officials to be tried in England and other colonies and provided for the quartering of British troops	47
5645368196	What was the Quebec Act?	It extended the boundaries of Quebec and granted political rights to Roman Catholics	48
5645368197	What were the results of the coercive and quebec acts?	It reinflamed resentment towards Britain and unified the colonies in helping Massachusetts.	49
5645368198	What happened at the first continental congress?	Theyendorsed a statement of grievances Approved legislation that prepared for defense against possible attackby British troops in Boston Agreed on a policy on non-importatin, exportation, and consumption to stop trade with Britain They agreed to meet next spring if things weren't improved	50
5645368199	What were the Concilatory Acts?	A system where the colonies would tax themselves at the urging of Parliament- suggested by Lord North	51
5645368200	Who was the leader in charge of the British forces at Lexington and Concord?	Gen. Thomas Gage	52
5645368201	Who were the horsemen that warned Boston the "regulars"were coming?	Prescott, Revere, and Dawes	53
5645368202	What event was truly the start of the Revolution?	The squirmishes at Lexington and Concord	54
5645466541	salutary neglect	how the colonists were ruled for a long time: inefficient rule over colonies and ignored them. this allowed colonies to become virtually independent from england which leads to resistance of imperial authority	55
5645506816	why did the french and indian war begin	was over a balance of power and over control of the ohio river valley	56
5645566124	after french and indian war, what were the positions of GB and colonies?	colonists: heightened sense of their own importance and a renewed commitment to protecting their self-government british: strengthened beliefe in need to tighten administration of empire and use of colonies as a source of profit	57
5645635676	stamp act congress	inter-colonial congress of delegates from 9 colonies in nyc. petitioned to the king and parliament that americans owed britian their subordination, but denied being rightfully taxed by anyone except their own provincial assemblies	58
5645680062	quartering act (nutiny act)	required colonists to provide british soldiers quarters and supplies in america	59
5645703734	john locke's theory of government	people are inherently corrupt and selfish, government is necessary to protect individuals from the evil in one another	60
5645891004	tavern culture and the role it played during this time	where people gathered to discuss the acts passed by british gov. where people organized how to retaliate	61
5645912621	coercive acts	closed port of boston, reduced drastically colonial sef-government, permitted royal affairs to be tried in other colonies or in england when accused of crime and provided quartering for troops aka intolerable acts	62
5645944665	committees of correspondance	acted as a news agency discussing what colonies were doing against the british helped connect and unite colonies	63
5645975613	lexington and concord	british coming when they heard minutemen were storing gun powder colonists were warned and able to prepare to defend themselves	64

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AP US History Test Flashcards

Review set for Mr.Wagner's AP US Chapter 4

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7856810601	Distribution Act	(1836) Required that the government pay the surplus back to the state banks (quarterly), as a loan, which none could pay back. -States recalled loans from state banks -State banks recalled loans from the people -People couldn't pay back	0
7856810602	Specie Circular	Presidential order, stated that any payment to the gov't for land had to be made in hard currency (in place of paper money) Helped cause the Panic of 1837	1
7856810603	William Henry Harrison	War leader, Tyler's VP, liked in the North and the South. Painted as a common man during the election.	2
7856810604	Spoils System	Recently elected presidents would give government offices to their supporters, such as Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet"	3
7856810605	John Calhoun	(SC) Nationalist and expansionist and believed in the preservation of slavery. Called the "Cast Iron Man"	4
7856810606	Daniel Webster	(MA) Very good orator, lawyer who represented business interests, supported a high tariff, a strong national bank, and a strong federal gov't	5
7856810607	Henry Clay	(KY) "Spokesman of the West", a master of political compromise. Speaker of the House (1811-1825) and was in favor of reforming the transportation system	6
7856810608	Nullification Proclamation	President Andrew Jackson's strong criticism of South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification (1832) as disunionist and potentially treasonous.	7
7856810609	Indian Removal Act	law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River	8
7856810610	Exposition and Protest	1828, John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law (The Tariff of 1828)	9
7856810611	Tariff of Abomination	Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North because it put a high tax on imported goods (mostly luxury goods, which were popular with Southern planters)	10
7856810612	Peggy Eaton affair	Social scandal; John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake before her husband died in 1828; cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton; Jackson sided with Eatons; affair helped dissolve cabinet.	11
7856810613	Charles River Bridge	The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society's interest over private interest. Developed over a toll bridge in Boston.	12
7856810614	Western Expansion	-Bolstered national pride -Dissuaded nonvoters from moving west -Not able to vote, but had to fight	13
7856810615	Tariff of 1832	Jackson tried to satisfy the south by lowering tariffs, Congress passed the reduced tariffs, South Carolina legislature still thought it was to high. It was nullified, but Jackson ignored the measure.	14
7856810616	Cherokee vs. Georgia	1831. Determined that while the Cherokee people were an independent nation, they were still a "denominated domestic dependent nation". Denied an injunction brought forth by the tribe to null and void all laws enforced by Georgia over the tribe.	15
7856810617	Worcester vs. Georgia	Supreme Court favored in the side of the Cherokees, seeing as Georgia had tried to remove the tribe from their land, which Marshall said, was not in their power, seeing as foreign relations were the federal government's responsibility	16
7856810618	Five Civilized Tribes	The 5 Native American Tribes, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, that had adopted Christianity and other white customs.	17
7856810619	Election of 1824	Controversial election -> Jackson won the popular vote, and more electoral votes than anyone else, but not the majority, so the House had to choose. Henry Clay persuaded the house to vote for John Adams, so John Adams won, and made Clay secretary of state. Jackson called this the "corrupt bargain"	18
7856810620	Second Party System	(1830s-1850s) Democrats & Whigs	19
7856810621	Missouri Compromise	Written by Henry Clay in 1820, Missouri becomes a state, but is divided between free/slave territory at the 36o30' parallel. ME is added as a free state, so that the balance of power is still steady	20
7856810622	Monroe Doctrine	President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas (largely by Europeans) and that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility	21
7856810623	Patriarchy	A social organization marked by the supremacy by the father in the clan or family, the legal dependence of wives and children, and the reckoning of descent and inheritance in the male line	22
7856810624	Market Revolution	A result of development in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization	23
7856810625	Putting Out System	"Cottage Industry", merchants supplied workers with raw materials, the workers turned out the finished product, which the merchant then sold	24
7856810626	Family Mills	Small mills run by families	25
7856810627	Eli Whitney	The first American to attempt interchangeable parts, invented the Cotton Gin	26
7856810628	Alabama fever	The mass movement of whites to the Alabama/Mississippi area after the War of 1812	27
7856810629	Cotton Culture	The South's complete devotion of resources and energy into making more cotton	28
7856810630	Yeomen	Independent small-time farmers who usually ran their farms alongside their families in NW Georgia, lived in small communities	29
7856810631	John Flintoff	Moved to Mississippi in 1841, failed as an overseer on his uncle's plantation and moved to North Carolina where he (with help) bought 124 acres of land and became modestly wealthy	30
7856810632	Thomas Chaplin	Descended from an indentured servant, married the daughter of a wealthy merchant, and moved to Tombee Plantation on St. Helena Island. Poorly managed his plantation.	31
7856810633	St. Helena Island	Fertile island with a climate which bred mosquito-borne malaria from mid-May into November (when the residents had to move to Charleston)	32
7856810634	Frederick Stanton	Immigrated from N. Ireland and made a fortune in cotton brokering. Owned 444 slaves and 15,109 acres of land at the time of his death	33
7856810635	Surgets family	Frank and James, owned 93,000 acres in Mississippi, Arkansas, and LA. Owned 1,000 slaves combined	34
7856810636	Plantation Mistress	Had no autonomy, but many chores, including tending to family members, supervising slaves, and daily domestic tasks. COULD NOT threaten the husband's authority.	35
7856810637	Ordinance of Nullification	Announced South Carolina's rejection and refusal to collect the taxes imposed by the Tariff of 1832. Called for the raising of militia and the possibility of seceeding from the Union	36
7856810638	Force Bill	Authorized the federal government to collect the tariffs in South Carolina by any means necesary	37
7856810639	Bank War	Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, (although they believed he wouldn't, due to the fact that it was an election year) and put funds back into the hands of the states	38
7856810640	Democrats	Believed in the rights of the small yeomen farmers, became identified with independence and dislike of infringement on people's rights (gov't or financial i.e. the Bank of the US) Expansionist, pushed for Indian removal, and wanted free rein on the western frontier	39
7856810641	Whigs	Saw a strong federal role in the economy, supported a strong central gov't, the national bank, internal improvements, and a protective tariff. Favored gov't intervention in economics and wanted education and social reforms. Many were rich, had most strength in the NE.	40
7856810642	Rush-Bagot Treaty	(1817) The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.	41
7856810643	Convention of 1818	Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.	42
7856810644	Transcontinental Treaty	(1819) Gained more land from the Spanish in Florida	43

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AP US History:American Pageant Chapter 11 Flashcards

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7960752100	Thomas Jefferson	made the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the newly acquired land, the Barbary Pirate threat was silenced, and the Embargo Act was passed. he always put the country ahead of himself. His patriotism and loyalty to the U.S.	0
7960752101	William Marbury	President Adams named him a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. sued James Madison when he learned his appointment would never take place.	1
7960752102	Napoleon Bonaparte	French Leader from 1799 to 1815. Was ambitious: wanted to dominate Europe and own US. Led France into Napoleonic Wars.	2
7960752103	Zebulon Pike	A pioneer who explored the Louisiana territory between 1805 - 1807. He explored Colorado, New Mexico, & Mississippi. He was a leader of the new land.	3
7960752104	John Marshall	Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. (Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit ( 1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional.	4
7960752105	Samuel Chase	a strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by profession, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials.	5
7960752106	Lewis and Clark	Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration.	6
7960752107	Aaron Burr	a running mate with Thomas Jefferson. They tied for the presidency. Jefferson won the run off. killed Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and acquitted for treason involving a plan to separate the US and combine with Spain	7
7960752108	James Monroe	sent to Paris in 1803 to buy New Orleans and as much land as possible to the east for a maximum of ten million dollars. Spent $15 million for all of Louisiana. Later became John Adams Sec. of state.	8
7960752109	Robert Livingston	bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about Livingston's deal.	9
7960752110	Sacagawea	When Lewis & Clark were staying with the Mandans, an Indian woman was there as well. She belonged to the Shoshone people who lived in the Rockies. She and her French Canadian husband agreed to accompany Lewis and Clark as translators.	10
7960752111	Tecumseh	Shawnee chief who tried to united Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana against encroaching white rule. Failed.	11
7960752112	Patronage	like the "spoils system." When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him/her get elected, it is considered	12
7960752113	War hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.	13
7960752114	Chesapeake incident	An incident that happened on June 22, 1807.a US frigate was boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. The British seized four alleged desertersTh This is the most famous example of impressment, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. Impressment was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812.	14
7960752115	Judicial review	Jefferson tried to give the rights to the states in the Kentucky resolutions, but his cousin, John Marshall of the Supreme Court, proposed which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury v. Madison	15
7960752116	Judiciary Act of 1789	In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.	16
7960752117	Marbury v. Madison	Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.	17
7960752118	Impeachment	to accuse a public official of misconduct in office.	18
7960752119	Judiciary Act of 1801	allowed the president, then President Adams, would stay up until midnight signing in new federal judges across the nation. It allowed the Federalists to still maintain power in the nation after they were a minority party in congress.	19
7960752120	Embargo Act	a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men.	20
7960752121	Impressment	the forcible enlistment of soldiers. This was a rude form of conscription that the British have employed for over four hundred years.	21
7960752122	Orders in Council	a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793.The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. This lead to the War of 1812.	22
7960752123	Louisiana Purchase Treaty	In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.	23
7960752124	Economic coercion	cut off all trade with England and everyone else. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.	24
7960752125	Macon's Bill No. 2	intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France	25
7960752126	"Midnight judges"	a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms	26
7960752127	Non-Intercourse Act	Formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act. Made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America.	27

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AP US History Chapter 2 Key people Flashcards

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7216002365	Philip II	(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.	0
7216002366	Francis Drake	famous English "Sea Dog"; first to circumnavigate the globe;	1
7216002367	Opechancanough	Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.	2
7216002368	Lord Baltimore	Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.	3
7216002369	John Winthrop	1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.	4
7216002370	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south	5
7216002371	Anne Hutchinson	A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.	6
7216002372	Metacom	Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts	7
7216002373	Henry VIII	King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.	8
7216002374	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	9