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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

5466450218	Federalist	political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger national government - Supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
5466450219	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's - led by Thomas Jefferson - favored limited government and state rights - supported primarily by the "Common man"	1
5466450220	Election of 1800	aka Revolution of 1800- election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
5466450221	Hartford Convention, 1814	meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union - generally viewed by some as treasonous and the Federalist Part began to die out	3
5466450222	Era of Good Feelings	the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation - associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
5466450223	Democrats	political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829 - supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common Man"	5
5466450224	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
5466450225	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837), known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
5466450226	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient - worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
5466450227	South Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time	9
5466450228	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law	10
5466450229	Midnight Judges	Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801	11
5466450230	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801- served as a chief justice until 1835 - legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protecting private property	12
5466450231	Cotton Belt	southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown/deep - south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier - had the highest concentration of slaves	13
5466450232	Marbury v. Madison 1803	Supreme Court that declared a section of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review	14
5466450233	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	15
5466450234	McCulloch v. Maryland 1819	Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the BUS - Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy."	16
5466450235	Gibbons v. Ogden 1824	Supreme Court decision stating that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce	17
5466450236	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services - Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	18
5466450237	Embargo Act 1807	in order to pressure Britain and France to aspect neutral trading rights, Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade - went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with Foreign nations	19
5466450238	American System 1815	Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. Economically self-sufficient - called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, the creation of a second Bank of the United States	20
5466450239	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	21
5466450240	Debates over the tariff and internal improvements	Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense while Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense	22
5466450241	Second Bank of the United States 1816	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government - established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years	23
5466450242	Tariff of 1816	first protective tariff in US history - designed primarily to help America's textile industry	24
5466450243	Tariff of Abominations 1828	tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues	25
5466450244	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	26
5466450245	Southern Defense of Slavery	southerners held a widespread belief that blacks were inferior to whites and that the slavery was good for black - also understood that the southern cotton economy was dependent on slave labor	27
5466450246	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	28
5466450247	Second Great Awakening	an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings - led to several reform movements designed to make a life better in this world	29
5466450248	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism" - advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	30
5466450249	Seneca Falls Convention 1848	the first convention in America for women right's held in NY	31
5466450250	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote -organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	32
5466450251	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	33
5466450252	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children	34
5466450253	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth - Significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and Oneida Community in New York	35
5466450254	American Colonization Society 1817	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa	36
5466450255	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	37
5466450256	Sojourner Truth	Former Slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	38
5466450257	Neoclassicism	Revival in architecture and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s that was inspired by Greek and Roman Models	39
5466450258	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US - Attracting artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism - painted primarily landscapes	40
5466450259	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature - believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge	41
5466450260	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in American Transcendentalist	42
5466450261	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist - With Ralph Waldo Emerson, he became America's best known transcendentalist	43
5466450262	John James Audubon	Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds	44
5466450263	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	45
5466450264	Samuel Slater	known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution," - brought British textile technology to the United States	46
5466450265	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming - the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	47
5466450266	Lowell system	method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA, - owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell - first example of a planned automated factory	48
5466450267	Interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another - developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets	49
5466450268	Erie Canal 1817-1825	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany, the canal revolutionized shipping in NY	50
5466450269	Turnpikes	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	51
5466450270	National Road 1811	aka Cumberland Road- First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government - stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	52
5466450271	Mason-Dixon Line	boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	53
5466450272	Cult of Domesticity	the belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in Domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house)	54
5466450273	Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States 1833	President Jackson, who thought the Bank of the U.S. represented special interests at the expense of the common man, ordered federal deposits placed in state banks ("pet" banks) to deplete the funds of the national bank	55
5466450274	Louisiana Purchase 1803	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	56
5466450275	Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	57
5466450276	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	58
5466450277	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas. - ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	59
5466450278	Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	60
5466450279	Monroe Doctrine 1823	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere	61
5466450280	Oregon Treaty 1846	after years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude	62
5466450281	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent	63
5466450282	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who established an Indian confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion - Defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison	64
5466450283	Indian Removal Act, 1830	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for resettlement	65
5466450284	Worcester v. Georgia 1832	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians	66
5466450285	Trail of Tears 1838	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter	67
5466450286	Seminole Wars 1814-1819, 1835-1842	The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops	68
5466450287	Missouri Compromise 1820	Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state	69
5466450288	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	70

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AP US History Unit 11 Progressivism Flashcards

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6157117840	progressivism	a fight against corruption, corporate influence, and poverty	0
6157117841	Ida Tarbell	wrote hit-pieces against Standard Oil in McClure	1
6157117842	Lincoln Steffens	wrote against political machines	2
6157119863	muckracker	a reform-minded journalist who attacks the establishment	3
6157119864	Ashcan School	the American school of artistry, which focused on city streets and slums	4
6157140345	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	an anticapitalist union, it failed at organizing workers and could only get spontaneous strikes	5
6162662326	isolationism	the belief that America should keep its foreign policy to itself	6
6162662327	Josiah Strong	argued that it was the Anglo-Saxon race's god-given duty to conquer the world	7
6162663993	Alfred Mahan	developed the hypothesis that a nation with a powerful navy and the overseas bases necessary to maintain it would be invulnerable in war and good in peace	8
6162663994	Henry Lodge	supported Mahan's ideas and pushed them through Congress	9
6162663995	McKinley Tariff Act	removed the duty on sugar outright	10
6162666092	Queen Liliuokalani	Hawaiian nationalist	11
6162666093	Panama Canal	American infrastructure that would help improve trade in Central America	12
6162668350	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	treaty between the United States and Great Britain that prevented a power from holding exclusive control over a canal in the Americas	13
6162668351	Valeriano Weyler	governor of Cuba that was supposed to fight the nationalist movement	14
6162669669	reconcentration camps	policy of Governor Weyler to deprive rebels of food; a place where the Cuban rural population was herded into	15
6162671775	Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst	famous newspaper editors that advocated for intervention in Cuba	16
6177173714	Teller Amendment	stated that the United States had no intention of taking Cuban territory through its forces	17
6177173715	Spanish-American War	fought to free Cuba	18
6177173716	Emilio Aguinaldo	Filipino nationalist leader	19
6177175099	roughriders	regiments like these had difficulty getting supplies to invade Cuba due to poor management	20
6177175100	William Taft	was sent in 1900 to establish a government in the Philippines; first civilian governor of the Philippines; 27th U.S. President	21
6177177005	Platt Amendment	authorized American intervention in Cuba "whenever necessary," prevented Cuba from making a treaty with a foreign power that compromised its independence, and forced it to grant naval bases to the United States	22
6177177006	Roosevelt Corollary	55% of the Dominican Republic's customs income should go to paying back defaulted bonds	23
6177234456	Treaty of Paris	treaty where Spain gave independence to the Philippines	24
6187789531	John Hay	McKinley's secretary of state who developed the Open Door policy	25
6187789532	Open Door policy	the powers agree to respect the trading rights of all countries and to impose no discriminatory duties within their spheres of influence	26
6187789533	Boxer Rebellion	nationalists swarmed into Peking and drove foreigners behind the walls of their legations	27
6187792089	Russo-Japanese War	a conflict over Manchuria where the U.S. was able to practice its Open Door policy	28
6187792090	Gentleman's Agreement	San Francisco's Asian discrimination policy was repealed in favor of less immigration from Japan	29
6187795639	Hay-Pauncefote Treaty	repealed the Clayton-Bulwer Act and gave the United States the right to build a canal	30
6187797385	Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty	allowed the United States to build the Panama Canal under the same conditions offered to Colombia	31
6187799126	dollar diplomacy	outlying areas were influenced without actually being controlled; foreign investment	32
6196640196	Robin LaFollette	a Republican governor of Wisconsin who took on corporate interests, obtained a direct primary system for nominating candidates, and signed a corrupt practices act; also created a special library of information for lawmakers to research policy	33
6196642208	Women's suffrage	women's right to vote	34
6196642209	National American Woman Suffrage Association	a combination of the American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Woman Suffrage Association	35
6208504522	Newlands Act	funneled the proceeds from land sales in the West into federal irrigation projects	36
6208504523	Northern Security Co. v. United States	U.S. victory over the Northern Securities Company, a monopoly over three railroads	37
6208506672	Square Deal	the demands of each side were met halfway in the United Mine Workers strike	38
6208506673	Hepburn Act	gave the ICC the right to set rates on railroads, inspect books, and to control sleeping car companies	39
6208506674	Upton Sinclair	published The Jungle, which reported on the filthy conditions inside Chicago slaughterhouses	40
6208509022	Pure Food and Drug Act	forbid the manufacture and sale of adulterated and fraudulently labeled products	41
6208509023	conservation	protection of natural resources	42
6212362369	Ballinger-Pinchot controversy	secretary of the interior Ballinger wanted to give coal-rich Alaska land to mining interests, this alerted conservationist Pinchot	43
6212370521	New Nationalism	a comprehensive program of social legislation	44
6212373684	Bull Moose (Progressive) Party	a third party created by Roosevelt against Taft in the election of 1912	45
6212376379	Woodrow Wilson	Democratic presidential candidate in 1912; U.S. President; moderate	46
6212381653	New Freedom	believed that the federal government could best advance the cause of social justice and that competition can take care of monopolies (Roosevelt wanted government control)	47
6230001688	Underwood Tariff	first significant reduction of duties since before the Civil War	48
6230001689	Federal Reserve Act	created a central banking system, all national banks in each district and any state banks that wished to participate had to invest 6% of their capital and surplus into the reserve bank, which could rediscount the money	49
6230002324	Federal Trade Comission	could investigate corporations and publish reports and could issue cease-and-desist orders	50
6230002325	Clayton Antitrust Act	banned price discrimination, typing agreements, and the creation of interlocking directories	51
6230003030	Niagara movement	demanded the unrestricted right to vote, an end to segregation, equality of economic opportunity, higher education for the talented, equal justice in the courts, and an end to trade-union discimination	52
6230003871	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	formed in 1909 to eradicate racial discrimination	53
6248354639	Allied Powers	Great Britain, France, and Russia	54
6248354640	Central Powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey	55
6259668349	Lusitania	ship that the Germans sank that had Americans on board	56
6259674516	Sussex pledge	1916 German pledge to not sink merchant ships without warning	57
6259616814	"He Kept Us Out of War"	Wilson's 1916 campaign slogan	58
6259637979	"peace without victory"	in Wilson's speech to the citizens of the warring sides, he declared that all nations are equal and all nations have the right to their own self-government	59
6259620914	Zimmerman telegram	a German offer to Mexico for a secret alliance where Mexico would win back territory lost to the U.S. by declaring war on it	60
6259620915	War Industries Board	given dictatorial power to allocate scarce materials, standardize production, fix prices, and coordinate American and Allied purchasing. Antitrust laws were suspended	61
6259682322	McAdoo's Railroad Administration	pooled all railroad equipment, centralized purchasing, standardized accounting practices, and raised wages and passenger rates	62
6259682323	Espionage Act	imposed fines and jail sentences on people convicted of aiding the enemy or obstructing recruiting, and allowed the postmaster to ban mail	63
6259687535	Sedition Act	made it illegal to say anything that would discourage the purchase of war bonds; banned criticism of the government	64
6283675593	General John Pershing	commanded the American Expeditionary Force ("doughboys")	65
6283675594	Fourteen Points	saying that a peace treaty should make the world a safe place to live in. It should be negotiated in full view of the world, not privately. It supported nationalism (the good kind) and democracy	66
6309610605	Treaty of Versailles	the peace treaty for World War I. It failed at self-determination and senselessly beat up Germany	67
6309610606	League of Nations	a worldwide assembly of nations	68
6309612972	red scare	American fear that unions have communist leanings and that a Bolshevik revolution will happen in the United States	69

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 17 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 17 The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900

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6000406331	The Great American Desert	Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. (p. 339)	0
6000406332	100th meridian	The plains west of this meridian had few trees and usually received less than 15 inches of rain per year. This meridian crosses near the middle of Nebraska. (p. 339)	1
6000406333	buffalo herds	These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. (p. 339)	2
6000406334	Great Plains	The region west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. (p. 339)	3
6000406335	mineral resources	From 1848 to the 1890s, gold and silver strikes occurred in what became the states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota. (p. 340)	4
6000406336	mining frontier, boomtowns	In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. (p. 340)	5
6000406337	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341)	6
6000406338	commercial cities	A few towns that served the mines, such as San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver, grew into prosperous cities. (p. 341)	7
6000406339	longhorns, vaqueros	The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. (p. 341)	8
6000406340	cattle drives	Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. (p. 342)	9
6000406341	barbed wire	These fences became common, they cut off the cattle's access to the open range. (p. 342)	10
6000406342	Joseph Glidden	He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. (p. 342)	11
6000406343	Homestead Act	In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342)	12
6000406344	dry farming	This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342)	13
6000406345	Great Plains tribes	These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. (p. 343)	14
6000406346	Southwest tribes	These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. (p. 343)	15
6000406347	federal treaty policies	The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)	16
6000406348	causes of Indian wars	In the late 19th century, the settlement of the thousands of miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian lands led to violence. (p. 344)	17
6000406349	Little Big Horn	In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345)	18
6000406350	assimilationists	The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. (p. 345)	19
6000406351	Helen Hunt Jackson	The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. (p. 345)	20
6000406352	Dawes Act of 1887	This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345)	21
6000406353	Ghost Dance movement	This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. (p. 345)	22
6000406354	Indian Reorganization Act of 1934	In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. (p. 346)	23
6000406355	Mexican War aftermath	After the Mexican War ended in 1848, the Spanish-speaking landowners in California and the Southwest were guaranteed their property rights and granted citizenship. However, drawn-out legal proceeding after resulted in the sale or la of lands to new Anglo arrivals. (p. 346)	24
6000406356	Spanish-speaking areas	In 1848, the New Mexico territories, border towns, and the barrios of California were dominant spanish-speaking regions. (p. 346)	25
6000406357	Migration for jobs	Mexican Americans moved to find work, such as the sugar beet fields and mines of Colorado, and the building of western railroads. (p. 346)	26
6000406358	deforestation	The conservation movement was sparked by removal of large number of trees. (p. 346)	27
6000406359	Yellowstone, Yosemite	In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. (p. 346)	28
6000406360	Department of the Interior	Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. (p. 347)	29
6000406361	conservationists and preservationists	Conservationist believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, preservationists went a step further, and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. (p. 347)	30
6000406362	Forest Reserve Act of 1891	This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	31
6000406363	Forest Management Act of 1897	This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)	32
6000406364	John Muir, Sierra Club	In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. (p. 347)	33
6000406365	New South	After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. (p. 347)	34
6000406366	Henry Grady	Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. (p. 347)	35
6000406367	Birmingham steel	This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. (p. 347)	36
6000406368	Memphis lumber	This Southern city prospered as the center of the South's growing lumber industry. (p. 347)	37
6000406369	Richmond tobacco	This Southern city became the capital of the nation's tobacco industry. (p. 347)	38
6000406370	integrated rail network	After the Civil War, the Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to standard-guage rails, which integrated them into the national rail system. (p. 347)	39
6000406371	agriculture's dominance	Despite progress and growth after the Civil War, the South remained a mostly agricultural based economy. (p. 347)	40
6000406372	sharecropping; tenant farmers	After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. (p. 348)	41
6000406373	George Washington Carver	An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. (p. 348)	42
6000406374	Tuskegee Institute	An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. (p. 348)	43
6000406375	white supremacists	This group favored separating (segregating) public facilities, as a means of treating African American as social inferiors. (p. 349)	44
6000406376	Civil Rights Cases of 1883	In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. (p. 349)	45
6000406377	Plessy v. Ferguson	An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349)	46
6000406378	Jim Crow laws	In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349)	47
6000406379	literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses	After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.	48
6000406380	white primaries, white juries	After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. (p. 349)	49
6000406381	lynch mobs	In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were lynched (hung by a mob without trial) by Southerns.	50
6000406382	economic discrimination	After Reconstruction, economic discrimination was widespread in the South. Most African Americans were kept out of skilled trades and factory jobs. African Americans remained in farming and low-paying domestic work. (p. 349)	51
6000406383	African American migration	In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. (p. 350)	52
6000406384	Ida B. Wells	She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. (p. 349)	53
6000406385	Booker T. Washington	Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. (p. 350)	54
6000406386	economic cooperation	Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony and economic cooperation. (p. 350)	55
6000406387	markets and farmers	In the late 1800s, farming became increasingly commercialized and specialized. They became dependent on large and expensive machinery and small, marginal farms were often driven out of business. (p. 350)	56
6000406388	crop price deflation	After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. (p. 351)	57
6000406389	railroads and middlemen	Railroads and middlemen were able to charge high or discriminatory rates in the food supply chain because they had little competition. (p. 351)	58
6000406390	National Grange Movement	In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. (p. 351)	59
6000406391	cooperatives	Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. (p. 351)	60
6000406392	Granger laws	In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. (p. 351)	61
6000406393	Munn v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. (p. 352)	62
6000406394	Wabash v. Illinois	Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. (p. 352)	63
6000406395	Interstate Commerce Commission	The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. (p. 352)	64
6000406396	Ocala Platform of 1890	In 1890, a national organization of farmers, called the National Alliance, met in Florida to address the problems of rural America. It fell short of becoming a political party, but many of the reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement. (p. 352)	65
6000406397	census of 1890	The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)	66
6000406398	Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"	He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. (p. 343)	67
6000406399	role of cities, "Nature's Metropolis"	Book written by William Cronon, it argued that the frontier and cities grew up together, they were dependent on each other. (p. 353)	68

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AP us history #3 Flashcards

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4850692394	Plymouth colony	Massachusetts, Pilgrims, william bradford-"seperatists" disagreed with church, pilgrims relocate to holland in 1609	0
4850692395	King Charles 1	Granted pilgrims charter to relocate and establish American colony	1
4850692396	The mayflower compact	Majority rule, voting, property rights. First plan of self government in colonial America. Landed in Plymouth 1620-struggled but survived	2
4850692397	Puritans	(Presbyterians), John Winthrop, received a charter from Charles 1 to form colony, Massachusetts bay 1630	3
4850692398	Jonathan Winthrop quote	City on a hill, a light of progress for the rest of the world	4
4850692399	Rhode island	1640, Anne Hutchison, Rodger Williams	5
4850692400	Anne Hutchison	Expelled by Winthrop from Mass, claimed women had rights to communicate with God	6
4850692401	Connecticut	Thomas hooker, fundamental orders of Connecticut	7
4850692402	New hampshire	1679, John mason, broke from the puritans of mass bay	8
4850692403	Maryland	1642, a haven for dissident Catholics, sir George Calvert- lord Baltimore received a charter from Charles 1	9
4850692404	An act concerning religious toleration	Allowed other religions that accepted the trinity to practice their religion	10
4850692405	English civil war	1642-1649, Charles 1 tried to abolish parliament-tax, puritans-Oliver chromwell (Roundheads) rebelled against Charles 1 and "cavaliers" chromwell and Puritan won-1649 executed Charles 1 beheaded him	11
4850692406	Chromwell	Lord protector of the realm, ruled 1649-1661	12
4850692407	The Stuart restoration	Charles 2 came to power, restored monarchy to family, paid people by giving them colonies	13
4850692408	New jersey	Fortune seeking nobles, George cateret	14
4850692409	New York	"New Amsterdam" Peter Stuyvesant, taken from the Dutch in 1664	15
4850692410	Carolina	A colony for fortune seeking nobles	16
4850692411	Earl of Shaftesbury	Anthony Ashleigh Cooper, transplanted English aristocratic model to Carolina as a plan for settlement	17
4850692412	Pennsylvania	Quakers, William Penn founded Philadelphia(city of brotherly love)	18
4850692413	George Fox	"Doctoring of the inner light" Quaker- believed in gender equality, opposed slavery, pacifists, equalitarian	19
4850692414	Delaware	"New Sweden" southern 3 counties of Pennsylvania that split off by mutual consent in 1703	20
4850692415	Georgia	1732 founded by James Oglethorpe. 1. Buffer zone between English Carolina and Spanish Florida 2. Haven for English convicts	21

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 18 The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900

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5884814121	old immigrants	Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)	0
5884814122	new immigrants	From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)	1
5884814123	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. (p. 362)	2
5884814124	Immigration Act of 1882	In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)	3
5884814125	Contract Labor Act of 1885	Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)	4
5884814126	Ellis Island	An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)	5
5884814127	melting pot vs. cultural diversity	The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)	6
5884814128	political machines, boss	Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)	7
5884814129	Tammany Hall	A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)	8
5884814130	Jane Addams	In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)	9
5884814131	settlement houses	They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)	10
5884814132	Dwight Moody	He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)	11
5884814133	Salvation Army	Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)	12
5884814134	Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA	In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)	13
5884814135	Francis Willard, WCTU	Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)	14
5884814136	Antisaloon League	In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)	15
5884814137	Clarence Darrow	A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)	16
5884814138	W.E.B. Du Bois	A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)	17
5884814139	Mark Twain	The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)	18
5884814140	Frank Lloyd Wright	The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings. (p. 370)	19
5884814141	jazz, blues, ragtime	A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)	20
5884814142	Joseph Pulitzer	He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)	21

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AP us history #4 Flashcards

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4861669621	Indentured servents	Based on a contract, transport paid for, servent had to work specified period of time.	0
4861669622	Headright system	Offering free land to those who could afford passage to America-100 acres	1
4861669623	Southern colonies	Georgia to Virginia, slave labor preferred over indentured servants, Anglican Church	2
4861669624	Large cities in south	Charleston, S.C Savannah, Georgia	3
4861669625	Main crop in south	Tobacco, founded by John Rolfe-Virginia-brought prosperity. Rice and indigo as well	4
4861669626	Middle colonies	Virginia-New York, slavery exists but not as many large plantations. More large cities, influx of non English Europeans, diverse religions	5
4861669627	Large cities in middle	Philadelphia, New York, Annapolis, Baltimore, Trenton	6
4861669628	New England	Mass, Conn, RI, NH, Puritan religion was top, agriculture is #1 but small farms, cooler climate-rocky soil. Stronger commercial class and trading-Boston, Hartford, stronger education (Harvard), town meetings had women's input	7
4861669629	Triangular trade	Boston, Europe, Caribbean	8
4861669630	Generation gap	When children aren't identical to parents' beliefs	9
4861669631	Halfway covenant	Children of puritans would be saved but not in good standing	10

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Mr. Lev's AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

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6668021453	abstract	Refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images	0
6668021454	allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art; can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	1
6668021455	analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar; can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	2
6668021456	anecdote	is a brief, engaging account of some happening, often historical, biographical, or personal. As a technique in writing, it is especially, effective in creating interesting essay introductions, and also an illuminating abstract concepts in the body of the essay.	3
6668021457	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for it in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	4
6668021458	antithesis	is the balancing of one idea or term against another for emphasis	5
6668021459	assumption	in argumentation is anything taken for granted or presumed to be accepted by the audience and therefore understated. This can be dangerous because the audience might not accept the idea implicit in them (circular reasoning, begging the question)	6
6668021460	colloquial language	Slang or common language that is informal	7
6668021461	connotation	An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning, "shades of meaning"	8
6668021462	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	9
6668021463	denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	10
6668021464	diction	the manner of expression in words, choice of words, or wording. Writers must choose vocabulary carefully and precisely to communicate a message and also to address an intended audience effectively.	11
6668021465	editorializing	To include personal opinions in a supposedly objective stories	12
6668021466	episodic	relates to the variety of narrative writing that develops through a series of incidents or events.	13
6668021467	fallacy	an error in logic or in the reasoning process; occur because of vague development of ideas, lack of awareness of the speaker, or faulty assumptions about the proposition	14
6668021468	generalization	is a broad idea or statement, requiring particulars and illustrations to support them.	15
6668021469	genre	a type or form of literature - for example, short fiction, novel, poetry, essay, letter, editorial, speech, etc.	16
6668021470	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	17
6668021471	hypothesis	A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.	18
6668021472	hypothetic	based on an assumption or guess; used as a provisional or tentative idea to guide or direct investigation	19
6668021473	imagery	is clear, vivid description that appeals to the sense of sight, smell, touch, sound, or taste.	20
6668021474	inference	A conclusion reached on the basis of (text) evidence and reasoning	21
6668021475	interrogative sentences	A sentence that asks a question	22
6668021476	irony	the use of language to suggest the opposite of what is stated. Writers use it to reveal unpleasant or troublesome realities that exist in life or to poke fun at human weaknesses and foolish attitude.	23
6668021477	jargon	special words associated with a specific area or knowledge or a particular profession. Writers who employ it either assume that readers know the specialized terms or take care to define terms for the benefit of the audience.	24
6668021478	juxtaposition	the placement of two things being close together (side by side) with contrasting effect	25
6668021479	logos	An appeal to reason. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument using facts and examples, and a generally rational tone to their language. The problem with itis that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	26
6668021480	ethos	an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	27
6668021481	pathos	An appeal to emotion. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument.	28
6668021482	loaded words	Words that are emotionally charged--either positively or negatively.	29
6668021483	metaphor	A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	30
6668021484	mood	the creation of atmosphere in writing	31
6668021485	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	32
6668021486	subjective/objective	writing refers to the attitude that writers take toward their subject. When writers are objective, they try not to report their personal feelings about the subject; they attempt to be detached, impersonal and unbiased. Conversely, subjective writing reveals an author's personal attitudes and emotions.	33
6668021487	paradox	A statement that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	34
6668021488	parallelism	the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter.	35
6668021489	subject	is what the writer wants to explore in a work.	36
6668021490	refutation	in argumentation is a method by which writers recognize and deal effectively with the arguments of their opponents. Their own argument will be stronger if they refute - prove false or weak - all opposing arguments.	37
6668021491	rhetoric	is the art of using words effectively in speaking or writing.	38
6668021492	rhetorical question	is a question asked only to emphasize a point, introduce a topic, or provoke thought, but not to elicit an answer.	39
6668021493	satire	A humorous literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	40
6668021494	style	is the specific or characteristic manner of expression, execution, construction, or design of a writer. As a manner or mode of expression of language, it is the unique way each writer handles ideas.	41
6668021495	symbol	is something - normally a concrete image - that exists in itself but also stands for something else or has a greater meaning.	42
6668021496	tone	is the writer's attitude toward his or her subject or material; may be objective, subjective, comic, ironic, nostalgic, critical, reflective, etc.	43
6668021497	transition	is the linking of ideas in sentences, paragraphs, and larger segments of an essay in order to achieve coherence.	44
6668021498	understatement	a method of making a weaker statement than is warranted by truth, accuracy, or importance.	45
6668021499	voice	is the way you express your ideas to the reader, the tone you take in addressing your audience. Voice reflects your personality and attitude both towards the subject and your audience.	46
6668021500	syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	47
6668021501	warrant	to give adequate reasons/justification for a claim	48
6668021502	qualify	to limit, modify, or restrict a claim in order to clarify its' validity	49

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AP US History Review Flashcards

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6746349406	Storm waters flooded the city after the levees broke.	How did Hurricane Katrina affect New Orleans?	0
6746349407	Entrepreneur who designed personal computers and their operating software.	What impact did Bill Gates have on business and technology?	1
6746349408	People grew their own fruits & vegetables at home to conserve food production during war.	What were Victory Gardens?	2
6746349409	19th Amendment	Women, such as the Union for Women's Suffrage, fought for the ratification of what amendment?	3
6746349410	Desegregation (or integration) of public schools.	What was the result of Brown v. Board of Education?	4
6746349411	1920s	What decade was characterized by installment plans, Prohibition, and flappers?	5
6746349412	Broke the stalemate created by trench warfare.	How did tanks affect the course of World War 1?	6
6746349413	First female Supreme Court Justice.	Why was the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court important?	7
6746349414	1941	What year did the Japanese bomb Pearl Habor, causing the U.S. to enter World War 2?	8
6746349415	1929	What year did the stock market crash, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression?	9
6746349416	1898	What year did the U.S. fight the Spanish-American War, allowing it to move into the position of a world power?	10
6746349417	Cold War	Which era was defined by conflicts in Korea and Vietnam, as well as dealt with the U.S. attempting to contain communism due to tense relations with the Soviet Union?	11
6746349418	Roaring 1920s	Which era was characterized by consumerism, jazz, speakeasies, and a fear of communists AND immigrants	12
6746349419	Gilded Age	Which era was characterized by industrialization, urbanization, increases in wealth for businesses, and the formation of labor unions?	13
6746349420	Progressive Era	Which era was defined by reforms as people tried to return political power to the people, restore opportunities, and combat the injustices of the Gilded Age?	14
6746349421	Declaration of Independence	Which document begins with the words "We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal"?	15
6746349422	Poor farming techniques and drought	What human and physical factors caused the Dust Bowl in the 1930s?	16
6746349423	15th Amendment	What post-Civil War amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote?	17
6746349424	14th Amendment	What post-Civil War amendment defined citizenship and was later violated by the internment of the Japanese?	18
6746349425	18th Amendment	What amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol?	19
6746349426	Expanded voting rights	What is the connection between the 19th, 24th, and 26th amendments?	20
6746349427	17th Amendment	Which Progressive Era amendment allowed for the direct election of senators, leading to an increase in direct democracy?	21
6746349428	New technology, westward expansion, new labor & business practices.	Which factors allow for the rapid industrialization of the U.S. after the Civil War?	22
6746349429	Poor working conditions, long hours, low wages	Why did labor unions form in the late 1800s?	23
6746349430	Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act	What laws did Upton Sinclair's muckraking novel, The Jungle, help to pass?	24
6746349431	Strong navy	According to imperialist Alfred Thayer Mahan, what did the U.S. need to build in order to become a world power?	25
6746349432	Eliminated competition	Why were monopolies and trusts declared illegal under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?	26
6746349433	Factory jobs in North	Why did African Americans migrate north during and after World War 1 in the Great Migration?	27
6746349434	Maintain defense production levels.	Why did women go to work in factories in World War 2?	28
6746349435	Civil disobedience	What method did Rosa Parks and the Greensboro 4 use when they refused to leave their seats on the bus or lunch counters?	29
6746349436	Mistrust in government	What effect did the Teapot Dome, Watergate, and Clinton scandals have on citizens of the U.S.?	30
6746349437	Peace treaty between Israel and Egypt	What were the Camp David Accords?	31
6746349438	Faster shipping routes between Atlantic & Pacific oceans	Why did imperialists believe it was important for the U.S. to build a canal through Panama?	32
6746349439	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	Why did the U.S. enter World War 1?	33
6746349440	FDR's Relief, Recovery, Reform programs to end Great Depression	What was the New Deal?	34
6746349441	Overseas territories	What did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War that allowed the U.S. to move into a position of world power?	35
6746349442	Sent them to internment camps.	Why did Executive Order 9066 violate the rights of Japanese-Americans during World War 2?	36
6746349443	Space Race & creation of NASA	What was a direct result of the Soviets launch of Sputnik in 1957?	37
6746349444	Poverty, War, Economy Opportunity, Freedom	What are push and pull factors for immigration in the late 1800s?	38
6746349445	Increased political participation of minorities	What was the impact of the 24th Amendment and the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?	39
6746349446	Intervention in countries is necessary to prevent others from falling to communism.	What was the belief of Domino Theory, which was the basis for involvement in Korea & Vietnam Wars?	40
6746357102	Greed for gold, treasures, and natural resources	What was a motive for the European exploration and colonization of the New World?	41
6746364391	Portugal	Which was the first European nation of sponsor a transatlantic voyage of exploration?	42
6746369511	Sophisticated weapons	Why were the Europeans able to swiftly conquer the Native American tribes?	43
6746373502	Fur trade	What was the primary French activity in North America during the 16th century?	44
6746380282	Intertribal peacekeeping organization	What was the Iroquois Confederacy?	45
6746385530	Virginia	What was the first North American colony claimed by Great Britain?	46
6746389172	hostility	Relations between the Indians and the early Spanish were characterized by	47
6746393652	Theocracy in New England ended	What was an important effect of the Salem Witch Trials of 1690s?	48
6746400121	Unofficial church leader who spoke out against establishment & advocated for education of women	Anne Hutchinson is a significant figure in early colonial history because	49
6746406438	Turned plantation elite away from indentured servants	What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion	50
6746416235	a refuge for Catholics	The colony of Maryland was originally founded as	51
6746424367	Ignored them & continued smuggling	How did the colonists react to the Navigation Acts of the mid-1600s?	52
6746432303	Worldviews were irreconcilable.	Why did the Indian tribes & European settlers never assimilate into one society?	53
6746439788	Transport of African slaves to North America to be sold	What is the middle passage?	54
6746446653	Restrict trade between British colonies & other nations.	What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts of the mid-17th century?	55
6746450984	Revival of Protestant religious fever	What was the Great Awakening of the mid-18th century?	56
6746466296	territorial expansion	The French and Indian War came about because of a dispute over	57
6746469312	Loose association for mutual security of colonies	What was the Albany Plan of Union?	58
6746475878	Fought for their benefit.	Why did Britain decide that the colonies must assume a share of the British War debt?	59
6746491059	Proclamation Line of 1763	Which law did colonists oppose after the French and Indian War that restricted their westward migration?	60
6746497720	Installation of troops in peacetime.	What was the Boston Massacre a direct result of?	61
6746509631	Intolerable Acts	When British colonists dumped chests of East India tea onto Boston Harbor, what did Parliament pass in response?	62
6746518245	Social Contract	The belief that government is derived by the consent of the governed is what theory?	63
6746524709	Quartering Act	Which 1774 Act started that colonists must allow redcoats to lodge in their houses, when requested to by the army?	64
6746543210	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Which policy, under the Articles of Confederation, settled, organized, and decided the future statehood of the Northwest Territory?	65
6746696805	Articles of Confederation	What was the early form of U.S. government that required unanimous consent to pass laws, lacked an executive branch, and failed to give the federal government the power to tax?	66

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Period 4: 1800-1848 AP US History Flashcards

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8473019425	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
8473019426	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
8473019427	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
8473019428	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
8473019429	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
8473019430	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
8473019431	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
8473019432	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
8473019433	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
8473019434	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
8473019435	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
8473019436	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
8473019437	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
8473019438	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress, established during Marbury v. Madison	13
8473019439	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
8473019440	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
8473019441	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
8473019442	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
8473019443	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
8473019444	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
8473019445	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
8473019446	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
8473019447	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
8473019448	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	23
8473019449	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	24
8473019450	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	25
8473019451	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	26
8473019452	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper	27
8473019453	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	28
8473019454	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	29
8473019455	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	30
8473019456	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	31
8473019457	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	32
8473019458	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	33
8473019459	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	34
8473019460	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	35
8473019461	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	36
8473019462	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	37
8473019463	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	38
8473019464	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	39
8473019465	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	40
8473019466	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	41
8473019467	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S. Also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty.	42
8473019468	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	43
8473019469	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	44
8473019470	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	45
8473019471	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	46
8473019472	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	47
8473019473	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	48
8473019474	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	49
8473019475	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	50
8473019476	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	51
8473019477	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	52
8473019478	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	53
8473019479	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	54

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

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8821795217	nation's first big business	Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)	0
8821795218	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)	1
8821795219	Eastern Trunk Lines	In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)	2
8821795220	transcontinental railroads	During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)	3
8821795221	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)	4
8821795222	American Railroad Association	In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)	5
8821795223	railroads and time zones	The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)	6
8821795224	speculation and overbuilding	In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)	7
8821795225	Jay Gould, watering stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)	8
8821795226	rebates and pools	In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)	9
8821795227	bankruptcy of railroads	A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)	10
8821795228	Panic of 1893	In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)	11
8821795229	causes of industrial growth	After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	12
8821795230	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)	13
8821795231	vertical integration	A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)	14
8821795232	U.S. Steel	In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)	15
8821795233	John D. Rockefeller	He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)	16
8821795234	horizontal integration	Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)	17
8821795235	Standard Oil Trust	In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)	18
8821795236	interlocking directorates	The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)	19
8821795237	J. P. Morgan	A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)	20
8821795238	leading industrial power	By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)	21
8821795239	Second Industrial Revolution	The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	22
8821795240	Bessemer process	In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)	23
8821795241	transatlantic cable	In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)	24
8821795242	Alexander Graham Bell	In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)	25
8821795243	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)	26
8821795244	Menlo Park Research Lab	The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)	27
8821795245	electric power, lighting	In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)	28
8821795246	George Westinghouse	He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326)	29
8821795247	Eastman's Kodak camera	In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)	30
8821795248	large department stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)	31
8821795249	R.H. Macy	He created a New York department store. (p. 326)	32
8821795250	mail-order companies	Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)	33
8821795251	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)	34
8821795252	packaged foods	Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)	35
8821795253	refrigeration; canning	These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)	36
8821795254	Gustavus Swift	He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326)	37
8821795255	advertising	This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)	38
8821795256	consumer economy	Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)	39
8821795257	federal land grants and loans	The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)	40
8821795258	fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier	Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)	41
8821795259	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)	42
8821795260	anti-trust movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)	43
8821795261	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)	44
8821795262	federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight	In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)	45
8821795263	causes of labor discontent	Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)	46
8821795264	iron law of wages	David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)	47
8821795265	anti-union tactics	Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)	48
8821795266	railroad strike of 1877	In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)	49
8821795267	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)	50
8821795268	Haymarket bombing	On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)	51
8821795269	American Federation of Labor	The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)	52
8821795270	Samuel Gompers	He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)	53
8821795271	Pullman Stike	In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)	54
8821795272	Eugene Debs	The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)	55
8821795273	railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans	In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)	56
8821795274	old rich vs. new rich	The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)	57
8821795275	white-collar workers	The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)	58
8821795276	expanding middle class	Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)	59
8821795277	factory wage earners	By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)	60
8821795278	women and children factory workers	By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)	61
8821795279	women clerical workers	As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)	62
8821795280	Protestant work ethic	The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)	63
8821795281	Adam Smith	In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)	64
8821795282	laissez-faire Capitalism	In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)	65
8821795283	concentration of wealth	By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)	66
8821795284	Social Darwinism	The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)	67
8821795285	William Graham Sumner	An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324)	68
8821795286	survival of the fittest	The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)	69
8821795287	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)	70
8821795288	Horatio Alger Stories self-made man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)	71