| 7291777326 | corn | The Mayas and the Incas cultivated corn as an important stable food supply. (p. 2) |  | 0 |
| 7291777327 | horses | It was not until the 17th century that the American Indians acquired these animals from the Spanish. (p. 4) |  | 1 |
| 7291777328 | disease | When Europeans came to America they brought smallpox and measles to which the natives had no resistance. Millions of American Indians died from these diseases. (p. 8) |  | 2 |
| 7291777329 | encomienda system | King of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. (p. 8) |  | 3 |
| 7291777330 | asiento system | This system required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain, for slaves that were imported to the Americas. (p. 8) |  | 4 |
| 7291777331 | slavery | As far back as the 1500s the Spanish brought captured Africans to America to provide free labor. (p. 11) |  | 5 |
| 7291777332 | land bridge | Some time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago, people migrated from Asia to the Americas, across this area that connected Siberia and Alaska. (p. 2) |  | 6 |
| 7291777333 | Adena-Hopewell | This American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet. (p. 4) |  | 7 |
| 7291777334 | Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos | These American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4) |  | 8 |
| 7291777335 | Woodland mound builders | American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi that prospered because of a rich food supply. (p. 4) |  | 9 |
| 7291777336 | Lakota Sioux | American Indian tribe that started using horses in the 17th century. This allowed them to change from farming to nomadic buffalo hunting. (p. 4) |  | 10 |
| 7291777337 | Mayas | From A.D. 300 to 800, this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. (p. 2) |  | 11 |
| 7291777338 | Incas | This highly developed civilization developed a vast South American empire based in Peru. (p. 2) |  | 12 |
| 7291777339 | Aztecs | Starting about 1300, this civilization flourished in central Mexico. (p. 2) |  | 13 |
| 7291777340 | conquistadores | These Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain making it the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. (p. 8) |  | 14 |
| 7291777341 | Hernan Cortes | He conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. (p. 8) |  | 15 |
| 7291777342 | Native Americans | The first people to settle North America arrived as many as 40,000 years ago. They came from Asia and may have crossed by a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. (p. 1) |  | 16 |
| 7291777343 | Francisco Pizarro | He conquered the Incas in Peru. (p. 8) |  | 17 |
| 7291777344 | New Laws of 1542 | Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11) |  | 18 |
| 7291777345 | Roanoke Island | In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed. (p. 9) |  | 19 |
| 7291777346 | compass | One aspect of the Renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change. Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others. this invention was used in sailing. (p. 5) |  | 20 |
| 7291777347 | printing press | This invention in the 1450s spread knowledge across Europe. (p 5) |  | 21 |
| 7291777348 | Ferdinand and Isabella | They united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492, they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. (p. 5) |  | 22 |
| 7291777349 | Protestant Reformation | In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. (p. 6) |  | 23 |
| 7291777350 | Henry the Navigator | The monarch of Portugal. (p. 7) |  | 24 |
| 7291777351 | Christopher Columbus | He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". In 1492, he sailed from the Canary Islands to an island in the Bahamas. His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain. (p. 7) |  | 25 |
| 7291777352 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | In 1494, this treaty between Spain and Portugal, moved the line of demarcation that the pope had established a few degrees to the west. (p. 8) |  | 26 |
| 7291777353 | slave trade | Since ancient times people in Europe, Africa, and Asia had enslaved pepoe captured in wars. In the 15 century the Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used slaves to work in sugar plantation off the coast of Africa. Using slaves was so profitable that when the Europeans settled in the Americas, they instituted the slave system there. (p, 6) |  | 27 |
| 7291777354 | nation-state | In the 15th century, small kingdoms and multiethnic empires were being replaced by nation-states. Nation-states were countries in which the majority of people shared a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government. (p. 6) |  | 28 |
| 7291777355 | Algonquian | The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. (p. 4) |  | 29 |
| 7291777356 | Siouan | The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. (p. 4) |  | 30 |
| 7291777357 | Iroquois Confederation | A political union of five independent American Indian tribes in the Mohawk Valley of New York. (p. 5) |  | 31 |
| 7291777358 | longhouses | American Indians along the Pacific Coast lived in the these plank houses. (p. 4) |  | 32 |
| 7291777359 | John Cabot | An Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII. He explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497. (p. 9) |  | 33 |
| 7291777360 | Jacques Cartier | In the period for 1534 to 1542, he explored the St. Lawrence River. (p. 10) |  | 34 |
| 7291777361 | Samuel de Champlain | He established the first permanent French settlement at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River. (p., 10) |  | 35 |
| 7291777362 | Henry Hudson | This English sailer was hired by the Dutch government to seek a westward passage to Asia through North America. In 1609, while searching for the passage, he sailed up a broad river that would later be named the Hudson River. (p 10) |  | 36 |
| 7291777363 | Bartolome de Las Casa | A Spanish priest who was an advocate for better treatment of Indians. (p. 11) | | 37 |
| 7291777364 | Valladolid Debate | In 1550-1551, in Valladolid, Spain, a formal debate concerning the role of American Indians in the Spanish colonies. (p. 11) |  | 38 |
| 7291777365 | Juan Gines de Sepulveda | In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11) |  | 39 |
| 7291777366 | English cultural domination | In the 18th century, cultural life in the colonies was dominated by English culture. Architecture, painting, and literature were strongly influenced by the English. (p. 50) |  | 40 |
| 7291777367 | Benjamin West | Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51) |  | 41 |
| 7291777368 | John Copley | Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51) |  | 42 |
| 7291777369 | Benjamin Franklin | He was the most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century. (p. 51) |  | 43 |
| 7291777370 | Poor Richard's Almanack | Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 and annually revised, contained aphorisms and advice. (p. 51) |  | 44 |
| 7291777371 | Phillis Wheatley | Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse. (p. 51) |  | 45 |
| 7291777372 | John Bartram | Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia. (p. 51) |  | 46 |
| 7291777373 | professions; religion, medicine, law | Ministers, physicians, and lawyers were all respected careers in the 18th century colonies. (p. 52) |  | 47 |
| 7291777374 | religious toleration | The overwhelming majority of colonists were Protestants. Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from the most serious discrimination and even persecution. (p. 49) |  | 48 |
| 7291777375 | established church | Churches that were financed by the government. (p. 49) |  | 49 |
| 7291777376 | Great Awakening | This religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (p. 49) |  | 50 |
| 7291777377 | Jonathan Edwards | This reverend from Massachusetts argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. (p. 49) |  | 51 |
| 7291777378 | George Whitefield | He came to the colonies from England in 1739. He spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometime attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. He taught that ordinary people could understand scripture without depending on ministers to lead them. (p. 50) |  | 52 |
| 7291777379 | Cotton Mather | This minister from Massachusetts, was the author of several widely read religious tracts. (p. 51) |  | 53 |
| 7291777380 | sectarian | The first colonial colleges were sectarian, meaning they promoted the doctrines of a particular religion. The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636. (p. 51) |  | 54 |
| 7291777381 | nonsectarian | In the mid 18th century, one nonsectarian colleges was founded. The College of Philadelphia (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded, with no religious sponsors. (p. 52) |  | 55 |
| 7291777382 | subsistence farming | In the mid 18th century the colonies had little manufacturing and were devoted almost entirely to agriculture. In New England colonies, most farms were under 100 acres and farming was limited to subsistence levels that provided just enough for a farm family to survive. In the southern colonies, most people lived on small subsistence family farms with no slaves. (p. 48) |  | 56 |
| 7291777383 | J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur | In 1782, this Frenchman wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (p. 45) |  | 57 |
| 7291777384 | colonial families | In the mid 18th century, there was an abundance of fertile land and a dependable food supply in the colonies. This attracted thousands of European settlers each year and supported the raising of large families. (p. 45) |  | 58 |
| 7291777385 | Germans | This group of immigrants settled chiefly on the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia. By 1775, they comprised 6 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46) |  | 59 |
| 7291777386 | Scotch-Irish | These English-speaking people emigrated from northern Ireland. They were known as Scotch-Irish because their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the colonial population. (p.46) |  | 60 |
| 7291777387 | Huguenots; Dutch; Swedes | The Huguenots (French Protestants), the Dutch, and the Swedes came to the colonies. By 1775, these groups comprised 5 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46) |  | 61 |
| 7291777388 | Africans | The largest single group of non-English immigrants did not come to America by choice. By 1775, the African American population (slave and free) comprised 20 percent of the colonial population. About 90 percent were in the southern colonies. (p. 46) |  | 62 |
| 7291777389 | immigrants | Newcomers to the colonies, were mostly Protestant, and came from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and Western and Central Europe. Some left Europe to escape religious persecution and wars. Others sought economic opportunities in farming, or setting up shop as an artisan or merchant. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly. (p. 45) |  | 63 |
| 7291777390 | social mobility | Everyone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their standard of living and social status with hard work. (p. 47) |  | 64 |
| 7291777391 | hereditary aristocracy | There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top. Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the population. (p. 47) |  | 65 |
| 7291777392 | John Peter Zenger | In 1735, he published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. According to English common law at the time this was a criminal act, but he was acquitted by a jury. This encouraged newspapers in the colonies to take greater risks in criticising the government. (p. 52) |  | 66 |
| 7291777393 | Andrew Hamilton | In 1735, he was the lawyer for John Peter Zenger in the Zenger case. (p. 52) |  | 67 |
| 7291777394 | Enlightenment | In the 18th century, some colonists were attracted to this European movement in literature and philosophy. They believed that human reason could be used to solve most of humanity's problems. They reasoned that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural law based on the rights of individual. (p. 53) |  | 68 |
| 7291777395 | colonial governors | In 1750, there were 13 colonies. In the eight royal colonies the governors were appointed by the King, in the three proprietary colonies the governors were appointed by the proprietors, and in Rhode Island and Connecticut the governors were elected by popular vote. (p. 54) |  | 69 |
| 7291777396 | colonial legislatures | In every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. In every colony, the members of the lower house were elected by eligible voters. In the royal and proprietary colonies, the members of the upper house were appointed by the king or the proprietor. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut, the members of both houses were elected by eligible voters. (p. 54) |  | 70 |
| 7291777397 | town meetings | The dominant form of local government in the New England colonies, in which the people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues. (p. 54) |  | 71 |
| 7291777398 | county government | In the southern colonies, the local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a county. (p. 54) |  | 72 |
| 7291777399 | limited democracy | In the mid 18th century, colonial democracy was limited to mostly white men that owned land. Those barred from voting included white women, poor white men, all slaves, and most free blacks. (p. 54) |  | 73 |
| 7291777400 | Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore | In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27) |  | 74 |
| 7291777401 | Act of Toleration | The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27) | | 75 |
| 7291777402 | Roger Williams | A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29) |  | 76 |
| 7291777403 | Providence | This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29) | | 77 |
| 7291777404 | Anne Hutchinson | This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29) |  | 78 |
| 7291777405 | antinomianism | The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29) |  | 79 |
| 7291777406 | Rhode Island | In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30) |  | 80 |
| 7291777407 | Halfway covenant | In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31) |  | 81 |
| 7291777408 | Quakers | Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34) |  | 82 |
| 7291777409 | William Penn | In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34) |  | 83 |
| 7291777410 | Holy Experiment | William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34) |  | 84 |
| 7291777411 | Charter of Liberties | In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34) |  | 85 |
| 7291777412 | rice plantations | These plantations required a loarge land area and many slaves. (p. 37) |  | 86 |
| 7291777413 | tobacco farms | As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37) |  | 87 |
| 7291777414 | John Cabot | First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25) | | 88 |
| 7291777415 | Jamestown | In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25) |  | 89 |
| 7291777416 | Captain John Smith | Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25) |  | 90 |
| 7291777417 | John Rolfe | He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25) |  | 91 |
| 7291777418 | Pocahontas | She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25) |  | 92 |
| 7291777419 | Puritans | Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26) |  | 93 |
| 7291777420 | Separatists | Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26) |  | 94 |
| 7291777421 | Pilgrims | They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26) |  | 95 |
| 7291777422 | Mayflower | In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26) |  | 96 |
| 7291777423 | Plymouth Colony | This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26) |  | 97 |
| 7291777424 | John Winthrop | In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26) |  | 98 |
| 7291777425 | Great Migration | This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26) |  | 99 |
| 7291777426 | Virginia | Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29) |  | 100 |
| 7291777427 | Thomas Hooker | In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30) |  | 101 |
| 7291777428 | John Davenport | In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30) |  | 102 |
| 7291777429 | Connecticut | In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30) |  | 103 |
| 7291777430 | New Hampshire | Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31) |  | 104 |
| 7291777431 | The Carolinas | In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32) |  | 105 |
| 7291777432 | New York | In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33) |  | 106 |
| 7291777433 | New Jersey | The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33) |  | 107 |
| 7291777434 | Pennsylvania | In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34) |  | 108 |
| 7291777435 | Delaware | In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34) |  | 109 |
| 7291777436 | Georgia | In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34) |  | 110 |
| 7291777437 | James Oglethorpe | Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35) |  | 111 |
| 7291777438 | Wampanoags | An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31) |  | 112 |
| 7291777439 | Metacom | This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31) |  | 113 |
| 7291777440 | King Philip's War | From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31) |  | 114 |
| 7291777441 | Mayflower Compact | In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27) |  | 115 |
| 7291777442 | Virginia House of Burgesses | In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27) |  | 116 |
| 7291777443 | Sir William Berkeley | Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29) |  | 117 |
| 7291777444 | Bacon's Rebellion | In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29) |  | 118 |
| 7291777445 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30) |  | 119 |
| 7291777446 | New England Confederation | In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31) |  | 120 |
| 7291777447 | Frame of Government (1682) | In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34) |  | 121 |
| 7291777448 | corporate colonies | Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24) |  | 122 |
| 7291777449 | royal colonies | Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24) |  | 123 |
| 7291777450 | proprietary colonies | Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24) |  | 124 |
| 7291777451 | Chesapeake Colonies | In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27) |  | 125 |
| 7291777452 | joint-stock company | Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24) |  | 126 |
| 7291777453 | Virginia Company | England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25) |  | 127 |
| 7291777454 | mercantilism | An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35) |  | 128 |
| 7291777455 | Navigation Acts | Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade.
* Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews.
* All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England.
* Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35) |  | 129 |
| 7291777456 | Dominion of New England | James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36) |  | 130 |
| 7291777457 | Sir Edmund Andros | In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36) |  | 131 |
| 7291777458 | Glorious Revolution | In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37) |  | 132 |
| 7291777459 | indentured servants | Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28) |  | 133 |
| 7291777460 | headright system | A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28) |  | 134 |
| 7291777461 | slavery | The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28) | | 135 |
| 7291777462 | triangular trade | Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37) |  | 136 |
| 7291777463 | Middle Passage | Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38) |  | 137 |
