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Period 4: 1800-1848 AP US History Flashcards

9813276426	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
9813276427	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
9813276428	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
9813276429	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
9813276430	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
9813276431	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
9813276432	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
9813276433	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
9813276434	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
9813276435	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
9813276436	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
9813276437	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
9813276438	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
9813276439	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress, established during Marbury v. Madison	13
9813276440	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
9813276441	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
9813276442	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
9813276443	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
9813276444	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
9813276445	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
9813276446	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
9813276447	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
9813276448	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
9813276449	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	23
9813276450	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	24
9813276451	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	25
9813276452	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	26
9813276453	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper	27
9813276454	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	28
9813276455	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	29
9813276456	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	30
9813276457	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	31
9813276458	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	32
9813276459	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	33
9813276460	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	34
9813276461	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	35
9813276462	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	36
9813276463	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	37
9813276464	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	38
9813276465	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	39
9813276466	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	40
9813276467	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	41
9813276468	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S. Also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty.	42
9813276469	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	43
9813276470	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	44
9813276471	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	45
9813276472	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	46
9813276473	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	47
9813276474	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	48
9813276475	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	49
9813276476	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	50
9813276477	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	51
9813276478	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	52
9813276479	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	53
9813276480	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	54

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

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5388126442	nation's first big business	Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)	0
5388126443	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He merged local railroads into the New York Entral Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)	1
5388126444	Eastern Trunk Lines	From 1830 to 1860 railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (P. 320)	2
5388126445	Transcontinental Railroads	Linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, connecting the country in a new way. It was completed in Utah in 1869. (p. 321)	3
5388126446	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)	4
5388126447	American Pacific Association	Divided the country into 4 different time zones	5
5388126448	railroads and timezones	4 timezones divided up by railroads	6
5388126449	speculation and overbuilding	Led to the panic of 1893 because people built too many railroads	7
5388126450	Jay Gould, watering stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)	8
5388126451	rebates and pools	Deals were offered to big businesses by railroads but it was expensive for people to enter the ring of business.	9
5388126452	bankruptcy of railroads	Too many railroads were built and weren't needed. The stock market crashed because there was no business nor money for the railroads and no one was buying the high priced stocks.	10
5388126453	Panic of 1893	Worst economic depression until the Great Depression in 1830.	11
5388126454	causes of industrial growth	Raw resources, tech boom, investment in tech boom, railroads enabled business growth, social darwinism made rich people look good and be admired.	12
5388126455	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 322)	13
5388126456	vertical integration	A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)	14
5388126457	U.S. Steel	J. P. Morgan purchased Carnegie Steel and formed the world's largest enterprise. (p. 323)	15
5388126458	John D. Rockefeller	He started Standard Oil in 1863. It became the largest oil company in the world. (p. 323)	16
5388126459	horizontal integration	Combining former competitors under one organization. (p. 323)	17
5388126460	Standard Oil Trust	In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company that controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. (p. 323)	18
5388126461	interlocking directorates		19
5388126462	J. P. Morgan	Banker who bought out Carnegie Steel and turned it into U.S. Steel. Was a "Robber Baron" who helped fund the U.S. in World War I.	20
5388126463	leading industrial power		21
5388126464	Second Industrial Revolution		22
5388126465	Bessemer process		23
5388126466	transatlantic cable		24
5388126467	Alexander Graham Bell		25
5388126468	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. (p. 326)	26
5388126469	Menlo Park Research Lab	The first modern research laboratory created in 1876 by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)	27
5388126470	electric power, lighting		28
5388126471	George Westinghouse	He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the powered machinery and appliances and electrical lighting. (p. 326)	29
5388126472	Eastman's Kodak's camera		30
5388126473	large department stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)	31
5388126474	R.H. Macy	Created a New York department store. (p. 326)	32
5388126475	mail-order companies		33
5388126476	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers.	34
5388126477	packaged foods		35
5388126478	Gustavus Swift	Changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat products.	36
5388126479	advertising		37
5388126480	consumer economy		38
5388126481	federal land grants and loans		39
5388126482	fraud and corruption		40
5388126483	Interstate commerce Act of 1886		41
5388126484	anti-trust movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. Thus arose the Anti trust movement in which urban elites were checked on their power and wealth. Started in the 1880s.	42
5388126485	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890		43
5388126486	U.S. v. E.C. Knight		44
5388126487	causes of labor discontent		45
5388126488	Railroad strike of 1877		46
5388126489	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)	47
5388126490	Haymarket bombing	On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)	48
5388126491	American Federation of Labor	The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)	49
5388126492	Samuel Gompers	He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)	50
5388126493	Pullman Stike	In 1894 workers at Pullman went on strike. The Amercian Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government brode the strike. (p. 331)	51
5388126494	Eugene Debs	The American Railroad Union leader who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)	52
5388126495	railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans		53
5388126496	old rich vs. new rich		54
5388126497	white-collar workers		55
5388126498	expanding middle class		56
5388126499	factory wage earners		57
5388126500	women and children factory workers		58
5388126501	women clerical workers		59
5388126502	Protestant work ethic		60
5388126503	Adam Smith		61
5388126504	laissez-faire Capitalism	American industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)	62
5388126505	Social Darwinism	The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species. Hypocritically, they saw nothing wrong with the government passing laws which helped rich industrialists. (p. 325)	63
5388126506	concentration of wealth		64
5388126507	William Graham Sumner	An American Social Darwinist, he believed that helping the poor was wrong because it interfered with the laws of nature. (p. 325)	65
5388126508	survival of the fittest	The belief that Charles Darwins ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)	66
5388126509	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)	67
5388126510	Horatio Alger Stories self-made man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)	68

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AP US History: Chapter 16 Conquering a Continent Flashcards

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7038386860	transcontinental railroad	Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west	0
7038386861	protective tariff	tax on imports used to raise the cost of imported goods and thereby protect domestic producers	1
7038386862	Treaty of Kanagawa	1854 agreement between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships	2
7038386863	Burlingame Treaty	guaranteed the rights of US missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in United States	3
7038386864	Munn v. Illinois	an 1877 case in which the supreme court upheld states' regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers	4
7038386865	gold standard	A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold	5
7038386866	Crime of 1873	A term used by those critical of an 1873 lot directing the US treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire Civil War- era greenbacks, and replace them with the notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks	6
7038386867	Homestead Act	Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.	7
7038386868	Morrill Act	passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.	8
7038386869	land-grant colleges	state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands	9
7038386870	Comstock Lode	Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.	10
7038386871	Long Drive	cowboys herded cattle hundreds of miles north from Texas to Dodge City and the other cow towns of Kansas.	11
7038386872	"rain follows the plow"	The false western theory that once people started to plow the fields, the rain would come and follow to irrigate them	12
7038386873	Exodusters	Name given to the former slaves who migrated from the South to the West following the Civil War.	13
7038386874	Yellowstone National Park	the first national park in the United States	14
7038386875	U.S. Fisheries Commission	A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish. Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.	15
7038386876	Sand Creek massacre	an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members	16
7038386877	Fetterman massacre	In 1866, a tribe of Oglala Sioux under Chief Red Cloud, provoked by the building of the Bozeman Trail through their hunting ground in southern Montana, massacred a U.S. army unit	17
7038386878	Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock	Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans were "an ignorant and dependent race" and "wards of the state" so therefore had no rights and the government was able to revoke all treaties	18
7038386879	Dawes Severalty Act	Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes	19
7038386880	Battle of Little Big Horn	American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indians. Custer's force was annihilated, but the Native American military victory was short-lived.	20
7038386881	Ghost Dance movement	The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.	21
7038386882	Wounded Knee	1890 U.S. cavalry slaughter of Native Americans marketing the end of the Indian Wars on the Great Plain	22
7038386883	William Seward	Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia.	23
7038386884	Emmeline Wells	Women's right advocate. Served as president of Mormon church	24
7038386885	John Wesley Powell	Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian	25
7038386886	Chief Joseph	Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.	26
7038386887	Sitting Bull	The leader of the Sioux, who, with Crazy Horse, killed General George A. Custer and his entire 250 man army. He was defending land in the Dakota Territory, which had been reserved for his people but was still being settled by whites	27
7038386888	George Armstrong Custer	United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)	28
7038386889	Geronimo	Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)	29
7038386890	Ohiyesa (Dr. Charles Eastman)	a Santee Sioux boy who was encouraged by his family to take advantage of opportunities offered by assimilation; practiced medicine alongside Native healers	30
7038386891	Buffalo Bill Cody	Mountain man turned actor started a traveling play called the wild west which spread the image of the Wildwest all over the globe	31
7038386892	Frederick Jackson Turner	author of the "Frontier Thesis" that claimed that the Western Frontier was the defining feature of the US.	32

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US HISTORY: Colonial Era Flashcards

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7360969258	Motivations for the French to Explore	Trading furs in Canada, looking for the Northwest Passage	0
7360969259	Motivations for the British to Explore	Many English people wanted to live and have their own religious freedom and escape from the official church. The English crown wanted to compete with Spain and create its own empire. The British hoped to find gold, but instead profited from growing tobacco and harvesting natural resources.	1
7360969260	Motivations for the Spanish to Explore	The Spanish were Catholics, and the church encouraged the Spanish crown to convert Natives. Incan and Aztec empires had both grown wealthy with silver and gold. The Spanish wanted their resources and Individual conquistadors wanted the fame, glory, and fortune that went along with a glorious discovery.	2
7360969261	Geography of New England	Forest, water- coastlines and access to water, mountains, rocky soil, (not much plantation and rocks) snow, (long winter) and cold.	3
7360969262	Economics of New England	Trading, fishing, ship-building, lumber, wood, and timber	4
7360969263	Politics of New England	Fundamental laws, Mayflower compact, you can voice your opinions, a government follows laws and agrees with them	5
7360969264	Society of New England	Religious freedom, you could worship whatever you wanted, first place in American to worship whatever you wanted, tax-supported schools for every community, literacy rates were higher and people could live longer (less disease, because there are no swamps)	6
7360969265	Geography of the Middle Colonies	Lots of hills and river valleys	7
7360969266	Economics of the Middle Colonies	BREAD BASKET-grow lots of food, farm (corn), wheat, corn, flax, hemp, rye, attracted diverse businesses, main income- irons, ships, timber, fur and skins, cattle, grain, and tobacco	8
7360969267	Politics of the Middle Colonies	William Penn treated everyone equally and supported women's rights, he didn't care what religion you were, if you were rich or poor, and treated everyone as equal with respect	9
7360969268	Soicety of the Middle Colonies	Religious freedom- you can practice your own religion Germans--> most skill farmers (weaving and shoemaking) Scots-Irish--> cleared land, hunted, and farming Quakers--> tolerance of others encourage others to move there	10
7360969269	Geography of the Southern Colonies	Flat, fertile soil along with lots of water sources- coastlines, lakes, hot, humid	11
7360969270	Economics of the Southern Colonies	HUGE CASH CROPS- rice, indigo, tobacco	12
7360969271	Politics of the Southern Colonies	Virginia House of Burgesses- First legislative assembly	13
7360969272	Society of the Southern Colonies	Maryland Act of Toleration- Practice any religion	14
7360969273	Reasons for the Founding of Virginia	Founded for economic reasons and to find gold.	15
7360969274	Reasons for the Founding of Maryland	Founded by Lord Baltimore and other Catholics for religious freedom	16
7360969275	Founder of Maryland	Lord Baltimore (Cecil Clavet)	17
7360969276	Reasons for the Founding of Georgia	To form a barrier from Spanish Florida-Refuge for debtors	18
7360969277	Reasons for the Founding of Connecticut	Religious freedom- Didn't like the way of life in Massachusetts (picture shows different people worshiping different religions)	19
7360969279	Reasons for the Founding of Rhode Island	Religious freedom- First place in America where people could worship freely	20
7360969280	Founder of Rhode Island	Roger Williams	21
7360969281	Reasons for the Founding of Massachusetts	Religious freedom- To escape persecution	22
7360969282	Founder of Massachusetts	John Winthrop	23
7360969283	Reasons for the Founding of Pennyslavia	William Penn was given a grant of land to found the colony by King Charles II (picture of him on right)	24
7360969284	Founders of Pennyslavia	William Penn	25
7360969285	Significance of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the first written constitution in America and was a major step on the way to modern-day democracy	26
7360969286	Significance of the Mayflower Compact	The Mayflower Compact was signed to establish a majority vote policy and showed first signs of democracy	27
7360969288	Significance of the Virginia House of Burgesses	It was the first representative assembly, inspired the House of Representatives and the Senate, and made laws and made it possible to challenge the authority of the royal governor.	28
7360969292	Beliefs of the Quakers	Quakers in general respected everyone. The religious belief is revealed directly to individuals from God.	29
7360969293	Beliefs of the Puritans	The Puritans believed that God had an agreement with them and that God wanted them to live according to the bible.	30
7360969294	Goods Produced by the Colonies in the Triangle Trade	Cash crops, (Southern Colonies) wheat and food crops, (Middle Colonies) naval stores/lumber and fish. (New England)	31
7360969295	Goods Produced by Great Britain in the Triangle Trade	Machines, guns, textiles, manufactured goods	32
7360969296	Goods Produced by Africa in the Triangle Trade	Slaves	33
7360969297	Define Mercantillism	Commercialism, having benefits with trading with other countries	34
7360969298	Describe the Navigation Acts	The Navigation Acts were made so that the government could regulate and control the trade and enabled England to take taxes in the Colonies	35

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Period 6 (1865-1898) AP US History Flashcards

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9833162851	People's (Populist) Party	(1892-96) An agrarian political party; Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South; Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads; Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
9833162852	populism	a philosophy supporting the rights and empowerment of the masses as opposed to elites	1
9833162853	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	2
9833162854	"Gilded Age"	A sarcastic description of the late 19th century in the United States; Suggested both the extravagant wealth of the time and the terrible poverty that lay underneath; Coined by Mark Twain.	3
9833162855	Social Darwinism	"survival of the fittest"; Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	4
9833162856	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	5
9833162857	Gospel of Wealth	(1889) Andrew Carnegie and others; The idea that those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society.	6
9833162858	Jane Addams	Reformer who helped poor immigrants; Established Hull House.	7
9833162859	Hull House	settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889	8
9833162860	Plessy v. Ferguson	(1896) Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	9
9833162861	segregation	The separation into ethnic or racial groups in daily life: Restaurants, water fountains, public toilet, school, entertainment venues, transportation, residential neighborhoods.	10
9833162862	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	11
9833162863	land grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	12
9833162864	Dawes Act	(1887) land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	13
9833162865	open range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	14
9833162866	Bessemer process	A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850; Widespread adoption in the US allowed steel production and industrialization to outpace all global industrial competitors.	15
9833162867	vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	16
9833162868	horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	17
9833162869	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	18
9833162870	Haymarket Riot	(1886) Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	19
9833162871	American Federation of Labor	The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886	20
9833162872	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	21
9833162873	urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	22
9833162874	"New Immigrants"	from southern and eastern Europe such as Russia, Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	23
9833162875	Chinese Exclusion Act	(1882) First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China.	24
9833162876	political machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; Mostly affiliated with urban immigrant groups. E.G. Tweed Ring, Tammany Hall.	25
9833162877	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	26
9833162878	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	27
9833162879	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic and Populist candidate for President in 1896 who advocated a policy of free silver	28
9833162880	"New South"	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	29
9833162881	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	30
9833162882	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	31
9833162883	Andrew Carnegie	Titan of Industry: Steel; Author of Gospel of Wealth	32
9833162884	transcontinental railroads	Rail line that crosses the continent connecting East to West; Opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	33
9833162885	Social Gospel	Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	34
9833162886	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	35
9833162887	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	36
9833162888	John D. Rockefeller	Titan of industry: Oil	37
9833162889	Second Industrial Revolution	Spurred by machine tools, interchangeable parts, Bessemer process of mass steel production, transcontinental railroad, immigrant labor	38
9833162890	J.P. Morgan	Titan of industry: Banking	39
9833162891	Cornelius Vanderbilt	Titan of industry: Railroads	40
9833162892	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	41
9833162893	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	42
9833162894	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	43
9833162895	Credit Mobilier scandal	corruption in the railroads allowing men to change the government very high amounts for the work to be done	44
9833162896	Rutherford B. Hayes	won the election of 1876 in exchange for withdrawing the federal troops from the remaining southern states	45
9833162906	Ulysses S. Grant		46
9833162897	Compromise of 1877	South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president	47
9833162898	Jim Crow laws	State-level legal codes, literacy requirement for voting, voter registration laws and poll taxes meant to deter blacks from voting	48
9833162899	Pendleton Act	(1883) Legislation that began the federal merit system	49
9833162900	Civil Service Commission	Created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential government employees	50
9833162901	Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890	an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States	51
9833162902	yellow journalism	sensational and exaggerated news stories	52
9833162903	Ghost Dance	A religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets.	53
9833162904	Enforcement Act	equal accommodations in public places and no racial discrimination in court	54

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

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9755777955	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, and carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. (p. 131)	0
9755777956	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, and extended the western frontier well beyond the Mississippi River. (p. 133)	1
9755777957	war hawks	The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139)	2
9755777958	Henry Clay	In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	3
9755777959	John C. Calhoun	In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	4
9755777960	Tecumseh	This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	5
9755777993	Prophet	This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	6
9755777961	William Henry Harrison	In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138)	7
9755777962	Battle of Tippecanoe	An 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138)	8
9755777963	strict interpretation of Constitution	President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133)	9
9755777964	John Marshall	This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134)	10
9755777965	judicial review	In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134)	11
9755777994	Marbury v. Madison	A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134)	12
9755777966	Aaron Burr	He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. A new vice president was chosen for Jefferson's second term. He then organised a failed conspiracy, attempting to unite New England states and secede from the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was acquitted of the charge. (p. 135)	13
9755777967	Quids	In 1812, they were "Old" Democratic-Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 because it violated the classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited federal power and the maintenance of peace. (p. 140)	14
9755777968	Hartford Convention (1814)	In December 1814, a special convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141)	15
9755777969	Napoleon Bonaparte	In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141)	16
9755777970	Toussaint I'Ouverture	He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132)	17
9755777971	Barbary pirates	The United States had been paying the Barbary states on the North African coast in exchange for safe passage of U.S. ships in the Mediterranean. President Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136)	18
9755777972	neutrality	Around 1804, the Napoleonic wars dominated Europe. Britain was seizing U.S. ships, confiscating the cargo and forcing sailors to join the British navy. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict. (p. 136)	19
9755777973	impressment	The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136)	20
9755777974	Chesapeake-Leopard affair	In 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Three U.S. sailors were killed and four were taken captive. Many Americans demanded war but Jefferson used diplomacy and economic pressure in response. (p. 136)	21
9755777975	Embargo Act (1807)	In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels, by depriving them of American trade. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain. In 1809 it was repealed. (p 136)	22
9755777976	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137)	23
9755777977	Nonintercourse Act (1809)	In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137)	24
9755777978	Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)	When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation. (p. 138)	25
9755777979	War of 1812	A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138)	26
9755777980	Old Ironsides	The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140)	27
9755777981	Battle of Lake Erie	Probably the most important U.S. naval victory in the War of 1812. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. to victory against the British. (p. 140)	28
9755777982	Oliver Hazard Perry	This naval captain won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. His famous quote was, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." (p. 140)	29
9755777983	Battle of the Thames River	This naval battle, near Detroit, was led by General William Henry Harrison. The U.S. defeated the British, and the American Indian Tecumseh was killed. (p. 140)	30
9755777984	Thomas Macdonough	In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)	31
9755777985	Battle of Lake Champlain	A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)	32
9755777986	Andrew Jackson	In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141)	33
9755777987	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation, an important British ally. The battle was fought in present-day Alabama and ended American Indian resistance in that area. (p. 141)	34
9755777988	Creek Nation	This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141)	35
9755777989	Battle of New Orleans	On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141)	36
9755777990	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141)	37
9755777991	Lewis and Clark Expedition	In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134)	38
9755777992	Francis Scott Key	He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141)	39
9755777995	The Star Spangled Banner	The United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141)	40

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 10 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 10 The Age of Jackson, 1824-1844

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5447646421	Indian Removal Act	In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195)	0
5447646422	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195)	1
5447646423	Worcester v. Georgia	High court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of Cherokee territory. However Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision was not enforced. (p 196)	2
5447646424	Cherokee trail of tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march. (p. 196)	3
5447646425	Bank of the United States	President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bank-recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197)	4
5447646426	Nicholas Biddle	President of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197)	5
5447646427	Roger Taney	Secretary of Treasury, he transferred funds from the Bank of the United States to various state banks. (p. 198)	6
5447646429	Specie Circular	To check inflationary Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than in paper bank notes. (p. 198)	7
5447646430	Panic of 1837	Just as Martin Van Buren became the president the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199)	8
5447646431	Martin Van Buren	He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198)	9
5447646432	common man	A self-made man	10
5447646433	universal white male sufferage	New western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. (p. 192)	11
5447646434	party nominating convention	In the 1830 caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192)	12
5447646435	King Caucus	A closed door meeting of political party's leaders in Congress that nominated candidates. (p. 192)	13
5447646436	popular election of president	In the 1832 presidential election all states except South Carolina allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192)	14
5447646437	Anti-Masonic Party	A political party that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192)	15
5447646438	Workingmen's Party	A political party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192)	16
5447646439	popular campaigning	Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193)	17
5447646440	spoils system	Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Demo. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193)	18
5447646441	rotation in office	Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193)	19
5447646442	John Quincy Adams	In the 1824 he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made Secretary of State. (p. 194)	20
5447646443	Henry Clay	He was Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams. He was Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832 he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197)	21
5447646444	corrupt bargain	The term that Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194)	22
5447646445	Tariff of 1828; Tariff of Abominations	In 1828, during Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which made northern manufacturers happy, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)	23
5447646446	Revolution of 1828	Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195)	24
5447646447	Andrew Jackson	In the Revolution of 1828 he won the presidential election handily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195)	25
5447646451	nullification crisis	In 1832 South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197)	26
5447646452	Webster-Hayne Debate	In 1830 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union. Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196)	27
5447646453	John C. Calhoun	Andrew Jackson's vice president. He advanced the nullification theory, each state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196)	28
5447646454	Proclamation to the People of South Carolina	President Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197)	29
5447646455	two-party system	Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197)	30
5447646456	Democrats	This party were supporters of Andrew Jackson and similar to old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197)	31
5447646457	Whigs	This party were supporters of Henry Clay and similar to old Federalist party of Hamilton. (p. 197)	32
5447646458	log Cabin and hard cider campaign	In 1840 presidential election the Whigs with popular war hero William Henry Harrison as their candidate used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. They attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler, the vice president won the elction. (p. 199)	33

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AP US History Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards

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9879679336	Seven Years' (French and Indian) War	fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies	0
9879679337	"No Taxation Without Representation."	a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, "Taxation without representation is tyranny.".	1
9879679338	Enlightenment	a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state	2
9879679339	Benjamin Franklin	One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies.	3
9879679340	The Patriot Movement	Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists."	4
9879679341	Colonial Militias	Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny.	5
9879679342	The Continental Army	formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief)	6
9879679343	George Washington	General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States.	7
9879679344	Thomas Paine's Common Sense	Published in 1776. Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used "Common Sense" and plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright.	8
9879679345	The Declaration of Independence	the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.	9
9879679346	Republican Motherhood	Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously.	10
9879679347	Legislative Branch	The branch of government tasked with writing laws.	11
9879679348	Judicial Branch	The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws.	12
9879679349	Executive Branch	The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws.	13
9879679350	The Articles of Confederation	An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America.	14
9879679351	Constitutional Convention	Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.	15
9879679352	Federalism	a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.	16
9879679353	Separation of Powers	Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches.	17
9879679354	The Federalist Papers	a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.	18
9879679355	Alexander Hamilton	Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury	19
9879679356	James Madison	Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States	20
9879679357	Bill of Rights	the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.	21
9879679358	Democratic-Republican Party	formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution.	22
9879679359	National Identity	one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics.	23
9879679360	The Northwest Ordinance	created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.	24
9879679361	French Revolution	a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond.	25
9879679362	Popular Sovereignty	the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.	26
9879679363	Public Virtue	Sacrificing one's self-interest for the public good.	27
9879679364	insurrection	Rebellion against political authority.	28
9879679365	mercantilism	The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire.	29
9879679366	depreciate	To decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money.	30
9879679367	protective tariffs	Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers.	31
9879679368	admiralty courts	In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury.	32
9879679369	virtual representation	The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.	33
9879679370	nonimportation agreement	A pledge to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.	34
9879679371	duty	A customs tax on the export or import of goods.	35
9879679372	propaganda	A systematic program or particular materials designed to spread certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term implies the use of manipulative or deceptive means.	36
9879679373	boycott	An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product.	37
9879679374	inflation	An increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money.	38
9879679375	mercenary	A professional soldier who serves in a foreign army for pay.	39
9879679376	indictment	A formal written accusation charging someone with a crime.	40
9879679377	confiscate	To seize private property for public use, often as a penalty.	41
9879679378	envoy	A messenger or agent sent by a government on official business.	42
9879679379	rabble	A mass of disorderly and crude common people.	43
9879679380	isolationist	Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars.	44
9879679381	blockade	The isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops.	45
9879679382	emancipation	Setting free from servitude or slavery	46
9879679383	abolitionist	favoring the end of slavery	47
9879679384	ratification	The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval.	48
9879679385	aliens	Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country.	49
9879679386	township	in America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of social government, smaller than a country that is often based on these survey units.	50
9879679387	territory	In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state.	51
9879679388	quorum	The minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business.	52
9879679389	anarchy	The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder.	53
9879679390	bicameral	Referring to a legislative body with two houses	54
9879679391	public debt	The debt of a government or nation to individual creditors, also called the national debt.	55
9879679392	cabinet	The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments.	56
9879679393	fiscal	Concerning public finances-expenditures and revenues.	57
9879679394	excise	A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products.	58
9879679395	despotism	Arbitrary or tyrannical rule.	59
9879679396	impressment	To force people or property into public service without choice.	60
9879679397	compact	An agreement or covenant between states to perform some legal act.	61
9879679398	nullification	In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty.	62

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AP US History Acts Flashcards

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4926715268	Stamp Act	Desgined to raise revenue. Direct tax on colonists. It imposed tax on all sorts of printed matter in the colonies. It was the most opposed act, led to the stamp act congress (no taxation w/o representation) **turning point for the colonist.	0
4926715269	Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)	Was a consequence of the boston tea party. Had 5 acts. Massachuetts government act (gov of mass. under british control) Justice Act (allowed to move trials to britian) Boston Port Act (closed port) Quartering Act (british soilders stay in american homes) Quebec Act (let catholics in quebec freely practice religion)	1
4926715270	Alien & Sedition Act	Federalist congress w president adams. Created powers to deport foreigners & made it harder for immigrants to vote	2
4926715271	Kansas-Nebraska Act	It allowed citizens in kansas & nebraska to vote if they wanted slavery in their territories. Popular soviernty.	3
4926715272	Homestead Act	Westward expanision. Go westward, live for 5 years on 160 acres of land for small fees.	4
4926715273	Dawes Act	Same thing as homestead act, live there for 25 yrs to have more american ideals and convert them from their native ways	5
4926715274	National Origins Act 1924	Congress imposed restrictions on immigrants, lowered immigration from asia	6
4926715275	Social Security Act	Created a program that had automatic taxes on people thruought their working carrer so @ the agenof 65 they could collect money for a monthly pension.	7
4926715276	Lend-Lease Act	Military aid to britian or any country that the president would see as a good defense move for the US. Exchange, lease and sales of equitment and arms.	8
4926715277	Highway Act	Basically built the highway. (Eishienhower). Made quicker travel,expanded cities and suburbs, quick military transportation	9

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AP US History Constitution Flashcards

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6299572839	Shays' Rebellion (1786-87)	An armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts protesting mortgage foreclosures. Historical Significance: Highlighted the need for a strong national government.	0
6299572840	Annapolis Convention (1786)	Held to discuss the barriers that limited trade or commerce between the largely independent states under the Articles of Confederation. Historical Significance: Led to the Constitutional (Philadelphia) Convention in 1787.	1
6299572841	Great (Connecticut) Compromise	Provisions: 1) A state's representation in the House of Representatives was to be based on population. 2) The states' representation in the Senate would be equal. 3) All money bills would originate in the House. 4) Direct taxes on states were to be assessed by population.	2
6299572842	Commerce Compromise	Provisions: The South agreed to federal control over foreign and interstate trade. The importation of slaves would be permitted for 20 years, until 1808. The federal government was given the authority to collect import taxes, but there would be no duties on exports.	3
6299572843	Three-Fifths Compromise	Provisions: Three-fifths of a state's slave population would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation. A fugitive slave law required that runaway slaves who escaped to a free state must be returned to their owners.	4
6299572844	Federalists	Leaders: Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin Characteristics: Support came mainly from coastal and urban areas and the upper class. Ideas: Favored a strong central government to maintain peace and stability.	5
6299572845	Anti-Federalists	Leaders: Patrick Henry, John Hancock, George Mason Characteristics: Support came mainly from the backcountry and agricultural areas and debtors. Ideas: Opposed a central government that did not guarantee protection of individual rights.	6
6299572846	Federalist Papers	Series of 85 essays written by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton supporting the ratification of the Constitution.	7
6299572847	Federalism	The division of power between the state and national governments.	8