| CourseNotes

AP World History: Ch. 4 Classical Civilization--India, Pt. 1 Flashcards

4748757581	Materialism	A practice of the priestly class that came under criticism by many religious seers and dissenting philosophers.	0
4748760048	Social Hierarchy	Created ritual divisions and restrictions on intermarriage between social groups.	1
4748765102	Mauryas	First empire in India beginning in the late 4th century B.C.E. located in east India that was short lived.	2
4748767016	Gupta	Powerful empire that arose in the early 4th century C.E. from northern India that reasserted brahmans' dominance.	3
4748782551	Alexander the Great	Invaded India in 327--not conquering, but bringing India in contact with Hellenistic culture.	4
4748792594	Isolated	India was forced to experience and adapt to other cultures, and China did not because of geographical and social phenomenon.	5
4748797951	Himalayas	Northern mountain ranges that separated India	6
4748803902	Monsoons	Rains crucial for farming, but sometimes unpredictable brining too much or too little rain.	7
4748805468	Aryans	Indo-European migrants who penetrated the Indian subcontinent becoming farmers and developed a series of oral epics called the Vedas.	8
4748808634	Sanskrit	The literary language of the new culture.	9
4748809610	Vedas	Composed by various priests that told stories about gods and proper standards of human behavior.	10
4748868245	Indus and Ganges	Two major rivers in India that hosted great agricultural regions.	11
4748870211	Varna	An Aryan social class based on the Aryans' belief that indigenous people were inferior.	12
4748905665	Kshatriyas	Warrior, governing class.	13
4748907380	Brahmans	Priestly class.	14
4748908342	Vaisyas	Traders and farmers	15
4748909224	Sudras	Common laborers	16
4748909227	Untrouchables	Lowest class relegated to the worst, menial jobs.	17
4748913735	Jati	A smaller subgroup within a caste with distinctive occupations tied to a social station by birth.	18
4748918992	Rig-Veda	The first Aryan epic, and attributed the rise of the caste system to the gods.	19
4748921069	Polythestic	Indian religion recognized multiple gods and goddesses who presided over fire, sun, death and other natural phenomenon.	20
4748921860	Indra	The god of thunder and strength	21
4748935603	Upanishads	Collection of works that became the basis for Hindu beliefs that expressed how nature was shaped by gods and a divine force.	22
4748988025	Chandragupta Maurya	Soldier, who in 322 B.C.E. became the first leader of the Mauryan Dynasty.	23
4748995786	Autocratic	A style of governing that relies heavily on a ruler's personal and military power.	24
4748997256	Ashoka	Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya who greatly expanded Indian territory and ultimately converted to Buddhism.	25
4749001097	Dharma	An ethical guide based on laws of moral consequences.	26
4749008504	Kanishka	Great Kushnan king who invaded India from the NW after the fall of the Mauryan Dynasty.	27
4749034120	Kautilya	Political advisor to Chnadragupta whose work the Arthashastra told leaders how to keep power similar to Legalism in China.	28

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Lesson 1: AP Language Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6008198759	Altruistic	unselfishly concerned for the welfare of authors	0
6008201638	Ambivalent	having contrary feelings or attitudes, uncertain as to course of action	1
6008211955	Angular	lean; sharp cornered; gaunt	2
6008213888	Arrogant	overbearingly assuming; insolently proud	3
6008217166	Aversion	strong disinclination, disliking	4
6008219646	Discern	to differentiate between two or more things	5
6008228308	disdain	intense dislike; to treat with scorn or contempt , to reject as unworthy	6
6008232447	disparage	to degrade, to speak of someone or something in a derogatory manner	7
6008235924	disparity	inequality, the condition or fact of being unequal	8
6008238820	embelish	to decorate, to make beautiful with ornamentation	9
6008242462	engender	to cause, to produce, to create	10
6008244389	innocuous	harmless, producing no injury	11
6008247139	insipid	boring and stupid	12
6008248967	lament	to mourn or to express sorrow in a demonstrative manner	13
6008250729	laud	to praise, to extol	14
6008252909	obscure	difficult to see, vague	15
6008254352	ostentatious	showy, pretentious	16
6008256736	prodigal	wasteful, a person given to extravagence	17
6008259198	repudiate	to reject to disown	18
6008260662	reticence	restraint in speech , reluctance to speak	19
6008264125	revere	to honor, to regard with respect	20
6008266899	serene	calm, placid	21
6008268327	subtle	delicate, elusive, not obvious	22
6008269779	superfluous	beyond what is needed or required	23
6008272508	taciturn	quiet, not verbose	24

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World History EOC Review Flashcards

Key terms from Princeton Review: Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 and AP World History: An Essential Coursebook

Terms : Hide Images

6844440832	Cold War	a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.	0
6844440834	containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world	1
6844440840	fascism	a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition	2
6844440841	First World	the largely democratic and free-market states of the United States and Western Europe (Cold War to today)	3
6844440847	militarism	policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war	4
6844440852	reparations	payment for damages after a war	5
6844440856	totalitarian	characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control	6
6844440858	apartheid	laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.	7
6844440865	Berlin Wall	a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West	8
6844440868	Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII	9
6844440872	Eastern Bloc	Soviet allies in eastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary.	10
6844440875	Fourteen Points	a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.``	11
6844440876	Mahatmas Gandhi	born in 1896, set up movement based on nonviolent resistance, led to Indian independence	12
6844440879	Adolf Hitler	German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)	13
6844440881	Holocaust	the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler	14
6844440890	League of Nations	an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations	15
6844440892	Marshall Plan	a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	16
6844440894	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security	17
6844440900	Joseph Stalin	Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)	18
6844440902	Treaty of Versailles	the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans	19
6844440903	trench warfare	war from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas	20
6844440905	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology	21
6844440906	Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic	lead by stalin, communist in nature, union of "soviets" or states	22
6844440909	Warsaw Pact	treaty signed in 1955 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania	23
6844440910	Woodrow Wilson	after World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.	24
6844440914	appeasement policy	allowed Germany to keep Sudetenland in return for Hitler's promise to cease aggressions	25
6844440919	Central Powers	in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies	26
6844440923	Eastern Front	In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.	27
6844440925	genocide	systematic killing of a racial or cultural group	28
6844440926	Great Depression	the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s	29
6844440935	Mein Kampf	Book written by Hitler while he was exiled, My Struggle.	30
6844440936	Munich Conference	1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.	31
6844440937	Benito Mussolini	Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)	32
6844440938	New Deal	the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt	33
6844440945	self-determination	the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will	34
6844440947	soviet	council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917	35
6844440948	total war	the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort	36
6844440950	Triple Entente	an alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.	37
6844440951	Weimar Republic	German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.	38
6844440952	Western Front	in WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.	39
6844440960	Charles De Gaulle	French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)	40
6844440983	Potsdam Conference	July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.	41
6844440985	Franklin Roosevelt	President of the US during Great Depression and World War II	42
6844440987	space race	a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union	43
6844440988	Sputnik	the world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.	44
6844440995	Yalta Conference	1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war	45
6844441002	glasnost	a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems	46
6844441010	Nikita Khrushchev	ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation	47
6844441020	perestroika	a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society	48
6844441032	Boris Yeltsin	president of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.	49
6844441034	assembly line	production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.	50
6844441036	communism	a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership	51
6844441043	Estates-General	assembly of the estates of all France	52
6844441045	free market	economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell	53
6844441046	free trade	the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries	54
6844441048	imperialism	a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries	55
6844441050	Industrial Revolution	change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power	56
6844441051	Laissez-Faire	idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs	57
6844441053	Marxism	the theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.	58
6844441054	nationalism	loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.	59
6844441055	natural resources	materials found in nature that are used by living things	60
6844441056	rural	living in or characteristic of farming or country life	61
6844441058	social Darwinism	the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.	62
6844441059	socialism	a political theory advocating state ownership of industry	63
6844441065	Berlin Conference	a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa	64
6844441071	Charles Dawin	In 1859, he published his book on the origin of species by means of natural selection.	65
6844441072	Communist Manifesto	a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views	66
6844441073	Congress of Vienna	restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon's reign	67
6844441074	Declaration of Independence	the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain	68
6844441075	Declaration of the Rights of Man	statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.	69
6844441079	Friederich Engels	German, self-educated in philosophy, financially supports Marx	70
6844441080	Execution of Louis XVI	Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France, which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with	71
6844441085	Mehmed II	Conquered the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.	72
6844441086	Karl Marx	founder of modern communism	73
6844441087	Maxim guns	first automatic machine gun that gave Europeans a huge advantage in fighting African armies	74
6844441092	Napoleon Bonaparte	general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe	75
6844441099	Rudyard Kipling	British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism	76
6844441102	Scramble for Africa	the European's flurry of colonializations in Africa.	77
6844441114	Wealth of Nations	British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.	78
6844441115	White Man's Burden	idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized	79
6844441121	bourgeoisie	the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people	80
6844441131	Louis XVI	king of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.	81
6844441132	Napoleonic Code	French civil code established in the early 1800s; basis of many civil codes today and still remains France's civil code	82
6844441133	National Assembly	a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people	83
6844441138	Battle of Waterloo	this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler	84
6844441139	Mary Wollstonecraft	English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women	85
6844441147	proletariat	a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages	86
6844441151	Eli Whitney	United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)	87
6844441170	Bolsheviks	a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917	88
6844441173	Catherine the Great	Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)	89
6844441181	V.I. Lenin	led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia	90
6844441201	Bessemer steel converter	an important innovation that allowed iron ore to be converted to steel efficiently	91
6844441205	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.	92
6844441215	scientific racism	the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races	93
6844441222	absolute monarch	ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.	94
6844441224	capitalism	an economic system based on private property and free enterprise	95
6844441226	circumnavigate	to sail completely around the world	96
6844441227	colonization	system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land	97
6844441236	divine right	belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.	98
6844441241	humanism	the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason	99
6844441245	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	100
6844441246	monastic	related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns	101
6844441248	monopoly	(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller	102
6844441251	papacy	the government of the Roman Catholic Church	103
6844441252	papal	having to do with the pope	104
6844441265	John Calvin	Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)	105
6844441266	Colombian Exchange	the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa	106
6844441267	Catholic Reformation	a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation	107
6844441272	encomienda system	system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.	108
6844441273	English Bill of Rights	document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament	109
6844441275	European exploration	voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century,	110
6844441278	Gutenberg's Printing Press	this invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy	111
6844441282	heliocentric theory	planets revolve around the sun	112
6844441283	huguenots	French Protestants	113
6844441284	Indulgences	remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments	114
6844441286	Jesuit Order	a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen	115
6844441288	Martin Luther	German theologian who led the Reformation	116
6844441289	Louis XIV	king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)	117
6844441291	Peter the Great	ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia	118
6844441292	Philip II of Spain	this was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies	119
6844441294	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	120
6844441295	Roman Catholic Church	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	121
6844441296	Scientific Methods	a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions	122
6844441297	Scientific Revolution	an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method	123
6844441300	Suleiman the Magnificent	The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 'The Lawgiver.' he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.	124
6844441301	Thirty Years War	this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe	125
6844441306	95 Theses	written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.	126
6844441307	absolutism	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	127
6844441308	Anglican Church	church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases	128
6844441309	Tycho Brahe	(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.	129
6844441310	Miguel de Cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form	130
6844441311	Nicholas Copernicus	He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles	131
6844441314	English Civil War	conflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues (the powers of the monarch); ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king	132
6844441315	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	133
6844441316	Galileo	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	134
6844441318	Johann Gutenberg	German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)	135
6844441319	joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	136
6844441320	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	137
6844441323	Leonardo da Vinci	A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.	138
6844441324	constitutional monarchy	a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law	139
6844441325	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	140
6844441326	Niccolo Machiavelli	a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)	141
6844441327	Medici family	powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts	142
6844441329	Baron de Montesqieu	created the idea of seperation of power	143
6844441331	Isaac Newton	defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	144
6844441332	patrons	a person who supports artists, especially financially	145
6844441334	Raphael	(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.	146
6844441335	"Renaissance Man"	a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics	147
6844441336	Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher that believed the right to rule should be from the people, not a king.	148
6844441338	William Shakespeare	English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language	149
6844441339	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)	150
6844441340	Voltaire	believed in religious tolerance and freedom of speech	151
6844441341	Atahualpa	last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.	152
6844441342	caravel	a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	153
6844441344	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	154
6844441345	conquistadors	Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain	155
6844441346	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	156
6844441347	creoles	descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status	157
6844441348	Vasco Da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India	158
6844441349	Bartholomew Dias	Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope	159
6844441350	encomenderos	Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas	160
6844441352	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	161
6844441353	indentured servant	person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America.	162
6844441354	Bartholome de Las Casas	a Spanish priest who settled in the New World and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans.	163
6844441355	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	164
6844441357	mestizos	people of Native American and European descent	165
6844441358	Middle Passage	a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	166
6844441359	Moctezuma	Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.	167
6844441360	mulattos	people of mixed African and European ancestry	168
6844441361	peninsulares	Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class	169
6844441362	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	170
6844441364	Treaty of Tordesillas	set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	171
6844441366	viceroys	representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire	172
6844441368	African Diaspora	the forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas	173
6844441381	imam	a leader of prayer in a mosque	174
6844441385	Ottoman Empire	major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa	175
6844441396	daimyos	powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun	176
6844441409	caliph	a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	177
6844441410	chivalry	a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle	178
6844441415	Eastern Orthodox	this Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church	179
6844441416	fiefs	pieces of land given to vassals by their lord	180
6844441418	Gothic	relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires	181
6844441419	Hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	182
6844441421	heretic	a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church	183
6844441426	Inquisition	a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy	184
6844441428	Islam	the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran	185
6844441431	medieval	relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages	186
6844441433	Middle Ages	the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance	187
6844441439	orthodox	adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion	188
6844441446	Roman Catholic	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	189
6844441447	schism	division of a group into opposing factions	190
6844441449	serfs	men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection	191
6844441455	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	192
6844441456	Bubonic Plague	disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.	193
6844441458	Constantinople	previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.	194
6844441459	Crusades	a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims	195
6844441461	European feudalism	was made up of a king, the next level was church officials and nobles, then knights, peasants, finally merchants	196
6844441462	Japanese feudalism	emperor (has no real power) -> shogun (has the real power) - hereditary -> daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun) -> samurai (knights)	197
6844441464	Franks	a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s	198
6844441465	Charlemagne	king of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning	199
6844441468	Hundred Years War	the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.	200
6844441469	Code of Justinian	compilation of the complex system of Roman laws; became the system of laws for the Byzantine Empire	201
6844441470	Magna Carta	the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215	202
6844441471	Mansa Musa	this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa	203
6844441473	sacking of Constantinople	1453; sacked becuse it was the most logical place to rule. Mehmet the conqueror; Solidly Christian; considered a huge blow to western Christianity	204
6844441476	Great Schism	the medieval division between Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church	205
6844441477	schism in Islam	the Shia / Sunni split which occurred in the decades immediately following the death of the Prophet Mohammed in 632	206
6844441479	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	207
6844441480	Tenochitlan	Aztec capital city (now the site of Mexico City)	208
6844441481	William the Conqueror	duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England	209
6844441482	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of Muhammad	210
6844441487	Five Pillars of Faith	five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage	211
6844441491	jihad	Islamic holy war	212
6844441493	Ka'ba	the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth	213
6844441496	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	214
6844441499	Qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	215
6844441502	shari'a	the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	216
6844441503	Shi'ites	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali	217
6844441504	Sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	218
6844441506	sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	219
6844441513	Benedictine Rule	a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages	220
6844441514	Byzantine Empire	empire that grew from the eastern part of the former Roman Empire; lasted until around 1400	221
6844441516	canon law	the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals	222
6844441518	Clovis	king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy	223
6844441519	excommunication	the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church	224
6844441520	interdict	an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district	225
6844441521	ghettos	sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.	226
6844441522	guilds	an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards	227
6844441523	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	228
6844441524	Holy Roman Empire	loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	229
6844441525	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians	230
6844441526	manorialism	economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.	231
6844441527	missi dominici	agents of Emperor Charlemagne who traveled throughout the empire to check the condition of the roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done	232
6844441528	pogroms	organized violence against Jews	233
6844441529	Renaissance	the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world	234
6844441530	Saladin	(1137-1193) powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem	235
6844441532	scholasticism	a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	236
6844441535	vernacular languages	everyday speech that varies from place to place	237
6844441536	Vikings	one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.	238
6844441537	ayllus	in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler	239
6844441538	Aztecs	also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.	240
6844441540	chinampas	floating farming islands made by the Aztec	241
6844441541	classical Mesoamerica	period of the Mayan and the Teotihuacan, low population, simple government.	242
6844441542	Inca	a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s	243
6844441544	Maya	extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar	244
6844441545	mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	245
6844441548	Quetzalcoatl	an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent	246
6844441549	slash and burn agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	247
6844441550	stelae	large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers.	248
6844441551	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	249
6844441573	Osman	most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans	250
6844441574	Ottoman Turks	Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.	251
6844441576	samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	252
6844441577	shogun	the head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai	253
6844441591	Ghana	the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade	254
6844441592	Great Zimbabwe	in southeastern Africa the Shona people established this city which grew into an empire built on the gold trade. By 1450, this city was mysteriously abandoned.	255
6844441596	Mali	empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	256
6844441598	Songhai	a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591	257
6844441600	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	258
6844441601	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'	259
6844441609	city-states	large towns that conquered the surrounding countryside; often competed with each other	260
6844441616	feudalism	loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord	261
6844441622	monarchy	a government ruled by a king or queen	262
6844441623	monotheism	belief in one god	263
6844441629	polytheism	the worship of many gods	264
6844441636	theocracy	government by divine power or priests	265
6844441643	Byzantium	the eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted 1000 years after the fall of Western Rome	266
6844441647	democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	267
6844441748	Constantine	Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity	268
6844649261	Trans-Atlantic trade	A triangular trade developed between Europe, Africa, and The Americas	269
6844652218	What did Europe provide Africa in the triangular trade?	Manufactured Goods (clothes, weapons...)	270
6844657886	What did Africa provide The Americas?	Slave Labor for plantations	271
6844667380	Effects of the Trans-Atlantic trade	Around 10 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas, some African states economy revolved around this trade, causing many villages to disappear	272
6844707362	What is an icon?	Religious images	273
6844708129	What is the iconoclast controversy?	Dispute over whether icons should be worshipped.	274
6844739282	Causes of the Atlantic Slave Trade	Better technology (cotton gin), rise in factories, death of Native Americans due to disease, European population growth	275

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Period 4: 1800-1848 AP US History Flashcards

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9395866691	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	0
9395866692	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	1
9395866693	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	2
9395866694	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	3
9395866695	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	4
9395866696	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	5
9395866697	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	6
9395866698	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	7
9395866699	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	8
9395866700	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	9
9395866701	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	10
9395866702	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	11
9395866703	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	12
9395866704	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	13
9395866705	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	14
9395866706	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	15
9395866707	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	16
9395866708	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	17
9395866709	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	18
9395866710	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	19
9395866711	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	20
9395866712	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	21
9395866713	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	22
9395866714	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	23
9395866715	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	24
9395866716	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	25
9395866717	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	26
9395866718	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	27
9395866719	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	28
9395866720	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	29
9395866721	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	30
9395866722	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	31
9395866723	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	32
9395866724	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	33
9395866725	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	34
9395866726	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	35
9395866727	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	36
9395866728	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	37
9395866729	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	38
9395866730	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	39
9395866731	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	40
9395866732	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	41
9395866733	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	42
9395866734	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	43
9395866735	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	44
9395866736	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	45
9395866737	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	46
9395866738	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	47
9395866739	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	48
9395866740	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	49
9395866741	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	50
9395866742	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	51
9395866743	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	52
9395866744	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	53
9395866745	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	54
9395866746	Steamboat	Invented by Fulton and revolutionized river transportation	55
9395866747	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.	56
9395866748	Bank War	Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill of the Second Bank of the United States on July 10, 1832, which was a blow against monopolies, "New England aristocrats", and foreign domination, but a victory for labor. Jackson created pet banks and destabilized the national currency.	57
9395866749	Corrupt Bargain	what Jackson and followers called the Clay/Adams deal that kept him from election in 1824.	58
9395866750	Nullification Crisis	Conflict that resulted when South Carolina voided federal tariffs and threatened to secede	59
9395866751	Nat Turner	the largest and deadliest slave uprising in U.S. history; resulted in new laws (South) prohibiting education of slaves and free black people, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free black people, and requiring white ministers to be present at all worship services.	60
9395866752	Mormons	members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Relocated to Utah to escape religious persecution, settling in Salt Lake City, Utah	61
9395866753	Temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	62
9395866754	Nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	63
9395866755	Irish	Poorest Immigrant group. Came to US due to potato famine. Often hated by Americans.	64
9395866756	Germans	Immigrant group that settled in farming communities in the midwest	65
9395866757	Era of Good Feelings	the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation - associated with the presidency of James Monroe	66
9395866758	Jacksonian Democracy	The time period 1829 to 1837 when Andrew Jackson was president. This era was also known as the Age of the Common Man.	67
9395866759	Impressment	Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.	68
9395866760	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30	69
9395866761	King Andrew	Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.	70
9395866762	Force Act	Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.	71
9395866763	Results of the War of 1812	-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party	72
9395866764	Southern Defense of Slavery	southerners held a widespread belief that blacks were inferior to whites and that the slavery was good for black - also understood that the southern cotton economy was dependent on slave labor	73
9395866765	Frederick Douglas	Former slave who became a significant leader in the abolitionist movement - Known for his great oratorical skills	74
9395866766	Slave Spirituals	Music created by slaves for the purpose of religion, work and recreation - became the foundation for later styles of music known as gospel, jazz, and blues	75

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

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5447567191	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. (p. 131)	0
5447567192	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, and extended the western frontier well beyond the Mississippi River. (p. 133)	1
5447567193	war hawks	The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139)	2
5447567194	Henry Clay	In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	3
5447567195	John C. Calhoun	In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)	4
5447567196	Tecumseh	This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	5
5447567197	Prophet	This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)	6
5447567198	William Henry Harrison	In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138)	7
5447567199	Battle of Tippecanoe	An 1811 battle between William Henry Harrison U.S. troops and American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138)	8
5447567200	strict interpretation of Constitution	President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133)	9
5447567201	John Marshall	This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134)	10
5447567202	judicial review	In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134)	11
5447567203	Marbury v. Madison	A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134)	12
5447567204	Aaron Burr	He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. A new vice president was chosen for Jefferson's second term. He then organised a failed conspiracy, attempting to unite New England states and secede from the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was acquitted of the charge. (p. 135)	13
5447567206	Hartford Convention (1814)	In December 1814, a special convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141)	14
5447567207	Napoleon Bonaparte	In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141)	15
5447567208	Toussaint I'Ouverture	He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132)	16
5447567209	Barbary pirates	The United States had been paying the Barbary states on the North African coast in exchange for safe passage of U.S. ships in the Mediterranean. President Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136)	17
5447567210	neutrality	Around 1804, the Napoleonic wars dominated Europe. Britain was seizing U.S. ships, confiscating the cargo and forcing sailors to join the British navy. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict. (p. 136)	18
5447567211	impressment	The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136)	19
5447567212	Chesapeake-Leopard affair	In 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Three U.S. sailors were killed and four were taken captive. Many Americans demanded war but Jefferson used diplomacy and economic pressure in response. (p. 136)	20
5447567213	Embargo Act (1807)	In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels, by depriving them of American trade. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain. In 1809 it was repealed. (p 136)	21
5447567214	James Madison	The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137)	22
5447567215	Nonintercourse Act (1809)	In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137)	23
5447567216	Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)	When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation. (p. 138)	24
5447567217	War of 1812	A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138)	25
5447567218	Old Ironsides	The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140)	26
5447567219	Battle of Lake Erie	Probably the most important U.S. naval victory in the War of 1812. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. to victory against the British. (p. 140)	27
5447567220	Oliver Hazard Perry	This naval captain won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. His famous quote was, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." (p. 140)	28
5447567221	Battle of the Thames River	This naval battle, near Detroit, was led by General William Henry Harrison. The U.S. defeated the British, and the American Indian Tecumseh was killed. (p. 140)	29
5447567222	Thomas Macdonough	In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)	30
5447567223	Battle of Lake Champlain	A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)	31
5447567224	Andrew Jackson	In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141)	32
5447567225	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation, an important British ally. The battle was fought in present-day Alabama and ended American Indian resistance in that area. (p. 141)	33
5447567226	Creek Nation	This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141)	34
5447567227	Battle of New Orleans	On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141)	35
5447567228	Treaty of Ghent (1814)	The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141)	36
5447567229	Lewis and Clark Expedition	In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134)	37
5447567230	Francis Scott Key	He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141)	38
5447567231	The Star Spangled Banner	The United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141)	39

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 12 Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860

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5295523861	manifest destiny	The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)	0
5295523862	industrial technology	After 1840 industrialization spread to Northeast, new factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, ﬁrearms, precision tools, and iron products. (p. 238)	1
5295523863	Elias Howe	The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from the home to factories. (p. 238)	2
5295523864	Samuel F. B. Morse	In 1844 he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)	3
5295523865	railroads	This became America's largest industry, it required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)	4
5295523866	Panic of 1857	Financial crash sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and cause unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)	5
5295523867	Great American Desert	In the 1850s and 1860s these lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, this vast arid territory included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. (p. 236)	6
5295523868	mountain men	The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains, included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)	7
5295523869	Far West		8
5295523870	overland trails	The long and arduous trek usually began in St. Joseph or Independence Missouri or in Iowa and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains, months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. Disease was a much greater threat than Indian attack.	9
5295523871	mining frontier	The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)	10
5295523872	gold rush	The gold rush to California in 1848-1850. (p. 237)	11
5295523873	silver rush	Silver rushes in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)	12
5295523874	farming frontier	In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)	13
5295523875	urban frontier	Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)	14
5295523876	federal land grants	In 1850 the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)	15
5295523877	John Tyler	He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)	16
5295523878	Oregon territory	For twenty years, the British and the United States agreed to jointly occupy this region. But in the mid-1840s this region became a political issue in the United States, with many expansionists willing to risk war to get all of the territory, including present-day British Columbia (54 40 or fight!). In 1846, Britain and the United States agreed to extend the 49th Parallel, forming the modern border between Canada and the United States. The settlers quickly applied for territorial status, which Congress granted in 1849. The territory was gradually split up, and in 1859, it—with its present borders—became the 33rd state. (p. 232)	17
5295523879	James K. Polk	The eleventh U.S. president (1845-1849). Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a protege of Andrew Jackson. (p. 232)	18
5295523880	Fifty-four Forty or Fight	The slogan of the supporters of James K. Polk's plan for Oregon. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° and were willing to fight Britain about it. Eventually 49 degrees was adopted as the border and there was no violence. (p. 232)	19
5295523881	Wilmot Proviso	In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)	20
5295523882	Franklin Pierce	He was the fourteenth president. (p. 236)	21
5295523883	Ostend Manifesto	The United States offer to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Pierce to drop the scheme. (p. 236)	22
5295523884	Texas	The Republic of Texas was an independent nation, it's annexation was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, was approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)	23
5295523885	Stephen Austin	Known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from Missouri. (p. 231)	24
5295523886	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	A Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century. He was elected president, but didn't serve; instead he overthrew the government and established himself as a dictator. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed The Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835 and 1836 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans.	25
5295523887	Sam Houston	United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States; First president of the Republic of Texas	26
5295523888	Alamo	mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders; the event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and eventually led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto and independence from Mexico.	27
5295523889	Aroostook War	An undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between the United States and Great Britain (lumbermen) over the international boundary between British North America (Canada) and Maine. The dispute resulted in a mutually accepted border between the state of Maine and the provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.	28
5295523890	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)	29
5295523891	Rio Grande; Nueces River		30
5295523892	Mexican War (1846-1847)	an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 because U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. Whig Party and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. The War forced Mexican give Alta California and New Mexico in exchange for $18 million. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas.	31
5295523893	Zachary Taylor	Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. He took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, his force engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.	32
5295523894	Stephen Kearney	He was another leader in command during the Mexican War (although had an army smaller than Taylor's). He led a small army that captured Santa Fe successfully. He then went to California to help in the invasion there.	33
5295523895	Winfield Scott	A general selected to invade central Mexico. The army of 14,000 under his command succeeded in taking the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)	34
5295523896	John C. Fremont	Overthrew Mexican rule in northern California (June 1846) and proclaimed California to be an independent republic.	35
5295523897	California; Bear Flag Republic	In June 1846 John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)	36
5295523898	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848. Under its terms Mexico gave up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded California and the Utah and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)	37
5295523899	Mexican Cession	Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. It leads to slavery debate and breakup of Union. (p 234)	38
5295523900	Walker Expedition	An expedition by a southern adventurer who tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when he was killed by Honduran authorities. (p. 236)	39
5295523901	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. (p. 236)	40
5295523902	Gadsden Purchase	In 1853 the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)	41
5295523903	foreign commerce	The growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)	42
5295523904	exports and imports	The growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)	43
5295523905	Matthew C. Perry; Japan	Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent by federal government to persuade Japan to open up a port for trade. (p. 239)	44

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AP US History World War 2 Flashcards

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6419688221	Neutrality Act	law that kept the US out of WW2	0
6419688222	Lend Lease Act	law that said the US can give or sell arms to other nations for the protection of the US from those countries	1
6419688229	Navajo "Code Talkers"	these people would talk in the Navajo language since it was not a written language; this was useful as the Axis Powers could not translate the code	2
6419688230	internment camps	camps in the US designed to hold people of Japanese descent	3
6419688232	General Eisenhower	man who planned the D-Day invsion; hand delivered several thousand letters that he personally addressed that explained to the soldiers exactly their jobs for the invasion	4
6419688233	Arsenal of Democracy	weapons that were used to fight the Fascists; US gave weapons to democratic nations and Russia	5
6419688244	Manhattan Project	this event's objective was to create the atomic bomb; had to split an atom in a controlled manner; Einstein came to the US and helped; thousands of scientists came to help; cost $2 billion to make 1 bomb; located in Los Alamos, New Mexico	6
6419688245	Hiroshima	August 6th, 1945; Little Boy was dropped and killed 70,000 immediately and then twice that much by radiation and cancer; was targeted because of its poor defense and high population	7
6419688246	Nagasaki	place where Fat Man was dropped; US dropped warning pamphlets 3 days before dropping the bomb; 40,000 people were killed; most of the shock was absorbed in the hills and mountains; this place has a higher radiation poisoning	8
6419688247	VJ Day	September 2nd, 1945; the Japanese surrender and marked the end of the war; japan has never had a military since; the unofficial surrender was 6 days after Nagasaki	9

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 9 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 9 Sectionalism, 1820-1860

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5511486353	Northeast	In the early 19th century, the area which included New England and the Middle Atlantic states. (p. 173)	0
5511486354	Old Northwest	In the early 19th century, the territory which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota. (p. 173)	1
5511486355	sectionalism	Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)	2
5511486356	Nativists	Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)	3
5511486357	American party	In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)	4
5511486358	Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	A secret anti-foreign society in the 1840s. In the 1850s the society turned to politics by forming the American party. (p. 176)	5
5511486359	Know-Nothing Party	Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)	6
5511486360	Free African Americans	By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)	7
5511486361	planters	The South's small wealthy elite that owned more than 100 slaves and more than 1000 acres. (p. 180)	8
5511486362	Codes of Chivalry	The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)	9
5511486363	poor whites	The term for the three-fourths of the South's white population who owned no slaves. (p. 180)	10
5511486364	hillbillies	Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)	11
5511486365	mountain men	In the 1820s, these were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. They trapped for furs and served as guides for settlers traveling to the West coast. (p. 181)	12
5511486366	the West	The term that referred to the new area that was being settled, the location changed as the white settlements moved westward. (p. 181)	13
5511486367	the frontier	The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time. (p. 181)	14
5511486368	Deep South	The cotton rich area of the lower Mississippi Valley. (p. 178)	15
5511486369	American Indian removal	By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)	16
5511486370	Great Plains	Native Americans in this area used the horse to hunt buffalo. Tribes such as the Cheyenne and the Sioux, became nomadic hunters following the buffalo herds. (p. 181)	17
5511486371	white settlers	In the 1840s and 1850s, they settled the Western frontier. They worked hard, lived in log cabins or sod huts. Disease and malnutrition were even greater dangers than attacks by American Indians. (p. 182)	18
5511486372	urbanization	Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)	19
5511486373	urban life	The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850. (p. 174)	20
5511486374	new cities	After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East. (p. 175)	21
5511486375	Irish potato famine	From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland. Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures. (p. 176)	22
5511486376	Roman Catholic	Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it. (p. 176)	23
5511486377	Tammany Hall	New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)	24
5511486378	Germans	In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered. (p. 176)	25
5511486379	immigration	From the 1830s to the 1850s, four million people came from northern Europe to the United States. (p. 175)	26
5511486380	King Cotton	By the 1850s, this agricultural product was by far the South's most important economic force. (p. 177)	27
5511486381	Eli Whitney	The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)	28
5511486382	peculiar institution	A term that referred to slavery because many southern whites were uneasy with the fact that slaves were human beings yet treated so unfairly. Some used historical and religious arguments to support their claim that it was good for both slave and master. (p. 178)	29
5511486383	Denmark Vesey	In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)	30
5511486384	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)	31
5511486385	slave codes	In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)	32
5511486386	Industrial Revolution	Originally this revolution was centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830's, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods - everything from farm implements to clocks and shoes. (p. 174)	33
5511486387	unions	For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)	34
5511486388	Commonwealth v. Hunt	In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)	35
5511486389	ten-hour workday	During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)	36
5511486390	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	37
5511486391	John Deere	United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)	38
5511486392	Daniel Webster	A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)	39
5511486393	environmental damage	This term, described what occurred when settlers cleared forests and exhausted the soil. (p. 182)	40
5511486394	extinction	This term, described what trappers and hunters did to the beaver and buffalo populations. (p. 182)	41

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AP US History Notecards Flashcards

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7298176527	Bering Land Bridge	The land that connected Alaska and Siberia thousands of years ago, allowing passage into what is now North America. Significance:	0
7298176528	Anasazi	Meaning "ancient ones," lived in modern day New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado nearly 700 years before Columbus. Significance:	1
7298176529	Pueblo	American Indian settlements of the southwestern US, especially consisting of multistoried adobe houses built by the Pueblo people Significance:	2
7298176530	Iroquois Confederacy	confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across the northeast that during the 17th and 18th centuries played an important role in the struggle between the French and British for control of North America. Significance:	3
7298176531	Constantinople	An important economic and cultural hub in Europe that was vital to trade. Significance:	4
7298176532	Encomienda System	in colonial Spanish America, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the Indian population in its American colonies.Spanish Landlords received the rights to the Natives Labor from Spanish Authority Significance: It was some resemblance of a "government" in the new world.	5
7298176533	Christopher Columbus	Italian Explorer and "discoverer" of the new world ('Merica) Significance: Found the New World for Spain in 1492	6
7298176534	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and Europe. Significance: Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.	7
7298176535	Hernan Cortez	Spanish Conquistador who defeated the Aztec Empire and claimed Mexico for Spain Significance: Led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire	8
7298176536	Conquistador	Term for a Spanish conqueror Significance: There were lots of 'em at this time period	9
7298176537	Protestant Reformation	The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. Significance: event that resulted in the split of the Catholic Church	10
7298176538	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533 Significance: He claimed the Incan lands for Spain	11
7298176539	Roanoke	The Roanoke Colony, also known as the Lost Colony, was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today's Dare County, North Carolina. Significance: It is a tale of mystery. ;)	12
7298176540	Francis Drake	Drake circumnavigated the globe from 1577-1580, helped defeat the Spanish Armada of 1588 and was the most renowned seaman of the Elizabethan era. Significance: He performed the second circumnavigation of the globe.	13
7298176541	Northwest Passage	the sea route to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America Significance: Provided a sea route to the Pacific Ocean and opened up a new trade route.	14
7298176542	Clovis People	An ancient group of Native Americans, known for Clovis points found in New Mexico, where they resided. Significance: The earliest known people to inhabit the Americas.	15
7298176543	Cahokia	biggest settled community in the US until about 1800; residents built giant mounds Significance: An important agricultural area of North America that flourished	16
7298176544	Three Sisters	It was a Trifecta of agriculture that consisted of squash, corn, and beans.Commonly used in Native American agriculture. Significance: ZIt was an effective source of food.	17
7298176545	Reconquista	The long struggle( ending in 1492) during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim occupiers, who first in vaded in the 8th century. Significance: It ended the Muslim's control of the Iberian Peninsula.	18
7298176546	Tainos	members of an extinct Arawak people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Significance: ?	19
7298176547	Amerigo Vespucci	An Italian map-maker for which America was named Significance: America's namesake	20
7298176548	Columbian Exchange	The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage. Significance: It changed both European and Native American knowledge.	21
7298176549	Bartolome de Las Casas	Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans Significance: He was a voice of morality in a time of bad.	22
7298176550	Black Legend	The Black Legend is a style of tendentious, subjective historical writing or propaganda that demonizes Spain, its people, and its culture in an intentional attempt to damage its reputation. Significance: Haters Gonna Hate.	23
7298176551	Nation-State	A relatively new development in Europe during the 1300s and 1400s in which nations became the major political organizations. Significance: They replaced both the smaller kingdoms and city-states.	24
7298176552	Walter Raleigh	an English adventurer and writer who established a colony near Roanoke Island, in present-day North Carolina. Significance: he established the colony of Roanoke (it disappeared, but points for trying)	25
7298176553	Privateer	an armed ship owned and officered by private individuals holding a government commission and authorized for use in war, especially in the capture of enemy merchant shipping. Significance: IT was a way to get $$$	26
7298176554	Treaty of Tortillas	agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. Significance: It prevented conflict from occuring	27
7298176555	Valladolid Debate	Debate with Bartolome de las Casas about whether Native Americans should be treated as humans. Significance: Bartolome once again being a good example of a moral voice in a bad time.	28

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