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Chapter 7 (AP World History) Flashcards

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7766366687Abbessthe head of a convent or monastery for women0
7766379737Abbotthe head of a monastery1
7766385407Arianisma Christian heresy that taught that Jesus was inferior to God; though condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325, it was adopted by many of the Germanic peoples who entered the Roman Empire over the next centuries2
7766404398Caliphthe secular leader of the Islamic community3
7766409694Celibacycomplete abstinence from sexual activity; many early Christians viewed this as the surest way to holiness4
7766418151Curialescity councilors in Roman cities who played an important role in governing the vast Roman Empire5
7766427128Diocesethe area under the jurisdiction of a Christian bishop; based originally on Roman administrative districts6
7766436648FederatesGerman troops enlisted in groups to fight as allies for the Romans7
7766448946Iconoclasta member of an eight-century Byzantine movement against the use of icons, which it condemned as idolatry8
7766463021Jihad"striving in the way of the Lord;" in Islam, the attempt to achieve personal betterment, although it can also mean fair, defensive fighting to preserve one's life and one's faith9
7766478434Major Domusthe chief officer of the king's household in the Frankish kingdom10
7766487753Monasticisma movement that began in early Christianity whose purpose was to create communities of men and women who practiced a communal life dedicated to God as a moral example to the world around them11
7766505450Petrine Supremacythe doctrine that the bishop of Rome (the pope), as the successor of Saint Peter (traditionally considered the first bishop of Rome), should hold a preeminent position in the church12
7766527923Tetrarchyrule by four; the system of government established by Diocletian (284-305) in which the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, each ruled by an "Augustus" assisted by a "Caesar"13
7766549197Themean administrative unit in the Byzantine Empire that combines civil and military responsibilities14
7766561785Wergeld"money for a man;" in early Germanic law, a person's value in monetary terms, paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person who had been injured or killed15
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AP World History Chapter 28 Flashcards

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9635097952Holy Alliancealliance among Russia, Prussia and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.0
9635121337Decembrist uprisingUnsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I.1
9635201228Crimean War(1854-1856) Began with Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to Russian reforms under Alexander II.2
9635264891emancipation of the surfsAlexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.3
9635289776zemstvoeslocal political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy.4
9635302132Trans-Siberian railroadConstructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia.5
9635320063intelligentsiaRussian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in Russian political and economic systems; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.6
9635360285anarchistsPolitical groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first terrorist movement.7
9635397014LeninRussian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells.8
9635397015BolsheviksLiterally meaning 'majority' party, but actually a political group backed by a minority of the population; and the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin.9
9635431930Russo-Japanese WarDefeat by Japan resulted in strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms.10
9635434624DumaRussian national assembly created as one of the reforms after the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II.11
9635438304KulaksAgricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production.12
9635434625TerakoyaCommoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside the West.13
9637186395Dutch StudiesStudies of Western science ad technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center.14
9637188744Matthew PerryAmerican naval officer, in 1853 insisted under the threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade.15
9637188745Meiji restorationPower of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period.16
9637191334DietJapanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it.17
9637191335ZaibatsuHuge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890's.18
9637194332Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)Fought in Korea between Japan and China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power.19
9637199791Yellow PerilWestern term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism.20
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ap language, set 3 Flashcards

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7242289993converse accident fallacylogical foul that uses a bad example to make a generalization. ex: because we allow terminally ill patients to use heroin, we should allow everyone to use heroin.0
7242289994coordinating conjunctionFANBOYS-for, and, nor, but, yet, so; joins equal words or sentences1
7242289995deductive reasoningusing logic to draw conclusions2
7242289996deliberative rhetoricdeals with matters in the future and argument choices3
7242289997demonstrative rhetoricdeals with matters in the present and values4
7242289998denotationdictionary definition of a word5
7242289999diacoperepetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words, "to cut into two" ex: "the horror! oh, the horror!"6
7242290000didacticfiction or nonfiction that is intended to teach a moral or specific lesson ex: fables7
7242290001dubitatiofeigned doubt about ability to speak well8
7242290002ellipsisin a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ex: ...9
7242290003enargeiavivid descriptiond that make readers think something is happening before their eyes10
7242290004enthymemean argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated. states a claim and bases it on a common opinion.11
7242290005enumerationlisting things off one by one12
7242290006epideictican argument that deals with current values and addresses questions of praise and blame. high ceremonial speeches. ex: graduation speeches and eulogies13
7242290007epitheta descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something14
7242290008equivocationthe use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself. intentionally using vague language.15
7242290009eristicprone to controversy; disputatious; argumentative16
7242290010erotesisa manner of phrasing a question that presupposes an answer that is either a strong affirmative or, more often, a strong negative.17
7242290011ethosbeliefs or character of a group, credibility, ethics18
7242290012eunoiafoundation of inductive logic19
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AP English Language Summer Literary Terms Flashcards

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4771353182Figurative languagelanguage which connotes an idea different from its literal meaning0
4771353183Contractionsa word created by conjoining other words and omitting letters1
4771353184Jargonspecialized words or expressions used in certain fields or professions, and those outside that particular profession often have trouble understanding them2
4771353185Sentencesa set of words that is complete and makes sense on its own3
4771353186Wordsa set of letters formed in an order which denotes an object or idea4
4771353187Figuresliterary devices used to add depth and create better understanding of a piece of work5
4771353188Simple sentencehas a single independent clause6
4771353189Compound sentencesentence consisting of two independent clauses: that is, each of them would make sense on their own after having removed the conjunction connecting them7
4771353190Complex sentencea sentence with two or more clauses, one independent, and the others dependent8
4771353191Compound-complex (sentence)a sentence with the characteristics of a compound and a complex sentence9
4771353192Loose sentencea sentence in which the main clause is modified by additional phrases/clauses after the main clause10
4771353193Periodic sentencea sentence in which a basic sentence is modified by adding details before or in the middle of it11
4771353194Ethosan appeal of ethics in order to convince the audience of the credibility of a speaker/writer12
4771353195ParallelismThe use of similar grammatical structures or phrases in conjunction for emphasis13
4771353196Dictionchoice of words14
4771353197Romance languageslanguages that have evolved from Latin15
4771353198Latinate dictionUsing words with Latin roots16
4771353199Anglo-Saxon dictionusing words with Germanic roots17
4771353200Slanglanguage consisting of words and phrases which are regarded as informal18
4771353201Dialecta style of speech specific to a region or group19
4771353202Denotationliteral meaning of a word20
4771353203Connotationwhat a words implies via association21
4771353204Figures of Rhetoricstructures employed by a writer/speaker to create depth and emphasis upon ideas22
4771353205Schemeany artful variation from the typical arrangement if words in a sentence23
4771353206Tropeany artful variation from the typical or expected way a word or idea is expressed24
4771353207Parallelism of wordsparallelism applied to words in forms such as reused tenses25
4771353208Parallelism of phrasesparallelism applied to groups of words/phrases26
4771353209Parallelism of clausesparallelism applied to clauses27
4771353210Zeugmaa figure in which more than one item in a sentence is governed by a single word (To laugh, love, and cry is to live)28
4771353211Antithesiswhen parallelism is used to juxtapose words, phrases, or clauses which contrast29
4771353212Antithesis of wordswhen antithesis is applied to words (The profession of teaching is taxing yet rewarding)30
4771353213Antithesis of clausesantithesis applied to clauses (The profession of teaching taxes individuals with heavy workloads, yet rewards them with the successful endeavors of their pupils)31
4771353214Antimetabolea scheme in which words are repeated in different grammatical forms (When the going gets tough, the tough get going)32
4771353215Parenthesisa scheme interrupting the flow of the passage to provide necessary, on-the-spot information to readers33
4771353216Appositivea scheme used for setting off additional material, where both words or phrases have the same referent (My best friend, Bob)34
4771353217Ellipsisa scheme used to omit words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of the passage35
4771353218Asyndetonan omission of conjunctions between related clauses ('I came, I saw, I conquered' as opposed to 'I came and I saw and I conquered')36
4771353219Alliterationrepetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or middle of two or more adjacent words37
4771353220Assonancerepetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words (slightly fiery)38
4771353221Anaphorarepetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses39
4771353222Epistropherepetition of the same group of words at the end of successive clauses40
4771353223Anadiplosisrepetition of the last words of the clause at the beginning of the following clause (Knowledge is power, power is money, and money is greed)41
4771353224Climaxrepetition of words, phrases or clauses in order of increasing number or importance42
4771353225Climbing the ladderreferring to the schemes of anadiplosis and climax together43
4771353226Similea comparison between two things using like or as44
4771353227Implied metaphora type of metaphor that compares two unlike things without mentioning one of them (Bob barked out commands to his workers)45
4771353228SynecdocheA part of something used to refer to the whole (I looked out into the buzzing crowd of heads)46
4771353229Metonymyan entity is referred to by one of its qualities ('The law firm filed a complaint' - The law firm is a 'filer of complaints')47
4771353230Personificationinanimate objects given human characteristics48
4771353231Periphrasisa descriptive word or phrases used to refer to a proper name (The city of love - also known as Paris)49
4771353232Puna word that suggests two of its meanings or the meaning of a homonym50
4771353233Anthimeriaone part of speech, usually a verb, substitutes for another, usually a noun (I could use a laugh right now)51
4771353234OnomatopoeiaSounds of the words used are related to their meaning52
4771353235Overstatementthe action of expressing or stating something too strongly53
4771353236Hyperbolethe trope of overstatement, not to be taken seriously54
4771353237Understatementthe action of expressing or stating something too weakly55
4771353238Litotesthe trope of understatement, affirming the negative of the truth ("I'm not too fast" said the Flash)56
4771353239Ironya trope meant to convey the opposite of its literal meaning57
4771353240Sarcasmwhen irony has a particularly biting or bitter tone58
4771353241Oxymoronwords that have apparently contradictory meaning are placed near each other (Burning cold, loving hate)59
4771353242Rhetorical questiona question designed not to secure an answer but to move the development of an idea forward and suggest a point60
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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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8460167095Adulterateto corrupt, make worse by the addition of something of lesser value0
8460167096ambidextrousable to use both hands equally well; very skillful; deceitful, hypocritical1
8460167097AugmentTo make larger; increase2
8460167098bereftdeprived of; made unhappy through a loss3
8460167099deployto position or arrange; to utilize; to form up4
8460167100dourstern, unyielding, gloomy, ill-humored5
8460167101fortitudecourage in facing difficulties6
8460167102gapeto stare with open mouth; to open the mouth wide; to open wide7
8460167103gibeto utter taunting words; an expression of scorn8
8460167104guisean external appearance, cover, mask9
8460167105Insidiousintended to deceive or entrap; sly, treacherous10
8460167106Intimationa hint, indirect suggestion11
8460167107opulentwealthy, luxurious; ample; grandiose12
8460167108pliableeasily bent, flexible; easily influenced13
8460167109reiterateto say again, repeat14
8460167110stolidnot easily moved mentally or emotionally; dull, unresponsive15
8460167111tentativeexperimental in nature; uncertain, hesitant16
8460167112unkemptnot combed; untidy; not properly maintained; unpolished, rude17
8460167113verbatimword for word; exactly as written or spoken18
8460167114warilycautiously, with great care19
8460167115Adroitskillful; expert in the use of the hands or mind20
8460167116Amicablepeaceable; friendly21
8460167117Aversehaving a deep-seated distaste opposed, unwilling22
8460167118BelligerentGiven to fighting, warlike, combative, aggressive; one at war, one engaged in war23
8460167119BenevolentKindly; charitable24
8460167120CursoryHasty; not thorough25
8460167121DuplicityTreachery; deceitfulness26
8460167122ExtolTo praise extravagantly27
8460167123FeasiblePossible, able to be done28
8460167124GrimaceA wry face, facial distortion; to make a wry face29
8460167125HolocaustA large scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering30
8460167126ImperviousNot affected or hurt by; admitting of no passage or entrance31
8460167127ImpetusA moving force, impulse, stimulus32
8460167128JeopardyDanger33
8460167129MeticulousExtremely careful; particular about34
8460167130NostalgiaA longing for something past; homesickness35
8460167131QuintessenceThe purest essence of form of something; the most typical example36
8460167132RetrogressTo move backward; to return to an earlier condition37
8460167133ScrutinizeTo examine closely38
8460167134TepidLukewarm; unenthusiastic, marked by an absence of interest39
8460167135adversaryan enemy or opponent40
8460167136alienateto turn away; to make indifferent or hostile; to transfer, convey41
8460167137artificea skillful or ingenious device; a clever trick; a clever skill; trickery42
8460167138coerceto compel, force43
8460167139cravencowardly; a coward44
8460167140culinaryof or related to cooking or to the kitchen45
8460167141deleteto erase, wipe out, cut out46
8460167142demisea death, especially of a person in a lofty position47
8460167143exhilarateto enliven, cheer, give spirit or liveliness to48
8460167144fallowplowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not seed49
8460167145harassto disturb, worry; to trouble y repeated attacks50
8460167146inclementstormy, harsh; servere in attitude or action51
8460167147museto think about in a dreamt way, ponder52
8460167148negligibleso unimportant that it can be disregarded53
8460167149perpetuateto make permanent or long lasting54
8460167150precedentan example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action55
8460167151punitiveinflicting or aiming at punishment56
8460167152redressto set right, remedy; relief from wrong or injury57
8460167153sojourna temporary stay; to stay for a time58
8460167154urbanerefined in manner or style, suave59
8460167155AltruisticUnselfish, concerned with the welfare of others60
8460167156AssentTo express agreement; agreement61
8460167157BenefactorOne who does good to others62
8460167158ChivalrousMarked by honor, courtesy, and courage63
8460167159ClemencyMercy, humaneness; mildness, moderateness64
8460167160DearthA lack, scarcity, inadequate supply; a famine65
8460167161DiffidentShy, lacking self-confidence; modest, reserved66
8460167162DiscrepancyA difference; a lack of agreement67
8460167163EmbarkTo go aboard; to make a start; to invest68
8460167164FacileEasily done or attained; superficial; ready; fluent; easily shown but not sincerely felt69
8460167165IndomitableUnconquerable, refusing to yield70
8460167166InfallibleFree from error; absolutely dependable71
8460167167PlodTo walk heavily or slowly, to work slowly72
8460167168PungentCausing a sharp sensation; stinging, biting73
8460167169RemissNeglectful in performance of one's duty, careless74
8460167170ReposeTo rest; lie; place; relaxation; peace of mind, calmness75
8460167171TemerityRashness, boldness76
8460167172TruculentFierce and cruel; aggressive; deadly, destructive; scathingly harsh77
8460167173UnfeignedSincere, real, without pretense78
8460167174VirulentExtremely poisonous; full of malice, spiteful79
8460167175AffiliatedAssociated, connected80
8460167176AscertainTo find out81
8460167177AttainmentAn accomplishment; an act of achieving82
8460167178BequeathTo give or pass on as an inheritance83
8460167179CogentForceful, convincing; relevant, to the point84
8460167180ConvergeTo move toward one point, approach nearer together85
8460167181DisperseTo scatter, spread far and wide86
8460167182EsteemTo regard highly; a highly favorable opinion or judgement87
8460167183ExpungeTo erase, obliterate, destroy88
8460167184FiniteHaving limits; lasting for a limited time89
8460167185InvulnerableNot able to be wounded or hurt; shielded against attack90
8460167186MalevolentSpiteful, showing ill will91
8460167187NonchalantCool and confident, unconcerned92
8460167188OmniscientKnowing everything; having unlimited awareness or understanding93
8460167189PanaceaA remedy for all ills, cure-all, an answer to all problems94
8460167190ScrupulousExact, careful, attending thoroughly to details; having high moral standards, principled95
8460167191SkulkTo move about stealthily; to lie in hiding96
8460167192SuperciliousProud and contemptuous; showing scorn because of a feeling of superiority97
8460167193UncannyStrange, mysterious, weird, beyond explanation98
8460167194VenialEasily excused, pardonable99
8460167195AccedeTo yield to; to assume an office or dignity100
8460167196BrandishTo wave of flourish in a menacing fashion101
8460167197CompriseTo include or contain; to be made up of102
8460167198DeftSkillful, nimble103
8460167199DestituteDeprived of necessities of life; lacking in104
8460167200ExplicitDefinite, clearly stated105
8460167201ExtirpateTo tear up by the roots; to destroy totally106
8460167202InopportuneComing at a bad time; not appropriate107
8460167203IronicSuggesting an incongruity between what might be expected and what actually happens; given to irony, sarcastic108
8460167204MustyStale, moldy; out of date109
8460167205OfficiousMeddling; excessively forward in offering services or assuming authority110
8460167206OminousUnfavorable, threatening, of bad omen111
8460167207PinnacleA high peak or point112
8460167208PremeditatedConsidered beforehand, deliberately planned113
8460167209RampantGrowing without check, running wild114
8460167210SolaceComfort, relief; to comfort, console115
8460167211StatelyDignified, majestic116
8460167212SuppleBending easily; bending with agility; readily adaptable; servile117
8460167213SuppressTo stop by force, put down118
8460167214VenalOpen to or marked by bribery or corruption119
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