| 5830368082 | American Democratic Revolution | The new party politicians often pursued selfish goals; but by uniting ordinary Americans in "election fever" and party organizations, they held together a social order increasingly fragmented by economic change and cultural diversity. | | 0 |
| 5830368083 | Martin Van Buren | Was considered the most talented of the new breed of middle-class professional politicians who had taken over the halls of government and who would soon build America's Second Party System. | | 1 |
| 5830368084 | Political Machine | A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity. | | 2 |
| 5830368085 | Patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support. Purchasing a newspaper, the Albany Argus, Van Buren used its pages to promote a platform and to get out the vote. Patronage was an even more important tool. | | 3 |
| 5830368086 | Party Caucus | A meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by the Republicans. | | 4 |
| 5830368087 | American System | It was an integrated program of national economic development similar to the Commonwealth policies pursued by state governments. | | 5 |
| 5830368088 | Corrupt Bargain | In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | | 6 |
| 5830368089 | John Quincy Adams | Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. | | 7 |
| 5830368090 | Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828) | It raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. | | 8 |
| 5830368091 | Democrats | Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism. | | 9 |
| 5830368092 | Daniel Webster | Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union. | | 10 |
| 5830368093 | Kitchen Cabinet | A small group of Jackson's friends and advisers who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Lower Cabinet". | | 11 |
| 5830368094 | Roger Taney | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case. He stated that Scott was not a free man and that his case was unconstitutional. | | 12 |
| 5830368095 | Spoils System (rotation in office) | Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy. | | 13 |
| 5830368096 | Tariff of 1832 | A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. | | 14 |
| 5830368097 | Ordinance of Nullification | South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and forbade the collection of those duties. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them. | | 15 |
| 5830368098 | The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) | The document protesting the Tariff of 1821 written by Calhoun. This tariff was known later as the Tariff of Abominations. | | 16 |
| 5830368099 | Force Bill | This authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. | | 17 |
| 5830368100 | Specie (hard money) | Gold or silver coins. Most american money consisted of notes and bills of credit issued by state-chartered banks. The banks promised to redeem the notes on demand with "hard money". | | 18 |
| 5830368101 | Bank War | Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong. | | 19 |
| 5830368102 | The Five Civilized Tribes | Were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. Lived in the Southeastern United States before their relocation to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma. | | 20 |
| 5830368103 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. | | 21 |
| 5830368104 | Black Hawk | A Sauk leader who resisted federal policy in Illinois and Wisconsin, in 1832 he led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States | | 22 |
| 5830368105 | Treaty of New Echota | Signed by only 500 Cherokee Indians who were bribed saying that all 17,000 Cherokee's must leave within 2 years to go to land in Louisiana Territory. If not they would be forced to leave by the United States Army on the Trail of Tears. | | 23 |
| 5830368106 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | | 24 |
| 5830368107 | Classical Liberalism (laissez-faire) | Political and legal equality is very important, people should be treated politically and legally equal, equality of conditions or of outcomes is not important and government shouldn't help those who are poor because it will undermine individual initiative and independence | | 25 |
| 5830368108 | Whig Party | An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. | | 26 |
| 5830368109 | Election of 1836 | Martin Van Buren v. WHIG. The Whig strategy was: by running several candidates, no one would receive a majority of the electoral vote sending it the House of Representatives. Martin Van Buren won. | | 27 |
| 5830368110 | The Mechanics Union of Trade Associations | In 1827, artisans and workers in Philadelphia organized this, which was a group of fifty unions with ten thousand members. | | 28 |
| 5830368111 | Blacklists | A list of persons that have incurred disapproval or suspicion or are to be boycotted or otherwise penalized. | | 29 |
| 5830368112 | Closed Shop Agreements | Clause in a labor-management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired. | | 30 |
| 5830368113 | The Panic of 1837 | A financial panic that was caused by Jackson's presidential order for specie circular in all governmental transactions, which was sparked by his desire to curb speculation. This causes a rush on the banks to get gold/silver/money, and the banks fail, because the "pet banks" had recently had a federal surplus withdrawn so that the states could receive what amounted to a subsidy. | | 31 |
| 5830368114 | Commonwealth v Hunt (1842) | The workforce demanded better working condition, and they tried to create unions. the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that forming trade unions was not illegal. While on the surface this ruling looked to be significant for organized labor, it soon proved to be more a symbolic gesture. Trade unions provided only marginal benefits for workers at this time, and it would be nearly a century before they could meet management on even terms. | | 32 |
| 5830368115 | Specie Circular of 1836 | An attempt by Jackson to slow the spiraling inflation-it ordered the prohibition of the use anything except silver or gold coin-"specie" or hard money for the purchase of public land. | | 33 |
| 5830368116 | Independent Treasury Act of 1840 | In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed. | | 34 |
| 5830368117 | William Henry Harrison | Was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | | 35 |
| 5830368118 | John Tyler | Was elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. | | 36 |
| 5830368119 | franchise | The right to vote | | 37 |
| 5830368120 | notables | Wealthy, northern landlords, slave-owning planters and seaport merchants. Where able to dominate the political system in the new republic. "Those who own the country are the most fit persons to participate in the government of it. | | 38 |
| 5830368121 | political machines | nick name of new political parties because they efficiently wove together the interests of diverse social and economic groups | | 39 |
| 5830368122 | spoils system | The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters | | 40 |
| 5830368123 | caucus | A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform. | | 41 |
| 5830368124 | American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | | 42 |
| 5830368125 | internal improvements | This included the construction of better roads and canals. It was a part of Clay's American System | | 43 |
| 5830368126 | corrupt bargain | A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. |  | 44 |
| 5830368127 | consolidated government | In 1824, Martin Van Buren likewise declared his allegiance to constitutional "doctrines of the Jefferson school" and his opposition to this idea of a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration. Now a member of the U.S. Senate, Van Buren helped to defeat most of Adams' proposed subsidies for roads and canals. | | 45 |
| 5830368128 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. |  | 46 |
| 5830368129 | nullification | a state has the right to void, within its borders, a law passed by Congress |  | 47 |
| 5830368130 | states' rights | the idea that a state convention could declare a law to be void within the state's border | | 48 |
| 5830368131 | Second Bank of the United States | Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter, was privately managed and operated The purpose of the bank was to stabilize the nation's money supply. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency. | | 49 |
| 5830368132 | Trail of Tears | Forced westward journey of the Cherokees from land in Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838 under Jackson's Indian Removal Act on 1830. 3,000 died along the way. | | 50 |
| 5830368133 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration; this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. | | 51 |
| 5830368134 | Classical liberalism or laissez-faire | The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy. |  | 52 |
| 5830368135 | Whigs | Second national party, against Jackson | | 53 |
| 5830368136 | Panic of 1837 | The second major economic crisis o the U. S. , 1837-1843 | | 54 |
| 5830368137 | Specie Circular | Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver. | | 55 |
| 5830368138 | ethnocultural politics | Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group. | | 56 |
| 5830368139 | Indian Removal Act | In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195) |  | 57 |
| 5830368140 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195) |  | 58 |
| 5830368141 | Worcester v. Georgia | In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196) |  | 59 |
| 5830368142 | Cherokee trail of tears | In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196) |  | 60 |
| 5830368143 | Bank of the United States | In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197) |  | 61 |
| 5830368144 | Nicholas Biddle | During the 1830s, he was president of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197) |  | 62 |
| 5830368145 | Roger Taney | He was Andrew Jackson's secretary of Treasury. In an attempt to destroy the Bank of the United States, he transferred funds from the national bank to various state banks. (p. 198) |  | 63 |
| 5830368146 | pet banks | A term for the state banks. President Andrew Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States, so he transferred federal funds to these state banks. (p. 198) |  | 64 |
| 5830368147 | Specie Circular | To check inflationary, President Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than paper bank notes. (p. 198) |  | 65 |
| 5830368148 | Panic of 1837 | Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199) |  | 66 |
| 5830368149 | Martin Van Buren | He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198) |  | 67 |
| 5830368150 | common man | Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192) |  | 68 |
| 5830368151 | universal white male sufferage | In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192) |  | 69 |
| 5830368152 | party nominating convention | In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192) |  | 70 |
| 5830368153 | King Caucus | A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates. (p. 192) |  | 71 |
| 5830368154 | popular election of president | In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192) |  | 72 |
| 5830368155 | Anti-Masonic Party | A political party, that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192) |  | 73 |
| 5830368156 | Workingmen's Party | A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192) |  | 74 |
| 5830368157 | popular campaigning | Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193) |  | 75 |
| 5830368158 | spoils system | President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193) |  | 76 |
| 5830368159 | rotation in office | President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193) |  | 77 |
| 5830368160 | Henry Clay | He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197) |  | 78 |
| 5830368161 | corrupt bargain | The term that Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194) |  | 79 |
| 5830368162 | John Quincy Adams | In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194) |  | 80 |
| 5830368163 | Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations | In 1828, during John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194) |  | 81 |
| 5830368164 | Revolution of 1828 | In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195) |  | 82 |
| 5830368165 | Andrew Jackson | He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195) |  | 83 |
| 5830368166 | role of the president | President Andrew Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abused of power by the rich and privileged. He thought this was the role he should play. (p. 195) |  | 84 |
| 5830368167 | Peggy Eaton affair | When President Jackson's secretary of war's wife was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force the wives to accept Peggy Eaton. (p. 195) |  | 85 |
| 5830368168 | states' rights | President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196) |  | 86 |
| 5830368169 | nullification crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197) | | 87 |
| 5830368170 | Webster-Hayne debate | In 1830, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union under the Constitution. Daniel Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196) |  | 88 |
| 5830368171 | John C. Calhoun | He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196) |  | 89 |
| 5830368172 | Proclamation to the People of South Carolina | President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197) |  | 90 |
| 5830368173 | two-party system | This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197) |  | 91 |
| 5830368174 | Democrats | In the 1820s, this party was led by Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197) |  | 92 |
| 5830368175 | Whigs | In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197) |  | 93 |
| 5830368176 | log cabin and hard cider campaign | The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199) |  | 94 |
| 5830368177 | franchise | The right to vote | | 95 |
| 5830368178 | notables | Wealthy, northern landlords, slave-owning planters and seaport merchants. Where able to dominate the political system in the new republic. "Those who own the country are the most fit persons to participate in the government of it. | | 96 |
| 5830368179 | political machines | nick name of new political parties because they efficiently wove together the interests of diverse social and economic groups | | 97 |
| 5830368180 | spoils system | The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters | | 98 |
| 5830368181 | caucus | A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform. | | 99 |
| 5830368182 | American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | | 100 |
| 5830368183 | internal improvements | This included the construction of better roads and canals. It was a part of Clay's American System | | 101 |
| 5830368184 | corrupt bargain | A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. | | 102 |
| 5830368185 | consolidated government | In 1824, Martin Van Buren likewise declared his allegiance to constitutional "doctrines of the Jefferson school" and his opposition to this idea of a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration. Now a member of the U.S. Senate, Van Buren helped to defeat most of Adams' proposed subsidies for roads and canals. | | 103 |
| 5830368186 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. | | 104 |
| 5830368187 | nullification | a state attempting to declare federal laws unconsitutional if such laws were seen to overstep Congressional powers | | 105 |
| 5830368188 | states' rights | the idea that a state convention could declare a law to be void within the state's border | | 106 |
| 5830368189 | Second Bank of the United States | Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter, was privately managed and operated The purpose of the bank was to stabilize the nation's money supply. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency. | | 107 |
| 5830368190 | Trail of Tears | Forced westward journey of the Cherokees from land in Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838 under Jackson's Indian Removal Act on 1830. 3,000 died along the way. | | 108 |
| 5830368191 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration; this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. | | 109 |
| 5830368192 | laissez-faire | The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy. | | 110 |
| 5830368193 | Whigs | Second national party, against Jackson | | 111 |
| 5830368194 | Mayor of New York v. Miln | State of New York could use its "police power" to inspect the health of arriving immigrants | | 112 |
| 5830368195 | Panic of 1837 | The second major economic crisis o the U. S. , 1837-1843
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | | 113 |
| 5830368196 | ethnocultural politics | Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group. | | 114 |
| 5830368197 | Martin Van Buren | (1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.
8th President | | 115 |
| 5830368198 | Worcester v georgia | Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it | | 116 |
| 5830368199 | whigs | conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster | | 117 |
| 5830368200 | working men party | Rise of unions | | 118 |
| 5830368201 | John tyler | 10th President
(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense. | | 119 |
| 5830368202 | 2nd Great Awakening | Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans | | 120 |
| 5830368203 | transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. | | 121 |
| 5830368204 | American Lyceum movement | social movement to spread education through lectures | | 122 |
| 5830368205 | walden, civil disobedience | Henry David Thoreau, | | 123 |
| 5830368206 | shakers | 1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy | | 124 |
| 5830368207 | oneida | "Perfectionists"; John Humphrey Noyes; rejected traditional notions of family & marriage | | 125 |
| 5830368208 | book of mormon | Joseph Smith | | 126 |
| 5830368209 | minstrel shows | Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music | | 127 |
| 5830368210 | Liberty party | A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848 | | 128 |
| 5830368211 | gag rule | 1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress | | 129 |
| 5830368212 | declaration of sentiments | declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights | | 130 |
| 5830368213 | underground railroad | A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North | | 131 |
| 5830368214 | Seneca falls | (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written | | 132 |
| 5830368215 | walt whitman | Leaves of Grass | | 133 |
| 5830368216 | Margaret fuller | Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 1845 | | 134 |
| 5830368217 | brigham young | led the Mormons to Utah | | 135 |
